Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 1829
- 1832
- 1833
- 1835
- 1838
- 1841
- 1842
- 1844
- 1845
- 1850
- 1852
- 1854
- 1856
- 1857
- 1858
- 1862
- 1863
- 1864
- 1865
- 1868
- 1869
- 1872
- 1873
- 1874
- 1876
- 1878
- 1880
- 1880s
- 1881
- 1882
- 1884
- 1885
- 1886
- 1887
- 1888
- 1889
- 1890
- 1890s
- 1891
- 1892
- 1893
- 1894
- 1895
- 1896
- 1897
- 1898
- 1899
- 1900–1909
- 1901
- 1904
- 1909
- 1910s
- 1915
- 1916
- 1917
- 1918
- 1918 Cloquet Fire
- 1918 in archaeology
- 1918 in architecture
- 1918 in art
- 1918 in Australia
- 1918 in aviation
- 1918 in Canada
- 1918 in China
- 1918 in comics
- 1918 in Ecuador
- 1918 in film
- 1918 in France
- 1918 in Germany
- 1918 in Greece
- 1918 in India
- 1918 in Ireland
- 1918 in Italy
- 1918 in Japan
- 1918 in literature
- 1918 in Malaya
- 1918 in Mexico
- 1918 in music
- 1918 in New Zealand
- 1918 in Norway
- 1918 in poetry
- 1918 in radio
- 1918 in Russia
- 1918 in science
- 1918 in Singapore
- 1918 in South Africa
- 1918 in sports
- 1918 in television
- 1918 World Series
- 1919
- 1920
- 1920s
- 1921
- 1922
- 1930s
- 1940
- 1940s
- 1944
- 1953
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1961
- 1962
- 1963
- 1967
- 1968
- 1970
- 1973
- 1975
- 1976
- 1977
- 1981
- 1983
- 1984
- 1985
- 1986
- 1987
- 1988
- 1989
- 1990
- 1992
- 1993
- 1994
- 1995
- 1996
- 1997
- 1998
- 1999
- 19th century
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
- 2004
- 2005
- 2006
- 2007
- 2008
- 2009
- 2010
- 2011
- 2012
- 20th century
- 21st century
- 2nd millennium
- A. C. Lyles
- Ab urbe condita
- Abraham Pais
- Agudat Yisrael
- Aircraft
- Airmail
- Alba Iulia
- Albert Ballin
- Alberto Ascari
- Aleksander Uurits
- Alexandra of Hesse
- Alfred Burke
- Alien Enemies Act
- Alix of Hesse
- Allan Arbus
- Allan Ekelund
- Allies of WWI
- Alma Ziegler
- Alvin C. York
- Andrew Dickson White
- Angel Labruna
- Ann Landers
- Anna Held
- Anwar Sadat
- April 1
- April 16
- April 17
- April 18
- April 20
- April 21
- April 22
- April 26
- April 27
- April 28
- April 5
- April 8
- April 9
- Archangel, Russia
- Argonne Forest
- Armenia
- Armenian calendar
- Armistice Day
- Armistice of Mudros
- Army
- Arnold Stang
- Arrigo Boito
- Art Carney
- Arthur Chung
- Arthur Kornberg
- Assyrian calendar
- August 1
- August 10
- August 12
- August 13
- August 18
- August 22
- August 25
- August 26
- August 27
- August 3
- August 30
- August 4
- August 5
- August 6
- August 8
- Augusta Dabney
- Australian
- Austria
- Austria-Hungary
- Aviation
- Azerbaijan
- Bahá'í calendar
- Barney Ewell
- Bavaria
- Bayani Casimiro
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bengali calendar
- Benin
- Benjamin C. Thompson
- Berber calendar
- Bertie Mee
- Bessarabia
- Betty Ford
- Betty Oliphant
- Billy Graham
- Birgit Nilsson
- Bob Broeg
- Bob Feller
- Bobby Riggs
- Bobby Troup
- Bolshevik
- Bolsheviks
- Boston Red Sox
- Brian Stonehouse
- Brooklyn
- Bruria Kaufman
- Brussels
- Bucovina
- Buddhist calendar
- Bulgaria
- Byzantine calendar
- Camp Sherman, Ohio
- Canada
- Cape Trafalgar
- Carolina Parakeet
- Category 1918
- Category 1918 awards
- Category 1918 births
- Category 1918 deaths
- Category 1918 in law
- Category 1918 works
- Chaim Herzog
- Charles I of Austria
- Charles W. Fairbanks
- Charlie Finley
- Cheddi Jagan
- Cheka
- Chicago Cubs
- Chichay
- Chillicothe, Ohio
- Chinese calendar
- Chung Ling Soo
- Cincinnati Zoo
- Claude Debussy
- Claudia Bryar
- CliffsNotes
- Clifton Hillegass
- Cloquet, Minnesota
- Codell, Kansas
- Commander-in-Chief
- Compiègne Forest
- Constance Markievicz
- Constantinople
- Coptic calendar
- Cornell University
- Council of Lithuania
- Czechoslovakia
- César Cui
- Daylight saving time
- Dean Riesner
- December 1
- December 11
- December 12
- December 14
- December 15
- December 2
- December 20
- December 21
- December 23
- December 25
- December 27
- December 28
- December 31
- December 4
- December 5
- December 8
- December 9
- Delaware
- Don Pardo
- Don River, Russia
- Donald Regan
- Dorothy Maguire
- E. Howard Hunt
- Eddy Arnold
- Edmond Rostand
- Edward B. Lewis
- Edward Mannock
- Edwin G. Krebs
- Edwin O'Connor
- Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.
- Egon Schiele
- Elaine de Kooning
- Ellis H. Roberts
- Elmer Lach
- Elmore James
- Eric von Rosen
- Erich Loewenhardt
- Erich Ludendorff
- Ernest Ansermet
- Ernie Harwell
- Ernst Otto Fischer
- Estonia
- Ethiopian calendar
- Fanny Blankers-Koen
- Fanya Kaplan
- February 1
- February 10
- February 12
- February 14
- February 15
- February 16
- February 17
- February 2
- February 21
- February 22
- February 23
- February 24
- February 25
- February 26
- February 28
- February 3
- February 4
- February 5
- February 6
- February 7
- February 8
- Ferdinand Foch
- Film
- Finland
- Finnish Air Force
- Finnish Civil War
- First World War
- Fourteen Points
- France
- Francesco Baracca
- Francis Lupo
- Franco Modigliani
- Francois Tombalbaye
- Frank Linke-Crawford
- Frank Luke
- Frank Mancuso
- Frank Wedekind
- Fred Blassie
- Freddie Stowers
- Frederick Reines
- Frederick Sanger
- Friedrich Karl
- Fritz Haber
- Fritz Rumey
- Fritz Thiedemann
- Gabriel Axel
- Gabriel Guérin
- Gamal Abdal Nasser
- Gavrilo Princip
- Georg Cantor
- Georg Simmel
- George M. Leader
- George McElroy
- George Rochberg
- George Welch (pilot)
- Georgi Plekhanov
- Georgia (country)
- Gerald Wilson
- Germany
- Gertrude B. Elion
- Goh Keng Swee
- Grand Duchy of Baden
- Greater Poland
- Gregorian calendar
- Gulf of Finland
- Gustav Klimt
- Gérard Souzay
- Günther Rall
- Hank Jones
- Harold Lockwood
- Head of state
- Hebrew calendar
- Helen Stephens
- Helen Wagner
- Hella Haasse
- Helmut Schmidt
- Henry Brooks Adams
- Henry Norwest
- Henryk Szeryng
- Hindu calendar
- HMS Britannia (1904)
- HMS Calgarian
- HMS Cassandra (1916)
- Holocene calendar
- Honshu
- Howard Cosell
- Hugh Cairns (VC)
- Hungary
- Hutton Gibson
- Ian Stevenson
- Iceland
- Ida Lupino
- Independence
- Indra Lal Roy
- Influenza
- Ingmar Bergman
- Ipatiev House
- Iranian calendar
- Ireland
- Isaac Rosenberg
- Islamic calendar
- Israel
- Italy
- Ivan Cankar
- Jack Coe
- Jack Elam
- Jack Paar
- James Garfield
- James McCudden
- James Tobin
- Jane Frank
- January 1
- January 10
- January 12
- January 15
- January 16
- January 17
- January 18
- January 19
- January 20
- January 21
- January 22
- January 23
- January 24
- January 25
- January 26
- January 27
- January 28
- January 29
- January 6
- January 8
- January 9
- Japan
- Japanese calendar
- Jarl Wahlström
- Jean Brillant
- Jelle Zijlstra
- Jens Christian Skou
- Jerome Beatty, Jr.
- Jerome Karle
- Joao Figueiredo
- Joey Bishop
- Johannes Pääsuke
- John F. Kennedy
- John Forsythe
- John Gofman
- John H. Johnson
- John Hospers
- John L. Rice
- John L. Sullivan
- John McCrae
- John Riley Banister
- Johnny Klein
- Joseph F. Smith
- Joseph Payne Brennan
- Joseph Wiseman
- José Greco
- Joséphin Péladan
- Joyce Kilmer
- João Goulart
- Juan García Esquivel
- Julian calendar
- Julian Schwinger
- July 12
- July 13
- July 14
- July 15
- July 16
- July 17
- July 18
- July 20
- July 22
- July 24
- July 25
- July 26
- July 27
- July 29
- July 3
- July 30
- July 31
- July 4
- July 5
- July 6
- July 9
- June 1
- June 10
- June 12
- June 15
- June 18
- June 19
- June 2
- June 22
- June 27
- June 4
- June 6
- June 8
- June 9
- Juneau, Alaska
- Józef Piłsudski
- József Kiss
- Jørn Utzon
- Jüri Vilms
- Kai Siegbahn
- Kaiserliche Marine
- Kakuei Tanaka
- Kali Yuga
- Karl Ferdinand Braun
- Karl Muck
- Kenichi Fukui
- Kiel
- King of Denmark
- Kingdom of Hungary
- Knesset
- Korean calendar
- Kurt Eisner
- Kurt Waldheim
- Károly Doncsecz
- Latvia
- Leonard Bernstein
- Leonard Rose
- Light cruiser
- List of centuries
- List of decades
- List of years
- Lithuania
- Louis Althusser
- Lublin
- Lucretia Garfield
- M*A*S*H (TV series)
- Madeleine L'Engle
- Malbone Street Wreck
- Mammy Lou
- Manhattan Project
- March 1
- March 10
- March 11
- March 12
- March 13
- March 14
- March 15
- March 16
- March 17
- March 18
- March 19
- March 20
- March 21
- March 22
- March 23
- March 25
- March 27
- March 29
- March 3
- March 30
- March 31
- March 4
- March 5
- March 6
- March 7
- March 9
- Marjorie Lord
- Markey Robinson
- Martin Ryle
- Martin Sheridan
- Mary Glen-Haig
- Maurice Boyau
- Max Planck
- Max von Baden
- May 1
- May 10
- May 11
- May 12
- May 14
- May 15
- May 16
- May 17
- May 18
- May 19
- May 2
- May 20
- May 21
- May 23
- May 25
- May 26
- May 27
- May 28
- May 3
- May 30
- May 4
- May 6
- May 9
- Mehmed V
- Mehmed VI
- Mel Gibson
- Mercedes McCambridge
- Michel Coiffard
- Mickey Finn (drugs)
- Mickey Spillane
- Mickey Vernon
- Mihkel Mathiesen
- Millennium
- Minguo calendar
- Moisei Uritsky
- Monarchy of Belgium
- Montenegro
- Moscow
- Muriel Spark
- Myrtle Gonzalez
- Narva
- Nashville, Tennessee
- Naval mine
- Nel Benschop
- Nelson Mandela
- Netherlands
- Nevin S. Scrimshaw
- New York City
- New York Times
- Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Nipsey Russell
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Noel Willman
- November 1
- November 10
- November 11
- November 12
- November 13
- November 14
- November 16
- November 18
- November 19
- November 2
- November 21
- November 22
- November 26
- November 28
- November 29
- November 3
- November 30
- November 4
- November 6
- November 7
- November 8
- November 9
- October 11
- October 12
- October 15
- October 17
- October 18
- October 19
- October 22
- October 23
- October 25
- October 27
- October 28
- October 29
- October 3
- October 30
- October 31
- October 4
- October 5
- October 6
- October 8
- October 9
- October Revolution
- Olavo Bilac
- Oral Roberts
- Orville L. Freeman
- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
- Otis R. Bowen
- Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Sultan
- Palestine
- Pandemic
- Paris Gun
- Parrot
- Partitions of Poland
- Patachou
- Patty Andrews
- Paul D. Boyer
- Paul Harvey
- Pauline Phillips
- Pearl Bailey
- Peter Hobbs (actor)
- Peter Lumsden
- Peter Strasser
- Petrograd
- Philadelphia
- Philip José Farmer
- Podgorica
- Poland
- President of Austria
- President of Brazil
- President of Chad
- President of Egypt
- President of Guyana
- President of Israel
- Prime Minister
- Puisne Justice
- Quentin Roosevelt
- Railroad
- Raimon Panikkar
- Raoul Lufbery
- Rapid transit
- Rat Pack
- Rathlin Island
- Regnal year
- Republic
- Republic of China
- Richard D. Winters
- Richard Feynman
- Rita Hayworth
- River Marne
- RMS Carpathia
- Robbie Ross
- Robert S. Strauss
- Roderic Dallas
- Roger Delgado
- Roman numerals
- Romania
- Rosemary Kennedy
- Rostov
- Royal Air Force
- Royal Flying Corps
- Royal Navy
- Rudolf Tobias
- Ruggiero Ricci
- Russell B. Long
- Russia
- Russian Empire
- Russian SFSR
- Ruthenia
- Sai Baba of Shirdi
- Said Mohamed Djohar
- Sam Walton
- Saturday Night Live
- Sedition Act of 1918
- September 11
- September 12
- September 13
- September 15
- September 16
- September 17
- September 21
- September 22
- September 27
- September 28
- September 29
- September 3
- September 4
- September 8
- September 9
- Serbia
- Sexagenary cycle
- Shinobu Hashimoto
- Shirley Jameson
- Shlomo Goren
- Shlomo Lorincz
- Siberian Expedition
- Sidney Gottlieb
- Sidónio Pais
- Skitch Henderson
- Slovakia
- SM U-19 (Germany)
- Soviet (council)
- Spanish Flu
- Spanish flu
- Spartacist League
- Spike Milligan
- Spiro Agnew
- SS Tuscania (1914)
- Stirling Silliphant
- Submarine
- Swastika
- Sweden
- Syria
- T. Berry Brazelton
- T. P. Cameron Wilson
- Taishō
- Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
- Teachta Dála
- Ted Williams
- Teresa Wright
- Thai solar calendar
- The Andrews Sisters
- The New York Times
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Theodore Sturgeon
- Time zone
- Tomáš Masaryk
- Tonga
- Tornado
- Transylvania
- True Boardman
- Tsar Nicholas II
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Vanderbilt Reef
- Vernon Castle
- Victoria Cross
- Vikram Samvat
- Vito Scotti
- Vladmir Lenin
- Wallace Lloyd Algie
- Walter Tull
- Washington, DC
- Watergate scandal
- White movement
- Wilf Mannion
- Wilfred Owen
- Wilhelmshaven mutiny
- William Bronk
- William Jay Smith
- William McIntyre
- Willy Breinholst
- Wood Green
- Woodrow Wilson
- World War I
- Yamaguchi Prefecture
- Yasuhiro Nakasone
- Yekaterinburg
- Émile Derlin Zinsou
- Émile Reynaud
-
Alba Iulia
http://wn.com/Alba_Iulia -
Argonne Forest
http://wn.com/Argonne_Forest -
Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia -
Australian
http://wn.com/Australian -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
http://wn.com/Azerbaijan -
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (, ; ; ), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of the country. With an area of , it is by far the largest German state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine Westphalia) with almost 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
http://wn.com/Bavaria -
Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
http://wn.com/Belarus -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Benin
Benin (), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is located in the country's largest city of Cotonou. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 8.8 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
http://wn.com/Benin -
Bessarabia
:For other uses, see Bessarabia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Bessarabia -
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn -
Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
http://wn.com/Brussels -
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
http://wn.com/Bulgaria -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Cheka
http://wn.com/Cheka -
Chillicothe, Ohio
Chillicothe ( CHILL-uh-KAW-thee) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Ross County.
http://wn.com/Chillicothe_Ohio -
Cloquet, Minnesota
Cloquet () is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States, located at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 33. A portion of the city lies within the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation and also serves as one of three administrative centers for the Indian Reservation. The population was 11,201 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Cloquet_Minnesota -
Codell, Kansas
Codell is an unincorporated community in Township 12, Rooks County, Kansas, United States. It lies in the middle of the township, south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County) and near the southeastern corner of Rooks County. The community lies along the banks of Paradise Creek and an abandoned railroad line. The nearest city, Plainville, lies approximately away to the northwest by road; the community is connected via 24 Road to a state highway, K-18, which lies approximately to the north.
http://wn.com/Codell_Kansas -
Compiègne Forest
http://wn.com/Compiègne_Forest -
Constantinople
Constantinople (, , Turkish: Istanbul) was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
http://wn.com/Constantinople -
Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
http://wn.com/Cornell_University -
Czechoslovakia
http://wn.com/Czechoslovakia -
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom (what is now called) Cape Henlopen was originally named.
http://wn.com/Delaware -
Don River, Russia
http://wn.com/Don_River_Russia -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country) -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Grand Duchy of Baden
The Grand Duchy of Baden () was a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. It existed between 1806 and 1918.
http://wn.com/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden -
Honshu
http://wn.com/Honshu -
Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
Ipatiev House
http://wn.com/Ipatiev_House -
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Juneau, Alaska
The City and Borough of Juneau () is a unified municipality located on the Gastineau Channel in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of the then-Alaska Territory was moved from Sitka. The municipality unified in 1970 when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding borough to form the current home rule municipality.
http://wn.com/Juneau_Alaska -
Kingdom of Hungary
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Hungary -
Knesset
http://wn.com/Knesset -
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
http://wn.com/Latvia -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania -
Lublin
Lublin (, Liublin, Loblin) is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river. Lublin is a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.
http://wn.com/Lublin -
M*A*S*H (TV series)
M*A*S*H is an American television series developed by Larry Gelbart, adapted from the 1970 feature film MASH (which was itself based on the 1968 novel , by Richard Hooker). The series is a medical drama/black comedy that was produced in association with 20th Century Fox Television for CBS. It follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the "4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital" in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War. M*A*S*H's title sequence featured an instrumental version of the song "Suicide Is Painless", which also appears in the original film. The show was created after an attempt to film the original book's sequel, M*A*S*H Goes to Maine, failed. It is the most well-known version of the M*A*S*H works.
http://wn.com/M*A*S*H_(TV_series) -
Malbone Street Wreck
The Malbone Street Wreck, also known as the Brighton Beach Line Accident of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), was a rapid transit railroad accident that occurred November 1, 1918, beneath the intersection of Flatbush Avenue, Ocean Avenue, and Malbone Street, in the community of Flatbush, Brooklyn. At least 93 individuals died, making it one of the most deadly train crashes in United States history (Cudahy 1999).
http://wn.com/Malbone_Street_Wreck -
Montenegro
http://wn.com/Montenegro -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow -
Narva
Narva () is the third largest city in Estonia. It is located at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, by the Russian border, on the Narva River which drains Lake Peipus.
http://wn.com/Narva -
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, music, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home to a large number of colleges and universities.
http://wn.com/Nashville_Tennessee -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
Petrograd
http://wn.com/Petrograd -
Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Rathlin Island
Rathlin Island (Irish: Reachlainn or Reachra) is an island off the coast of County Antrim in Northern Ireland, and is the northernmost point of the region. Rathlin is the only inhabited offshore island in Northern Ireland, with a rising population of now just over 100 people, and is the most northerly inhabited island off the Irish coast. The L-shaped island is from east to west, and from north to south. Rathlin is from the Mull of Kintyre, the southern tip of Scotland's Kintyre peninsula. It is part of the Moyle District Council area, and is represented by the Rathlin Development & Community Association.
http://wn.com/Rathlin_Island -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
RMS Carpathia
{|
http://wn.com/RMS_Carpathia -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
Rostov
Rostov (; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia and a tourist centre of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast, 202 km to the north east of Moscow. Population:
http://wn.com/Rostov -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia -
Slovakia
http://wn.com/Slovakia -
SS Tuscania (1914)
{|
http://wn.com/SS_Tuscania_(1914) -
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga -
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Washington, DC
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
Wood Green
Wood Green is a district in north London, England, located in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated north of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater London.
http://wn.com/Wood_Green -
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (, also romanized Ekaterinburg), formerly Sverdlovsk () is a major city in the central part of Russia, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Situated on the eastern side of the Ural mountain range, it is the main industrial and cultural center of the Urals Federal District. Its population of which is down from 1,364,621 recorded in the 1989 Census, makes it Russia's fifth largest city. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was known as Sverdlovsk (), after the Bolshevik party leader Yakov Sverdlov.
http://wn.com/Yekaterinburg
-
A. C. Lyles
Andrew Craddock Lyles (born May 17, 1918) is an American movie producer for Paramount Pictures who produced westerns in the 1950s and 1960s, and has been a major player in Hollywood for the past 78 years.
http://wn.com/A_C_Lyles -
Abraham Pais
Abraham (Bram) Pais (May 19, 1918, Amsterdam, Netherlands — July 28, 2000, Copenhagen, Denmark) was a Dutch-born American physicist and science historian. Pais earned his Ph.D. from University of Utrecht just prior to a Nazi ban on Jewish participation in Dutch universities during World War II. When the Nazis began the forced relocation of Dutch Jews, he went into hiding, but was later arrested and saved only by the end of the war. He then served as an assistant to Niels Bohr in Denmark and was later a colleague of Albert Einstein at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Pais wrote books documenting the lives of these two great physicists and the contributions they and others made to modern physics. He was a physics professor at Rockefeller University until his retirement.
http://wn.com/Abraham_Pais -
Albert Ballin
http://wn.com/Albert_Ballin -
Alberto Ascari
Alberto Ascari (July 13, 1918 – May 26, 1955) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion. He is one of only two Italian Formula One World Champions in the history of the sport, and the only one winning his two championships in a Ferrari.
http://wn.com/Alberto_Ascari -
Alfred Burke
Alfred Burke (born 28 February 1918) is a British actor, best known for his portrayal of Frank Marker in the drama series Public Eye, which ran for ten years.
http://wn.com/Alfred_Burke -
Alix of Hesse
http://wn.com/Alix_of_Hesse -
Allan Arbus
Allan Arbus (born February 15, 1918) is an American actor notable for his role as psychiatrist Dr. Sidney Freedman on the television series M*A*S*H.
http://wn.com/Allan_Arbus -
Allan Ekelund
Allan Ekelund (16 January 1918 – 4 September 2009) was a Swedish film producer. He produced 50 films between 1947 and 1964.
http://wn.com/Allan_Ekelund -
Alvin C. York
http://wn.com/Alvin_C_York -
Angel Labruna
http://wn.com/Angel_Labruna -
Ann Landers
http://wn.com/Ann_Landers -
Anwar Sadat
http://wn.com/Anwar_Sadat -
Arnold Stang
http://wn.com/Arnold_Stang -
Arrigo Boito
Arrigo Boito (24 February 184210 June 1918), aka Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito, pseudonym Tobia Gorrio, was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist and composer, best known today for his libretti, especially those for Giuseppe Verdi's operas Otello and Falstaff, and his own opera Mefistofele.
http://wn.com/Arrigo_Boito -
Arthur Kornberg
Arthur Kornberg (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Laboratories Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, as well as National Medal of Science in 1979.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Kornberg -
Augusta Dabney
Augusta Dabney (October 23, 1918 – February 4, 2008) was an American actress known for her role as Isabelle Alden on the daytime series Loving. She played the role from 1983-87, 1988-91, and again from 1994-95.
http://wn.com/Augusta_Dabney -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Bayani Casimiro
Bayani Casimiro, Sr. (July 16, 1918 – January 27, 1989) was a Filipino dancer who was among the leading stars of bodabil (vaudeville) in the 1930s and 1940s. He also appeared in musical films and later in life, in comedic roles. A tap dancer, he was frequently dubbed as the "Fred Astaire of the Philippines".
http://wn.com/Bayani_Casimiro -
Betty Ford
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8, 1918), better known as Betty Ford is the widow of former United States President Gerald R. Ford and served as the First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977. As first lady, Ford was active in social policy and shattered precedents as a politically active presidential wife (Time considered her "the most since Eleanor Roosevelt"). In the opinion of several historians, Ford had more impact upon history and culture than her husband.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford -
Betty Oliphant
Nancy Elizabeth "Betty" Oliphant, CC, O.Ont (August 5, 1918 – July 12, 2004) was a co-founder of the National Ballet School of Canada.
http://wn.com/Betty_Oliphant -
Billy Graham
William Franklin "Billy" Graham, Jr. KBE (born November 7, 1918) is an American evangelical Christian evangelist. As of April 25, 2010, when he met with Barack Obama, he has been a spiritual adviser to twelve United States presidents going back to Harry S. Truman, and is number seven on Gallup's list of admired people for the 20th century. He is a Southern Baptist. He rose to celebrity status as his sermons were broadcast on radio and television.
http://wn.com/Billy_Graham -
Birgit Nilsson
Birgit Nilsson (May 17, 1918 – December 25, 2005) was a celebrated Swedish dramatic soprano who specialized in operatic and symphonic works. Her voice was noted for its overwhelming force, bountiful reserves of power and the gleaming brilliance and clarity in the upper register.
http://wn.com/Birgit_Nilsson -
Bob Broeg
Robert William Patrick Broeg (March 18, 1918 – October 28, 2005) was an American sportswriter.
http://wn.com/Bob_Broeg -
Bob Feller
Robert William Andrew "Bob" Feller (born November 3, 1918 in Van Meter, Iowa), nicknamed the "Heater from Van Meter", "Bullet Bob" and "Rapid Robert", is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962, and is currently the longest tenured living Hall of Famer.
http://wn.com/Bob_Feller -
Bobby Riggs
http://wn.com/Bobby_Riggs -
Bobby Troup
Robert William "Bobby" Troup Jr. (October 18, 1918 - February 7, 1999) was an American actor, jazz pianist and songwriter. He is best known for writing the popular standard "(Get Your Kicks On) Route 66", and for his role as Dr. Joe Early, in the 1970s US TV series
http://wn.com/Bobby_Troup -
Brian Stonehouse
http://wn.com/Brian_Stonehouse -
Bruria Kaufman
http://wn.com/Bruria_Kaufman -
Chaim Herzog
http://wn.com/Chaim_Herzog -
Charles I of Austria
:"Karl I" redirects here. For the Prince of Liechtenstein, see Karl I of Liechtenstein.
http://wn.com/Charles_I_of_Austria -
Charles W. Fairbanks
Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the 26th Vice President of the United States.
http://wn.com/Charles_W_Fairbanks -
Charlie Finley
Charles Oscar Finley (February 22, 1918–February 19, 1996), nicknamed Charlie O or Charley O, was an American businessman who is best remembered for his tenure as the owner of the Oakland Athletics Major League Baseball team. Finley purchased the franchise while it was located in Kansas City, moving it to Oakland in 1968. He is buried in Merrillville, Indiana's Calumet Park Cemetery.
http://wn.com/Charlie_Finley -
Cheddi Jagan
Cheddi Bharat Jagan (March 22, 1918 – March 6, 1997) was a Guyanese politician who was first elected Chief Minister in 1953 and later Premier of British Guiana from 1961 to 1964, prior to independence. He later served as President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
http://wn.com/Cheddi_Jagan -
Chichay
Chichay (born Amparo C. Robles; January 21, 1918 – March 31, 1993) was a Filipino comedian. Her short and stocky stature, scratchy voice and prematurely aged appearance allowed her to portray grandmothers while only in her thirties.
http://wn.com/Chichay -
Chung Ling Soo
http://wn.com/Chung_Ling_Soo -
Claude Debussy
http://wn.com/Claude_Debussy -
Claudia Bryar
Claudia Bryar (born 1918) was a TV actress who played small parts in many well-known TV series, mostly Westerns, such as Gunsmoke, Bonanza, and The Guns of Will Sonnett, comical shows such as The Bob Newhart Show and The Andy Griffith Show, fantasy TV series such as The Twilight Zone, ' etc. She also appeared in small roles in the big screen in cult movies, such as I Was A Teenage Frankenstein, Bad Company and in uncredited parts in the films Giant and The Houston Story.
http://wn.com/Claudia_Bryar -
César Cui
http://wn.com/César_Cui -
Dean Riesner
http://wn.com/Dean_Riesner -
Don Pardo
Dominick George "Don" Pardo (born February 22, 1918) is an American radio and television announcer. He is noted for his long association with NBC, and in particular with Saturday Night Live, for which he has been the announcer for all but one of its seasons, and continues today as the program's announcer, several years after his official retirement from NBC.
http://wn.com/Don_Pardo -
Donald Regan
Donald Thomas Regan (; December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury, from 1981 to 1985, and Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration, where he advocated "Reaganomics" and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production. Regan was criticized for his Prime Ministerial style of working, for his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair, and for his frequent disagreements with Ronald Reagan's wife, First Lady Nancy Reagan.
http://wn.com/Donald_Regan -
E. Howard Hunt
http://wn.com/E_Howard_Hunt -
Eddy Arnold
Richard Edward Arnold (May 15, 1918–May 8, 2008), known professionally as Eddy Arnold, was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He created the Nashville sound in the late 1950s, and had 147 songs on the Billboard country music charts, second only to George Jones. He sold more than 85 million records. Eddy Arnold transcended different musical tastes in country. He served as a role model for future musicians with both his music and his scrupulously moral personal life. A member of the Grand Ole Opry (from 1943) and the Country Music Hall of Fame (since 1966), Arnold ranked 22nd on Country Music Television's 2003 list of "The 40 Greatest Men of Country Music."
http://wn.com/Eddy_Arnold -
Edmond Rostand
http://wn.com/Edmond_Rostand -
Edward B. Lewis
http://wn.com/Edward_B_Lewis -
Edwin G. Krebs
http://wn.com/Edwin_G_Krebs -
Edwin O'Connor
'''Edwin O'Connor' (July 29, 1918 – March 23, 1968) was an American radio personality, journalist, and novelist who won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1962 for The Edge of Sadness'' (1961). His novels focused on the Irish-American experience and often dealt with the lives of politicians and priests.
http://wn.com/Edwin_O'Connor -
Egon Schiele
http://wn.com/Egon_Schiele -
Elaine de Kooning
Elaine de Kooning (March 12, 1918- February 1, 1989) was an Abstract Expressionist, Figurative Expressionist painter in the post-World War II era and editorial associate for the Art News magazine. On December 9, 1943, she married artist Willem de Kooning, who was a highly influential artist in the Abstract Expressionism movement.
http://wn.com/Elaine_de_Kooning -
Ellis H. Roberts
Ellis Henry Roberts (September 30, 1827 - January 8, 1918) was a United States Representative from New York and 20th Treasurer of the United States.
http://wn.com/Ellis_H_Roberts -
Eric von Rosen
Count Carl Gustaf Bloomfield Eric von Rosen (born June 2, 1879 in Stockholm, died April 25, 1948 Skeppsholmen, Stockholm) was a Swedish Honorary doctor, patron, explorer and ethnographer.
http://wn.com/Eric_von_Rosen -
Erich Loewenhardt
http://wn.com/Erich_Loewenhardt -
Erich Ludendorff
http://wn.com/Erich_Ludendorff -
Ernest Ansermet
Ernest Alexandre Ansermet (11 November 1883, Vevey, Vaud – 20 February 1969) was a Swiss conductor.
http://wn.com/Ernest_Ansermet -
Ernie Harwell
William Earnest "Ernie" Harwell (January 25, 1918 – May 4, 2010) was an American sportscaster, known for his long career calling play-by-play of Major League Baseball games. For 55 years, 42 of them with the Detroit Tigers, Harwell called the action on radio and/or television. In January 2009, the American Sportscasters Association ranked Harwell 16th on its list of Top 50 Sportscasters of All Time.
http://wn.com/Ernie_Harwell -
Ernst Otto Fischer
Ernst Otto Fischer (November 10, 1918 – July 23, 2007) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneering work in the area of organometallic chemistry.
http://wn.com/Ernst_Otto_Fischer -
Fanny Blankers-Koen
http://wn.com/Fanny_Blankers-Koen -
Fanya Kaplan
http://wn.com/Fanya_Kaplan -
Ferdinand Foch
http://wn.com/Ferdinand_Foch -
Finnish Civil War
http://wn.com/Finnish_Civil_War -
First World War
http://wn.com/First_World_War -
Francesco Baracca
http://wn.com/Francesco_Baracca -
Francis Lupo
http://wn.com/Francis_Lupo -
Franco Modigliani
http://wn.com/Franco_Modigliani -
Francois Tombalbaye
http://wn.com/Francois_Tombalbaye -
Frank Mancuso
Frank Octavius Mancuso (May 23, 1918 - August 4, 2007) was a catcher in Major League Baseball who played for two teams between 1944 and 1947. Listed at 6' 0", 195 lb., Mancuso batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Houston, Texas. His older brother, Gus Mancuso, also was a major league catcher. Following his 18-year baseball career, Mancuso almost certainly had the longest continuous tenure of any elected city official in Houston history.
http://wn.com/Frank_Mancuso -
Fred Blassie
http://wn.com/Fred_Blassie -
Freddie Stowers
Freddie Stowers (1896–September 28, 1918) was a Corporal in the United States Army, (Buffalo Soldiers), who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War I while serving in an American unit under French command.
http://wn.com/Freddie_Stowers -
Frederick Reines
http://wn.com/Frederick_Reines -
Frederick Sanger
Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and twice a Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth (and only living) person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Sanger -
Friedrich Karl
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Karl -
Fritz Rumey
http://wn.com/Fritz_Rumey -
Fritz Thiedemann
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Fritz_Thiedemann -
Gabriel Axel
Gabriel Axel (born 18 April 1918) is an Oscar winning Danish director, actor, writer and producer, best known for the Oscar-winning ''Babette's Feast'' (1987), which he wrote and directed.
http://wn.com/Gabriel_Axel -
Gavrilo Princip
http://wn.com/Gavrilo_Princip -
Georg Cantor
http://wn.com/Georg_Cantor -
Georg Simmel
Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918) was a major German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.
http://wn.com/Georg_Simmel -
George M. Leader
George Michael Leader (born January 17, 1918) served as the 36th Governor of Pennsylvania from January 18, 1955 until January 20, 1959. He is a member of the Democratic Party, and a native of York County, Pennsylvania. Currently he is the only person from that county ever to be elected governor of the state.
http://wn.com/George_M_Leader -
George McElroy
Captain George Edward Henry McElroy MC and Two Bars, DFC and Bar (14 May 1893 - 31 July 1918) was a leading ace fighter pilot of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force during World War I. He was credited with 47 aerial victories.
http://wn.com/George_McElroy -
George Welch (pilot)
George Welch (May 10, 1918–October 12, 1954) was a World War II flying ace, a Medal of Honor nominee, and an experimental aircraft pilot after the war. Welch is best known both for being one of over 17 United States Army Air Forces fighter pilots able to get airborne to engage Japanese forces in the attack on Pearl Harbor and for allegedly being the first pilot to break the sound barrier (two weeks before Chuck Yeager) in his prototype XP-86 Sabre. However, the flight is generally not recognized as an official record because of a lack of a verifiable speed measurement and the fact that it was done in a dive, whereas Yeager's X-1 completed the feat in level flight.
http://wn.com/George_Welch_(pilot) -
Georgi Plekhanov
http://wn.com/Georgi_Plekhanov -
Gerald Wilson
Gerald Stanley Wilson is an American jazz trumpeter, big band bandleader, composer/arranger, and educator. He has been based in Los Angeles since the early 1940s.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Wilson -
Gertrude B. Elion
Gertrude Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, and a 1988 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Working alone as well as with George H. Hitchings, Elion developed a multitude of new drugs, using innovative research methods that would later lead to the development of the AIDS drug AZT.
http://wn.com/Gertrude_B_Elion -
Gustav Klimt
http://wn.com/Gustav_Klimt -
Gérard Souzay
http://wn.com/Gérard_Souzay -
Günther Rall
http://wn.com/Günther_Rall -
Hank Jones
Henry "Hank" Jones (July 31, 1918 – May 16, 2010) was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, and composer. Critics and musicians described Jones as eloquent, lyrical, and impeccable. In 1989, The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with the NEA Jazz Masters Award. He was also honored in 2003 with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) Jazz Living Legend Award. In 2008, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. On April 13, 2009, the University of Hartford presented Jones with a Doctorate Degree for his musical accomplishments.
http://wn.com/Hank_Jones -
Harold Lockwood
Harold A. Lockwood (April 12, 1887 – October 19, 1918) was one of the most popular original silent film actors and matinee idols of the early film period during the 1910s.
http://wn.com/Harold_Lockwood -
Helen Stephens
Helen Herring Stephens (February 3, 1918 – January 17, 1994) was an American athlete, a double Olympic champion in 1936.
http://wn.com/Helen_Stephens -
Helen Wagner
http://wn.com/Helen_Wagner -
Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (; born 23 December 1918) is a German Social Democratic politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Prior to becoming chancellor, he had served as Minister of Defence and Minister of Finance. He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister. He is the oldest surviving German Chancellor and the last surviving person to have been solely Chancellor of West Germany (Helmut Kohl was Chancellor of both West Germany and reunified Germany). He also is the oldest Federal German Minister surviving after the death of his Interior Minister Werner Maihofer.
http://wn.com/Helmut_Schmidt -
Henry Brooks Adams
http://wn.com/Henry_Brooks_Adams -
Henry Norwest
Henry Norwest MM & Bar (May 1, 1884, in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta – August 18, 1918, at Fouquescourt, Somme, France) was a distinguished Canadian sniper in World War I.
http://wn.com/Henry_Norwest -
Henryk Szeryng
Henryk Szeryng (22 September 19188 March 1988) was a Polish violin virtuoso.
http://wn.com/Henryk_Szeryng -
Howard Cosell
http://wn.com/Howard_Cosell -
Hugh Cairns (VC)
http://wn.com/Hugh_Cairns_(VC) -
Hutton Gibson
Hutton Peter Gibson (born August 26, 1918) is an American writer on Traditional Catholicism, the 1968 Jeopardy! grand champion and the father of 11 children, one of whom is the actor and director Mel Gibson.
http://wn.com/Hutton_Gibson -
Ian Stevenson
http://wn.com/Ian_Stevenson -
Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino (4 February 1918 – 3 August 1995) was an English-American film actress and director, and a pioneer among women filmmakers. In her forty-eight year career, she appeared in fifty-nine films, and directed nine others. She also appeared in serial television programmes fifty-eight times and directed fifty other episodes. In addition, she contributed as a writer to five films and four TV episodes.
http://wn.com/Ida_Lupino -
Indra Lal Roy
Indra Lal ("Laddie") Roy (), DFC (2 December 1898 – 22 July 1918) was an Indian flying ace. He served in the First World War with the Royal Flying Corps and its successor, the Royal Air Force. He claimed 5 aircraft destroyed (including 1 shared), and 5 'down out of control' wins (including another shared) in just over 170 hours flying time.
http://wn.com/Indra_Lal_Roy -
Ingmar Bergman
http://wn.com/Ingmar_Bergman -
Isaac Rosenberg
Isaac Rosenberg (25 November 1890 – 1 April 1918) was an English poet of the First World War who was considered to be one of the greatest of all English war poets. His "Poems from the Trenches" are recognised as some of the most outstanding written during the First World War.
http://wn.com/Isaac_Rosenberg -
Ivan Cankar
http://wn.com/Ivan_Cankar -
Jack Coe
http://wn.com/Jack_Coe -
Jack Paar
http://wn.com/Jack_Paar -
James Garfield
http://wn.com/James_Garfield -
James McCudden
James Thomas Byford McCudden VC, DSO & Bar, MC & Bar, MM (28 March 1895–9 July 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. McCudden was the most highly decorated British Empire pilot of the First World War and one of the longest serving, having joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1913. McCudden's story is all the more remarkable as he rose though the RFC ranks (from Air Mechanic to Major) during the war to become one of the most decorated soldiers of the conflict. At his death he had amassed 57 victories, making him the seventh highest scoring ace of World War I.
http://wn.com/James_McCudden -
James Tobin
http://wn.com/James_Tobin -
Jane Frank
Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank) the American artist, was born Jane Babette Schenthal on July 25, 1918, in Baltimore, Maryland, and died in Baltimore on May 31, 1986. She studied with Hans Hofmann and Norman Carlberg and is known as a painter, sculptor, mixed media artist, and textile artist. Her landscape-like, mixed-media abstract paintings are included in some important public collections, including those of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Baltimore Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
http://wn.com/Jane_Frank -
Jarl Wahlström
http://wn.com/Jarl_Wahlström -
Jean Brillant
Jean Baptiste Arthur Brillant, VC, MC (1890 – 1918) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
http://wn.com/Jean_Brillant -
Jelle Zijlstra
http://wn.com/Jelle_Zijlstra -
Jens Christian Skou
Jens Christian Skou (; born October 8, 1918) is a Danish chemist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Jens_Christian_Skou -
Jerome Beatty, Jr.
http://wn.com/Jerome_Beatty_Jr -
Jerome Karle
Jerome Karle, born Jerome Karfunkel (born June 18, 1918) is an American Jewish physical chemist. Jointly with Herbert A. Hauptman, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1985, for the direct analysis of crystal structures using X-ray scattering techniques.
http://wn.com/Jerome_Karle -
Joao Figueiredo
http://wn.com/Joao_Figueiredo -
Johannes Pääsuke
http://wn.com/Johannes_Pääsuke -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
John Forsythe
http://wn.com/John_Forsythe -
John H. Johnson
http://wn.com/John_H_Johnson -
John Hospers
John Hospers (born 9 June 1918) is an American philosopher. He was the first presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party, running in the 1972 presidential election.
http://wn.com/John_Hospers -
John L. Rice
http://wn.com/John_L_Rice -
John L. Sullivan
http://wn.com/John_L_Sullivan -
John McCrae
Lieutenant Colonel John Alexander McCrae (November 30, 1872 – January 28, 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I and a surgeon during the battle of Ypres. He is best known for writing the famous war memorial poem "In Flanders Fields".
http://wn.com/John_McCrae -
Johnny Klein
John A. Klein, Jr. (June 4, 1918 – January 31, 1997) was an American-born musician who played drums for the Lawrence Welk orchestra from 1951 to 1976 and on The Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 to 1976. He was also Welk's second cousin.
http://wn.com/Johnny_Klein -
Joseph Payne Brennan
Joseph Payne Brennan (December 20, 1918 – January 28, 1990) was an American writer of fantasy and horror fiction, and also a poet. Brennan's first professional sale came in December 1940 with the publication of the poem, "When Snow Is Hung", which appeared in the Christian Science Monitor Home Forum, and he continued writing poetry up until the time of his death.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Payne_Brennan -
José Greco
http://wn.com/José_Greco -
Joséphin Péladan
http://wn.com/Joséphin_Péladan -
Joyce Kilmer
http://wn.com/Joyce_Kilmer -
João Goulart
http://wn.com/João_Goulart -
Juan García Esquivel
http://wn.com/Juan_García_Esquivel -
Julian Schwinger
Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics, in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order.
http://wn.com/Julian_Schwinger -
Józef Piłsudski
http://wn.com/Józef_Piłsudski -
József Kiss
http://wn.com/József_Kiss -
Jørn Utzon
http://wn.com/Jørn_Utzon -
Jüri Vilms
http://wn.com/Jüri_Vilms -
Kai Siegbahn
http://wn.com/Kai_Siegbahn -
Karl Ferdinand Braun
http://wn.com/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun -
Karl Muck
Karl Muck (October 22, 1859 – March 3, 1940) was a German-born conductor of classical music. He based his activities principally in Europe and mostly in opera. His American career comprised two stints at the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He endured a public outcry in 1917 that questioned whether his loyalties lay with Germany or the United States during World War I. Though he was a Swiss citizen, he was arrested and interned in a camp in Georgia from March 1918 until August 1919. His later career included notable engagements in Hamburg and at the Bayreuth Festival.
http://wn.com/Karl_Muck -
Kenichi Fukui
http://wn.com/Kenichi_Fukui -
Kurt Eisner
http://wn.com/Kurt_Eisner -
Kurt Waldheim
http://wn.com/Kurt_Waldheim -
Károly Doncsecz
http://wn.com/Károly_Doncsecz -
Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein (, ; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim. He was probably best known to the public as the longtime music director of the New York Philharmonic, for conducting concerts by many of the world's leading orchestras, and for writing the music for West Side Story, Candide, Wonderful Town, and On the Town. Bernstein was the first classical music conductor to make numerous television appearances between 1954 and 1989. He had a formidable piano technique and as a composer also wrote symphonies and other concert music. According to The New York Times, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history."
http://wn.com/Leonard_Bernstein -
Leonard Rose
Leonard Rose (July 27, 1918 – November 16, 1984) was an American cellist and pedagogue.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Rose -
Louis Althusser
http://wn.com/Louis_Althusser -
Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.
http://wn.com/Lucretia_Garfield -
Madeleine L'Engle
http://wn.com/Madeleine_L'Engle -
Mammy Lou
Mammy Lou (born c. 1804 - died after 1918) was apparently the oldest person to appear in a film. In 1918, she appeared in the silent film The Glorious Adventure, playing the part of The Mansion's Servant, the mansion being the [http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/smartfun/hermitage/house/manor.html Hermitage Plantation] in Savannah, Georgia. Mammy Lou was a slave in Savannah, Georgia until Lincoln abolished slavery.
http://wn.com/Mammy_Lou -
Marjorie Lord
Marjorie Lord (born Marjorie F. Wollenberg; July 26, 1918) is an American television and film actress. She played Kathy "Clancy" Williams opposite Danny Thomas on Make Room for Daddy and later Make Room for Granddaddy.
http://wn.com/Marjorie_Lord -
Markey Robinson
http://wn.com/Markey_Robinson -
Martin Ryle
Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918 – 14 October 1984) was an English radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e.g. aperture synthesis) and used them for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources. In 1946 Ryle and Vonberg were the first people to publish interferometric astronomical measurements at radio wavelengths, although it is claimed that Joseph Pawsey from the University of Sydney had actually made interferometric measurements earlier in the same year. With improved equipment, Ryle observed the most distant known galaxies in the universe at that time. He was the first Professor of Radio Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, and founding director of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was Astronomer Royal from 1972 to 1982.
http://wn.com/Martin_Ryle -
Martin Sheridan
Martin John Sheridan (March 28, 1881 – March 27, 1918) was "one of the greatest athletes this country has ever known" according to his obituary in the New York Times. He was born in Bohola, County Mayo, Ireland and died in St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, New York, the day before his 37th birthday, a very early casualty of the 1918 flu pandemic. He's buried in Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York. He was part of a group of Irish-American athletes known as the "Irish Whales."
http://wn.com/Martin_Sheridan -
Mary Glen-Haig
Dame Mary Alison Glen-Haig DBE (born July 12, 1918) is a British fencer who competed in four Olympic games in 1948, 1952, 1956 and 1960. She was born in London, the daughter of William James, a fencer at the 1908 London Olympics. She began competing professionally in 1937 and continued until 1960, during which time she won two gold medals at the Commonwealth Games and competed in four Olympics in the women's individual foil events. She was the first female member of the International Olympic Committee and was knighted in 1993. Since London's successful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics in 2005, she has been active as the host nation's ambassador to the games.
http://wn.com/Mary_Glen-Haig -
Maurice Boyau
http://wn.com/Maurice_Boyau -
Max Planck
Max Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was a German physicist. He is considered to be the founder of the quantum theory, and thus one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
http://wn.com/Max_Planck -
Mehmed V
http://wn.com/Mehmed_V -
Mehmed VI
http://wn.com/Mehmed_VI -
Mel Gibson
Mel Colm-Cille Gerard Gibson, AO (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor, film director, producer and screenwriter. Born in Peekskill, New York, Gibson moved with his parents to Sydney when he was 12 years old and later studied acting at the Australian National Institute of Dramatic Art.
http://wn.com/Mel_Gibson -
Mercedes McCambridge
Carlotta Mercedes McCambridge (March 16, 1916 – March 2, 2004) was an American actress. Orson Welles called her "the world's greatest living radio actress."
http://wn.com/Mercedes_McCambridge -
Michel Coiffard
http://wn.com/Michel_Coiffard -
Mickey Spillane
Frank Morrison Spillane (March 9, 1918 – July 17, 2006), better known as Mickey Spillane, was a U.S. author of crime novels, many featuring his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally. In 1980, Spillane was responsible for seven of the top 15 all-time best-selling fiction titles in the U.S.
http://wn.com/Mickey_Spillane -
Mihkel Mathiesen
Mihkel Mathiesen (27 October 1918 – 28 November 2003) was an Estonian statesman.
http://wn.com/Mihkel_Mathiesen -
Muriel Spark
Dame Muriel Spark, DBE (1 February 1918 in Edinburgh – 13 April 2006 in Florence) was an award-winning Scottish novelist. In 2008 The Times newspaper named Spark to its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
http://wn.com/Muriel_Spark -
Myrtle Gonzalez
Myrtle Gonzalez (September 28, 1891 – October 22, 1918) was an American actress. She starred in at least 78 silent era motion pictures from 1913 to 1917, of which 66 were one and two-reel shorts. She is regarded as Hollywood's first Latin and Hispanic movie star actress.
http://wn.com/Myrtle_Gonzalez -
Nel Benschop
http://wn.com/Nel_Benschop -
Nevin S. Scrimshaw
Nevin Stewart Scrimshaw (born January 20, 1918) is a food scientist and Institute Professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Scrimshaw was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His revolutionary accomplishments over six decades in fighting protein, iodine, and iron deficiencies, developing nutritional supplements, educating generations of experts, and building support for continued advances in food quality have made substantial improvements in the lives of millions throughout the world. For this work he won the 1991 World Food Prize. He also won the Bolton S. Corson Medal in 1976.
http://wn.com/Nevin_S_Scrimshaw -
Nicolae Ceauşescu
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceauşescu -
Nipsey Russell
http://wn.com/Nipsey_Russell -
Noel Willman
Noel Willman (August 4, 1918 in Derry, Ireland - December 14, 1988 in New York) was a British actor and theatre director.
http://wn.com/Noel_Willman -
Olavo Bilac
http://wn.com/Olavo_Bilac -
Oral Roberts
http://wn.com/Oral_Roberts -
Orville L. Freeman
http://wn.com/Orville_L_Freeman -
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (; born September 9, 1918), Italian politician and magistrate, was the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and is currently a senator for life. Formerly a member of Christian Democracy, he currently belongs to the centre-left Democratic party.
http://wn.com/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro -
Otis R. Bowen
Otis Ray Bowen, M.D. (born February 26, 1918) is a retired U.S. politician and physician. He served as the 44th Governor of Indiana from 1973 to 1981 and as Secretary of Health and Human Services from 1985 to 1989.
http://wn.com/Otis_R_Bowen -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Paul D. Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (born July 31, 1918) is an American biochemist and analytical chemist. He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E. Walker; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
http://wn.com/Paul_D_Boyer -
Paul Harvey
http://wn.com/Paul_Harvey -
Pauline Phillips
Pauline Phillips (born July 4, 1918) is a American advice columnist and radio show host who began the "Dear Abby" column in 1956. Married to Morton Phillips, the couple has two children, a son, Edward Jay Phillips, and a daughter, Jeanne Phillips.
http://wn.com/Pauline_Phillips -
Pearl Bailey
http://wn.com/Pearl_Bailey -
Peter Hobbs (actor)
http://wn.com/Peter_Hobbs_(actor) -
Peter Lumsden
http://wn.com/Peter_Lumsden -
Peter Strasser
Peter Strasser (1 April , 1876 - 6 August, 1918) Chief Commander of Germany's Luftschiffer air force during World War I, operating bombing campaigns from 1915 to 1918.
http://wn.com/Peter_Strasser -
Philip José Farmer
http://wn.com/Philip_José_Farmer -
Quentin Roosevelt
Quentin Roosevelt (November 19, 1897 – July 14, 1918) was the youngest and favorite son of President Theodore Roosevelt. Family and friends agreed that Quentin had many of his father's positive qualities and few of the negative ones. Encouraged by his father, he joined the United States Army Air Service where he became a fighter pilot during World War I. Extremely popular with his fellow pilots and known for being daring, he was killed in aerial combat over France.
http://wn.com/Quentin_Roosevelt -
Raimon Panikkar
Raimon Panikkar (November 3, 1918 – August 26, 2010) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and proponent of inter-religious dialogue. As a scholar, he specialized in comparative religion.
http://wn.com/Raimon_Panikkar -
Raoul Lufbery
Gervais Raoul Lufbery (March 14, 1885 – May 19, 1918) was a
http://wn.com/Raoul_Lufbery -
Richard D. Winters
http://wn.com/Richard_D_Winters -
Richard Feynman
http://wn.com/Richard_Feynman -
Rita Hayworth
http://wn.com/Rita_Hayworth -
Robbie Ross
http://wn.com/Robbie_Ross -
Robert S. Strauss
http://wn.com/Robert_S_Strauss -
Roderic Dallas
http://wn.com/Roderic_Dallas -
Roger Delgado
Roger Delgado (1 March 1918 – 18 June 1973) was an English actor, best known for his role as the first Master in Doctor Who.
http://wn.com/Roger_Delgado -
Rosemary Kennedy
http://wn.com/Rosemary_Kennedy -
Rudolf Tobias
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Tobias -
Ruggiero Ricci
Ruggiero Ricci (born July 24, 1918) is an Italian-American violin virtuoso who has become famous in particular for his performances and recordings of the works of Paganini. He was born in San Bruno, California. Ricci's brother was cellist George Ricci (1923-2010).
http://wn.com/Ruggiero_Ricci -
Russell B. Long
http://wn.com/Russell_B_Long -
Sai Baba of Shirdi
http://wn.com/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi -
Said Mohamed Djohar
Said Mohammed Djohar (22 August 1918 – 23 February 2006) was a Comorian politician who served as President of the Comoros during the early and mid-90's.
http://wn.com/Said_Mohamed_Djohar -
Sam Walton
Samuel Moore "Sam" Walton (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was a businessman and entrepreneur born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma best known for founding the retailers Wal-Mart and Sam's Club.
http://wn.com/Sam_Walton -
Shinobu Hashimoto
Shinobu Hashimoto (, Hashimoto Shinobu) (born April 18, 1918) is a Japanese screenwriter, director, producer, and was a frequent collaborator with Akira Kurosawa.
http://wn.com/Shinobu_Hashimoto -
Shirley Jameson
http://wn.com/Shirley_Jameson -
Shlomo Goren
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Goren -
Shlomo Lorincz
Rabbi Shlomo Lorincz (, born 5 March 1918, died 19 October 2009) was a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Agudat Yisrael from 1951 until 1984, and a close confident of many gedolim.
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Lorincz -
Sidney Gottlieb
http://wn.com/Sidney_Gottlieb -
Sidónio Pais
http://wn.com/Sidónio_Pais -
Skitch Henderson
http://wn.com/Skitch_Henderson -
Spike Milligan
http://wn.com/Spike_Milligan -
Spiro Agnew
http://wn.com/Spiro_Agnew -
T. P. Cameron Wilson
Theodore Percival Cameron Wilson (April 25, 1888 - March 23, 1918), was an English poet and novelist of World War I, best known for his poem Magpies in Picardy.
http://wn.com/T_P_Cameron_Wilson -
Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
http://wn.com/Taufa'ahau_Tupou_IV -
Ted Williams
Theodore Samuel Williams (August 30, 1918 – July 5, 2002) was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball. He played 21 seasons with the Boston Red Sox, twice interrupted by military service as a Marine Corps pilot. Nicknamed The Kid, the Splendid Splinter, Teddy Ballgame, and The Thumper, he is widely considered one of the greatest hitters ever.
http://wn.com/Ted_Williams -
Theodore Roosevelt
http://wn.com/Theodore_Roosevelt -
Theodore Sturgeon
http://wn.com/Theodore_Sturgeon -
Tomáš Masaryk
http://wn.com/Tomáš_Masaryk -
True Boardman
http://wn.com/True_Boardman -
Tsar Nicholas II
http://wn.com/Tsar_Nicholas_II -
Vernon Castle
http://wn.com/Vernon_Castle -
Vito Scotti
http://wn.com/Vito_Scotti -
Vladmir Lenin
http://wn.com/Vladmir_Lenin -
Wallace Lloyd Algie
Wallace Lloyd Algie, VC (1891 – 1918) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
http://wn.com/Wallace_Lloyd_Algie -
Wilf Mannion
Wilfred ("Wilf") James Mannion (16 May 1918 - 14 April 2000) was an English professional footballer who played as an inside forward, making over 350 senior appearances for Middlesbrough. He also played international football for England. With his blond hair, he was nickamed "The Golden Boy".
http://wn.com/Wilf_Mannion -
Wilfred Owen
http://wn.com/Wilfred_Owen -
William Jay Smith
William Jay Smith (born 22 April 1918) is an American poet. He was appointed the nineteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1968 to 1970.
http://wn.com/William_Jay_Smith -
William McIntyre
William Rogers McIntyre, CC (March 15, 1918 – June 14, 2009) was a Canadian Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
http://wn.com/William_McIntyre -
Willy Breinholst
Willy Breinholst (27 June 1918 – 19 September 2009) was a Danish author, screenwriter, and humorist born in Fredensborg, Denmark.
http://wn.com/Willy_Breinholst -
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
http://wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I -
Émile Reynaud
http://wn.com/Émile_Reynaud
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
WW1 Combat in Colour 1914-1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Published: 16 Mar 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
a video showing WW1 warfare in and arround the trenches, rare colour film world war 1
http://wn.com/WW1_Combat_in_Colour_1914-1918
Pipes of Peace Paul McCartney 1914-1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Published: 03 Dec 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Basically a straight upload of Paul`s Christmas no 1 single in the UK,well it went to no 1 just after xmas if I remember correctly! A video depicting the famous 1914 Christmas truce between British and German troops.I added a little bit of first world war footage,intended not to mock or denigrate the brave souls who fought and lost their lives in the Great war.But as a show of respect...their names liveth forever more. PAUL McCARTNEY PIPES OF PEACE I LIGHT A CANDLE TO OUR LOVE, IN LOVE OUR PROBLEMS DISAPPEAR. BUT ALL IN ALL WE SOON DISCOVER THAT ONE AND ONE IS ALL WE LONG TO HEAR. ALL 'ROUND THE WORLD, LITTLE CHILDREN BEING BORN TO THE WORLD. GOT TO GIVE THEM ALL WE CAN 'TIL THE WAR IS WON, THEN WILL THE WORK BE DONE. HELP THEM TO LEARN (help them to learn) SONGS OF JOY INSTEAD OF BURN, BABY, BURN. (burn, baby, burn) LET US SHOW THEM HOW TO PLAY THE PIPES OF PEACE, PLAY THE PIPES OF PEACE. HELP ME TO LEARN SONGS OF JOY INSTEAD OF BURN, BABY, BURN, WON'T YOU SHOW ME TO PLAY (how to play) THE PIPES OF PEACE, (pipes of peace) PLAY THE PIPES OF PEACE WHAT DO YOU SAY? (what do you say?) WILL THE HUMAN RACE BE RUN IN A DAY? (in a day?) OR WILL SOMEONE SAVE THIS PLANET WE'RE PLAYING ON? IS IT THE ONLY ONE? WHAT ARE WE GONNA DO? HELP THEM TO SEE (help them to see) THAT THE PEOPLE HERE ARE LIKE YOU AND ME. (like you and me) LET US SHOW THEM HOW TO PLAY (how to play) THE PIPES OF PEACE, (pipes of peace) PLAY THE PIPES OF PEACE. I LIGHT A CANDLE TO OUR LOVE, IN LOVE OUR PROBLEMS <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Pipes_of_Peace_Paul_McCartney_1914-1918
20th Century Battlefields: Ep 1 "1918 Western Front" (2/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Published: 08 Sep 2009
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Dan and Peter Snow visit the scenes of some of the 20th century's greatest battles. Combining state-of-the-art computer graphics and real-life experience of what it must have been like to fight, they uncover the story behind these world-defining conflicts. Episode 1: 1918 Western Front Peter and Dan travel to the Western Front in France to investigate the battle that gave Britain and its allies decisive victory in World War One - Amiens.
http://wn.com/20th_Century_Battlefields_Ep_1_1918_Western_Front_2_6
Hospitals "Full-Up": The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Published: 09 Nov 2006
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
A documentary comparing the 1918 Spanish Influenza pandemic with modern-day health capabilities, in the event of an act of bioterrorism or any large-scale infectious disease outbreak.
http://wn.com/Hospitals_Full-Up_The_1918_Influenza_Pandemic
Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1918)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 05 Sep 2008
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Nicholas II was the last Tsar of Russia. Here are some video clips from different archives. Included is also a clip of his visit in Finland 1915. That was only 3 years before the murder of his entire family.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_II_of_Russia_1868-1918
Marion Harris - After You've Gone (1918)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 10 Jul 2008
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Marion Harris (1896 - April 23, 1944) was an American popular singer around 1920. She was the first widely known white singer to sing jazz and blues songs. Born Mary Ellen Harrison, probably in Indiana, she first played vaudeville and movie theatres in Chicago around 1914. She was spotted by dancer Vernon Castle, who enabled her entrance into the New York theatre scene where she debuted in a 1915 Irving Berlin revue titled Stop! Look! Listen!. In 1916 she began recording for Victor Records, singing a variety of songs such as "Everybody's Crazy 'Bout the Doggone Blues, But I'm Happy", "After You've Gone", "When I Hear that Jazz Band Play", her biggest success "I Ain't Got Nobody", and "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", later recorded by Bessie Smith. In 1920, after the Victor label would not allow her to record WC Handy's "St. Louis Blues", she joined Columbia Records where she recorded the song successfully. Sometimes billed as "The Queen of the Blues", she tended to record blues- or jazz-flavoured tunes throughout her career. Handy wrote of Harris that "she sang blues so well that people hearing her records sometimes thought that the singer was colored". She herself said:"..you usually do best what comes naturally [and] so I just naturally started singing Southern dialect songs and the modern blues songs.." In 1922 she moved to the Brunswick label. She also continued to appear in Broadway theatres throughout the 1920s. She regularly played the Palace Theatre, appeared in <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Marion_Harris_After_You've_Gone_1918
The Influenza Pandemic of 1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Published: 26 Feb 2009
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
America Goes Over (1918)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:03
- Published: 09 Sep 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
America Goes Over 1918 Vintage World War I Film
http://wn.com/America_Goes_Over_1918
Russian White Guards (1918-1920).Русская Белая Гвардия.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 20 Jul 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
White Guards battled for our and your freedom.Against communistic murderers and criminals. Against Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky and other gangsters.
http://wn.com/Russian_White_Guards_1918-1920Русская_Белая_Гвардия
20th Century Battlefields: Ep 1 "1918 Western Front" (1/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 08 Sep 2009
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Dan and Peter Snow visit the scenes of some of the 20th century's greatest battles. Combining state-of-the-art computer graphics and real-life experience of what it must have been like to fight, they uncover the story behind these world-defining conflicts. Episode 1: 1918 Western Front Peter and Dan travel to the Western Front in France to investigate the battle that gave Britain and its allies decisive victory in World War One - Amiens.
http://wn.com/20th_Century_Battlefields_Ep_1_1918_Western_Front_1_6
Raja 1918 - Teaser Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 03 Aug 2007
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Finnish premiere 30.11.2007
http://wn.com/Raja_1918_Teaser_Trailer
Pandemic 1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 14 Dec 2006
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
A short slideshow about the influenza pandemic of 1918 created to use as a lesson opener for middle school and high school history classes. Created with iMoive.
http://wn.com/Pandemic_1918
1918 Gnome rotary engine running
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Published: 08 Nov 2009
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
November 7, 2009, finally got the engine running right. It has an ignition selector switch that allows it to run at 1/2 power, 1/4 power, and 1/8 power. This engine will be used in a replica 1918 Nieuport 28.
http://wn.com/1918_Gnome_rotary_engine_running
Classic Game Room - SKYSMASH 1918 for iPod review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 26 Nov 2010
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Classic Game Room reviews SKYSMASH 1918 for iPod and iPad (an HD version is availble for play on iPad). This vertical scrolling shmup style airplane shooter for iPod, iPhone and iPad has you flying a WW1 era biplane against waves of enemies in fictional portrayals of World War 1 battles like Ypres and the Somme. This CGR video review of Skysmash 1918 for iPod and iPhone has gameplay from Skysmash 1918 showing vertical scrolling WW1 air plan shooter game play in HD action.
http://wn.com/Classic_Game_Room_SKYSMASH_1918_for_iPod_review
Klimt 1918 - Ghost of a Tape Listener
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 16 Mar 2009
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Videoclip to "Gost of a Tape Listener" from the album "Just in case we'll never meet again".
http://wn.com/Klimt_1918_Ghost_of_a_Tape_Listener
Harmoisten sairashuoneen joukkomurha 1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Published: 22 Apr 2008
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
Kuvaus Harmoisten sairashuoneen joukkomurhasta 10.3.1918 ja tietoa punakaartin haavoittuneista. Lähde: Heikki Ylikangas, Tie Tampereelle
http://wn.com/Harmoisten_sairashuoneen_joukkomurha_1918
Airsoft War BAR 1918 Thompson M1A1 POW Scotland HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 19 Feb 2010
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
One of Almost 400 Airsoft War Games Videos Filmed in Britain. Main Channel www.youtube.com Scout is on FaceBook At www.facebook.com Alternative Channel www.youtube.com Im on Twitter at twitter.com Airsoft Gun Reviews www.youtube.comFilmed in between near Falkirk in central Scotland, if you wish to play here the game dates and directions etc are on the POW website at www.playersofwar.co.uk Airsoft guns can be bought at www.airsoftworld.co.uk For more information on playing Airsoft in the UK and elsewhere I recommend you use the forum on the following website http You will need to set up a login to use the forums, its free. IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR WWII uniforms etc then take a look at these retailers and Forums www.atthefront.com American retailer, based in Kentucky, very good selection of WWII gear. www.ww2airsoft.org.uk The Comrades in Arms website, their forum is great for sales of Used WWII Uniforms etc. stores.ebay.co.uk Singapore based retailer with stunning selection of uniforms etc at great prices www.epicmilitaria.co.uk UK retailer brilliant selection of uniforms and equipment www.militaria-net.co.uk UK Retailer, I bought a lot from here, very fast service and they answer their emails. www.sofmilitary.co.uk Soldier of Fortune, UK retailer, amazing selection. WWII Russian kit can be had at www.tridentmilitary.com Modern Russian kit can be had from www.rusmilitary.com www.whatpriceglory.com American WWII uniform retailer based in Salinas CA Filmed using a Canon 1Ds <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Airsoft_War_BAR_1918_Thompson_M1A1_POW_Scotland_HD
Airsoft War BAR 1918, Marui VSR POW Scotland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:02
- Published: 13 Mar 2010
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
One of Almost 400 Airsoft War Games Videos Filmed in Britain. Main Channel www.youtube.com Scout is on FaceBook At www.facebook.com Alternative Channel www.youtube.com Im on Twitter at twitter.com Airsoft Gun Reviews www.youtube.comFilmed near Falkirk in central Scotland, if you wish to play here the game dates and directions etc are on the POW website at www.playersofwar.co.uk For more information on playing Airsoft in the UK and elsewhere I recommend you use the forum on the following website www.arniesairsoft.co.uk You will need to set up a login to use the forums, its free. Filmed using a Canon SX1iS DSLR type camera, recorded at 1080p HD, edited and converted to 720p HD using Apple iMovie 09, edited on an Apple MacBook Pro
http://wn.com/Airsoft_War_BAR_1918,_Marui_VSR_POW_Scotland
Halo 3 Forges - "Warfare 1918"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Published: 18 Oct 2009
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Halo 3 Forges (Ep. 44) Warfare 1918 Game Over Studios proudly presents Warfare 1918! A territories map made by Z0mbie Kitten. Objective is to make your way across the battle field alive while capturing the four territories in the trenches. We had a great time playing this map, we hope you guys enjoy too. Forge Creator: Z0mbie kitten File Share Link: gameoverstudios.weebly.com Have questions? Comments? Email us at GoSpodcast@gmail.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA GOTO: www.youtube.com TAGS: Halo 3 Halo UPC 882224444477 Bungie Software Microsoft forges game over studios Zombie kitten warfare 1918 territories banshee turret itz brujin Kenburn kenburn7 Dragon munday Monday yt:quality=high
http://wn.com/Halo_3_Forges_Warfare_1918
A jednak Polska 1918-1921
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:33
- Published: 09 Jul 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Film dokumentalny Produkcja: Polska Rok produkcji: 1992 Dane techniczne: Barwny. 87 min. Siły były nierówne. Naprzeciw dobrze zorganizowanym i uzbrojonym Ukraińców stanęli nieliczni żołnierze polskich organizacji niepodległościowych, w tym wielu młodych i bardzo młodych bojowników:...
http://wn.com/A_jednak_Polska_1918-1921
Civil War 1918 1/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Published: 24 Feb 2008
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
When Finland was declared independent on December 6th 1917, it already had a senate and the infrastructure of an independent country. The one thing it lacked was an army. The only military presens on Finnish soil were the Russian troops that the last czar had put there in case of an uprising in Finland. The radical elements of the workers movement seized the moment and formed their own army, the Red Guards. The conservatives on the other hand formed the White Guards. The nationalist movement also had the Jaeger troops (Jääkärit), young men who had been training in Germany for 3 years, ready to form the core of a future Finnish army. Part 1 of 4 videos with old pictures and interviews, both with experts and with people who lived at the time and experience those events firsthand. This is a shortened and somewhat re-edited version of a documentary by YLE2.
http://wn.com/Civil_War_1918_1_4
Journal TV - Almanac Newsreels - 1918 armistice, treaty of Versailles, Munich agreement and more
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:24
- Published: 14 Feb 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
A collection of over 200 historical newsreels. Each newsreel runs approximately 3 minutes and covers the most important events of the first half of the 20th century. --- The Munich Pact (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; German: Münchner Abkommen; French: Accords de Munich; Italian: Accordi di Monaco) was an agreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany.
http://wn.com/Journal_TV_Almanac_Newsreels_1918_armistice,_treaty_of_Versailles,_Munich_agreement_and_more
Fokker D.VII - WW1 German fighter 1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 21 Aug 2011
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
The Fokker D.VII was a German World War I fighter aircraft designed by Reinhold Platz of the Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. Germany produced around 3300 D.VII aircraft in the summer and autumn of 1918. The D.VII quickly proved itself to be a formidable aircraft. The Armistice ending the war specifically required Germany to surrender all D.VIIs to the Allies at the conclusion of hostilities. Surviving aircraft saw continued widespread service with many other countries in the years after World War I. For more info see: en.wikipedia.org This aircraft is one of the replicas originally built for the 1966 motion picture 'The Blue Max'. It is seen here painted in the colours of Johann Janzen of Jasta 6. -- www.aviationfilm.com Copyright © 2007Historical Aviation Film Unit This video material may not be reproduced in any form (except as an embedded video on any other website), without the written permission of the Historical Aviation Film Unit.
http://wn.com/Fokker_DVII_WW1_German_fighter_1918
Public Domain / Daderot
Creative Commons / Foto Couvée
Creative Commons / Jean-Pol GRANDMONT
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Crisco
Creative Commons / Szater
Public Domain / Daderot
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Adam Cuerden
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Creative Commons / J Bar
Public Domain / Estormiz
Public Domain / Estormiz
Creative Commons / Delirium
Public Domain / Smallbones
Creative Commons / PDTillman
Creative Commons / Conquimbo
Creative Commons / Cmguy777
Creative Commons / Thomas Blomberg
Creative Commons / Nihil novi
Creative Commons / Alma Pater
Creative Commons / Sofia Gisberg
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Patricio.lorente
Creative Commons / Tt32
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Abbike
AP / Paisley Dodds
Photo: GFDL / Daderot
18 Oct 2012
New Delhi: A white sperm whale looms on the background of the doodle on the Google home page on Thursday. The doodle commemorates the 161st anniversary of the...
Photo: Creative Commons / Kansir
17 Oct 2012
(Reuters) - IBM posted a quarterly revenue miss and barely beat analyst expectations for earnings per share as customers put off spending on big ticket items and a stronger dollar hit the company's...
Photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
17 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling On the very last day of the 1980 election, twelve percent of voters finally decided to vote for the Republican's presidential candidate Ronald Reagan....
Photo: AP / Shakil Adil
15 Oct 2012
ISLAMABAD — Pakistan airlifted a 14-year-old activist who was shot and seriously wounded by the Taliban to the United Kingdom for treatment today, a move that will give her access to the...
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
17 Oct 2012
New evidence implicates Libyan militias in an apparent execution of dozens of detainees in rebel custody following the capture and death of Muammar Gaddafi last year, a watchdog has said. In a report...
Photo: DOD / Public Domain
04 Oct 2012
Related topics PoliticswarsAfghanistanUS casualtiesMediaTroops Advertisement In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still...
Laraine J. 'Larry' Griswold, 1918-2012
12 Oct 2012
Chicago Tribune
Laraine J. "Larry" Griswold came home from World War II a decorated veteran for his service in Libya and Italy but unsure of what he wanted to do with his life. He worked briefly as a farmhand in Kendall and Kane counties and later did a hitch at his uncle's store, Muth Seeds Store, on North River...(size: 3.4Kb)
PhysOrg
"The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia," created by the Center for the History of Medicine in partnership with the U-M Library's MPublishing, documents 50 diverse communities in the United States during fall 1918 and winter 1919—a period when the effects of influenza caused...(size: 2.5Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
...(size: 5.0Kb)
Worth a look: color photos of Paris, 1914-1918
17 Sep 2012
The Providence Journal
Seventy-nine images : PARIS 1914: colored chronicles by Paris...(size: 0.4Kb)
noodls
(Source: University of the Sciences in Philadelphia) 2012 Malis Lecture: Newspapers and the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 Posted: Thursday, September 13, 2012 The Humanities Department is proud to present the 2012 Bernard Malis Memorial Lecture: "Advertising Influenza: Newspapers & the Great...(size: 3.0Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics swine fluInfluenzafallflupandemichealth Advertisement Researchers have reconstructed the genetic sequencing of the 1918 influenza virus, responsible for a pandemic that killed over 50 million people across the globe in a time where travel was much more limited than today. In doing so,...(size: 9.7Kb)
PhysOrg
By sequencing the 1918 virus, researchers were able to confirm that the viruses that caused influenza pandemics in 1957, 1968, and 2009 were all descended in part from the 1918 virus. Studies showed that the 2009 pandemic virus had structural similarities with the 1918 virus and explained why...(size: 1.9Kb)
Killed in 1918, now Isaac Rosenberg rises
03 Sep 2012
The Independent
Rosenberg was just 27 when he was killed at dawn, near Arras, on 1 April 1918, after returning from a night patrol. It is not clear whether he was the victim of a sniper, or if he fell in close combat. His Poems from the Trenches are among the most outstanding poems from the war, and he is ranked...(size: 3.4Kb)
Russian executed in 1918 cleared 94 years later
24 Aug 2012
Newstrack India
Tweet Moscow, Aug 24 (IANS) Prosecutors in Russia, embarking on a quest for historical justice, formally cleared a peasant executed in 1918 for opposing the Bolsheviks, RIA Novosti reported. Two Communists sent to Yemangashi village as part of the notorious grain confiscation campaign during the...(size: 2.6Kb)
Huffington Post
...(size: 5.4Kb)
This article is about the year 1918.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1880s 1890s 1900s – 1910s – 1920s 1930s 1940s |
| Years: | 1915 1916 1917 – 1918 – 1919 1920 1921 |
| 1918 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1918 MCMXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2671 |
| Armenian calendar | 1367 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6668 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 74–75 |
| Bengali calendar | 1325 |
| Berber calendar | 2868 |
| British Regnal year | 7 Geo. 5 – 8 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2462 |
| Burmese calendar | 1280 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7426–7427 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁巳年十一月十九日 (4554/4614-11-19) — to —
戊午年十一月廿九日(4555/4615-11-29) |
| Coptic calendar | 1634–1635 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1910–1911 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5678–5679 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1974–1975 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1840–1841 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5019–5020 |
| Holocene calendar | 11918 |
| Iranian calendar | 1296–1297 |
| Islamic calendar | 1336–1337 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 7 (大正7年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4251 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 7 民國7年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2461 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1918 |
Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar.
Events[link]
Below, events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January[link]
- January 8 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech.
- January 12 – Finland enacts a "Mosaic Confessors" law, granting Finnish Jews civil rights.
- January 18 – Constituent Assembly meet in Russia.
- January 19 – Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims Russian Democratic Federative Republic, but was dissolved by Bolshevik government on same day.
- January 25 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia.
- January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins.
February[link]
- February 5 – The SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.
- February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from February 1 to February 14.
- February 15 – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania adopt Gregorian calendar.
- February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from the Russian Empire.
- February 21 – The last captive Carolina Parakeet (the last breed of parrot native to the eastern United States) dies at the Cincinnati Zoo.
- February 24 – After 7 centuries of foreign rule, Estonia declares its independence from the Russian Empire. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia also declare their independence from the Russian Empire but as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
March[link]
- March 1 – The German submarine U-19 sinks the HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland.
- March 3 – WWI: Germany, Austria and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.
- March 4 – A soldier at Camp Fuston, Kansas falls sick with the first confirmed case of the Spanish flu.
- March 5 – Soviet Russia moves its national capital from Petrograd to Moscow.
- March 6 – The Finnish Air Force is founded. The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Buddhist symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia.
- March 7 – WWI: Finland forms an alliance with Germany.
- March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia.
- March 19 – The U.S. Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).
- March 21 – WWI: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.
- March 23
- The giant German cannon, the so-called Paris Gun, begins to shell Paris from 114 km (71 mi) away.
- In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick where he is supposed to "catch" two separate bullets – but one of them perforates his lung. He dies the following morning in a hospital.
- The Social Revolutionary Party declares Belarus independent; Bolshevik armies soon crush them.
- March 25
- Belarus declares independence.
- Dr. Karl Muck, music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, is arrested under the Alien Enemies Act and imprisoned for the duration of WWI.
- March 27 – Bessarabia votes to become part of Romania.
April[link]
- April 1 – The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service are merged to form the Royal Air Force.
- April 5 – Sālote succeeds as Queen of Tonga; she will remain on the throne until her death in 1965.
- April 21 – Manfred Von Richthofen, "The Red Baron", WWI's most successful fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River.
May[link]
- May 1 – German troops enter Don province; they take Rostov May 6.
- May 2 – General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware.
- May 11 – The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is officially established.
- May 15
- The United States Post Office Department (later renamed the United States Postal Service) begins the 3rd regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC), the 1st being from Allahabad to Naini Junction in India on the 18th February 1911 and the 2nd being from London to Windsor Castle on the 22nd June 1911.
- End of the Finnish Civil War.
- May 16 – The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by the U.S. Congress.
- May 20 – The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third year in a row by a tornado. Coincidentally, all three tornadoes hit on May 20, 1916, 1917, and 1918 respectively.
- May 21 – Army Aviation Section separated from Signal Corps and divided into the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production.
- May 26 – The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished. Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
- May 27 – The Third Battle of the Aisne commences.
- May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.
June[link]
- June 1 – WWI: The Battle for Belleau Wood begins.
- June 10 – Austro-Hungarian warship is sunk by an Italian powerboat.
- June 12 – Grand Duke Michael Romanov is murdered, thereby becoming the first of the Romanovs to be murdered by the Bolsheviks.
- June 22 – Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody, for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn.
July[link]
- July 3 – The Siberian Expedition is launched to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian Civil War.
- July 4 – Mehmed VI (1918–1922) succeeds Mehmed V (Resad) (1909–1918) as Ottoman Sultan.
- July 9 – Great train wreck of 1918: In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101.
- July 12 –, The Japanese Imperial Navy battle ship Kawachi blows up at Shunan, western Honshu, Japan killing at least 621.
- July 13 – The National Czechoslovak Committee is established.
- July 15 – WWI – Second Battle of the Marne: The battle begins near the River Marne with a German attack.
- July 17
- By order of the Bolshevik Party and carried out by the Cheka, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei, and retainers are executed at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- WWI: RMS Carpathia is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by German submarine U-55; 218 of the 223 on board are rescued.[1]
August[link]
- August – The Spanish Flu (influenza) becomes pandemic; over 30 million people die in the following 6 months (almost twice as many as died during the war).
- August 1 – British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Archangel, Russia.
- August 8 – WWI – Battle of Amiens: Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories with a push through the German front lines. German General Erich Ludendorff later calls this the "black day of the German Army."
- August 10 – Russian Revolution: The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians.
- August 30
- 20,000 London policemen strike for increased pay and union recognition.
- Russian Revolution: Vladmir Lenin is shot by Fanya Kaplan, but he survives. Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of the Cheka, is assassinated the same day.
September[link]
- September – British armies and their Arab allies roll into Syria.
- September 11 – The Boston Red Sox defeat the Chicago Cubs for the 1918 World Series championship, their last World Series win until 2004.
- September 29 – Bulgaria requests an armistice in WWI.
October[link]
- October – Mammy Lou becomes the oldest person to ever star in a film, at age 114.
- October 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany makes Max von Baden German chancellor.
- October 3 – King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.
- October 4 – Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new more liberal government to sue for peace.
- October 8 – WWI: In the Argonne Forest in France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132.
- October 9 – Landgrave Friedrich Karl of Hessen-Kassel is elected King of Finland.
- October 11 – Puerto Rico earthquake: The city of Mayagüez and adjacent towns are nearly destroyed by a 7.5 earthquake and a tsunami.
- October 12 – Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453.
- October 18 – The Washington Declaration proclaims the independent Czechoslovak Republic.
- October 25 – The steamer Princess Sophia sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.
- October 28
- Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.
- A new Polish government is declared in Western Galicia (Central Europe).
- October 29 – Wilhelmshaven mutiny of the German High Fleet.
- October 30
- The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state.
- The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is granted independence from the Ottoman Empire by the Armistice of Mudros.
- October 31 – The Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian empire.
November[link]
- November – The Allied fleet enters Constantinople.
- November 1
- Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead.
- Ruthenia in eastern Czechoslovakia declares a brief independence.
- November 3
- November 4 – WWI: Austria-Hungary surrenders to Italy.
- November 6 – A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin.
- November 7 – King Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country.
- November 8 – The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser.
- November 9
- Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands.
- Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic.
- British battleship HMS Britannia is sunk by German submarine U-50 off Trafalgar with the loss of around fifty lives, the last major naval engagement of WWI.
- November 11
- WWI ends: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM in Marshal Foch’s railroad car in Compiègne Forest in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.[2]
- Poland regains independence after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief.
- Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power but does not abdicate.
- November 12 – Austria becomes a republic.
- November 14
- Czechoslovakia becomes a republic.
- Józef Piłsudski is appointed head of state of Poland.
- November 16
- Hungary declares independence from Austria.
- The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared.
- November 18 – Latvia declares its independence from Russia.
- November 22
- The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party.
-
- The Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war.
- November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly votes for a "union of the people", declaring its union with the Kingdom of Serbia.
- November 28 – Estonian Freedom War: Bolshevist Russia invades Estonia, beginning the war. A socialist republic is established in Narva the next day.
- November 29 – Serbia annexes Montenegro
- November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande.
December[link]
- December 1
- Iceland regains independence, yet remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland until 1944.
- New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote.
- The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with Romania.
- The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.
- December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to any foreign country while holding office.
- December 5 – The British light cruiser HMS Cassandra strikes a mine and sinks in the Gulf of Finland while aiding Estonia against the Bolsheviks, with eleven sailors killed.
- December 14 – Friedrich Karl renounces the Finnish throne.
- December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic.
- December 27 – Great Poland Uprising: The Poles in Greater Poland (or Grand Duchy of Poznań) rise up against the Germans.
- December 28 – Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway prison, becomes the first woman to be elected MP to the British House of Commons. She did not take her seat, along with the other Sinn Féin TDs members.
- December 31 – A British-brokered ceasefire ends two weeks of fighting between Armenians and Georgians.
Date unknown[link]
- The Grand Duchy of Baden ceases to exist.
- The British occupy Palestine.
- The Native American Church is formally founded.
- The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of prohibition in the U.S.
- United Business Media is founded in London (as United Newspapers Ltd.)
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1 – Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000)
- January 8 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005)
- January 10 – Arthur Chung, President of Guyana (d. 2008)
- January 15
- Gamal Abdal Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970)
- Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo, former President of Brazil (d. 1999)
- January 16
- Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005)
- Stirling Silliphant, American writer and producer (d. 1996)
- Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009)
- January 17 – George M. Leader, American politician
- January 19
- John H. Johnson, American publisher (d. 2005)
- Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011)
- January 20
- Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002)
- Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American clinical
- January 21
- Richard D. Winters, U.S. Army officer (d. 2011)
- Chichay, Filipino actress (d. 1993)
- January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player
- January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999)
- January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009)
- January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010)
- January 26
- Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romanian dictator (d. 1989)
- Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009)
- Vito Scotti, American character actor (d. 1996)
- January 27
- Skitch Henderson, English-born musician and bandleader (d. 2005)
- Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963)
- January 29 – John Forsythe, American actor (Dynasty) (d. 2010)
- February 1 – Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006)
- February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011)
- February 3
- Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the Rat Pack (d. 2007)
- Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994)
- Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994)
- February 4 – Ida Lupino, English actress, screenwriter, director/producer (d. 1995)
- February 6 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author (d. 2007)
- February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999)
- February 8 – Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler and novelty singer (Pencil Neck Geek) (d. 2003)
- February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- February 15 – Allan Arbus, American actor (M*A*S*H)
- February 16 – Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters)
- February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999)
- February 22
- Don Pardo, American TV announcer (Saturday Night Live)
- Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940)
- Charlie Finley, American owner of the Oakland A's 1960–80 (d. 1996)
- February 25
- Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996)
- Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995)
- February 26
- Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985)
- Otis R. Bowen, American politician
- February 28 – Alfred Burke, British actor d. 2011
March–April[link]
- March 1
- Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973)
- João Goulart, President of Brazil (d. 1976)
- March 3
- Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007)
- Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000)
- March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, former American female tennis player
- March 5
- Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009)
- James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
- March 9
- George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967)
- Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006)
- March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot (d. 2009)
- March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956)
- March 12 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989)
- March 15 – William McIntyre, Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009)
- March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- March 17 – Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004)
- March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005)
- March 20 – Jack Barry, American television game show host and producer (d. 1984)
- March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (d. 1997)
- March 23 – Émile Derlin Zinsou, President of Benin
- March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995)
- March 29
- Pearl Bailey, African-American singer and actress (d. 1990)
- Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993)
- Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992)
- March 30 – Joseph Allen Jr., American actor (d. 1962)
- April 8 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011)
- April 9 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008)
- April 16 – Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002)
- April 17 – William Holden, American actor (d. 1981)
- April 18
- Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of CliffsNotes (d. 2001)
- Gabriel Axel, Danish film director
- Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter
- April 20 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)
- April 22
- Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008)
- William Jay Smith, American poet
- April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004)
- April 27 – John L. Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011)
May–June[link]
- May 1 – Jack Paar, American television show host (The Tonight Show) (d. 2004)
- May 3 – Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002)
- May 4 – Kakuei Tanaka, former Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993)
- May 9
- Mike Wallace, American journalist (60 Minutes) (d. 2012)
- Orville L. Freeman, American politician (d. 2003)
- May 10
- T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician
- George Welch, American aviator (d. 1954)
- May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
- May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953)
- May 15
- Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008)
- Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009)
- May 16 – Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000)
- May 17
- Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005)
- A. C. Lyles, American film producer
- May 18 – Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011)
- May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (d. 2000)
- May 20 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- May 23 – Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player and politician (d. 2007)
- May 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister of Japan
- May 30 – Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter, Master of folk art (d. 2002)
- June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer and storyteller (d. 2011)
- June 4 – Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997)
- June 6 – Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009)
- June 8 – Robert Preston, American actor (The Music Man) (d. 1987)
- June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011)
- June 10 – Patachou, French singer
- June 15 – Francois Tombalbaye, former President of Chad (d. 1975)
- June 18
- Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
- June 27 – Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist and writer (d. 2009)
July–August[link]
- July 4
- Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)
- Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist, popularly known as Abigail Van Buren
- Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (d. 2006)
- July 5 – George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
- July 6 – Sebastian Cabot, American actor (Family Affair) (d. 1977)
- July 9 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army General (d. 1999)
- July 12 – Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer
- July 13 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)
- July 14 – Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (d. 2007)
- July 15 – Bertram N. Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
- July 16 – Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (d. 1989)
- July 17 – Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003)
- July 18 – Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- July 24 – Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist
- July 25 – Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986)
- July 26 – Marjorie Lord, American actress
- July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984)
- July 29 – Edwin O'Connor, American novelist and Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968)
- July 31
- Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010)
- August 3 – Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)
- August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988)
- August 5 – Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004)
- August 8 – Brian Stonehouse, English painter and WWII spy (d. 1998)
- August 13 – Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 22
- Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010)
- Said Mohamed Djohar, former President of the Comoros (d. 2006)
- August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (d. 1990)
- August 26 – Hutton Gibson, religion writer and father of actor Mel Gibson
- August 27 – Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1966 until 1967 (d. 2001)
- August 30 – Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002)
September–October[link]
- September 3 – Helen Wagner, American actress/soap opera star (d. 2010)
- September 4
- Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (d. 2009)
- Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter
- September 8 – Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- September 9 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of the Italian Republic
- September 13 – Rosemary Kennedy, sister of President of the United States John F. Kennedy (d. 2005)
- September 15 – Nipsey Russell, American comedian (d. 2005)
- September 17 – Chaim Herzog, 6th President of Israel 1983–93 (d. 1997)
- September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist and advocate (d. 2007)
- September 22 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988)
- September 27 – Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984)
- September 28
- Angel Labruna, Argentine soccer player and manager (d. 1983)
- Arnold Stang, American comic actor (d. 2009)
- October 4 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- October 6 – Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2010)
- October 8 – Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 9 – E. Howard Hunt, Watergate break-in coordinator (d. 2007)
- October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987)
- October 18
- Constantine Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister
- Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and actor (Emergency!) (d. 1999)
- October 19
- Louis Althusser, French philosopher (d. 1990)
- Robert S. Strauss, Democratic National Committee Chairman
- October 23 – Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008)
- October 27
- Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (d. 2003)
- Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005)
- October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007)
November–December[link]
- November 3
- Bob Feller, American baseball player (d. 2010)
- Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian (d. 2010)
- Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007)
- Russell B. Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003)
- Dean Riesner, American film and television screenwriter (d. 2002)
- November 4
- Art Carney, American actor (The Honeymooners) (d. 2003)
- Cameron Mitchell, American actor (The High Chapparal) (d. 1994)
- November 7 – Billy Graham, American evangelist, spiritual adviser to several U.S. Presidents
- November 9 – Spiro Agnew, American Vice President (d. 1996)
- November 10 – Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)
- November 13 – Jack Elam, American actor (d. 2003)
- November 21 – Dorothy Maguire Chapman, American professional baseball player (d. 1981)
- November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American author (d. 2007)
- November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (The FBI)
- December 8 – Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004)
- December 9 – Jerome Beatty, Jr., author of children's literature (d. 2002)
- December 11 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008)
- December 12 – Joe Williams, American jazz singer (d. 1999)
- December 15 – Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961)
- December 20 – Joseph Payne Brennan, American poet/author (d. 1990)
- December 21
- Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary and White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003)
- Kurt Waldheim, President of Austria and Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 2007)
- December 23
- José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. 2001)
- Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany
- December 25
- Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1981)
- Bertie Mee, English football player and manager (d. 2001)
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 6 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845)
- January 8
- Johannes Pääsuke, Estonian photographer and filmmaker (b. 1892)
- Ellis H. Roberts, American politician (b. 1827)
- January 9
- Max Ritter von Müller, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1887)
- Émile Reynaud, French inventor (b. 1844)
- January 28 – John McCrae, Canadian soldier, surgeon and poet (b. 1872)
- February 2 – John L. Sullivan, American boxer (b. 1858)
- February 5 – Leonard Monteagle Barlow, British fighter pilot (b. 1898)
- February 6 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862)
- February 10 – Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833)
- February 15 – Vernon Castle, American dancer (b. 1887)
- February 23 – Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1882)
- March 9 – Frank Wedekind, German playwright (b. 1864)
- March 10 – Jim McCormick, Scottish-born American baseball player (b. 1856)
- March 13 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835)
- March 14 – Lucretia Garfield, Wife of President James Garfield (b. 1832)
- March 23 – T. P. Cameron Wilson, English poet and novelist (b. 1888)
- March 25
- Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862)
- Walter Tull, First Black infantry officer to serve in the British Army (b. 1888)
- March 27
- Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838)
- Martin Sheridan, Irish athlete (b. 1881)
- April 1 – Isaac Rosenberg, British war poet (b. 1890)
- April 5 – King George Tupou II of Tonga (b. 1874)
- April 20 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German phyicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
- April 21 – Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter pilot (b. 1892)
- April 28 – Gavrilo Princip, Yugoslav assassin (b. 1894)
- May 2 – Jüri Vilms, Estonian politician (b. 1889)
- May 14 – James Gordon Bennett, Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841)
- May 19 – Raoul Lufbery, Franco-American fighter pilot (b. 1885)
- May 25 – József Kiss, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (b. 1896)
- May 30 – Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary and philosopher (b. 1856)
- June 1 – Roderic Dallas, Australian fighter pilot (b. 1891)
- June 4 – Charles W. Fairbanks, Vice President of the U.S. (b. 1852)
- June 10 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet and composer (b. 1842)
- June 12 – Grand Duke Michael Romanov (b. 1878)
- June 19 – Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (b. 1888)
- June 27 – Joséphin Péladan, French occultist (b. 1858)
July–December[link]
- July 3 – Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1844)
- July 9 – James McCudden, British fighter pilot (b. 1895)
- July 14 – Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt, killed in action as fighter pilot (b. 1897)
- July 17
- Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868)
- Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (b. 1872)
- Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895)
- Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897)
- Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899)
- Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901)
- Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1904)
- July 20 – Francis Lupo, American soldier (b. 1895)
- July 22 – Indra Lal Roy, Indian fighter pilot (b. 1898)
- July 26 – Edward Mannock, British fighter pilot (b. 1887)
- July 29 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863)
- July 30
- Joyce Kilmer, American journalist and poet (b. 1886)
- Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (b. 1893)
- July 31 – George McElroy, British fighter pilot (b. 1893)
- August 1
- Gabriel Guérin, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1892)
- John Riley Banister, American policeman and cowboy (b. 1854)
- August 6 – Peter Strasser, German naval officer and airship commander (b. 1876)
- August 10
- Jean Brillant, Canadian soldier (b. 1890)
- Erich Loewenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1897)
- Aleksander Uurits, Estonian painter and graphic artist (b. 1888)
- August 12 – Anna Held, French actress (b. 1873)
- August 18 – Henry Norwest, Canadian sniper (b. 1884)
- September 12 – George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845)
- September 16 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1888)
- September 27 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1891)
- September 28
- Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1858)
- True Boardman, American actor (b. 1882)
- Freddie Stowers, American soldier (b. 1896)
- September 29 – Frank Luke, American fighter pilot (b. 1897)
- October 5
- Roland Garros, French fighter pilot (b. 1888)
- Robbie Ross, British writer (b. 1869)
- October 9 – Raymond Duchamp-Villon, French sculptor (b. 1876)
- October 11 – Wallace Lloyd Algie, Canadian soldier (b. 1891)
- October 15 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian guru and yogi (b. 1838)
- October 19 – Harold Lockwood, American actor (b. 1887)
- October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (b. 1891)
- October 28 – Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1892)
- October 29 – Rudolf Tobias, Estonian composer (b. 1873)
- October 31 – Egon Schiele, Austrian artist (b. 1890)
- November 2 – Hugh Cairns, Canadian soldier (b. 1896)
- November 4
- Wilfred Owen, British poet and soldier (b. 1893)
- Andrew Dickson White, American academic, diplomat, and co-founder of Cornell University (b. 1832)
- November 9
- Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880)
- Albert Ballin, German-Jewish shipping magnate (b. 1857)
- Peter Lumsden, British general in Indian army (b. 1829)
- November 11 – George Lawrence Price, Last Commonwealth soldier to die in WWI (b. 1892)
- November 19 – Joseph Fielding Smith, American Mormon leader (b. 1838)
- December 2 – Edmond Rostand, French writer (b. 1868)
- December 11 – Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (b. 1876)
- December 14 – Sidónio Pais, 4th President of Portugal (b. 1872)
- December 28 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (b. 1865)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
- Chemistry – Fritz Haber
- Medicine – not awarded
- Literature – not awarded
- Peace – not awarded
References[link]
- ^ "Carpathia Sunk; 5 of Crew Killed". New York Times: p. 4. 20 July 1918. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0B14F73B5F1B7A93C2AB178CD85F4C8185F9.
- ^ Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918: The Last Act. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 0-85052-974-3.
http://wn.com/1918
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/1918
http://es.wn.com/1918
http://ru.wn.com/1918 год
http://cs.wn.com/1918
http://pt.wn.com/1918
http://pl.wn.com/1918
http://hi.wn.com/१९१८
http://it.wn.com/1918
http://id.wn.com/1918
http://nl.wn.com/1918
http://fr.wn.com/1918
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sir Paul McCartney MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM |
|
|---|---|
 McCartney performing in England, 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | James Paul McCartney |
| Born | (1942-06-18) 18 June 1942 (age 70) Liverpool, England, UK |
| Genres | Rock, pop, classical, electronica |
| Occupations | Musician, composer, music producer, film producer, businessman |
| Instruments | Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, drums, ukulele, mandolin, recorder |
| Years active | 1957–present |
| Labels | Hear, Apple, Parlophone, Capitol, Columbia, Concord, EMI, One Little Indian, Vee-Jay |
| Associated acts | The Quarrymen, The Beatles, Wings, The Fireman, Linda McCartney, Denny Laine |
| Website | www.paulmccartney.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Höfner 500/1 Rickenbacker 4001S Epiphone Texan Gibson Les Paul Epiphone Casino Martin D-28 |
|
Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Formerly of the Beatles (1960–1970) and Wings (1971–1981), he has been described by Guinness World Records as "The Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles.[1] With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles, and with Lennon formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. After leaving the Beatles, he began a solo career and later formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine.
According to the BBC, his Beatles song "Yesterday" has been covered by over 2,200 artists—more than any other song. Wings' 1977 release, "Mull of Kintyre", became one of the best-selling singles ever in the UK, and he is "the most successful songwriter" in UK chart history, according to Guinness.[2] As a songwriter or co-writer, he is included on thirty-one number one titles on the Billboard Hot 100, and as of 2012 he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.
He has composed film scores, classical and electronic music, and released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist. He has taken part in projects to help international charities, and has been an advocate for animal rights, vegetarianism, and music education; he has been active in campaigns against landmines and seal hunting, and supported efforts such as Make Poverty History. His company MPL Communications owns the copyrights to more than 25,000 songs, including those written by Buddy Holly, as well as the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and Grease. He is one of the UK's wealthiest people, with an estimated fortune of £475 million in 2010. He has been married three times and is the father of five children.
Contents |
Childhood[link]
Main article: Jim and Mary McCartney
McCartney was born in Walton Hospital in Liverpool England, where his mother, Mary (née Mohin), had twelve years earlier, "satisfied her state registry requirements" for nursing, writes Beatles biographer Bob Spitz.[3] His father James, or "Jim" McCartney, was absent at his son's birth due to his work as a volunteer fire fighter during World War II.[3] McCartney has one brother, Michael, born 7 January 1944, and though they were baptised in their mother's Roman Catholic faith, "religion did not play a part in their upbringing" according to biographer Barry Miles, as McCartney's father was a Protestant turned agnostic.[4]
In 1947 he began attending Stockton Wood Road Primary School, by 1952 Joseph Williams Junior School,[5] where he passed the 11-plus exam in 1953 with three others out of ninety examinees, thus gaining admission to the Liverpool Institute.[6] However, when he took his A-level exams at age nineteen, he passed only one subject – Art.[7] In 1954, while taking the bus from his home in the suburb of Speke to the Institute, he met George Harrison,[8] who had also passed the exam, meaning they could both go to a grammar school rather than a secondary modern school, which the majority of pupils attended until they were eligible to work.[9]
In 1955 the McCartneys moved to 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton, where they lived through 1964.[10] Paul was the first member of his family to own a car and his mother rode a bicycle to houses where she worked as a midwife; he describes an early memory of her leaving at "about three in the morning" the "streets ... thick with snow".[11] On 31 October 1956, when he was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism after a mastectomy operation to stop the spread of her breast cancer.[12] The loss of his mother at fourteen was later a point of relation with John Lennon, whose mother Julia also died when he was young, after being struck by a car when he was seventeen.[13]
McCartney's father was a trumpet player and pianist who had led Jim Mac's Jazz Band in the 1920s and encouraged his son to be musical. He kept an upright piano in the front room that he purchased from Epstein's North End Music Stores.[14] His father, Joe McCartney, played an E-flat tuba.[15] Jim McCartney used to point out the bass parts in songs on the radio, and often took his son to local brass band concerts.[16] Jim gave his son a nickel-plated trumpet for his fourteenth birthday,[17] but when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg,[18] Paul traded it for a £15 Framus Zenith (model 17) acoustic guitar, realising it would be too difficult to sing, "with a trumpet stuck in your mouth."[17] Being left-handed, he found right-handed guitars difficult to play, but when he saw a poster advertising a Slim Whitman concert, he realised that Whitman played left-handed with his right-handed guitar strung the opposite way. He then restrung his guitar and after some adjustments, found it easier to play.[17] McCartney wrote his first song ("I Lost My Little Girl") on the Zenith, and an early tune which became, "When I'm Sixty-Four", on the piano, for which, despite his father's advice, he took only a couple of lessons for, preferring instead he says, to learn "by ear."[14] He was heavily influenced by American rhythm and blues music, and has stated that Little Richard was his idol when he was in school. The first song he ever sang on a stage in public was "Long Tall Sally", at a Butlins holiday camp talent competition.[19]
Musical career[link]
Main article: Paul McCartney's musical career
1957–1960: The Quarrymen[link]
Main article: The Quarrymen
McCartney met Lennon and the Quarrymen at the St. Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton on 6 July 1957, when he was fifteen years old.[20] He joined the group soon after, and formed a close working relationship with Lennon. Harrison joined in 1958 as lead guitarist, followed in 1960 by Lennon's art school friend, Stuart Sutcliffe on bass.[21] By May 1960, they had tried several new names, including "Johnny and the Moondogs" and "the Silver Beetles", playing a tour of Scotland under that name with Johnny Gentle. They changed the name of the group to "the Beatles" in mid-August 1960 and recruited Pete Best on drums prior to the first of what would be five engagements in Hamburg, Germany.[22]
1960–1970: The Beatles[link]
Main article: The Beatles
From August 1960 the Beatles were booked by Allan Williams to perform in Hamburg, and during their extended stays there over the next two years, they performed as the resident group at two of Bruno Koschmider's clubs, the Indra, then the Kaiserkeller, and upon returns to Liverpool, at the Cavern Club.[23] In 1961 Sutcliffe left the band, and McCartney reluctantly became their bass player.[24] The Beatles recorded their first published music in Hamburg, performing as the backing band for Tony Sheridan on the single "My Bonnie".[25] The recording would later bring them to the attention of a key figure in their subsequent development and commercial success, Brian Epstein, who became their manager in January 1962.[26] Epstein eventually negotiated a record contract for the group with Parlophone in May of that year.[27] After replacing Best with Ringo Starr in August, they became increasingly popular in the UK during 1963 and in the US in 1964, in a frenzied adolation that became known as "Beatlemania",[28] during which McCartney was dubbed, "the cute Beatle", according to Miles.[29] In 1965 they were each appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[30]
After the recording of the Beatles hit "Yesterday" (1965), McCartney contacted the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in Maida Vale London, to ask if they would record an electronic version of the song, but he never followed up.[31] When visiting artist John Dunbar's flat in London, he would bring along tapes he had compiled at then girlfriend Jane Asher's home,[32] mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that Dick James made into a demo for him.[33] Heavily influenced by American avant-garde musician John Cage, he made tape loops by recording voices, guitars, and bongos on a Brenell tape recorder, and splicing the various loops together. He reversed the tapes, sped them up, and slowed them down to create the effects he wanted, some of which were later used on Beatles' recordings, such as "Tomorrow Never Knows" (1966). He referred to the tapes as "electronic symphonies".[34] In 1966 he rented a ground floor and basement flat from Starr at 34 Montagu Square, to be used as a small studio for spoken-word recordings by poets, writers (including William S. Burroughs) and avant-garde musicians.[35] The Beatles' Apple Records then launched a sub-label, Zapple with Miles as its manager, ostensibly to release recordings of a similar aesthetic, although few releases would ultimately come of the endeavour as Apple and the Beatles slid into business and personal difficulties.[35] After touring almost non-stop for a period of nearly four years, and giving more than 1,400 live performances internationally,[36] the group gave their final commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour.[37]
They continued to work in the recording studio and before their break-up in 1970 produced what some critics consider to be their finest material, including the innovative and widely influential albums Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968) and Abbey Road (1969).[38] Between 1963 and 1970 the group released twenty-two UK singles and twelve LPs, of which seventeen of the singles and eleven of the LPs became number ones.[39] The band topped the US Billboard Hot 100 twenty times, and recorded fourteen number one albums.[40] Lennon and McCartney became one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.[41] McCartney's contributions to the band's hit song's include: "Can't Buy Me Love" (1964), "Yesterday" (1965), Paperback Writer" and "Eleanor Rigby" (1966), "Hello, Goodbye" (1967), "Hey Jude" (1968), "Get Back (1969)", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road" (1970).[42]
In March 1969 he married Linda Eastman, whom he first met in May 1967. The couple had their first child together, Mary, named after Paul's late mother, in August 1969.[43] In October 1969 a rumour surfaced that McCartney had died in a car crash, but it was quickly proven false when a November Life magazine cover featured him and his family with the caption, "Paul is Still With Us."[44]
1970–1981: Wings[link]
Main article: Wings (band)
After the Beatles break-up in 1970 McCartney continued his musical career, releasing his first solo album, McCartney, in 1970, which contained the stand-out track "Maybe I'm Amazed", written for Linda.[45] With the exception of some vocal contributions from her, it is a "one-man album with Paul playing all the instruments" himself, writes Beatles biographer Bill Harry.[46] In 1971 Paul collaborated with Linda on a second album, Ram, a UK number one which included the co-written US number one hit song, "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey".[47] Later that year, the pair were joined by ex-Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine and drummer Denny Seiwell to form the group Wings, and release their first album together, Wild Life. In September 1971 the McCartney family added a second child, Stella, named in honour of Linda's grandmothers.[48]
In 1973 McCartney wrote Wings' first US number one, "My Love", included on their second LP, Red Rose Speedway, and his collaboration with Linda and former Beatles' producer George Martin resulted in the James Bond theme song and Wings hit, "Live and Let Die", which was nominated for an Oscar, and earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement.[49] In 1974 Paul wrote a second US number one for Wings, "Band on the Run"; the acclaimed album of the same name, Wings' third, was a massive success that became their first platinum LP.[50] They followed with the chart topping LPs, Venus and Mars (1975) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976).[51] In September 1977 a third child was born to the McCartneys, a son they named James,[52] and in November, the Wings song "Mull of Kintyre" was fast becoming "the best-selling single in UK history", writes Beatles biographer Peter Doggett.[53] Achieving double the sales of the previous record holder, "She Loves You", the track would go on to sell 2.5 million copies, and hold the UK sales record until the 1984 charity single, "Do They Know It's Christmas?".[54] In 1977 he released Thrillington, an orchestral arrangement of Ram, under the pseudonym Percy "Thrills" Thrillington[55], with a cover designed by Hipgnosis.[56]
While London Town (1978) and Back to the Egg (1979) passed with little critical or commercial notice,[57] the latter involved McCartney's collaboration with a rock supergroup dubbed, "the Rockestra", though credited to Wings, that included Pete Townshend, David Gilmour, Gary Brooker, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham.[58] Active through 1981, Wings produced seven studio albums, five of which topped the US charts,[59] as well as their live triple LP, Wings over America,[60] one of few live albums ever to achieve the top spot in America.[61] They also recorded six US number one singles including, "Listen to What the Man Said", "Silly Love Songs, "With a Little Luck", and "Coming Up".[62]
1982–1989[link]
In 1980 he released his second solo LP, the self-produced McCartney II, and as with his first, he composed all the music and performed the instrumentation himself. The album contained the hit songs "Coming Up", "Waterfalls", and "Temporary Secretary".[63] In 1982 he collaborated with Stevie Wonder on the Martin produced number one hit, "Ebony and Ivory", included on McCartney's Tug of War LP, and with Michael Jackson on "The Girl Is Mine" from Thriller.[64] The following year he worked with Jackson on the US number one, "Say Say Say", and he earned a UK number one with the title track of his LP release that year, "Pipes of Peace".[65]
In 1984 he wrote, produced, and starred in the feature film Give My Regards to Broad Street, a musical which "was savagely panned by the critics" according to Harry; and described by Variety as: "Characterless, bloodless, and pointless."[66] Roger Ebert awarded the film a single star and wrote, "you can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the sound track",[67] which fared much better, reaching number one in the UK, and producing the hit single, "No More Lonely Nights", featuring Gilmour on lead guitar.[68]
He collaborated with Eric Stewart on Press to Play (1986), who co-wrote more than half the songs on the LP, and in 1988, McCartney released Снова в СССР, a Russia-only title that contained eighteen covers which he recorded over the course of two days.[69] In 1989 he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders including Gerry Marsden of Gerry and the Pacemakers and Holly Johnson of Frankie Goes to Hollywood to record a new version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey", originally recorded twenty-five years earlier by Gerry and the Pacemakers, to generate money for the appeal fund of the Hillsborough disaster, which occurred in April that year when ninety-five Liverpool F.C. fans died as a result of their injuries. The recording was a number one hit in the UK.[70] In 1989 he released Flowers in the Dirt, a collaborative effort with Elvis Costello which included musical contributions from Gilmour and Nicky Hopkins.[71]
1990–2000[link]
In 1990 he released the triple LP, Tripping the Live Fantastic, which contained select performances from The Paul McCartney World Tour, his first in over a decade.[72] The following year he ventured into orchestral music, when the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by him to celebrate its sesquicentennial. He collaborated with Carl Davis to release Liverpool Oratorio; involving opera singers Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess, Jerry Hadley and Willard White, with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral.[73] The Guardian was critical of the work stating that the music is, "afraid of anything approaching a fast tempo", and the piece has "little awareness of the need for recurrent ideas that will bind the work into a whole".[74] In response, McCartney wrote a defensive letter to the paper, which they published, where he states: "Happily, history shows that many good pieces of music were not liked by the critics of the time so I am content to ... let people judge for themselves the merits of the work."[74]
During the 1990s he twice collaborated with Youth of Killing Joke under the alias the Fireman, and released the electronica albums: Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest (1993) and Rushes (1998).[75] Released in 1993, the rock album Off the Ground was supported by "The New World Tour", which produced the album, Paul Is Live later that year.[76] Starting in 1994 he took a four-year hiatus from his solo career to work on Apple's the Beatles Anthology project with Harrison, Starr and Martin. He recorded a radio series called "Oobu Joobu" in 1995, for the American network Westwood One, which he described as being "wide-screen radio".[77] Also in 1995 Prince Charles presented him with an Honorary Fellowship of The Royal College of Music, "kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music", commented McCartney,[78] and in December 1996 he was informed that he was to be named in the 1997 New Year Honours and knighted for services to music; his ceremony took place in March 1997.[79]
In 1997 he released the rock album Flaming Pie, and the classical work Standing Stone; in 1998 Rushes, his second electronica album as the Fireman.[80] Run Devil Run (1999), featuring Ian Paice and Gilmour, was primarily an album of covers with three McCartney originals, something he said he had "wanted to do for years", having been previously encouraged to do so by Linda, who had died in April 1998 after losing a seventeen-month battle with cancer.[81] He contributed a song, "Nova", to a tribute album of choral music dedicated to her called, A Garland for Linda (2000).[82] He continued his experimentation with orchestral music on Working Classical (1999), and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in March of the same year.[83] In May 2000 he was awarded a Fellowship by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, and in August he released the electronica album, Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth, utilising the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that fascinated him in the mid-1960s.[84]
2001–present[link]
In 2001 McCartney released a live album of acoustic-only performances called, Unplugged (The Official Bootleg).[85] Having witnessed the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks from the JFK airport tarmac, he was inspired to take a lead role in organising The Concert for New York City, and his studio album release that year Driving Rain included the song "Freedom", written for the event as a response to the tragedy.[86] He toured in support of Driving Rain and in 2002 released the double live album Back in the U.S. (released internationally in 2003 as Back in the World.[87] In November 2002, on the first anniversary of Harrison's death, McCartney performed at the Concert for George.[88] He has also participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing "Freedom" in the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI[89] and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX.[90]
In 2005 he released the rock album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard, and the electronica offering, Twin Freaks; a collaborative project with bootleg producer and remixer Freelance Hellraiser, consisting of remixed versions of songs from throughout his solo career.[91] In 2006 he released the classical work Ecce Cor Meum; the rock album Memory Almost Full followed in 2007, and in 2008, his third Fireman release, Electric Arguments. In 2008 he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city's year as European Capital of Culture.[92] In 2009, more than forty-five years after the Beatles first appeared on American television during The Ed Sullivan Show, he returned to the same New York theatre to perform on Late Show with David Letterman.[93] In 2010 he was honoured by Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music in a live show for the White House with performances by Stevie Wonder, Lang Lang and others.[94] He returned to the White House later that year as a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.
McCartney's enduring fame has made him a popular choice to open new venues. In 2009 he played three sold out concerts at the newly built Citi Field in Queens, New York, constructed to replace Shea Stadium, and he released a double live album culled from those performances called, Good Evening New York City later that year.[95] In 2010 he opened the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,[96] and in 2011 he performed the first concerts at the new Yankee Stadium, and released the classical work, "Ocean's Kingdom". He has been touring since 2001 with guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray, Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and drummer Abe Laboriel, Jr. An upcoming tribute album is expected in June 2012, to coincide with his 70th birthday, featuring recordings of his songs by Kiss, Garth Brooks, Billy Joel, Brian Wilson, Willie Nelson, Steve Miller, B.B. King and others.[97] Kisses on the Bottom, a collection of standards, was released in February 2012,[98] that same month he was honoured as MusiCares Person of the Year, two days prior to his performance at the 54th Grammy Awards.[99]
Musicianship[link]
As a musician, McCartney was largely self-taught, musicologist Ian MacDonald describes his approach as, "by nature drawn to music's formal aspects yet wholly untutoured ... [He] produced technically 'finished' work almost entirely by instinct, his harmonic judgement based mainly on perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears."[100]
- Bass guitar
He has been acknowledged by a diverse group of bass players including, Sting, long-time Dr. Dre bassist Mike Elizondo, and Colin Moulding of XTC.[101] McCartney is known to play using a plectrum, or pick almost exclusively, but he occasionally plays fingerstyle as well.[102] During his early years with the Beatles he primarily used a Höfner 500/1 bass live and when recording, though in 1965 he began using a Rickenbacker 4001s for recording, while consistently using Vox amplifiers.[103] In recent years he has used Mesa Boogie bass amplifiers live and while recording. McCartney confirms the influence of Motown on his playing, in particular that of James Jamerson, whom he described as a "hero", and included with Brian Wilson as his "two biggest influences".[104]
"He's an egomaniac about everything else but his bass playing he'd always been a bit coy about".[105]
~ John Lennon
Whereas MacDonald identifies "She's a Woman" as the point in time which McCartney's bass playing began to evolve dramatically,[106] Beatles biographer Chris Ingham singles out Rubber Soul as the time when his bass playing, "began to come into its own", particularly on "The Word".[105] Authors Tony Bacon and Gareth Morgan agree, calling his "groove" on the track, "a high point in pop bass playing" and "the first proof on a recording of his serious technical ability on the instrument."[107] MacDonald infers the influence of James Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", and Pickett's "In the Midnight Hour", American soul tracks from which McCartney absorbed elements and drew inspiration as he "delivers his most spontaneous bass-part to date". He also played piano on the recording.[108]
Bacon and Morgan describe his bassline for the Beatles' song "Rain" as "an astonishing piece of playing ... [McCartney] thinking in terms of both rhythm and 'lead bass' ... [choosing] the area of the neck ... he correctly perceives will give him clarity for melody without rendering his sound too thin for groove."[109] MacDonald calls it the Beatles "finest B-side", its "clangorously saturated texture resona[ting] around McCartney's bass".[110] He describes the bassline as "so inventive that it threatens to overwhelm the track", and he draws attention to the influence of Indian classical music in "exotic melismas in the bass part".[110]
- Acoustic guitar
Examples of his acoustic guitar playing on Beatles tracks include: "Yesterday", "I'm Looking Through You", "Michelle", "Blackbird", "I Will", "Mother Nature's Son" and "Rocky Raccoon".[111] He played an Epiphone Texan on many, if not most of his acoustic recordings, but he has also used a Martin D-28.[112]
- Electric guitar
He played lead electric guitar on several Beatles' recordings, including what MacDonald describes as a "fiercely angular slide guitar solo" on "Drive My Car",[113] which he played on an Epiphone Casino, about which McCartney said: "If I had to pick one electric guitar it would be this."[114] He also contributed what MacDonald calls "a startling guitar solo" on the Harrison composition, "Taxman", and the "shrieking" guitar on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "Helter Skelter", as well as "a coruscating pseudo-Indian" solo on "Good Morning Good Morning".[115] In recent years he has primarily used a Gibson Les Paul for electric work, particularly while performing live.
- Piano
He played a piano on many Beatles' songs including, "Every Little Thing", "For No One", "A Day in the Life", "Hello, Goodbye", "Hey Jude", "Lady Madonna", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road".[116]
Creative outlets[link]
During the 1960s, McCartney delved into the visual arts, becoming a close friend of leading art dealers and gallery owners, explored experimental film, and regularly attended movie, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced him to the art dealer Robert Fraser, who in turn introduced McCartney to an array of writers and artists.[117] He later became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London — where Lennon first met Yoko Ono.[118] The Indica Gallery brought McCartney into contact with Miles, whose underground newspaper, the International Times, McCartney helped to start.[119] Miles would become de facto manager of Apple's short-lived Zapple Records label,[120] and he wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1997).[121]
While living at then girlfriend Jane Asher's parent's house, he took piano lessons arranged by Jane's mother, provided by a teacher from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, a school Beatles' producer Martin had previously attended.[122] McCartney studied composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luciano Berio.[123] He later wrote and released several pieces of modern classical music and ambient electronica, as well as writing poetry and painting. He is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, an arts school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys. The 1837 building, which he attended during his schooldays, had become derelict by the mid-1980s, however, on 7 June 1996, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the redeveloped building.[124]
- Painting
In 1966 he met art gallery-owner Robert Fraser, whose flat was visited by many well-known artists, some of which McCartney met, including; Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton, and it was at Fraser's flat where McCartney first learned about art appreciation.[125] He later started buying paintings by Magritte, using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo, and McCartney now owns one of Magritte's easels and a pair of his spectacles.[126]
McCartney's love of painting surfaced after watching artist Willem de Kooning paint, in Kooning's Long Island studio.[127] He took up painting in 1983,[128] and in 1999, he exhibited his paintings (featuring McCartney's portraits of John Lennon, Andy Warhol, and David Bowie) for the first time in Siegen, Germany, and included photographs by Linda. He chose the gallery because Wolfgang Suttner (local events organiser) was genuinely interested in his art, and the positive reaction led to McCartney showing his work in UK galleries.[129] The first UK exhibition of his work was opened in Bristol, England with more than 50 paintings on display. McCartney had previously believed that "only people that had been to art school were allowed to paint" – as Lennon had.[129]
In October 2000, Ono and McCartney presented art exhibitions in New York and London. McCartney said, "I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet."[130] McCartney designed a series of six postage stamps issued by the Isle of Man Post in 2002, and according to BBC News, he is the first major rock star in the world to do so.[131]
- Writing and poetry
When he was young, his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books, and his father was interested in crosswords and invited he and his brother Michael to solve them with him, so as to increase their "word power", says McCartney.[132] He was later inspired – in his school years – by Alan Durband, an English literature teacher at the Liverpool Institute.[133] Durband was a co-founder and fund-raiser at the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool, where Willy Russell also worked, and introduced McCartney to Geoffrey Chaucer's works.[134]
In 2001 he published 'Blackbird Singing', a volume of poems and lyrics to his songs for which he gave readings in Liverpool and New York City.[135] In the foreword of the book, he explains: "When I was a teenager ... I had an overwhelming desire to have a poem published in the school magazine. I wrote something deep and meaningful——which was promptly rejected——and I suppose I have been trying to get my own back ever since."[136] Years later, he wrote a poem about the death of his childhood friend, Ivan Vaughan.[136] In 2005 he collaborated with author Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar to write, High in the Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail, which The Guardian labelled an "anti-capitalist children's book".[137]
- Film
He was interested in animated films as a child, and in 1981 he asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song. McCartney was the writer and producer and he also added some of the character voices.[138] In 1992 he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, which won both of them a BAFTA award.[139] In 2004 they worked together on the animated short film, Tropic Island Hum. In 1995 he made a guest appearance in the "Lisa the Vegetarian" episode of The Simpsons, and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead.[140]
In May 2000 he released Wingspan: An Intimate Portrait, a retrospective documentary that features behind-the-scenes film and photographs that he and Linda took of their family and bands.[141] Interspersed throughout the eighty-eight minute film is an interview by Mary McCartney with her father. Mary was the baby photographed inside McCartney's jacket on the back cover of his first solo album, McCartney, and was one of the producers of the documentary.[142]
Lifestyle[link]
- Drugs
McCartney's introduction to drugs started in Hamburg, Germany, when the Beatles would play for long hours and were often using Preludin to maintain energy, sometimes supplied by friend Astrid Kirchherr. According to McCartney, he would usually take only one, but Lennon would often take four or five by the end of a night.[143] He recalls getting "very high" and "giggling uncontrollably" when the Beatles were introduced to marijuana by Bob Dylan in a New York hotel room in 1964.[144] His use of which soon after became habitual,[145] and according to Miles, any future Beatles' lyrics containing the words "high", or "grass" were written specifically as a reference to cannabis, as was the phrase "another kind of mind" in "Got to Get You into My Life".[146] During the filming of Help!, he claims he occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming, which often made him forget his lines.[147] Director Dick Lester says that he overheard "two beautiful women" trying to cajole McCartney into using heroin, but he refused.[147] He was introduced to cocaine by art dealer Robert Fraser, and it was readily available during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[148] McCartney admits that he used the drug for about a year but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt after the drug wore off.[149]
While initially reluctant to try LSD, he eventually did so in the fall of 1966 with friend Tara Browne.[150] He took his second "acid trip" with Lennon on 21 March 1967 after a Sgt. Pepper studio session.[151] He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly, declaring in a magazine interview that "it opened my eyes" and "made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society."[152] His attitude about cannabis was made public in 1967, when he added his name to a 24 July advertisement in The Times which called for its legalisation, the release of all prisoners imprisoned because of possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. The advertisement was produced by a group called Soma and was signed by sixty-five people, including Members of Parliament, the Beatles, Epstein, RD Laing, Francis Crick, and Graham Greene.[153]
Though never arrested by Norman Pilcher's Drug Squad, as Lennon, Harrison, and Mick Jagger had been,[154] in 1972 Swedish police fined him for cannabis possession, and soon after Scottish police found plants growing on his farm.[155] He was again arrested for marijuana possession in 1975, and in January 1980, when Wings flew to Tokyo for an eleven concert tour of Japan, as McCartney was going through customs, officials found approximately 8 ounces (218.3 g) of cannabis in his luggage, and he was arrested and taken to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do. After ten days, he was released without charge and deported.[156] He was again arrested for possession of marijuana in 1984 and in 1997, he spoke out in support of decriminalisation, stating "People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong."[157]
- Activism
Paul and Linda became outspoken animal rights activists after their vegetarianism was realised when Paul happened to notice through a window, lambs in a field, as they ate a meal of lamb.[158] He has also credited the 1942 Disney film Bambi, in which the young deer's mother is shot by a hunter, as the original inspiration for him to take an interest in animal rights.[159] In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights.[160] In 1999 he spent £3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients.[161]
Following his marriage to Mills, he joined her in a campaign against landmines, becoming patrons of Adopt-A-Minefield.[162] In 2003 he played a personal concert for the wife of a wealthy banker and donated his one million dollar fee to the charity.[163] He also wore an anti-landmines t-shirt during the Back in the World tour.[164] In 2006 the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to bring international attention to the seal hunt, this would be their final public appearance together. Their arrival sparked attention in Newfoundland and Labrador where the hunt is of economic significance.[165] The couple also debated with Newfoundland's Premier Danny Williams on the CNN show Larry King Live. They further stated that the fishermen should quit hunting seals and begin a seal watching business.[166] McCartney has also criticised China's fur trade[167] and supports the Make Poverty History campaign.[168]
He has been involved with several charity recordings and performances, such as the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey" (1989) following the Hillsborough disaster.[169] In 2004 he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi,[170] and in 2008 he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 Tsunami.[171]
In 2009, he wrote to the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, and asked him why he wasn't a vegetarian, McCartney explains: "He wrote back very kindly, saying, my doctors tell me that I must eat meat. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. So we had a little correspondence [and] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else. It's a little old-fashioned to think that he can only get it from meat [and] It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings ... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'"[172]
- Football
He attended the 1968 FA Cup Final played by West Bromwich Albion against the Everton Football Club, and after the match, shared cigarettes and whisky with other fans.[173] Though he has publicly professed support for Everton,[174] he has also shown support for Liverpool F.C., as in 1968 when he was photographed wearing their rosette.[175] The ex-Liverpool footballer, Albert Stubbins, was shown on the Sgt. Pepper cover,[176] and the video for his song "Pipes of Peace" (1983) recreated the 1915 Christmas football game played between German and British troops during World War I.[177] At the end of "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)" the crowd chants "Paul McCartney!" until McCartney takes over and changes it to "Kenny Dalglish!", referring to then Liverpool and Scotland striker. At the same concert, Gordon Smith, former football player for the Rangers and Brighton & Hove Albion, met the McCartneys, and later accepted an invitation to visit their home in East Sussex in 1980. Smith later said that McCartney was "thrilled I knew Kenny Dalglish"[178]
He attended the 1986 FA Cup Final between Liverpool and Everton,[173] and performed at the Liverpool F.C. Anfield stadium in 2008, as a part of Liverpool's European Capital of Culture year. Dave Grohl from the Foo Fighters sang with McCartney on "Band on the Run", and played drums on "Back in the U.S.S.R.".[179] Ono and Olivia Harrison attended the concert, along with Ken Dodd, and the former Liverpool F.C. football manager Rafael Benítez.[180] In 2008 he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said: "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool."[181]
- Meditation
On 24 August 1967, McCartney met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton, and later went to Bangor, in North Wales, to attend a weekend 'initiation' conference, at which time he and the other Beatles learned Transcendental Meditation (TM).[182] "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ... I find it soothing and I can imagine that the more you were to get into it, the more interesting it would get."[183] The time McCartney later spent in India at the Maharishi's ashram was highly productive, as nearly all of the songs that would later be recorded for The White Album and Abbey Road were composed there.[184] Although he was told never to repeat the mantra to anyone else, he admitted he told Linda, and said he meditated a lot while he was in jail in Japan.[185] In 2009 McCartney and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth.[186]
Personal relationships[link]
Main article: Personal relationships of Paul McCartney
Girlfriends[link]
- Dot Rhone
McCartney's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dot Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959.[187] According to Spitz, Rhone feels McCartney had a compulsion to control situations, chosing clothes and make-up for Rhone, encouraging her to grow her hair out like Brigitte Bardot's,[188] and at least once insisting she have it re-styled, to disappointing effect.[189] When he first went to Hamburg with the Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962.[190] The couple had a two-and-a-half-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage, when according to Spitz, McCartney now "free of obligation", ended the engagement.[191]
- Jane Asher
He first met the British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963, when a photographer asked them to pose together at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London.[192] The two began a relationship and he took up residence with Asher at her parents' house at 57 Wimpole Street London, where he lived for nearly three years before the couple moved to McCartney's own house in St. John's Wood.[193] He wrote several songs while at the Ashers', including "Yesterday" and several inspired by Asher, among them "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me", and "I'm Looking Through You".[194] They had a five-year relationship, and planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with another woman, Francie Schwartz.[195]
Wives[link]
- Linda Eastman
Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented: "All my teen years were spent with an ear to the radio", and who would at times be truant from school to instead see artists such as: Fabian, Bobby Darin, and Chuck Berry.[196] She was a popular photographer with groups such as: the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Grateful Dead, the Doors, and the Beatles, whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966, about which she commented: "It was John who interested me at the start. He was my Beatle hero. But when I met him the facination faded fast and I found it was Paul I liked."[197] The pair first properly met in 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club,[198] during her UK assignment to take photographs of rock musicians in London,[199] Paul remembers: "The night Linda and I met, I spotted her across a crowded club, and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up, I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night!"[197] Linda said this about their meeting: "I was quite shameless really. I was with somebody else [that night] ... and I saw Paul at the other side of the room. He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up."[197] The pair were married in 1969; he describes their relationship: "We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we are, our favourite thing really is to just hang, to have fun. And Linda's very big on just following the moment."[200] He also added, "We were crazy. We had a big argument the night before we got married and it was nearly called off ... [its] miraculous that we made it. But we did."[201]
They collaborated musically after the break-up of the Beatles, and later formed Wings together in 1971, a commercially successful band that was active through 1981.[202] They were both vegetarian and supported the animal rights organisation PETA.[203] They had four children – Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by Paul), Mary, Stella and James – and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer in 1998.[204] After her death, Paul stated in The Daily Mail: "I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help. He was great, particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt [about wishing I'd been] perfect all the time ... a real bugger. But then I thought, hang on a minute. We're just human. That was the beautiful thing about our marriage. We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies."[205]
- Heather Mills
In 2002 he married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmines campaigner.[206] In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, the first name in honour of Heather's late mother, the second for one of Paul's aunts.[207] They separated in April 2006 and were divorced in March 2008.[208] In 2004 he commented on media animosity toward his partners, "They [the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher", "I married a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that."[209]
- Nancy Shevell
He married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a "low-key affair" attended by a group of around 30 family and friends.[210] The couple had been dating since November 2007.[211] A breast cancer survivor,[212] she is a member of the board of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority as well as vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight.[213]
Beatles[link]
This section is about social and other general interactions. For creative collaborations, see Collaborations between ex-Beatles.
- John Lennon
Despite a strained relationship with Lennon, they briefly became close again in 1974, and played music together on two occasions, the only times since the Beatles break-up in 1970.[214] In later years however, the two grew apart.[215] While McCartney would often phone, he was apprehensive about the reception he would receive, as during one call when he was told, "You're all pizza and fairytales!"[216] In McCartney's effort to avoid talking with him only about business, they often spoke of cats, baking bread, or babies.[217]
On 24 April 1976,[218] the two were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live together at Lennon's home in New York City, during which Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite, and while they seriously considered going to the SNL studio just a few blocks away, they decided it was "too late" and according to Lennon, this was the last time he and McCartney ever spent time together.[219] This event was fictionalised in the 2000 television film Two of Us.[220] His last telephone call to Lennon, just days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly, he said this about the phone call: "[It is] a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up."[221]
-
- Reaction to Lennon's murder
Main article: Death of John Lennon
On the morning of 9 December 1980, he awoke to the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night, his death creating a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band.[222] During the evening of 9 December, as he was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio, he was surrounded by reporters and asked for a reaction. He was later criticised for what appeared, when published, to be a superficial response: "It's a drag".[218] He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, 'McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag."' It seemed a very flippant comment to make."[218] He describes his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon:
I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you." The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "It's only me." They were like a wall, you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.[218]
In 1983, he said: "I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his "mask" and have a better relationship with him."[218] He said that he went home that night and watched the news on television – while sitting with his children – crying most of the evening. In 1997, he admitted the ex-Beatles were nervous at the time that they might be the "next" one murdered.[223] In 2002 he told Mojo magazine that Lennon was his greatest "hero".[224] In June 1981, six months after the murder, McCartney sang backup on Harrison's tribute to their ex-bandmate, "All Those Years Ago", which also featured Starr on drums.[225] In 1982 McCartney released "Here Today", a song musicologist Walter Everett describes as "a haunting tribute" to their friendship.[226]
- George Harrison
Harrison said this about working with McCartney: "Paul would always help along when you'd done his ten songs—then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually ... There were a lot of tracks, though, where I played bass ... because what Paul would do—if he'd written a song, he'd learn all the parts for Paul and then come in the studio and say (sometimes he was very difficult): "Do this." He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something.[227]
In late 2001, McCartney learned that Harrison was losing his battle with cancer, and upon his death on 29 November 2001, McCartney issued a statement outside his home in St. John's Wood, calling him "a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour", "We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together – that's what I am going to remember. I'll always love him, he's my baby brother."[228] Harrison spent his last days in a Hollywood Hills mansion that was once leased by McCartney.[229] On the first anniversary of his death, McCartney played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George.[88] He also performed "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass", as well as playing the piano on Eric Clapton's rendition of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps".[230]
- Ringo Starr
Though Starr once described McCartney as "pleasantly insincere", the two generally enjoy each other's company, and at least once vacationed together in Greece, including stops in Athens and on the islands Corfu and Rhodes.[231] Starr recalls: "We couldn't understand a word of the songs the hotel band were playing, so on the last night Paul and I did a few rockers like "What'd I Say." [231] There was at times discord between them as well, particularly during Beatles' sessions for "The White Album", as Apple's Peter Brown recalls, "It was a poorly kept secret among Beatle intimates that after Ringo left the studio Paul would often dub in the drum tracks himself ... [Starr] would pretend not to notice".[232] In August 1968 the two got into an argument over McCartney's critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the USSR", which led to Starr temporarily leaving the band.[232] He returned in September[233] to find bouquets of flowers on his drum kit. Starr comments on working with McCartney: "Paul is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time."[232]
Recognition and achievements[link]
Main article: List of awards received by Paul McCartney
McCartney has been described by Guinness World Records as "The Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of 100 million albums, 100 million singles, and a writer's credit on forty-three songs that have sold over one million copies each.[1] According to Guinness, he is "the most successful songwriter" in UK singles chart history, and has written or co-written "188 charted records, of which 129 are different songs. Of these records, 91 reached the Top 10 and 33 made it to No.1. In total, the songs have spent 1,662 weeks on the chart (up to the beginning of 2007)."[2] In 1986 he received acclaim from the Guinness Book of Records Hall of Fame, "as the most successful musician of all-time."[234]
In the US, as a songwriter or co-writer, he is included on thirty-one number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100; including twenty with the Beatles and nine solo and/or with Wings,[235] one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds",[236] and one as a co-writer of "A World Without Love", a number one single for Peter and Gordon.[237] As of 2012, he has sold 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.[238]
Although Elvis Presley has achieved the most UK number-ones as a solo artist with eighteen,[239] McCartney has been involved in more number-ones in the UK than any other artist under a variety of credits, totalling twenty-four singles: including seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and one with "The Christians et all".[240] He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston), and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid).[241]
His song "Yesterday" is thought to be the most covered in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions,[242] and according to the BBC, "The track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ... [and] is the most played song by a British writer this century in the US."[243] His 1968 Beatles composition, "Hey Jude", is also a career highlight. It achieved the highest sales in the UK that year, and topped the US charts for nine weeks, longer than any other Beatles' single. It was also the longest single ever released by the band, and at seven minutes fifteen seconds was the longest of any number one to that point. Its been covered by several notable artists, including Presley, Bing Crosby, Count Basie, and Wilson Pickett.[244] It is the best-selling Beatles' single of all-time, with sales of over five million copies achieved soon after its release.[245]
He played for the largest stadium audience in history when 184,000 people paid to see him perform at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 21 April 1990,[246] that year the minor planet 4148, was named "McCartney" in his honour.[247] In July 2005 he was involved with the fastest-released single in history, when his performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 was released before the concert was over. The single reached number six on the Billboard charts, just hours after the single's release, and hit number one on numerous online download charts across the world.[248]
On 18 June 2006, McCartney celebrated his 64th birthday, a milestone that was the subject of a tune he wrote at the age of sixteen, which would later become the Beatles' song "When I'm Sixty-Four".[249] In 2008 he received a BRIT award for Outstanding Contribution to Music,[250] as well as an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Yale University.[251] In 2012 he became the last of the "Fab Four" to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[252]
- Business
McCartney is one of the UK's wealthiest people, with an estimated fortune of £475 million in 2010.[253] In addition to an interest in Apple Corps, MPL Communications, an umbrella company for his business interests, owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights,[254] including the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and Grease.[255] He earned £40 million in 2003, making him Britain's highest media earner.[256] This rose to £48.5 million by 2005.[257] In 2006 the Trademarks Registry reported that MPL had started a process to secure the protections associated with registering the name "Paul McCartney" as a trademark.[258]
- Northern Songs
Northern Songs was established in 1963 by Dick James to publish the songs of Lennon–McCartney.[259] The Beatles' partnership was replaced in 1968 by a jointly held company, Apple Corps, which continues to control Apple's commercial interests. Northern Songs was purchased by Associated Television (ATV) in 1969, and was sold in 1985 to Michael Jackson. For many years McCartney was unhappy about Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs.[260]
Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of his Beatles' songs, he continues to receive his respective share of the writers' royalties, which together are 33⅓% of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55%.[261] Two of the Beatles' earliest songs—"Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You"—were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before signing with James. McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in the mid 1980s,[262] and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications.[263]
Discography[link]
- Solo
|
|
|
- Wings, live, and compilations
|
|
|
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Paul McCartney concert tours
See also: List of The Beatles' live performances
|
|
Arms[link]
|
||||||||||||||||
Citations[link]
- ^ a b Harry 2002, pp. 388–389.
- ^ a b Guinness: World Records 2009. Guinness World Records. 2008. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-904994-37-4.
- ^ a b Spitz 2005, p. 75.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 4.
- ^ "Beatle's schoolboy photo auction". BBC. 16 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/merseyside/8203923.stm. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 9.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 205.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 125.
- ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 340–341.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 6.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 20.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 31.
- ^ a b Miles 1997, p. 22.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 71.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 23–24.
- ^ a b c Miles 1997, p. 21.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 86.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 509: McCartney: "The first song I ever sang in public was "Long Tall Sally"., 533–534: Harry: "Long Tall Sally", was "The first number Paul ever sang on stage".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 18.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 17–25.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 21–25: Hamburg, 31: the Cavern Club.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 74: McCartney: "Nobody wants to play bass, or nobody did in those days."; Gould 2007, pp. 89: On McCartney playing bass when Sutcliff was indisposed., 94: "Sutcliff gradually began to withdraw from active participation in the Beatles, ceding his role as the group's bassist to Paul McCartney."
- ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 249–251.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 84–88.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 330.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 75: Replacing Best with Starr., 88–94: "Beatlemania" in the UK., 136–140: "Beatlemania" in the US.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 470.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 180.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 207.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 218.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 217.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 219–220.
- ^ a b Miles 1997, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Gould 2007, p. 347.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 293–295.
- ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 1–3: Abbey Road, 107–109: The Beatles, 916–917: Revolver, 969–979: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band; Levy 2005, pp. 8–11: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, 14–15: Revolver, 28–29: The Beatles, 33: Abbey Road
- ^ Roberts 2005, p. 54.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350–351.
- ^ Gould 2007, p. 8–9: "one of the greatest phenomena in the history of mass entertainment", "widely regarded as the greatest concentration of singing, songwriting, and all-around musical talent that the rock'n'roll era has produced"; Spitz 2005, p. 856: "not anything like anything else ... [a] vastness of talent ... of genius, incomprehensible"
- ^ For song authorship see, Harry 2002, pp. 90: "Can't Buy Me Love", 313–316: "Eleanor Rigby", 358–359: "Get Back", 410–411: "Hello, Goodbye", 415–416: "Hey Jude", 508: "Let it Be", 533: "The Long and Winding Road", 678–679: "Paperback Writer", 925–929: "Yesterday". For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see, Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350–351
- ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 171–172: Paul and Linda's first meeting., 245–248: On their wedding., 261: On the birth of their first child Mary.
- ^ Gould 2007, pp. 593–594.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 556.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 556–563.
- ^ Ingham 2009, pp. 105: Ram, 114–115: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey".
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 613–615.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 515–516: "Live and Let Die", 641–642: "My Love".
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 51–54.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 882–883: Venus and Mars, 910–911: Wings at the Speed of Sound.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 583–584.
- ^ Doggett 2009, p. 264.
- ^ Ingham 2009, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Lewisohn 2002, p. 168.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 840–841.
- ^ Ingham 2009, p. 108.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 42–43: Back to the Egg, 530–532: London Town, 758–760: the Rockestra.
- ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 326–327.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 904–910: Wings, 912–913: Wings over America.
- ^ Lewisohn 2002, p. 163.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 265–266: "Coming Up", 511–512: "Listen to What the Man Said", 788: "Silly Love Songs", 915: "With a Little Luck".
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 578.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 311: "Ebony and Ivory", 361–362: "The Girl Is Mine", 820: Eric Stewart.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 720–722: Pipes of Peace album and song., 776–777: "Say Say Say".
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 365–374.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (1 January 1984). "Give My Regards to Broad Street review". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19840101/REVIEWS/401010342/1023. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 368–369.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 100: Снова в СССР, 728: Press to Play, 820: Eric Stewart.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 327–328.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 272–273: Elvis Costello, 337–338: Flowers in the Dirt.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 851.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 526–528: Liverpool Oratorio, 861–862: Tripping the Live Fantastic.
- ^ a b Harry 2002, p. 528.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 332–334.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 656: Off the Ground, 685–686: Paul Is Live, 687: The New World Tour.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 218–219.
- ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 458: Honorary Fellowship, 477: McCartney; "Yeah, its kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music".
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 226–227.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 335–336: Flaming Pie, 807: Standing Stone, 770: Rushes.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 593–595: Linda's battle with cancer., 765–766: Run Devil Run.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 350–351.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 238: "as a solo artist", 710–711: Working Classical, 756–758: McCartney's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 38, 242: Music fellowship, 528–529: Liverpool Sound Collage.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 873–874.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 268–270: The Concert for New York City, 346–347: "Freedom".
- ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 517–518.
- ^ a b Doggett 2009, pp. 332–333.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 825–826.
- ^ Sandford 2006, p. 396.
- ^ Raymer 2010, p. 82.
- ^ "Paul McCartney Treats Liverpool to "A Day in the Life" Live Debut". Rolling Stone. 2 June 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080701222334/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/06/02/paul-mccartney-treats-liverpool-to-a-day-in-the-life-live-debut/. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Paul McCartney Stuns Manhattan With Set on Letterman's Marquee". Rolling Stone. 16 July 2009. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/paul-mccartney-stuns-manhattan-with-set-on-lettermans-marquee-20090716. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (2 June 2010). "McCartney Is Honored at White House". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/arts/music/03mccartney.html?src=mv. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Sounes 2010, p. 560.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (14 June 2010). "Paul McCartney sells out two shows at Consol". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10165/1065544-100.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Joel among stars recording McCartney tribute album". Orange News. 10 February 2012. http://web.orange.co.uk/article/news/joel_among_stars_recording_mccartney_tribute_album. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Paul McCartney – Kisses On The Bottom". paulmccartney.com. http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/album-details?p_p_id=AlbumDetails_WAR_AlbumDetailsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_tag=album-kisses+on+the+bottom&#p_AlbumDetails_WAR_AlbumDetailsportlet#TOP. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ "Paul McCartney Is 2012 MusiCares Person Of The Year". grammy.com. 13 September 2011. http://www.grammy.com/news/paul-mccartney-is-2012-musicares-person-of-the-year. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 13.
- ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, p. 8.
- ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, p. 28.
- ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002, pp. 16–17: Höfner 500/1, 44–45: Rickenbacker 4001, 85–86, 92–93, 103, 116, 134, 140, 173, 175, 187, 211: Vox amplifiers.
- ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b Ingham 2009, p. 299.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 133–134.
- ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, pp. 10, 44: Rubber Soul as the starting point for McCartney's bass improvement, 98: "a high point in pop bass playing".
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 178–180.
- ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, pp. 112–113.
- ^ a b MacDonald 2005, pp. 196–198.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 157–158: "Yesterday", 174–175: "I'm Looking Through You", 175–176: "Michelle", 291–292: "Blackbird", 305–306: "Mother Nature's Son", 308: "Rocky Raccoon", 315: "I Will".
- ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002, pp. 146–147, 152, 161, 164: Epiphone Texan. 215, 218, 222, 239: Martin D-28.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 166–167: "Drive My Car".
- ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002, p. 149.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 200–201: "Taxman", 232–234: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", 234–235: "Good Morning Good Morning", 297–298: "Helter Skelter".
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 128–129: "Every Little Thing", 205–206: "For No One", 227–232: "A Day In The Life", 272–273: "Hello, Goodbye", 275–276: "Lady Madonna", 337–338: "Let It Be", 239–241: "The Long and Winding Road", 302–304: "Hey Jude".
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 307.
- ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 549–550.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 232.
- ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 1196–1198.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 549–550.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 104–106: McCartney living at the Asher home. 110: Martin at Guildhall, 281: McCartney's piano lessons.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 597.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 517–526.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 243.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 256–267.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 84.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 266.
- ^ a b "McCartney gets arty". BBC. 30 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/331611.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "McCartney and Yoko art exhibitions, 20 October 2000". BBC News. 20 October 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/981721.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2012. ; "Walker Gallery Exhibition: 24 May – 4 August 2002". liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/mccartney/home.asp. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "McCartney stamps to go on sale". BBC. 18 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1826691.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 12: "word power" (primary source); Spitz 2005, p. 82: "word power" (secondary source)
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 40.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 41.
- ^ Horovitz, Michael (14 October 2006). "Roll over, Andrew Motion". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/17/poetry.music. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ a b McCartney & Mitchell 2001, p. 13.
- ^ Merritt, Stephanie (17 December 2005). "It took him years to write ...". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2005/dec/18/booksforchildrenandteenagers.features. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 767.
- ^ "McCartney releases frog follow-up". BBC News. 29 February 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3520421.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 386–387: the Grateful Dead documentary, 789: "Lisa the Vegetarian", 862: Tropic Island Hum.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 914.
- ^ Lewisohn 2002, p. 21.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 186–189.
- ^ Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 182.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 190.
- ^ a b Miles 1997, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 247.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 384–385.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 379–380.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 382.
- ^ Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 228.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 386–387.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 712–713.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 395.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 459–461.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 300–307.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 880–882.
- ^ "'Bambi' was cruel". BBC News. 12 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4520658.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "McCartney vows to keep animal rights torch alight". BBC News. 5 August 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/145974.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "GM-free ingredients". BBC News. 10 June 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/365947.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "McCartney calls for landmine ban". BBC News. 20 April 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1287128.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "McCartney plays for Ralph Whitworth". BBC News. 24 February 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2793191.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "McCartney divorce battle: The full judgement part 2". Daily Mail (UK). 18 March 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-538255/McCartney-divorce-battle-The-judgement-2.html. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ "Paul and Heather call for seal cull ban, Friday, 3 March 2006". BBC News. 3 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4769628.stm. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
- ^ "Interview transcript, McCartney and Heather, Larry King Live, Seal cull". CNN. 3 March 2006. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0603/03/lkl.01.html. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Addison, Adrian (28 November 2005). "McCartney attacks China over fur". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4476664.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "Make Poverty History". http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/index.shtml?entry=cornerwhitebandsmallright&referrer=www.paulmccartney.com. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 270: Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, 327–328: "Ferry Cross the Mersey", 514–515: Live Aid; Roberts 2005, pp. 49: Band Aid & Band Aid 20, 187: Ferry Aid
- ^ "US campaign for Burma protest". BBC News. 20 June 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4110628.stm. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Aid Still Required". Aid Still Required. http://aidstillrequired.org/music. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Ellen, Barbara (17 July 2010). "Interview: Paul McCartney". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jul/18/paul-mccartney-vegetarianism. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- ^ a b Ingle, Sean; Turner, Georgina; Aldred), Tanya (9 January 2004). "The Beatles and Football: Part Two". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2004/jan/09/theknowledge.sport. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ "Macca's a blue". Everton Football Club. http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/macca-s-a-blue.html. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ "Did The Beatles Hide Their Footballing Love Away?". Haymarket Media Group. http://stage.hn.haymarketnetwork.com/editorial/features/didthebeatleshidetheirfootballingloveaway.aspx. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Aldred, Tanya; Ingle, Sean (11 December 2003). "Did The Beatles Like Football?". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2003/dec/11/theknowledge.sport. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Murray, Scott (21 December 2007). "Joy of Six: Great Christmas Matches". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/dec/21/1. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ "We Loved Them, Yeah Yeah, Yeah". DailyRecord. 9 November 2008. http://www.sundaymail.co.uk/lifestyle/lifestyle-catchall/2008/11/09/we-loved-them-yeah-yeah-yeah-78057-20880483/. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis (2 June 2008). "Paul McCartney: Anfield". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/jun/02/popandrock.europeancapitalofculture2008. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- ^ Reynolds, Gillian (2 June 2008). "Sir Paul McCartney rocks Anfield stadium". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2063298/Sir-Paul-McCartney-rocks-Anfield-stadium.html. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ Prentice, David (5 July 2008). "Sir Paul McCartney's Everton 'secret' was no surprise". Everton Banter. http://www.evertonbanter.co.uk/2008/07/sir-paul-mccartneys-everton-se.html. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 261.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 396.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 397.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 396–404.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (6 April 2009). "Just Say 'Om': The Fab Two Give a Little Help to a Cause". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/arts/music/06mcca.html. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 163.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 69.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 171.
- ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 239–240.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 348.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 101–102.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 106.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 108.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 27–32: Jane Asher, 777–778: Francie Schwartz.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 585.
- ^ a b c Harry 2002, p. 587.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 45.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 432–434.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 514–515.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 525.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 904–910.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 716–718: PETA, 880–882: Vegetarianism.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 585–601.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 600–601.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 568–578.
- ^ Sounes 2010, p. 523.
- ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 532: Separation, 546: Divorce.
- ^ "McCartney's lament: I can't buy your love". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 June 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/06/11/1086749891275.html.
- ^ "Sir Paul McCartney marrying for the third time". BBC News. 9 October 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15230730. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ Chan, Sewell (7 November 2007). "Former Beatle Linked to Member of M.T.A. Unit". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/nyregion/07beatle.html. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ Smith, Emily; Wells, Tom (7 November 2007). "Macca's Nancy fought cancer". The Sun (United Kingdom). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article435293.ece. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Nancy Shevell – Vice President – Administration". NEMF.com. http://www.nemf.com/nancy.html. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ^ Sandford 2006, pp. 227–229.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 587.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 588.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 590.
- ^ a b c d e Harry 2002, p. 505.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 592.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 869–870.
- ^ Goodman, Joan. "Playboy Interview: Paul and Linda McCartney". Playboy 31, no. 12 (December 1984): 82.
- ^ Carlin 2009, pp. 255–257.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 594.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 506.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 20.
- ^ Everett 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Glazer, Mitchell. "Growing Up at 33⅓: The George Harrison Interview". Crawdaddy (February 1977): 35–36.
- ^ Poole, Oliver; Davies, Hugh (1 December 2001). "I'll always love him, he's my baby brother, says tearful McCartney". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1363989/Ill-always-love-him-hes-my-baby-brother-says-tearful-McCartney.html. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ "Harrison death mystery solved". BBC News. 13 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1817780.stm. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Harry 2003, pp. 138–139.
- ^ a b Harry 2002, p. 815.
- ^ a b c Harry 2002, p. 816.
- ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 296.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 388.
- ^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/most-no1s-overall.shtml. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Chart History: Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds – Elton John". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/elton-john/lucy-in-the-sky-with-diamonds/6679060. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Peter & Gordon". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/peter-gordon/5409. Retrieved 3 May 2012. ; Harry 2002, p. 922; Gould 2007, p. 250
- ^ "Top Selling Artists". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=top-selling-artists. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 398–400.
- ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 49: Band Aid & Band Aid 20, 54–55: the Beatles, 187: Ferry Aid, 311–312: Solo, Wings, Stevie Wonder and "The Christians et all".
- ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 311–312.
- ^ "Sir Paul is Your Millennium's greatest composer". BBC. 3 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/334373.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "McCartney's Yesterday earns US accolade". BBC. 17 December 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/569537.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 516–518.
- ^ Sounes 2010, p. 223.
- ^ Badman 1999, p. 444.
- ^ "Minor planet number 4148 has been named in honor of former Beatle Paul McCartney". IAU Minor Planet Center. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/special/rocknroll/0004148.html. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ "Live 8 single". BBC. 13 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4680000/newsid_4680500/4680519.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 319.
- ^ "Sir Paul McCartney picks up special Brit award in London". UK: NME. 20 February 2008. http://www.nme.com/news/brit-awards-2008/34542/. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Yale gives Paul McCartney honorary music degree". USA Today. 26 May 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2008-05-26-3778562167_x.htm. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Sinha, Piya (9 February 2012). "Paul McCartney finally gets Walk of Fame star". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/10/us-paulmccartney-star-idUSTRE81902K20120210. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Sunday Times Rich List 2010: Music millionaires". The Daily Telegraph (UK). 24 April 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/7628082/Sunday-Times-Rich-List-2010-Music-millionaires.html. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Sir Paul is 'pop billionaire'". BBC News. 6 January 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1745647.stm. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 630–632.
- ^ "McCartney tops media rich list". BBC News. 30 October 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/3227171.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ "48 million in 2005". London: The Telegraph. 18 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080507193103/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/18/nmacca18.xml. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Muir, Hugh (14 October 2006). "Paul McCartney Trademark". The Guardian. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1922412,00.html. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 365.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 456–459.
- ^ Southall & Perry 2006, p. 195.
- ^ Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 192–193.
- ^ Harry 2002, p. 536.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 845–851.
- ^ Harry 2002, pp. 851–861.
- ^ a b "Ex-Beatle granted coat of arms". BBC News: World Edition. 22 December 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2599041.stm. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
Sources[link]
- Babiuk, Andy; Bacon, Tony (editor) (2002). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio (Revised ed.). Backbeat UK/Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-731-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=Eo743Uh2UOEC&dq.
- Bacon, Tony; Morgan, Gareth (2006). Paul McCartney – Bass Master – Playing the Great Beatles Basslines (1st ed.). Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-884-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=V-BG7p7xPTQC&dq.
- Badman, Keith (1999). The Beatles After the Breakup 1970–2000: A Day-by-Day Diary (2001 ed.). Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.
- Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles. New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-20735-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=tVht7mPxbeAC&dq.
- Carlin, Peter Ames (2009). Paul McCartney: A Life. Touchstone. ISBN 978-1-4165-6209-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=W8R4LS2LYxYC&dq.
- Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup (1st US hardcover ed.). Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-177446-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=luOMJFxe-bYC&dq.
- Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=eTkHAldi4bEC&lpg=PP1&dq.
- Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America (First Paperback ed.). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-35338-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=gTAjZ235qfsC&dq.
- Harry, Bill (2000a). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9.
- Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0822-0.
- Harry, Bill (2000b). The John Lennon Encyclopedia. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0404-8.
- Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0716-2.
- Ingham, Chris (2009). The Rough Guide to The Beatles (3rd ed.). Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836-525-4.
- Levy, Joe (editor) (2005). Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (First Paperback ed.). Wenner Books. ISBN 978-1-932958-61-4.
- Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle:The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide To The Beatles' Entire Career (Revised 2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0.
- Lewisohn, Mark (editor) (2002). Wingspan: Paul McCartney's Band on the Run. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-86032-1.
- MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=YJUWJhIbkccC&dq.
- McCartney, Paul; Mitchell, Adrian (editor) (2001). Blackbird singing: Poems and Lyrics 1965–1999. W.W. Norton and Company Inc.. ISBN 978-0-393-02049-6.
- Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now (1st Hardcover ed.). Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-5248-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=-eh8BedNtLgC&dq.
- Miles, Barry (1998). The Beatles: A Diary—An Intimate Day by Day History (2009 ed.). JG Press. ISBN 978-1-57215-010-2.
- Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-8308-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=trRB-lo4qR8C&dq.
- Raymer, Miles (2010). How to Analyze the Music of Paul McCartney. Abdo Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-61613-531-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=23jlYDQOz2sC&dq.
- Roberts, David (editor) (2005). British Hit Singles & Albums (18 ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8.
- Sandford, Christopher (2006). McCartney. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1614-2.
- Sounes, Howard (2010). Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81783-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=jQJk-qRy5IUC&dq.
- Southall, Brian; Perry, Rupert (contributor) (2006). Northern Songs: The True Story of the Beatles Song Publishing Empire. Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84609-237-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=HWSRvGfa3-sC&dq.
- Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6.
- The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3636-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=HWuQu8EMDKcC&dq.
Further reading[link]
- Barrow, Tony (2005). John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me: The Real Beatles Story. Thunder's Mouth. ISBN 1-56025-882-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=BNnzcGw8JQsC&dq.
- Barrow, Tony (2004). Paul McCartney. Carlton Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84442-822-9.
- Benitez, Vincent Perez (2010). The Words and Music of Paul McCartney: The Solo Years. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-34969-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=bYxJWNiLO94C&dq.
- Davies, Hunter (2009). The Beatles: The Authorized Biography (3rd revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4.
- Gambaccini, Paul (1993). Paul McCartney: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-86001-239-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=FikUAQAAIAAJ&q.
- Gambaccini, Paul (1996). The McCartney Interviews: After the Break-Up (2 ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-5494-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=xKPEyk1WXFUC&q.
- Gracen, Jorie B. (2000). Paul McCartney: I Saw Him Standing There. Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 978-0-8230-8372-5.
- Kirchherr, Astrid; Voormann, Klaus (1999). Hamburg Days. Guildford, Surrey: Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0-904351-73-6.
- Martin, George (1979). All You Need Is Ears. New York: St. Marten's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-11482-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Yoio9MewhcC&dq.
- McGee, Garry (2003). Band on the Run: A History of Paul McCartney and Wings. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87833-304-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=UG0IAQAAMAAJ&q.
- Pawlowski, Gareth L. (1989). How They Became The Beatles (1st ed.). E. P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-24823-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=7IkIAQAAMAAJ&q.
- Peel, Ian (2002). The Unknown Paul McCartney: McCartney and the avant-garde. Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 978-1-903111-36-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=uS4UAQAAIAAJ&q.
External links[link]
 |
Book: Paul McCartney |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paul McCartney |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Paul McCartney |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McCartney, Paul |
| Alternative names | Sir James Paul McCartney |
| Short description | English rock musician |
| Date of birth | 18 June 1942 |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, UK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Paul_McCartney
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://cs.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://id.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://es.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://ru.wn.com/Маккартни, Пол
http://pl.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://fr.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://de.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://hi.wn.com/पॉल मॅक्कार्टनी
http://pt.wn.com/Paul McCartney
http://nl.wn.com/Paul McCartney
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Nicholas II" redirects here. For other uses, see Nicholas II (disambiguation).
| Nicholas II | |
|---|---|
| Official portrait by Ernest Lipgart (1914) | |
| Official portrait by Ernest Lipgart (1914) | |
|
|
|
| Reign | 1 November [O.S. 20 October] 1894 – 15 March 1917 |
| Coronation | 26 May [O.S. 14 May] 1896[1] |
| Predecessor | Alexander III |
| Successor | Monarchy abolished De facto : Georgy Lvov (chairman of the provisional government) |
| Spouse | Alix of Hesse |
| Issue | |
| Full name | |
| Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov | |
| House | House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov |
| Father | Alexander III of Russia |
| Mother | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) |
| Born | 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 Tsarskoye Selo, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, Alexander Palace |
| Died | 17 July 1918(1918-07-17) (aged 50) Yekaterinburg, Russian SFSR |
| Burial | 17 July 1998 Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation |
| Signature |  |
| Religion | Russian Orthodox |
Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj əlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ rɐˈmanəf]) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.[2] His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias[3] and he is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church. He has often been referred to as Saint Nicholas the Martyr.
Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Critics nicknamed him Bloody Nicholas because of the Khodynka Tragedy, Bloody Sunday, the anti-Semitic pogroms, his execution of political opponents, and his pursuit of military campaigns on a hitherto unprecedented scale.
Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, including the almost total annihilation of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. As head of state, he approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914, which marked the beginning of Russia's involvement in World War I, a war in which 3.3 million Russians were killed.[4] The Imperial Army's big losses and the monarchy's incompetent handling with the war, along with other policies directed by Nicholas during his reign, are often cited as the leading causes of the fall of the Romanov dynasty.
Nicholas II abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 during which he and his family were imprisoned first in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, then later in the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk, and finally at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. Nicholas II, his wife, his son, his four daughters, the family's medical doctor, the Emperor's footman, the Empress' maidservant, and the family's cook were killed in the same room by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16/17 July 1918. This led to the canonization of Nicholas II, his wife the Empress Alexandra and their children as martyrs by various groups tied to the Russian Orthodox Church within Russia and, prominently, outside Russia.
Contents
|
Family background[link]
Nicholas was the son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia (formerly "Princess Dagmar of Denmark"). His paternal grandparents were Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (born "Princess Marie of Hesse"). His maternal grandparents were King Christian IX of Denmark and Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Nicholas was of Russian, Danish, and German descent.
Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander's death in 1894. He was also very close to his mother, as revealed in their published letters to each other.[5] Nicholas had three younger brothers (Alexander [1869–1870], George [1871–1899] and Michael [1878–1918]) and two younger sisters (Xenia [1875–1960] and Olga [1882–1960]).
Maternally, Nicholas was the nephew of several monarchs, including George I of Greece; Frederick VIII of Denmark; Alexandra, Queen consort of the United Kingdom; and the Crown Princess of Hanover. Nicholas, his wife Alexandra, and Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany were all first cousins of King George V of the United Kingdom.
Nicholas' mother was the sister of British Queen Alexandra, the mother of George V. The Empress Alexandra was the daughter of Princess Alice, herself a daughter of Queen Victoria, thus making Edward VII her uncle, and cousin to the Emperor Wilhelm, on her mother's side; and equally a direct descendant of Queen Victoria. The Emperor Wilhelm was a son of Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, also named Victoria, who married Crown Prince Frederick of Germany. Nicholas and Wilhelm were not each other's first cousin, but they were second cousins, once removed, as each descended from Frederick William III, King of Prussia, as well as third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandsons of Emperor Paul I of Russia.
Tsarevich[link]
On 13 March 1881, following the assassination of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas became Tsarevich and his father became Tsar Alexander III. Nicholas and other family members witnessed Alexander II's death because they were staying at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg where he was brought after being attacked.[7] For security reasons, the new Tsar and his family relocated their primary residence to the Gatchina Palace outside the city.
A long trip for educational purposes became an important part of training for the members of the Russian imperial house. In 1890, Tsar Alexander III decided to establish the Trans-Siberian Railway. His heir, Tsarevich Nicholas, took part in the opening ceremony, and from there he was obliged to make a journey around the world, which became known as the Eastern Journey where he survived an assassination attempt at Otsu in Japan. Although Nicholas attended meetings of the Imperial Council, his obligations were limited until he acceded to the throne, which was not expected for many years, since his father was only 45.[8]
While he was Tsarevich, Nicholas had an affair with the ballet dancer Mathilde Kschessinska. Against his parents' initial wishes, Nicholas was determined to marry Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, the fourth daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, second eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. His parents intended a more politically beneficial arrangement with Princess Hélène of Orléans, daughter of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, pretender to the French throne, and his wife Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans, and a sister of Queen Amélia of Portugal, hoping to cement Russia's new alliance with France, but eventually yielded to their son's wishes.
Engagement, accession and marriage[link]
Nicholas became engaged to Alix of Hesse in April 1894. Alix was hesitant to accept the engagement due to the requirement that she convert from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy and renounce her former faith. Russian society was not too happy with the idea of a German princess becoming their queen. Princess Alix made bad impressions on her trips to Russia to visit her sister, The Grand Duchess Elizabeth. Alix was usually badly dressed, a poor dancer, considered shy and too arrogant. [9] An exception was made for Alix where she could convert without renouncing her Lutheran faith. Nicholas and Alix became formally engaged on 8 April 1894. Alix converted to Orthodoxy in November 1894 and took the name Alexandra Fedorovna, in an attempt to be more acceptable to the Russian people.[10]
Alix and Nicholas were related to one-another via several different lines of European royalty and nobility: the most notable was their shared great-grandmother Princess Wilhelmina of Baden, making them second cousins via this line; and King Wilhelm II of Prussia, who was simultaneously the great-great-grandfather of Alix and the great-great-great-grandfather of Nicholas.
Nicholas took the throne on 1 November 1894 at the age of 26 following Alexander III's unexpected death. Throughout 1894, Alexander's health rapidly declined and at 49, he died of kidney disease.
Nicholas did not have as much political training or imperial experience as might have been desired of a newly crowned Tsar. Nicholas may have felt unprepared for the duties of the crown, asking his cousin Alexander,[11] "What is going to happen to me and all of Russia?"[12] Finance Minister Sergei Witte, however, recognized the need to train Nicholas early, suggesting to Alexander that Nicholas act as chairman of the Siberian Railway Committee.[13]
Alexander argued that Nicholas was not mature enough to take on serious responsibilities, to which Witte replied that if he was not introduced to state affairs Nicholas would never be ready to understand them.[13] Nicholas also acted as chairman of the Special Committee on Famine Relief, established after the devastating famines and droughts of 1891–1892, and he served on the Finance Committee and State Military Council before his coronation.[14]
Perhaps underprepared and unskilled, Nicholas was not altogether untrained for his duties as Tsar. Throughout his reign, Nicholas chose to maintain the conservative policies favored by his father. While Alexander had concentrated on the formulation of general policy, Nicholas devoted much more attention to the details of administration.
Nicholas and Alix's wedding was originally scheduled for the spring of 1895, but it was moved forward at Nicholas' insistence. Staggering under the weight of his new office, he had no intention of allowing the one person who gave him confidence to leave his side.[15] The wedding took place on 26 November 1894. Alexandra wore the traditional dress of Romanov brides, and Nicholas a hussar's uniform. Nicholas and Alexandra, each holding a lighted candle, faced the palace priest; a few minutes before one in the afternoon, they were married.[16]
Reign[link]
Despite a visit to Great Britain before his accession, where he observed the House of Commons in debate and seemed impressed by the machinery of democracy, Nicholas turned his back on any notion of giving away any power to elected representatives in Russia. Shortly after he came to the throne, a deputation of peasants and workers from various towns' local assemblies (zemstvos) came to the Winter Palace proposing court reforms, such as the adoption of a constitutional monarchy,[17] and reform that would improve the political and social life of the peasantry.[18]
Although the addresses they had sent in beforehand were couched in mild and loyal terms, Nicholas was angry and ignored advice from an Imperial Family Council by saying to them: "... it has come to my knowledge that during the last months there have been heard in some assemblies of the zemstvos the voices of those who have indulged in a senseless dream that the zemstvos be called upon to participate in the government of the country. I want everyone to know that I will devote all my strength to maintain, for the good of the whole nation, the principle of absolute autocracy, as firmly and as strongly as did my late lamented father."[19]
On 26 May 1896, Nicholas' formal coronation as Tsar was held in Uspensky Cathedral located within the Kremlin.[1] In celebration on 27 May 1896, a large festival with food, free beer and souvenir cups was held in Khodynka Field outside Moscow. Khodynka was chosen as the location as it was the only place large enough in Moscow to hold all of the Moscow citizens.[20]
Khodynka was primarily used as a military training ground and the field was uneven with trenches. Before the food and drink were handed out, rumors spread that there wouldn't be enough for everyone. The crowd rushed to get their share and individuals were tripped and trampled, suffocating in the dirt of the field.[21] Of the approximate 100,000 in attendance, it is estimated that 1,389 individuals died[1] and roughly 1,300 were injured.[20]
The Khodynka Tragedy was seen as a bad omen and Nicholas found gaining popular trust difficult from the beginning of his reign. Unfortunately, the French ambassador's Gala was planned for that night. The Tsar desperately wanted to stay in his chambers and pray for the lives lost, but his uncles believed that his absence at the ball would strain relations with France, particularly the 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance. Nicholas attended the party. Of course, the mourning populous weren't told of the Tsar's true wishes and saw Nicholas as frivolous and uncaring.
The first years of his reign saw little more than continuation and development of the policy pursued by Alexander III. Nicholas allotted money for the All-Russia exhibition of 1896. In 1897 restoration of gold standard by Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, completed the series of financial reforms, initiated fifteen years earlier. By 1902, the Trans-Siberian Railway was nearly completed; this helped the Russians trade in the Far East but the railway still required huge amounts of work.
In foreign relations, Nicholas followed policies of his father, strengthening the Franco-Russian Alliance and pursuing a policy of general European pacification, which culminated in the famous Hague peace conference. This conference, suggested and promoted by Nicholas II, was convened with the view of terminating the arms race, and setting up machinery for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The results of the conference were less than expected, because of the mutual distrust existing between great powers. Still, the Hague conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war. In 1901 Nicholas II (and the famous Russian diplomat Friedrich Martens) were nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize – for the initiative to convene the Hague Peace Conference and contribute to its implementation[22].
He was Colonel in Chief of the Royal Scots Greys from 1894 until his death. On becoming Colonel in Chief he presented the Regiment with a white bearskin, now worn by the bass drummer of the Pipes and Drums of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The Imperial Russian anthem is still played at dinner nights in the Officers' Mess, where there is still a portrait of the Tsar in Scots Greys uniform. Since his killing the Regiment has worn a black backing behind its capbadge to mourn his death.
Russo-Japanese War[link]
Main article: Russo-Japanese War
A clash between Russia and Japan was almost inevitable by the turn of the 20th century. Russia had expanded in the East, and the growth of its settlement and territorial ambitions, as its southward path to the Balkans was frustrated, conflicted with Japan's own territorial ambitions on the Chinese and Asian mainland. War began in 1904 with a surprise Japanese attack on the Russian fleet in Port Arthur, without formal declaration of war.
The Russian Baltic fleet traversed the world to balance power in the East, but after many misadventures on the way, was almost annihilated by the Japanese in the Battle of the Tsushima Strait. On land the Russian army experienced logistical problems. While commands and supplies came from St. Petersburg, combat took place in east Asian ports with only the Trans-Siberian Railway for transport of supplies as well as troops both ways.
The 6,000-mile (9,700 km) track between St. Petersburg and Port Arthur was one-way, with no track around Lake Baikal, allowing only gradual build-up of the forces on the front. Besieged Port Arthur fell to the Japanese, after nine months of resistance. In mid-1905, Nicholas II accepted American mediation, appointing Sergei Witte chief plenipotentiary for the peace talks. War was ended by the Treaty of Portsmouth.
Nicholas's stance on the war was something that baffled many. Nicholas approached the war with confidence and saw it as an opportunity to raise Russian morale and patriotism, paying little attention to the finances of a long-distance war.[23] Shortly before the Japanese attack on Port Arthur, Nicholas held strong to the belief that there would be no war. Despite the onset of the war and the many defeats Russia suffered, Nicholas still believed in, and expected, a final victory.
Many people took the Tsar's confidence and stubbornness for indifference; believing him to be completely impervious.[citation needed] As Russia continued to face defeat by the Japanese, the call for peace grew. Nicholas's own mother, as well as his cousin, Emperor Wilhelm II, urged Nicholas to open peace negotiations. Despite the efforts for peace, Nicholas remained evasive. It was not until 27–28 March and the annihilation of the Russian fleet by the Japanese, that Nicholas finally decided to pursue peace.
Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903–1906[link]
Main article: Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
The Kishinev newspaper Bessarabets, which published anti-Jewish materials, received funds from Viacheslav Plehve, Minister of the Interior.[24] These publications served to fuel the Kishinev pogrom. The government of Nicholas II formally condemned the rioting, dismissed the regional governor, the perpetrators were arrested and punished by the court.[25] Leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church also condemned anti-Jewish pogroms. Appeals to the faithful condemned the anti-Jewish pogroms were read publicly in all churches of Russia.[26] However, in private Nicholas expressed his admiration for the mobs, viewing anti-Semitism as a useful tool for unifying the people behind his regime.[27]
1905 Revolution[link]
Main article: 1905 Russian Revolution
With the defeat of Russia by a non-Western power, the prestige and power of the government and the authority of the autocratic empire was brought down significantly.[28] Defeat was a severe blow and the Imperial government collapsed, with the ensuing revolutionary outbreaks of 1905–1906. In hope to frighten any further contradiction many demonstrators were shot in front of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg; the Emperor's Uncle, Grand Duke Sergei, was killed by a revolutionary's bomb in Moscow as he left the Kremlin. The Black Sea Fleet mutinied, and a railway strike developed into a general strike which paralyzed the country. Tsar Nicholas II, who was taken by surprise by the events, mixed his anger with bewilderment. He wrote to his mother after months of disorder:
It makes me sick to read the news! Nothing but strikes in schools and factories, murdered policemen, Cossacks and soldiers, riots, disorder, mutinies. But the ministers, instead of acting with quick decision, only assemble in council like a lot of frightened hens and cackle about providing united ministerial action... ominous quiet days began, quiet indeed because there was complete order in the streets, but at the same time everybody knew that something was going to happen — the troops were waiting for the signal, but the other side would not begin. One had the same feeling, as before a thunderstorm in summer! Everybody was on edge and extremely nervous and of course, that sort of strain could not go on for long.... We are in the midst of a revolution with an administrative apparatus entirely disorganized, and in this lies the main danger.[29]
Bloody Sunday (1905)[link]
Main article: Bloody Sunday (1905)
A few days prior to the Bloody Sunday (9 (22) January 1905), the leader of the initiative himself, a priest named George Gapon, informed the government of the forthcoming procession to the Winter Palace to hand a petition to the Tsar. On the evening before, on Saturday, 8 (21) January, the ministers convened to consider the situation. There was never any thought that the Tsar, who had left the capital for Tsarskoye Selo on the advice of the ministers would actually be asked to meet Gapon; the suggestion that some other member of the Imperial family receive the petition was rejected.[30]
Finally informed by the Prefect of Police that he lacked the men to pluck Gapon from among his followers and place him under arrest, the newly appointed Minister of the Interior, Prince Sviatopolk-Mirsky, and his colleagues decided to bring additional troops into the city for control. That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary, "Troops have been brought from the outskirts to reinforce the garrison. Up to now the workers have been calm. Their number is estimated at 120,000. At the head of their union is a kind of socialist priest named Gapon. Mirsky came this evening to present his report on the measures taken."[30]
On Sunday, 9 (22) January 1905, Gapon began his march. Locking arms, the workers marched peacefully through the streets. Some carried religious icons and banners, as well as national flags and portraits of the Tsar. As they walked they sang religious hymns and the Imperial anthem, 'God Save The Tsar'. At 2PM all of the converging processions were scheduled to arrive at the Winter Palace. There was no single confrontation with the troops. Throughout the city, at bridges on strategic boulevards, the marchers found their way blocked by lines of infantry, backed by Cossacks and Hussars; and the soldiers opened fire on the crowd.[31]
The official number of victims was 92 dead and several hundred wounded. Gapon vanished and the other leaders of the march were seized. Expelled from the capital, they circulated through the empire, increasing the casualties. As bullets riddled their icons, their banners and their portraits of Nicholas, the people shrieked, "The Tsar will not help us!".[31] Outside Russia, the future British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald attacked the Tsar, calling him a "blood-stained creature and a common murderer".[32]
That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary:
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna (Nicholas's sister) wrote afterwards:
Nicky had the police report a few days before. That Saturday he telephoned my mother at the Anitchkov and said that she and I were to leave for Gatchina at once. He and Alicky went to Tsarskoye Selo. Insofar as I remember, my Uncles Vladimir and Nicholas were the only members of the family left in St. Petersburg, but there may have been others. I felt at the time that all those arrangements were hideously wrong. Nicky's ministers and the Chief of Police had it all their way. My mother and I wanted him to stay in St. Petersburg and to face the crowd. I am positive that, for all the ugly mood of some of the workmen, Nicky's appearance would have calmed them. They would have presented their petition and gone back to their homes. But that wretched Epiphany incident had left all the senior officials in a state of panic. They kept on telling Nicky that he had no right to run such a risk, that he owed it to the country to leave the capital, that even with the utmost precautions taken there might always be some loophole left. My mother and I did all we could to persuade him that the ministers' advice was wrong, but Nicky preferred to follow it and he was the first to repent when he heard of the tragic outcome.[34]
From his hiding place, Gapon issued a letter. He stated, "Nicholas Romanov, formerly Tsar and at present soul-murderer of the Russian empire. The innocent blood of workers, their wives and children lies forever between you and the Russian people ... May all the blood which must be spilled fall upon you, you Hangman. I call upon all the socialist parties of Russia to come to an immediate agreement among themselves and bring an armed uprising against Tsarism."[32]
Relationship with the Duma[link]
File:Nicholas II Coin.jpg
Silver Coin of Emperor Nicholas II, dated 1898, with the Imperial coat-of-arms on the reverse. The Russian inscription reads:
B[ozheyu] M[ilostyu] Nikolay Imperator i Samoderzhets Vseross[iyskiy].
The English translation is, "By the grace of God, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias."
B[ozheyu] M[ilostyu] Nikolay Imperator i Samoderzhets Vseross[iyskiy].
The English translation is, "By the grace of God, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias."
Under pressure from the attempted 1905 Russian Revolution, on 5 August of that year Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the State Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, the younger sister of Nicholas II, wrote, "There was such gloom at Tsarskoye Selo. I did not understand anything about politics. I just felt everything was going wrong with the country and all of us. The October Constitution did not seem to satisfy anyone. I went with my mother to the first Duma. I remember the large group of deputies from among peasants and factory people. The peasants looked sullen. But the workmen were worse: they looked as though they hated us. I remember the distress in Alicky's eyes."[34]
Minister of the Court Count Fredericks commented, "The Deputies, they give one the impression of a gang of criminals who are only waiting for the signal to throw themselves upon the ministers and cut their throats. I will never again set foot among those people."[35] The Dowager Empress noticed "incomprehensible hatred."[35]
In the October Manifesto, the Tsar pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. However, determined to preserve autocracy even in the context of reform, he restricted the Duma's authority in many ways—not least of which was an absence of parliamentary control over the appointment or dismissal of cabinet ministers. Nicholas' relations with the Duma were not good. The First Duma, with a majority of Kadets, almost immediately came into conflict with him. Scarcely had the 524 members sat down at the Tauride Palace when they formulated an 'Address to the Throne'. It demanded universal suffrage, radical land reform, the release of all political prisoners and the dismissal of ministers appointed by the Tsar in favour of ministers acceptable to the Duma.[36]
Although Nicholas initially had a good relationship with his prime minister, Sergei Witte, Alexandra distrusted him because he had instigated an investigation of Grigori Rasputin, and as the political situation deteriorated, Nicholas dissolved the Duma. The Duma was populated with radicals, many of whom wished to push through legislation that would abolish private property ownership, among other things. Witte, unable to grasp the seemingly insurmountable problems of reforming Russia and the monarchy, wrote to Nicholas on 14 April 1906 resigning his office (however, other accounts have said that Witte was forced to resign by the Emperor). Nicholas was not ungracious to Witte and an Imperial Rescript was published on 22 April creating Witte a Knight of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, with diamonds (the last two words were written in the Emperor's own hand, followed by "I remain unalterably well-disposed to you and sincerely grateful, for ever more Nicholas.").
A second Duma met for the first time in February 1907. The leftist parties—including the Social Democrats and the Social Revolutionaries, who had boycotted the First Duma—had won 200 seats in the Second, more than a third of the membership. Again Nicholas waited impatiently to rid himself of the Duma. In two letters to his mother he let his bitterness flow, "A grotesque deputation is coming from England to see liberal members of the Duma. Uncle Bertie informed us that they were very sorry but were unable to take action to stop their coming. Their famous 'liberty', of course. How angry they would be if a deputation went from us to the Irish to wish them success in their struggle against their government."[37]
A little while later Nicholas wrote, "All would be well if everything said in the Duma remained within its walls. Every word spoken, however, comes out in the next day's papers which are avidly read by everyone. In many places the populace is getting restive again. They begin to talk about land once more and are waiting to see what the Duma is going to say on the question. I am getting telegrams from everywhere, petitioning me to order a dissolution, but it is too early for that. One has to let them do something manifestly stupid or mean and then — slap! And they are gone!"[38]
After the Second Duma resulted in similar problems, the new prime minister Pyotr Stolypin (whom Witte described as 'reactionary') unilaterally dissolved it, and changed the electoral laws to allow for future Dumas to have a more conservative content, and to be dominated by the liberal-conservative Octobrist Party of Alexander Guchkov. Stolypin, a skillful politician, had ambitious plans for reform. These included making loans available to the lower classes to enable them to buy land, with the intent of forming a farming class loyal to the crown. Nevertheless, when the Duma remained hostile, Stolypin had no qualms about invoking Article 87 of the Fundamental Laws, which empowered the Tsar to issue 'urgent and extraordinary' emergency decrees 'during the recess of the State Duma'. Stolypin's most famous legislative act, the change in peasant land tenure, was promulgated under Article 87.[38]
The third Duma remained an independent body. This time the members proceeded cautiously. Instead of hurling themselves at the government, opposing parties within the Duma worked to develop the body as a whole. In the classic manner of the British Parliament, the Duma reached for power grasping for the national purse strings. The Duma had the right to question ministers behind closed doors as to their proposed expenditures. These sessions, endorsed by Stolypin, were educational for both sides, and, in time, mutual antagonism was replaced by mutual respect. Even the sensitive area of military expenditure, where the October Manifesto clearly had reserved decisions to the throne, a Duma commission began to operate. Composed of aggressive patriots no less anxious than Nicholas to restore the fallen honour of Russian arms, the Duma commission frequently recommended expenditures even larger than those proposed.
With the passage of time, Nicholas also began to have confidence in the Duma. "This Duma cannot be reproached with an attempt to seize power and there is no need at all to quarrel with it," he said to Stolypin in 1909.[39] Unfortunately, Stolypin's plans were undercut by conservatives at court. Reactionaries such as Prince Vladimir Orlov never tired of telling the Tsar that the very existence of the Duma was a blot on the autocracy, which Tsaritsa Alexandra had always believed anyway. Stolypin, they whispered, was a traitor and secret revolutionary who was conniving with the Duma to steal the prerogatives assigned the Tsar by God. Witte also engaged in constant intrigue against Stolypin. Although Stolypin had had nothing to do with Witte's fall, Witte blamed him. Stolypin had unwittingly angered the Tsaritsa. He had ordered an investigation into Rasputin and presented it to the Tsar, who read it but did nothing. Stolypin, on his own authority, ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg. Alexandra protested vehemently but Nicholas refused to overrule his Prime Minister,[40] who had more influence with the Emperor.
By the time of Stolypin's assassination by Dmitry Bogrov, a student (and police informant) in a theatre in Kiev on 18 September 1911, Stolypin had grown weary of the burdens of office. For a man who preferred clear decisive action, working with a sovereign who believed in fatalism and mysticism was frustrating. As an example, Nicholas once returned a document unsigned with the note: "Despite most convincing arguments in favour of adopting a positive decision in this matter, an inner voice keeps on insisting more and more that I do not accept responsibility for it. So far my conscience has not deceived me. Therefore I intend in this case to follow its dictates. I know that you, too, believe that 'a Tsar's heart is in God's hands.' Let it be so. For all laws established by me I bear a great responsibility before God, and I am ready to answer for my decision at any time."[40]
Alexandra, believing that Stolypin had severed the bonds that her son depended on for life, hated the Prime Minister.[40] In March 1911, in a fit of anger stating that he no longer commanded the imperial confidence, Stolypin asked to be relieved of his office. Two years earlier when Stolypin had casually mentioned resigning to Nicholas he was informed:
This is not a question of confidence or lack of it. It is my will. Remember that we live in Russia, not abroad...and therefore I shall not consider the possibility of any resignation.[41]
It never got that far. On 18 September 1911, in a procession where Stolypin's car was unprotected, Rasputin had coincidentally returned from his exile. As Stolypin's car passed him, Rasputin cried out in a loud voice, "Death is after him! Death is driving behind him!"[cite this quote] Bogrov assassinated Stolypin in the Kiev theatre that night.[citation needed]
In 1912, a fourth Duma was elected with almost the same membership as the third. "The Duma started too fast. Now it is slower, but better, and more lasting," stated Nicholas to Sir Bernard Pares.[39]
The First World War was, by-and-far, a loss for Russia. By late 1916, among the Romanov family desperation reached the point of which Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, younger brother of Alexander III and the Tsar's only surviving uncle, was deputed to beg Nicholas to grant a constitution and a government responsible to the Duma. Nicholas sternly refused, reproaching his uncle for asking him to break his coronation oath to maintain autocratic power intact for his successors. In the Duma on 2 December 1916, Vladimir Purishkevich, a fervent patriot, monarchist and war worker, denounced the dark forces which surrounded the throne in a thunderous two hour speech which was tumultuously applauded. "Revolution threatens" – he warned – "and an obscure peasant shall govern Russia no longer!"[42]
Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin[link]
b.jpg)
Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession. Alexandra bore Nicholas four daughters, the Grand Duchess Olga in 1895, the Grand Duchess Tatiana in 1897, Grand Duchess Maria in 1899, and Grand Duchess Anastasia in 1901, before their son Alexei was born on 12 August 1904. The young heir was afflicted with hemophilia B, a hereditary disease that prevents blood from clotting properly, which at that time was untreatable and usually led to an untimely death. As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Alexandra carried the same gene mutation that afflicted several of the major European royal houses, such as Prussia and Spain. Hemophilia therefore became known as "the royal disease". Alexandra had passed it on to her son. As all of Nicholas and Alexandra's daughters perished with their parents and brother in Yekaterinburg in 1918, it is not known whether any of them inherited the gene as carriers.
Because of the fragility of the autocracy at this time, Nicholas and Alexandra chose not to divulge Alexei's condition to anyone outside the royal household. In fact, there were many in the Imperial household who were unaware of the exact nature of the Tsarevich's illness. At first Alexandra turned to Russian doctors and medics to treat Alexei; however, their treatments generally failed, and Alexandra increasingly turned to mystics and holy men (or starets as they were called in Russian). One of these starets, an illiterate Siberian, Grigori Rasputin, appeared to have some success. Rasputin's influence over Empress Alexandra, and consequently the Tsar, had grown stronger ever since 1912, when the Tsarevich nearly died from an injury while the family was on vacation at the hunting lodges at Bialowieza and Spala (now part of Poland). The bleeding grew steadily worse until it was assumed that the Tsarevich would not survive, and the Last Sacrament was administered on 10 October 1912. Desperate, Alexandra called Rasputin as a last resort, and the reply came, "God has seen your tears and heard your prayers. Do not grieve. The Little One will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much."[43] The hemorrhage stopped the next day and the boy began to recover. Alexandra took this as a sign that Rasputin was a starets and that God was with him; for the rest of her life she would defend him and turn her wrath against anyone who dared to question him.
World War I[link]
On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist association known as the Black Hand, in Sarajevo. Nicholas vacillated as to Russia's course of action. The outbreak of war was not inevitable, but leaders, diplomats and nineteenth-century alliances created a climate for large-scale conflict. The concept of Pan-Slavism and ethnicity allied Russia and Serbia in a treaty of protection, and Germany and Austria were similarly allied. Territorial conflict created rivalries between Germany and France and between Austria and Serbia, and as a consequence alliance networks developed across Europe. The Triple Entente and Triple Alliance networks were set before the war. The assassination of Ferdinand tripped these alliance networks bringing each country into conflict with one another as each independently declared war. Nicholas wanted neither to abandon Serbia to the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary, nor to provoke a general war. In a series of letters exchanged with Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany (the so-called "Willy and Nicky correspondence") the two proclaimed their desire for peace, and each attempted to get the other to back down. Nicholas took stern measures in this regard, demanding that Russia's mobilization be only against the Austrian border, in the hopes of preventing war with the German Empire.
The Russians had no contingency plans for a partial mobilization, and on 31 July 1914 Nicholas took the fateful step of confirming the order for a general mobilization. Nicholas was strongly counselled against mobilization of the Russian forces but chose to ignore such advice. Nicholas put the Russian army on "alert"[44] on 25 July. Although this was not mobilization, it threatened the German and Austrian borders and looked like a military declaration of war.[44]
On 28 July, Austria formally declared war against Serbia, bringing Germany into conflict with Russia and with France and Britain as Russia's allies. On 29 July 1914 Nicholas II sent the telegram to Wilhelm II (The Willy-Nicky Correspondence), with the suggestion to submit the Austro-Serbian problem to the Hague Conference (in Hague tribunal) – Wilhelm II did not address the question of the Hague Conference in his subsequent reply.[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Count Witte told the French Ambassador Paleologue that from Russia's point of view the war was madness, Slav solidarity was simply nonsense and Russia could hope for nothing from the war.[55] On 31 July Russia completed its mobilization, but still maintained that it would not attack if peace talks were to begin. Germany then replied that Russia must demobilize within the next twelve hours.[56] In Saint Petersburg, at 7pm, with the ultimatum to Russia expired, the German ambassador to Russia met with the Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov, asked three times if Russia would not reconsider and then with shaking hands delivered the note accepting Russia's war challenge and declaring war.
The outbreak of war on 1 August 1914 found Russia grossly unprepared. Russia and her allies placed their faith in her army, the famous 'Russian steamroller'.[57] Its pre-war regular strength was 1,400,000; mobilization added 3,100,000 reserves and millions more stood ready behind them. In every other respect, however, Russia was unprepared for war. Germany had ten times as much railway track per square mile and whereas Russian soldiers travelled an average of 800 miles (1,290 km) to reach the front, German soldiers traveled less than a quarter of that distance. Russian heavy industry was still too small to equip the massive armies the Tsar could raise and her reserves of munitions were pitifully small. With the Baltic Sea barred by German U-boats and the Dardanelles by the guns of Germany's ally, Turkey, Russia initially could receive help only via Archangel which was frozen solid in winter, or via Vladivostok, which was over 4,000 miles (6,400 km) from the front line. By 1915 a rail line was built north from Petrozavodsk to the Kola Gulf and this connection laid the foundation of the ice-free port of eventually was called Murmansk. The Russian High Command was moreover greatly weakened by the mutual contempt between Vladimir Sukhomlinov, the Minister of War, and the redoubtable warrior giant Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich who commanded the armies in the field.[57] In spite of all of this, an immediate attack was ordered against the German province of East Prussia. The Germans mobilized there with great efficiency and completely defeated the two Russian armies which had invaded. The Battle of Tannenberg where an entire Russian army was annihilated cast an ominous shadow over the empire's future. The loyal officers lost were the very ones needed to protect the dynasty. The Russian armies later had moderate success against both the Austro-Hungarian armies and against the forces of the Ottoman Empire. They never succeeded against the might of the German Army.
Gradually a war of attrition set in on the vast Eastern Front, where the Russians were facing the combined forces of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and they suffered staggering losses. General Denikin, retreating from Galicia wrote, "The German heavy artillery swept away whole lines of trenches, and their defenders with them. We hardly replied. There was nothing with which we could reply. Our regiments, although completely exhausted, were beating off one attack after another by bayonet ... Blood flowed unendingly, the ranks became thinner and thinner and thinner. The number of graves multiplied.[58] Total losses for the spring and summer of 1915 amounted to 1,400,000 killed or wounded, while 976,000 had been taken prisoner.[citation needed] On 5 August with the army in retreat, Warsaw fell. Defeat at the front bred disorder at home. At first the targets were German and for three days in June shops, bakeries, factories, private houses and country estates belonging to people with German names were looted and burned[citation needed]. Then the inflamed mobs turned on the government declaring the Empress should be shut up in a convent, the Tsar deposed and Rasputin hanged. Nicholas was by no means deaf to these discontents. An emergency session of the Duma was summoned and a Special Defense Council established, its members drawn from the Duma and the Tsar's ministers.
In July 1915, King Christian X of Denmark, first cousin of the Tsar, sent Hans Niels Andersen to Tsarskoye Selo with an offer to act as a mediator. He made several trips between London, Berlin and Petrograd and in July saw the Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna. Andersen told her they should conclude peace. Nicholas chose to turn down King Christian's offer of mediation.[59]
The energetic and efficient General Alexei Polivanov replaced Sukhomlinov as Minister of War, which failed to improve the strategic situation.[57] In the aftermath of The Great Retreat and the loss of the Kingdom of Poland, Nicholas assumed the role of commander-in-chief after dismissing his cousin, Nikolay Nikolayevich, in September 1915. This was a mistake, as he came to be personally associated with the continuing losses at the front. He was also away at the remote HQ at Mogilev, far from the direct governance of the empire, and when revolution broke out in Petrograd he was unable to halt it. In reality the move was largely symbolic, since all important military decisions were made by his chief-of-staff General Michael Alexeiev, and Nicholas did little more than review troops, inspect field hospitals, and preside over military luncheons.[60]
The Duma was still calling for political reforms and political unrest continued throughout the war. Cut off from public opinion, Nicholas could not see that the dynasty was in decline. With Nicholas at the front, domestic issues and control of the capital were left with his wife Alexandra. However, Alexandra's relationship with Grigori Rasputin, and her German background, further discredited the dynasty's authority. Nicholas had been repeatedly warned about the destructive influence of Grigori Rasputin but had failed to remove him. Rumours and accusations about Alexandra and Rasputin appeared one after another. Alexandra was even brought under allegations of treason and undermining the government due to her German roots. On 18 (31) August 1914 by the order of Nicholas II the capital was renamed Petrograd (Slavic for 'Petersburg'),[61] in response to increasing war-time Germanophobia.[62] Anger at Nicholas's failure to act and the extreme damage that Rasputin's influence was doing to Russia's war effort and to the monarchy led to Rasputin's murder by a group of nobles, led by Prince Felix Yusupov and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, a cousin of the Tsar, on 16 December 1916.
The collapse of his reign[link]
As the government failed to produce supplies, there was mounting hardship creating massive riots and rebellions. With Nicholas away at the front in 1915, authority appeared to collapse (Empress Alexandra ran the government from Petrograd from 1915), and the capital was left in the hands of strikers and mutineering conscript soldiers. Despite efforts by the British Ambassador Sir George Buchanan to warn the Tsar that he should grant constitutional reforms to fend off revolution, Nicholas continued to bury himself away at the Staff HQ (Stavka) 400 miles (600 km) away at Moghilev, leaving his capital and court open to intrigues and insurrection.[63]
By early 1917, Russia was on the verge of total collapse. The army had taken 15 million men from the farms and food prices had soared. An egg cost four times what it had in 1914, butter five times as much. The severe winter dealt the railways, overburdened by emergency shipments of coal and supplies, the final blow.[63]
Russia began the war with 20,000 locomotives; by 1917 9,000 were in service, while the number of serviceable railway wagons had dwindled from half a million to 170,000. In February 1917, 1,200 locomotives burst their boilers and nearly 60,000 wagons were immobilised. In Petrograd supplies of flour and fuel all but disappeared.[63] War-time prohibition of alcohol was enacted by Nicholas in order to boost patriotism and productivity, but instead damaged the treasury and funding of the war due to the treasury now being deprived of alcohol taxes.[62]
.jpg)
On 23 February 1917 in Petrograd a combination of very severe cold weather allied with acute food shortages caused people to start to break shop windows to get bread and other necessaries. In the streets, red banners appeared and the crowds chanted "Down with the German woman! Down with Protopopov! Down with the war! Down with the Tsar!".[63]
Police started to shoot at the populace from rooftops which incited riots. The troops in the capital were poorly motivated and their officers had no reason to be loyal to the regime. They were angry and full of revolutionary fervor and sided with the populace.[64]
The Tsar's Cabinet begged Nicholas to return to the capital and offered to resign completely. Five hundred miles away the Tsar, misinformed by Protopopov that the situation was under control, ordered that firm steps be taken against the demonstrators. For this task the Petrograd garrison was quite unsuitable. The cream of the old regular army lay in their graves in Poland and Galicia. In Petrograd 170,000 recruits, country boys or older men from the working-class suburbs of the capital itself, remained to keep control under the command of wounded officers invalided from the front, and cadets from the military academies. Many units, lacking both officers and rifles, had never undergone formal training.[64]
General Khabalov attempted to put the Tsar's instructions into effect on the morning of Sunday, 11 March 1917. Despite huge posters ordering people to keep off the streets, vast crowds gathered and were only dispersed after some 200 had been shot dead, though a company of the Volinsky Regiment fired into the air rather than into the mob, and a company of the Pavlovsky Life Guards shot the officer who gave the command to open fire. Nicholas, informed of the situation by Rodzianko, ordered reinforcements to the capital and suspended the Duma.[64] It was all too late.
On 12 March the Volinsky Regiment mutinied and was quickly followed by the Semenovsky, the Ismailovsky, the Litovsky and even the legendary Preobrazhensky Regiment of Guard, the oldest and staunchest regiment founded by Peter the Great. The arsenal was pillaged, the Ministry of the Interior, Military Government building, police headquarters, the Law Courts and a score of police buildings were put to the torch. By noon the fortress of Peter and Paul with its heavy artillery was in the hands of the insurgents. By nightfall 60,000 soldiers had joined the revolution.[64]
Order broke down and members of the Parliament (Duma) formed a Provisional Government to try to restore order but it was impossible to turn the tide of revolutionary change. Already the Duma and the Soviet had formed the nucleus of a Provisional Government and decided that Nicholas must abdicate. Faced with this demand, which was echoed by his generals, deprived of loyal troops, with his family firmly in the hands of the Provisional Government and fearful of unleashing civil war and opening the way for German conquest, Nicholas had no choice but to submit.
Abdication (1917)[link]
At the end of the "February Revolution" of 1917 (February in the Old Russian Calendar), on 2 March (Julian Calendar)/ 15 March (Gregorian Calendar) 1917, Nicholas II chose to abdicate. He firstly abdicated in favour of Tsarevich Alexei, but swiftly changed his mind after advice from doctors that the heir-apparent would not live long apart from his parents who would be forced into exile. Nicholas drew up a new manifesto naming his brother, Grand Duke Michael, as the next Emperor of all the Russias. He issued the following statement (which was suppressed by the Provisional Government):
In the days of the great struggle against the foreign enemies, who for nearly three years have tried to enslave our fatherland, the Lord God has been pleased to send down on Russia a new heavy trial. Internal popular disturbances threaten to have a disastrous effect on the future conduct of this persistent war. The destiny of Russia, the honor of our heroic army, the welfare of the people and the whole future of our dear fatherland demand that the war should be brought to a victorious conclusion whatever the cost. The cruel enemy is making his last efforts, and already the hour approaches when our glorious army together with our gallant allies will crush him. In these decisive days in the life of Russia, We thought it Our duty of conscience to facilitate for Our people the closest union possible and a consolidation of all national forces for the speedy attainment of victory. In agreement with the Imperial Duma We have thought it well to renounce the Throne of the Russian Empire and to lay down the supreme power. As We do not wish to part from Our beloved son, We transmit the succession to Our brother, the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, and give Him Our blessing to mount the Throne of the Russian Empire. We direct Our brother to conduct the affairs of state in full and inviolable union with the representatives of the people in the legislative bodies on those principles which will be established by them, and on which He will take an inviolable oath. In the name of Our dearly beloved homeland, We call on Our faithful sons of the fatherland to fulfill their sacred duty to the fatherland, to obey the Tsar in the heavy moment of national trials, and to help Him, together with the representatives of the people, to guide the Russian Empire on the road to victory, welfare, and glory. May the Lord God help Russia!
Grand Duke Michael declined to accept the throne until the people were allowed to vote through a Constituent Assembly for the continuance of the monarchy or a republic. The abdication of Nicholas II and the subsequent Bolshevik revolution brought three centuries of the Romanov dynasty's rule to an end. The fall of autocratic Tsardom brought joy to Liberals and Socialists in Britain and France and made it possible for the United States of America, the first foreign government to recognise the Provisional government, to enter the war early in April fighting in an alliance of democracies against an alliance of empires. In Russia, the announcement of the Tsar's abdication was greeted with many emotions. These included delight, relief, fear, anger and confusion.[65]
It is debatable whether Nicholas' enforced abdication was actually legal, and whether he had the right to abdicate on behalf of his son. Some historians contend that Nicholas remained the Tsar, at least in theory, until his death.
Final months and assassination (1918)[link]
See also: Shooting of the Romanov family
Nicholas desperately wanted to go into exile in the United Kingdom following his abdication. The British government initially offered him asylum in England, but this was overruled by King George V who, acting on the advice of his secretary Lord Stamfordham, was worried that Nicholas' presence in the UK might provoke an uprising.
In August 1917, the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals, allegedly to protect them from the rising tide of revolution. There they lived in the former Governor's Mansion in considerable comfort. In October 1917, however, the Bolsheviks seized power from Kerensky's Provisional Government; Nicholas followed the events in October with interest but as yet no alarm.
He continued to underestimate Lenin's importance. In the meantime he and his family occupied themselves with keeping warm. Conditions of imprisonment became more strict, and talk of putting Nicholas on trial grew more frequent. The Tsar was forbidden to wear epaulettes.
On 1 March 1918, the family was placed on soldier's rations, which meant parting with ten devoted servants and giving up butter and coffee as luxuries. What kept the family's spirits up was the belief that help was at hand.[66] The Romanovs believed that various plots were underway to break them out of captivity and smuggle them to safety. But on 30 April 1918 they were transferred to their final destination: the town of Yekaterinburg, where they were imprisoned in the two-story Ipatiev House, the home of the military engineer Nikolay Nikolayevich Ipatiev, which ominously became referred to as the "house of special purpose".
In May 1918, central Russia was invaded by the Czech Legion ("White Czechs"). On 26 May they captured Chelyabinsk, executing all members of the local Soviet; on 31 May at Petropavlovsk they shot all 20 members of the local Soviet. The Komuch government formed on 8 June in Samara after the Czechs occupied the city. More than 5000 people in the Volga region fell the victims of this regime through the autumn of 1918.[67]
Execution[link]
In the early hours of 17 July 1918, the royal family was awakened around 2:00 am, told to dress, and led down into a half-basement room at the back of the Ipatiev house. The pretext for this move was the family's safety—that anti-Bolshevik forces were approaching Yekaterinburg, and the house might be fired upon. There are also unsubstantiated claims that the family was led to the basement under the pretense that family photographs would be made.
Present with Nicholas, Alexandra and their children were their doctor and three of their servants, who had voluntarily chosen to remain with the family—the Tsar's personal physician Eugene Botkin, his wife's maid Anna Demidova, and the family's chef, Ivan Kharitonov, and footman, Alexei Trupp. A firing squad had been assembled and was waiting in an adjoining room, composed of seven Communist soldiers from Central Europe, and three local Bolsheviks, all under the command of Bolshevik officer Yakov Yurovsky. The soldiers are often described as Hungarians; in his account, Yurovsky described them as "Latvians".
Nicholas was carrying his son; when the family arrived in the basement, the former empress complained that there were no chairs for them to sit in. Yurovsky ordered chairs brought in, and when the empress and the heir were seated, the executioners filed into the room. Yurovsky announced to them that they had been condemned to death by the Ural Soviet of Workers' Deputies. A stunned Nicholas asked, "What? What?" and turned toward his family. Accounts differ on whether Yurovsky quickly repeated the order or whether he simply shot the former emperor outright. One witness among the several who later wrote accounts of Nicholas's last moments reported that the Tsar said, "You know not what you do," paraphrasing Jesus's words on the cross.
The executioners drew revolvers and the shooting began. Nicholas was the first to die; Yurovsky shot him multiple times in the chest (sometimes incorrectly said the head, since his skull bore no bullet wounds when it was discovered in 1991). Anastasia, Tatiana, Olga, and Maria survived the first hail of bullets; the sisters were wearing over 1.3 kilograms of diamonds and precious gems sewn into their clothing, which provided some initial protection from the bullets and bayonets.[68] They were stabbed with bayonets and then shot at close range in the head.[69]
An announcement from the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet of the Workers' and Peasants' Government emphasized that conspiracies had been exposed to free the ex-tsar, as well as how counter-revolutionary forces were pressing in on Soviet Russian territory, and that the ex-tsar was guilty of unforgivable crimes against the nation.[70]
In view of the enemy's proximity to Yekaterinburg and the exposure by the Cheka of a serious White Guard plot with the goal of abducting the former Tsar and his family… In light of the approach of counterrevolutionary bands toward the Red capital of the Urals and the possibility of the crowned executioner escaping trial by the people (a plot among the White Guards to try to abduct him and his family was exposed and the compromising documents will be published), the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, fulfilling the will of the Revolution, resolved to shoot the former Tsar, Nikolai Romanov, who is guilty of countless, bloody, violent acts against the Russian people.[71]
Identification[link]
In 1979, the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, three of their daughters, and those of four non-family members killed with them, were discovered near Sverdlovsk by amateur archaeologist Alexander Avdonin. In January 1998, the remains excavated from underneath the dirt road near Yekaterinburg were officially identified as those of Nicholas II and his family (excluding one of the sisters, and Alexei). The identifications by separate Russian, British and American scientists using DNA analysis concur and were found to be conclusive.[72] After the testing, the remains were finally interred at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg on 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were executed.
In July 2007, 46-year-old builder Sergei Pogorelov (part of a team from an amateur history group who spent free summer weekends looking for the lost Romanovs) said that after stumbling on a small burned area of ground covered with nettles near Yekaterinburg he had discovered bones that belonged to "a boy and a young woman roughly the ages of Nicholas’ 13-year-old hemophiliac son, Alexei, and a daughter whose remains also never have been found."[73]
On 23 August 2007, acting on standard procedures, prosecutors reopened the investigation surrounding the deaths of the Imperial Family.
On 30 April 2008, DNA tests performed by a US laboratory proved that bone fragments exhumed in the Ural Mountains belonged to two children of Nicholas II, son Alexei (b. 1904) and daughter Maria (b. 1899), according to Russian news agencies.[74] That same day it was announced by Russian authorities that the remains of the entire family had been identified.[74][75]
On 1 October 2008, Russia's Supreme Court ruled that Nicholas II and his family were victims of political repression and should be rehabilitated.[76][77][78] In March 2009, results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Alexei and his sister Maria.[79]
Nicholas belonged to the paternal haplogroup R1b; based upon Y-STR DNA test results on his remains, which have also been validated with results from a living relative.[80] The Tsar belonged to the maternal haplogroup T based upon mitochondrial DNA mutations: 16126C, 16169Y, 16294T, 16296T, 73G, 263G, and 315.1C.[81]
Sainthood[link]
Main article: Romanov sainthood
| Tsar Nicholas II of Russia | |
|---|---|
 Nicholas II of Russia |
|
| Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II of Russia Royal Passion-Bearer Tsar Nicholas II of Russia |
|
| Born | (1868-05-18)18 May 1868 Tsarskoye Selo, Russia |
| Died | 17 July 1918(1918-07-17) (aged 50) Yekaterinburg, Russia |
| Honored in | Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Canonized | 1981 and 2000, Russia by Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Orthodox Church |
| Major shrine | Church on Blood, Ekaterinburg, Russia |
| Feast | 17 July |
In 1981, Nicholas and his immediate family were recognised as martyred saints by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. On 14 August 2000, they were recognised by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. This time they were not named as martyrs, since their deaths did not result immediately from their Christian faith; instead, they were canonized as passion bearers. According to a statement by the Moscow synod, they were glorified as saints for the following reasons:
In the last Orthodox Russian monarch and members of his family we see people who sincerely strove to incarnate in their lives the commands of the Gospel. In the suffering borne by the Royal Family in prison with humility, patience, and meekness, and in their martyrs deaths in Yekaterinburg in the night of 17 July 1918 was revealed the light of the faith of Christ that conquers evil.
However, Nicholas's canonization was controversial. The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad was split on the issue back in 1981, some members suggesting that the emperor was a weak ruler and had failed to prevent the outbreak of Communism in Russia. It was pointed out by one priest that martyrdom in the Russian Orthodox Church has nothing to do with the martyr's personal actions but is instead related to why he or she was killed.[82]
The Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia rejected the family's classification as martyrs because they were not killed on account of their religious faith. Religious leaders in both churches also had objections to canonizing the Tsar's family because they perceived him as a weak emperor whose incompetence led to the revolution and the suffering of his people and made him at least partially responsible for his own killing and those of his wife and children. For these opponents, the fact that the Tsar was, in private life, a kind man and a good husband and father did not override his poor governance of Russia.[82]
Despite the original opposition, the Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia ultimately recognised the family as "passion bearers," or people who met their deaths with Christian humility. The Church does not, however, recognize the remains interred at Peter and Paul Cathedral as being those of the Imperial Family.[citation needed]
Assessment[link]
Nicholas is generally considered to have been incompetent at the colossal task of ruling the enormous Russian Empire.[83] Historian Barbara Tuchman gives a damning evaluation of his reign:
[The Russian Empire] was ruled from the top by a sovereign who had but one idea of government—to preserve intact the absolute monarchy bequeathed to him by his father—and who, lacking the intellect, energy or training for his job, fell back on personal favorites, whim, simple mulishness, and other devices of the empty-headed autocrat. His father, Alexander III, who deliberately intended to keep his son uneducated in statecraft until the age of thirty, unfortunately miscalculated his own life expectancy, and died when Nicholas was twenty-six. The new Tsar had learned nothing in the interval, and the impression of imperturbability he conveyed was in reality apathy—the indifference of a mind so shallow as to be all surface. When a telegram was brought to him announcing the annihilation of the Russian fleet at Tsushima, he read it, stuffed it in his pocket, and went on playing tennis.[84]
In Russia, Nicholas II faced widespread criticism after the victory of the Revolution. Pavel Bykov, who in Russia wrote the first full account about the downfall of the Tsar, denounced Nicholas as a "tyrant, who paid with his life for the age-old repression and arbitrary rule of his ancestors over the Russian people, over the impoverished and blood-soaked country". Soviet-era historians noted that Nicholas II was not fit to be a statesman. It has been argued that he had a weak will and was manipulated by adventurist forces. His regime was condemned for extensive use of the army, police, and courts to destroy the revolutionary movement. He was criticized for fanning nationalism and chauvinism. With the punitive expeditions and courts-martial during the 1905 Revolution, the monarch became known as "Nicholas the Bloody". Nicholas' reign was seen as a time of suffering for Russians.[85]
Robert K. Massie provides a more sympathetic view of the Tsar:
... there still are those who for political or other reasons continue to insist that Nicholas was "Bloody Nicholas." Most commonly, he is described as shallow, weak, stupid—a one-dimensional figure presiding feebly over the last days of a corrupt and crumbling system. This, certainly, is the prevailing public image of the last Tsar. Historians admit that Nicholas was a "good man"--the historical evidence of personal charm, gentleness, love of family, deep religious faith and strong Russian patriotism is too overwhelming to be denied-—but they argue that personal factors are irrelevant; what matters is that Nicholas was a bad tsar....Essentially, the tragedy of Nicholas II was that he appeared in the wrong place in history.[86]
Ancestors[link]
Main article: Ancestry of Nicholas II of Russia
| Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Patrilineal descent[link]
Nicholas's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.
Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations — which means that if Nicholas II were to have chosen an historically accurate house name it would have been Oldenburg, as all his male-line ancestors were of that house. See also Tsars of Russia family tree.
House of Oldenburg:
- Egilmar I of Lerigau, death date unknown
- Egilmar II of Lerigau, d. 1141
- Christian I of Oldenburg, d. 1167
- Moritz of Oldenburg, d. 1209
- Christian II of Oldenburg, d. 1233
- John I, Count of Oldenburg, d. 1275
- Christian III, Count of Oldenburg, d. 1285
- John II, Count of Oldenburg, d. 1314
- Conrad I, Count of Oldenburg, 1300–1347
- Christian V, Count of Oldenburg, 1340–1423
- Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg, 1398–1440
- Christian I of Denmark, 1426–1481
- Frederick I of Denmark, 1471–1533
- Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1526–1586
- John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1575–1616
- Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1597–1659
- Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1641–1695
- Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1671–1702
- Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1700–1739
- Peter III of Russia, 1728–1762, putative father of
- Paul I of Russia, 1754–1801
- Nicholas I of Russia, 1796–1855
- Alexander II of Russia, 1818–1881
- Alexander III of Russia, 1845–1894
- Nicholas II of Russia, 1868–1918
Descent from Rurik[link]
Nicholas's family, the Romanovs, were originally in-laws of the Rurikids, with no Rurikid blood in them until the Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia married Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who descends from the Grand Dukes of Kiev and the legendary Viking ruler of Russia, Rurik. See also Rurikid Dynasty.
- Rurik
- Igor of Kiev
- Sviatoslav I of Kiev
- Vladimir the Great
- Yaroslav I the Wise
- Vladimir II Monomakh
- Mstislav I of Kiev
- Ingeborg of Kiev
- Valdemar I of Denmark
- Valdemar II of Denmark
- Erik IV of Denmark
- Sofia of Denmark
- Ingeborg Valdemarsdotter of Sweden
- Gerhard IV, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe-Plön
- Ingeborg of Holstein
- Christian V, Count of Oldenburg
- Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg
- Christian I of Denmark
- Frederic I of Denmark
- Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
- John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
- Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
- Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
- Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
- Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
- Peter III of Russia
- Paul I of Russia
- Nicholas I of Russia
- Alexander II of Russia
- Alexander III of Russia
- Nicholas II of Russia
Titles, styles, honours and Arms[link]
| Styles of Nicholas II of Russia |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Reference style | His Imperial Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Imperial Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sir |
Titles and styles[link]
- 18 May 1868 – 13 March 1881: His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Nikolay Alexandrovich of Russia
- 13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894: His Imperial Highness The Tsarevitch of Russia
- 1 November 1894 – 15 March 1917: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias
- 15 March 1917 – 17 July 1918: Citizen Nicholas Alexandroviсh Romanov
Honours[link]
- Order of St. Andrew
- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
- Order of the White Eagle
- Order of Saint George, 4th class
- Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
- Order of St. Anne, 1st class
- Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class
- Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Italy)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Knight of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
- Knight of the Order of the Garter (United Kingdom)
- Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom)
- Order of the Golden Fleece
- Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand)
- Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania
- Order of the Rising Sun, Grand Cordon with Paulownia Flowers (Japan)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil)
- Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia)
Arms[link]
Children[link]
The children of Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra are as follows:
| Image | Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna | 15 November [O.S. 3 November] 1895 | 17 July 1918 | Shot at Yekaterinburg by the Bolsheviks |
 |
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna | 10 June [O.S. 29 May] 1897 | ||
 |
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna | 26 June [O.S. 14 June] 1899 | ||
 |
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna | 18 June [O.S. 5 June] 1901 | ||
 |
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich | 12 August [O.S. 30 July] 1904 |
Titles of the Imperial Crown of Russia[link]
Nicholas II's full title, as set forth in Article 59 of the 1906 Constitution read: "By the Grace of God, We Nicholas, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesus, Tsar of Georgia; Lord of Pskov, and Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Bielostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugor, Perm, Vyatka, Bogar and others; Sovereign and Grand Prince of Nizhni Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Jaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and Ruler of all Northern territories; Sovereign and Lord of Iveria, Kartalinia, the Kabardinian lands and Armenian province: hereditary Sovereign and Ruler of the Circassian and Mountain Princes and of others; Sovereign of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarn, and Oldenberg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
References[link]
- ^ a b c Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 26
- ^ In 1831, the Russian tsars were deposed from the Polish throne, but they soon took control of the country as part of Russia and abolished the separate monarchy. However, they continued to use this title. See November Uprising.
- ^ Nicholas's full title was We, Nicholas, by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia; Lord of Pskov, and Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bogaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Prince of Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov; Sovereign of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all the northern territories; and Sovereign of Iveria, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories; Hereditary Lord and Ruler of the Cherkass and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarn, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth.
- ^ Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow
- ^ The letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie: being confidential correspondence between Nicholas II, last of the Tsars, and his mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Edited by Edward J. Bing. London: Nicholson and Watson, 1937.
- ^ At George's wedding in 1893, The Times claimed that the crowd may have confused Nicholas with George, because their beards and dress made them look alike superficially (The Times (London) Friday, 7 July 1893, p.5). Their facial features were only different up close.
- ^ Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.38
- ^ Massie, Robert, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.40
- ^ Massie, Robert K. "Nicholas and Alexandra: The Classic Account of the Fall of the Romanov Dynasty", p. 27. Random House Trade Paperbacks, New York.
- ^ A Quantitative Approach to Royal Marriage Circles 1700–1918,Royal Kinship. Anglo-German Family Networks 1815–1918 Assistant editor Campbell Orr, Clarissa; Davis, John; Gestrich, Andreas; Petropolous, Jonathan; Riotte, Torsten; Röhl, John; Schönpflug, Daniel; Seligmann, Matthew; Wienfort, Monika; Urbach, Karina Berlin, New York (Walter de Gruyter – K. G. Saur) 2008 Pages 25–34
- ^ Figes, Orlando. A People's Tragedy: the Russian Revolution, 1891–1924. (New York, NY: Penguin, 1998), 18.
- ^ Feinstein, Elaine (2006). Excerpt from Anna of All the Russias. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-4000-3378-2.
- ^ a b Andre Pierre, trans., Journal Intime de Nicholas II, 45
- ^ Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 14
- ^ Nicholas and Alexandra- Robert K. Massie, 42.
- ^ Nicholas and Alexandra- Robert K. Massie, 44
- ^ Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 20
- ^ Andre Pierre, trans., Journal Intime de Nicholas II, 127
- ^ Princess Catherine Radziwill — Nicholas II, The Last of the Tsars, 100.
- ^ a b Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, 1017
- ^ Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 26–27
- ^ The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901–1956
- ^ Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 67
- ^ "Beyond the Pale: The Pogroms of 1903–1906". http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/36.html. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ Robert K. Massie. Nicholas and Alexandra. N-Y, 1967 (p. 94–95; p. 122 in Russian edition)
- ^ Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Two hundred years together. Moscow 2001. T.I (P.329 – in Russian)
- ^ Figes, Orlando (1996), 'A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924', pp. 197–8, Pimlico (1997)
- ^ Peter Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union From the Beginning to the End, This was hugely significant in regards to the illiterate peasantry or 'dark masses' who although followed their own (almost pagan rituals) had until this point held complete naive faith in Tsar Nicholas II. 7
- ^ Lyons, M, Nicholas II, The Last Tsar,116
- ^ a b Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.124
- ^ a b Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, pp.124–125
- ^ a b c Cf.: Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.125. — Massie’s translation is not authentic.
- ^ "State Archive of the Russian Federation, ф.601.ОП.1, д.248. Diary of Nickolas Romanov. 9 January 1905. (''in Russian'')". Militera.lib.ru. http://militera.lib.ru/db/nikolay-2/1905.html. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
- ^ a b Vorres, I, The Last Grand Duchess, p.121
- ^ a b Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.242
- ^ Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.243
- ^ Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.244
- ^ a b Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.245
- ^ a b Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.246
- ^ a b c Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.247.
- ^ Massie, R, Nicholas and Alexandra, p.248
- ^ Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, p.49.
- ^ R Massie Nicholas and Alexandra p.185
- ^ a b John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe Volume Two, 967
- ^ The Evidence in the Case. A Discussion of the Moral Responsibility for the War of 1914, as Disclosed by the Diplomatic Records of England, Germany, Russia, France, Austria, Italy and Belgium. By James M. Beck (James M. Beck – LL.D. Late Assistant Attorney-General of the U. S. Author of "The War and Humanity."), (p.81, p.106)
- ^ Palaeologus M.G. Tsarist Russia during World War. – Moscow. Publisher "International Relations", 1991 (page 155, 156 – in Russian); 1st Edition: Paléologue M.G. La Russie des Tsars pendant la grande guerre.— Paris: Plon, 1922. (Chapter XII); Maurice Paléologue. An ambassador's memoirs (Volume 1, Chapter VIII, see Sunday, 31 January 1915)
- ^ G. Buchanan. «My Mission to Russia and other diplomatic memories», 1923 (P.200)
- ^ Winston Churchill. The unknown war. L.: C. Scribner's Sons, 1931 ( The unknown war. p.170)
- ^ Robert K.Massie. Nicholas and Alexandra. New York: 1967; Moscow 2003 (P. 84, 320 in Russian edition)
- ^ Martin Gilbert. The First World War: A Complete History, 1994, p. 27
- ^ John Keegan. The First World War, 1998, p. 63
- ^ Hew Strachan. The First World War, Vol I: To Arms, 2001, p. 85
- ^ Richard F. Hamilton, Holger H. Herwig. Origins of World War One. Cambridge University Press, 2003 (P. 514)
- ^ History of Russia. XX Century/ edited by Dr., Prof. Andrei Zubov.(Volume I, 1894–1939). – M.: AST Publishers, 2010 . (P. 291)
- ^ Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, 43
- ^ Josef und Ulli. "World War One". Archived from the original on 2009-10-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20091018191920/http://geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ a b c Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, 42
- ^ Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, 46
- ^ Hall, C, Little Mother of Russia, 264
- ^ The Fate of the Romanovs (2003) by Greg King and Penny Wilson
- ^ "31 August 1914 St.Petersburg renamed to Petrograd" (in ru). http://radiokarnaval.ru/news/show/3042?radio=bd09712698pcpirbfrg1bjne86. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ a b Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch, 199
- ^ a b c d Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, 52
- ^ a b c d Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, p.53
- ^ Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, 55
- ^ Tames, R, Last of the Tsars, 62.
- ^ http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/Rat/04.php
- ^ Massie, R., The Romanovs: The Final Chapter, 8.
- ^ Massie, R., The Romanovs: The Final Chapter, 6.
- ^ The Kitchen Boy by Robert Alexander
- ^ Telegraph quoted in The Kitchen Boy by Robert Alexander (unpaginated).
- ^ (Russian) "Экспертиза подтвердила, что найденные останки принадлежат Николаю II". ITAR-TASS. http://www.itartass.ur.ru/news/?id=42200. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ Harding, Luke (25 August 2007). "Bones found by Russian builder finally solve riddle of the missing Romanovs". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/25/russia.lukeharding. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ a b "DNA Confirms Remains Of Tsar's Children". CBS News. Associated Press. 2008-04-30. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/30/tech/main4057567.shtml. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ Details on further testing of the Imperial remains are contained in Rogaev, E.I., Grigorenko, A.P., Moliaka, I.K., Faskhutdinova, G., Goltsov,A., Lahti, A., Hildebrandt, C., Kittler, E.L.W. and Morozova, I., "Genomic identification in historical case of Nicholas II Royal family.", Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, (2009). The mitochondrial DNA of Alexandra, Alexei, and Maria are identical and of haplogroup H1. The mitochondrial DNA of Nicholas was haplogroup T2. Their sequences are published at GenBank as FJ656214, FJ656215, FJ656216, and FJ656217.
- ^ BBC News. Russia's last Tsar rehabilitated. Retrieved on 2008-10-01
- ^ "Last Tsar’s family rehabilitated". Russiatoday.com. 2008-10-01. http://www.russiatoday.com/news/news/31214. Retrieved 2009-09-07. [dead link]
- ^ "Russia's Last Tsar Declared Victim of Repression". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1846339,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ ""DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian Tsar's children", CNN ( 11 March 2009". CNN. 2009-03-11. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/11/Tsar.children/index.html. Retrieved 2009-09-07. [dead link]
- ^ "Coble MD, Loreille OM, Wadhams MJ, Edson SM, Maynard K, et al. (2009) Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis.". PLoS ONE. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004838#pone-0004838-g003. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ "Famous DNA". Isogg.org. http://www.isogg.org/famousdna.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
- ^ a b Massie, Robert K., The Fate of the Romanovs: The Final Chapter, Random House, ISBN 978-0-394-58048-7, 1995, 134–135
- ^ Ferro, Marc. Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars. Oxford University Press, trans. Brian Pearce, 1995, p.2
- ^ Tuchman, Barbara W. The Guns of August. New York: Presidio Press, 1962, p.71.
- ^ History of the USSR: From the earliest time to the Great October Socialist Revolution. Volume 1. D.P. Kallistov ed. Progress Publishers. 1977
- ^ Massie, Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra. New York: Kingsport Press, 1967, viii–x.
Further reading[link]
- The Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov, "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
- Boris Antonov, Russian Czars, St. Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers (ISBN 5-93893-109-6)
- Michael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174–183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
- Paul Grabbe, "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
- Ferro, Marc, Nicholas II: Last of the Czars. New York: Oxford University Press (US), 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508192-7); 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-509382-8)
- Genrikh Ioffe, Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992 (Russian)
- Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste, Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7509-2749-6)
- Greg King, The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II 2006
- Greg King and Penny Wilson, "The Fate of the Romanovs" 2003
- Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias. 1993.
- Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999
- Marvin Lyons, Nicholas II The Last Czar, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7100-7802-1)
- Shay McNeal, "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
- Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra 1967
- Robert K. Massie, The Romanovs. The Final Chapter 1995, ISBN 0-394-58048-6
- Bernard Pares, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
- John Curtis Perry and Konstantin Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999.
- Edvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1992) ISBN 0-385-42371-3.
- Samten, Jampa. (2010). "Notes on the Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Confidential Letter to the Tsar of Russia." In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 357–370.
- Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold, The File on the Czar. 1976.
- Richard Tames, Last of the Czars, London, Pan Books Ltd, 1972
- Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990
- Ian Vorres, The Last Grand Duchess, London, Finedawn Publishers, 1985 (hardcover)
- Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 2000
- Prince Felix Yussupov, Lost Splendour
- Elisabeth Heresch, "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992
- The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
- Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
- Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929
- Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
- The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
- Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
- Paul Benckendorff, Last Days at Czarskoe Selo. London: 1927
- Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928
- Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
- A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
- Anna Vyrubova, Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923
- A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
- Sir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
- Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
- Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
- Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
- "The Personality Of The Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official Of High Authority". The World's Work: A History of Our Time VIII: 5414–5430. October 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=AYbNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5414. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nicholas II of Russia |
- A short biography on Nicholas II
- Nicholas_II at the Open Directory Project
- Nicholas II of Russia at the Notable Names Database
- The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918, EyeWitness to History.
- Brief Summary of Czar
- Abdication Proclamation, 2 March 1917 (the signature was put in pencil) (translation included)
- Alexander Palace Time Machine
- Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition
- Frozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.
- Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery
- Ipatiev House — Romanov Memorial detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution
- (Russian) The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
- (Russian) Nikolay II — Life and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II.
- New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family. A story of life, canonization. Photoalbum.
- Russian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.
- Russia's Last Czar Declared Victim of Repression – October 2008 (TIME magazine)
- Resurrecting the Czar – November 2010 (Smithsonian magazine)
|
Nicholas II of Russia
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 18 May 1868 Died: 17 July 1918 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Alexander III |
Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias 1 November 1894 – 15 March 1917 |
Office abolished Abolition of the monarchy |
| Grand Duke of Finland 1 November 1894 – 15 March 1917 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesseas king-elect |
|
| Russian royalty | ||
| Preceded by Alexander III of Russia |
Heir to the Russian Throne 1881–1894 |
Succeeded by George of Russia |
| Titles in pretence | ||
| Loss of title Empire abolished
|
— TITULAR — Emperor of Russia 15 March 1917 – 17 July 1918 Reason for succession failure: Empire abolished in 1917 |
Succeeded by Cyril Vladimirovich |
|
|||||||||||
.svg)
.svg)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nicholas II of Russia |
| Alternative names | Nicholas Romanov |
| Short description | Tsar of Russia |
| Date of birth | 18 May 1868 |
| Place of birth | Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Date of death | 17 July 1918 |
| Place of death | Yekaterinburg, Russia |
http://wn.com/Nicholas_II_of_Russia
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Nicola II di Russia
http://cs.wn.com/Mikuláš II. Alexandrovič
http://id.wn.com/Nikolai II dari Rusia
http://es.wn.com/Nicolás II de Rusia
http://ru.wn.com/Николай II
http://nl.wn.com/Nicolaas II van Rusland
http://pl.wn.com/Mikołaj II Romanow
http://fr.wn.com/Nicolas II de Russie
http://de.wn.com/Nikolaus II. (Russland)
http://pt.wn.com/Nicolau II da Rússia
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Marion Harris | |
|---|---|
 Marion Harris in 1924 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mary Ellen Harrison |
| Born | (1896-04-04)April 4, 1896 Indiana, United States |
| Died | April 23, 1944(1944-04-23) (aged 48) New York City |
| Genres | Jazz, blues, pop |
| Occupations | Singer |
| Years active | 1914—1930s |
| Labels | Victor, Columbia, Brunswick |
Marion Harris (April 4, 1896[1] — April 23, 1944)[2] was an American popular singer, most successful in the 1920s. She was the first widely known white singer to sing jazz and blues songs.[3]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born Mary Ellen Harrison, probably in Indiana, she first played vaudeville and movie theaters in Chicago around 1914. Dancer Vernon Castle introduced her to the theater community in New York where she debuted in a 1915 Irving Berlin revue, Stop! Look! Listen!
Recordings[link]
In 1916, she began recording for Victor Records, singing a variety of songs, such as "Everybody's Crazy 'bout the Doggone Blues, But I'm Happy", "After You've Gone", "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" (later recorded by Bessie Smith), "When I Hear that Jazz Band Play" and her biggest success, "I Ain't Got Nobody".[4]
In 1920, after the Victor label would not allow her to record W.C. Handy's "St. Louis Blues", she joined Columbia Records where she recorded the song successfully. Sometimes billed as "The Queen of the Blues,"[3] she tended to record blues- or jazz-flavored tunes throughout her career. Handy wrote of Harris that "she sang blues so well that people hearing her records sometimes thought that the singer was colored."[5] Harris commented, "You usually do best what comes naturally, so I just naturally started singing Southern dialect songs and the modern blues songs."[6]
In 1922 she moved to the Brunswick label. She continued to appear in Broadway theatres throughout the 1920s. She regularly played the Palace Theatre, appeared in Florenz Ziegfeld's Midnight Frolic and toured the country with vaudeville shows.[2] After a marriage which produced two children, and her subsequent divorce, she returned in 1927 to New York theater, made more recordings with Victor and appeared in an eight-minute promotional film, Marion Harris, Songbird of Jazz. After a Hollywood movie, the early musical Devil-May-Care (1929) with Ramón Novarro, she temporarily withdrew from performing because of an undisclosed illness.
Radio[link]
Between 1931 and 1933, when she performed on such NBC radio shows as The Ipana Troubadors and Rudy Vallee's The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour, she was billed by NBC as "The Little Girl with the Big Voice."[7]
In early 1931 she performed in London, returning for long engagements at the Café de Paris. In London she appeared in the musical Ever Green and broadcast on BBC radio. She also recorded in England in the early 1930s but retired soon afterwards and married an English theatrical agent. Their house was destroyed in a German rocket attack in 1941, and in 1944 she travelled to New York to seek treatment for a neurological disorder. Although she was discharged two months later, she died soon afterwards in a hotel fire that started when she fell asleep while smoking in bed.
References and notes[link]
- ^ The gravestone shown under her name at Find-a-Grave [1] is for another person of a similar name.
- ^ a b Marion Harris
- ^ a b Elijah Ward, Escaping The Delta, 2005, ISBN 978-0-06-052427-2
- ^ Originally titled "I Ain't Got Nobody Much"
- ^ W.C. Handy, Father of the Blues, 1941
- ^ 1922 Columbia Records catalog, quoted in Elijah Ward, Escaping The Delta, 2005, ISBN 978-0-06-052427-2, p. 283.
- ^ Gracyk, Tim. The Encyclopedia of Popular American Recording Pioneers: 1895-1925. Routledge, 2000.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marion Harris |
- Marion Harris at The Jazz Age
- Marion Harris at Red Hot Jazz
- Marion Harris at Allmusic
- Collected Works at Internet Archive
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Harris, Marion |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1896 |
| Place of birth | Indiana, United States |
| Date of death | April 23, 1944 |
| Place of death | New York City |
http://wn.com/Marion_Harris
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Marion Harris
http://it.wn.com/Marion Harris
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Harris
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Klimt 1918 | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Rome,  Italy |
| Genres | Gothic metal (early material) Alternative rock Indie rock |
| Years active | 1999 – present |
| Labels | Prophecy Productions, My Kingdom Music |
| Website | www.klimt1918.com |
| Members | |
| Marco Soellner Davide Pesola Paolo Soellner Francesco Conte |
|
Klimt 1918 is an indie/alternative rock band from Rome, Italy.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Klimt 1918 was started in 1999 by brothers Marco and Paolo Soellner, after the split of their former band, Another Day (a death metal act). Marco's newly discovered love for bands like The Cure, Bauhaus and Joy Division, led him to incorporate new influences in his songwriting. The next year, after completing the line-up with bass player Davide Pesola and lead guitarist Francesco Tumbarello, the band released its first effort, Secession Makes Post-Modern Music, which was recorded by Novembre's drummer, Giuseppe Orlando, a close friend of the band. The demo received good reviews from specialized press and caught the attention of My Kingdom Music, a newborn Italian independent label, with which the band signed a deal for two releases. Their debut full-length, Undressed Momento, came out in 2003; during the recording sessions, guitar player Francesco Tumbarello left the band, being replaced by Alessandro Pace, a well-known name in Rome's underground metal scene and a long time friend of the band. Undressed Momento marked an evolution in Klimt 1918's sound, which became more melodic and emotional, losing part of its metal heritage; the album received critical praise from reviewers all over Europe, and reached the first place in Orkus' Top Chart. One year later, the band signed a new contract with German cult label, Prophecy Productions, and began working on a new full-length. Dopoguerra was released in 2005 and featured a more mature and personal sound; the album was once again praised by both critics and press, and was supported by a European tour, the first for the band. The band said the album "was recorded during the hot summer 2004, with sound man/producer Giuseppe Orlando. The one-month session was long and difficult, but worked out better than anyone could have hoped."[1]
Between September and October 2006, guitarist Alessandro Pace left the band and was replaced by Francesco Conte, who made his live debut with the band on October 21, at Prophecy Productions' 10 years festival.
The long-delayed follow-up to Dopoguerra, called Just In Case We'll Never Meet Again (Soundtrack For The Cassette Generation), was first released in Germany on June 20, 2008, being subsequently released worldwide on June 23 and in the U.S.A. on June 24.
In April 2009 the band released its first videoclip Ghost Of A Tape Listener, followed by a vinyl release of Just In Case We'll Never Meet Again (Soundtrack For The Cassette Generation) and a Ghost Of A Tape Listener EP featuring a previously unreleased track, "Blackeberg 1981".
Style[link]
Klimt 1918's sound can be described as alternative rock with roots in avant-garde metal, featuring consistent darkwave and post-rock influences. The resulting blend is a melodic and melancholic guitar-based rock, combining thick shoegaze-like rhythm-guitar riffs with post-rock-esque atmospheres. Their recent output has consistently shifted towards indie rock, featuring more emphasis on shoegaze and post-rock traits while abandoning entirely their former metal influences.
Name[link]
The name "Klimt 1918" is a reference to Gustav Klimt and his year of death, 1918, which also saw the end of the First World War. According to Marco Soellner, Klimt 1918's music features the same qualities of de-contextualization, secession and post-modernism found in Klimt's art. Year 1918 itself, in Marco's words, represents the definitive collapse of "belle epoque" values and a full transition to 20th century.
The name may also be a tribute to Bauhaus, which was originally named "Bauhaus 1919".
Members[link]
- Marco Soellner - vocals, guitar
- Francesco Conte - guitar
- Davide Pesola - bass
- Paolo Soellner - drums
Former members[link]
- Francesco Tumbarello - guitar (2000–2002)
- Alessandro Pace - guitar (2002–2006) - Alessandro Pace (born May 20, 1977), better known as Alex Vega, is an Italian musician and former member of the industrial rock group Dope Stars Inc. and the alternative rock band Klimt 1918. A member of Klimt 1918 from 2002–2006 under his birth name, Pace assumed the name Alex Vega when he joined Dope Stars Inc. in 2005 as a replacement guitarist. He left the band in 2007. He founded the band, The Foreshadowing, which signed to Candlelight Records in 2007. Alex is also a DJ.
Discography[link]
- Secession Makes Post-Modern Music (self-produced demo, 2000)
- Undressed Momento (My Kingdom Music, 2003)
- Dopoguerra (Prophecy, 2005)[2][3]
- Just in case we'll never meet again (soundtrack for the cassette generation) (Prophecy, June 2008)[4]
Notes[link]
- ^ Klimt 1918 Myspace
- ^ Dopoguerra at Allmusic
- ^ Ian Duncan-Brown. "Dopoguerra review". Metalreview.com. http://www.metalreview.com/1511/KLIMT-1918-Dopoguerra.aspx. Retrieved 4 April 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Dr. Pete (2008-06-18). "Just in Case We'll Never Meet Again review". Livingformetal.com. http://www.livingformetal.com/reviews/review.aspx?reviewid=631. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
References[link]
External links[link]
http://wn.com/Klimt_1918
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Klimt 1918
http://de.wn.com/Klimt 1918
http://it.wn.com/Klimt 1918
http://es.wn.com/Klimt 1918
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimt_1918
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
.jpg){kind=link}
