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Abuja
Abuja is the capital city of the West African nation of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, the previous capital. As of the 2006 census, the Federal Capital Territory has a population of 778,567. On 1 October 2010, two car bombs exploded in the city during celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the nation's independence.
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Alcântara, Maranhão
http://wn.com/Alcântara_Maranhão -
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria -
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
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Antarctica
Antarctica
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Aurora, Nebraska
Aurora is a city in Hamilton County, Nebraska in the United States of America. The population was 4,225 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Hamilton County.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bam, Iran
Bam is a city in Kerman Province of Iran. The city is the center of Bam County. The modern Iranian city of Bam surrounds the Bam citadel. Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Some people believe that Bam city was founded during the Parthian Empire. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), the Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book Surat-ul-`ard (The Earth-figure):
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Bangkok
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Belgrade
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Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
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Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham (, ) is the largest city in Alabama. The city is the county seat of Jefferson County. According to an estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2007, Birmingham had a population of about 229,800. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area, in estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2009, had a population of about 1,212,848. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area contains about one-quarter of the entire population of Alabama.
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Boumerdès
http://wn.com/Boumerdès -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
Brogdale
Brogdale is a hamlet in Kent, England, located beside the M2 motorway south of Faversham. It is one of several hamlets making up the civil parish of Ospringe and is in the Borough of Swale.
http://wn.com/Brogdale -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Canberra, Australia
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Cape Canaveral
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Casablanca
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Cedar Fire
The Cedar Fire was a human-caused wildfire which burned out of control through a large area of Southern California in October 2003. Driven by Santa Ana Winds, the fire burned 2,820 buildings (including 2,232 homes) and had killed 15 people including one firefighter before being contained on November 3, making it the largest fire in recorded California history. The Cedar Fire was one of 15 fires throughout Southern California that month, including the Old Fire, which became known as the "2003 Firestorm" and the "Fire Siege of 2003."
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Chechnya
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Ciudad Perdida
Ciudad Perdida (Spanish for "Lost City") is the archaeological site of an ancient city in Sierra Nevada, Colombia. It is believed to have been founded about 800 A.D., some 650 years earlier than Machu Picchu. This location is also known as Buritaca and the Native Americans call it Teyuna.
http://wn.com/Ciudad_Perdida -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Corsica -
Daegu subway fire
The Daegu subway fire of February 18, 2003 killed at least 198 people and injured at least 147. An arsonist set fire to a train stopped at the Jungangno Station of the Daegu Metropolitan Subway in Daegu, South Korea. The fire then spread to a second train which had entered the station from the opposite direction.
http://wn.com/Daegu_subway_fire -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Eupatoria
http://wn.com/Eupatoria -
Faversham
Faversham () is a market town and civil parish in the Swale borough of Kent, England. It is roughly equidistant between Sittingbourne and Canterbury. The parish of Faversham (Feversham) includes an ancient sea port, and lies east of London, off the London-to-Dover A2 road, east north east of Maidstone and west of Canterbury.
http://wn.com/Faversham -
FBI
http://wn.com/FBI -
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Georgia (country)
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Greece
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Hanoi, Vietnam
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Heathrow Airport
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Ionian Islands
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Irvine, California
Irvine () is an incorporated city in Orange County, California, United States. It is a planned city, mainly developed by the Irvine Company since the 1960s. Formally incorporated on December 28, 1971, the 45 square mile (115 km2) city has a population of about 217,686 as of January 1, 2010. It has annexed in the past an undeveloped area to the north, and has also annexed the former El Toro Marine Corps Air Station, most of which is planned to be converted into the Orange County Great Park.
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Israel
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Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Italy
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Japan
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Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
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Kai County
Kai County () is a county of Chongqing Municipality in China.
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Kent
Kent (), originally Cantia, is a county in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the River Thames estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Leeds
Leeds () is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city had a population of (). Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and according to the most recent Office for National Statistics estimates, Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK.
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Liberia
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Libya
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Lockerbie
Lockerbie () is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. It lies approximately 75 miles from Glasgow, and from the English border. It is a small town, with a population of just 4,009 at the 2001 census.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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London Bridge Tower
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Madrid
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
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Morocco
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
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Nasiriya
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
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Old Bailey
The Central Criminal Court in England, commonly known as the Old Bailey from the street in which it stands, is a court building in central London, one of a number of buildings housing the Crown Court. The Crown Court sitting at the Central Criminal Court deals with major criminal cases from Greater London and, in exceptional cases, from other parts of England. Part of the present building stands on the site of the medieval Newgate Gaol, on Old Bailey, a road which follows the line of the City of London's fortified wall (or bailey). It lies between Holborn Circus and St Paul's Cathedral.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Pan Am Flight 103
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Phnom Penh
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Prague
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Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
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Reading, Berkshire
Reading ( ) is the largest town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London. For ceremonial purposes it is in the Royal County of Berkshire and has served as the county town since 1867.
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Red Square
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Riga
Riga (, ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia, a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of the Daugava. With 706,413 inhabitants (2010) it is the largest city of the Baltic states and third-largest in the Baltic region, behind Saint Petersburg and Stockholm (counting residents within the city limits). Riga's territory covers and lies between above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
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Riyadh
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Diego County
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Sandusky, Ohio
Sandusky pronounced [suhn-duhs-kee, san-] is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County. It is located in northern Ohio and is situated on the shores of Lake Erie, almost exactly half-way between Toledo to the west and Cleveland to the east.
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Saudi Arabia
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
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Seville
Seville ( ; see also ) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, following the Roman name of the city, Hispalis. The population of the city of Seville was 703,206 as of 2009 (INE), ranking as the fourth largest city of Spain. The population of the metropolitan area (urban area plus satellite towns) was 1,493,416 as of 2009 (INE estimate).
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Soviet Union
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Stockholm
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Sweden
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Texas A&M; University
Texas A&M; University, often referred to as A&M; or TAMU, is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas. It is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M; University System. The seventh-largest university in the United States, A&M; enrolls over 49,000 students in ten academic colleges. Texas A&M;'s designation as a land, sea, and space grant institution reflects a broad range of research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. The school ranks in the top 20 American research institutes in terms of funding and has made notable contributions to such fields as animal cloning and petroleum engineering.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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The Kremlin
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Tikrit
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vancouver
Vancouver () is a coastal city located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for British Captain George Vancouver, who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from Coevorden, a city in the Netherlands.
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
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Ahmadou Kourouma
Ahmadou Kourouma (November 24, 1927 – December 11, 2003) was an Ivorian novelist.
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Alija Izetbegović
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Althea Gibson
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Anita Mui
Anita Mui Yim-fong (10 October 1963 - 30 December 2003) was a popular Hong Kong singer and actress. She was also the younger sister of Hong Kong singer, Ann Mui. During her prime years she made major contributions to the cantopop music scene, while receiving numerous awards and honours. She remained an idol throughout most of her career, and was generally regarded as a cantopop diva. Mui once held a sell-out concert at Hammersmith, London, England, where she was dubbed the "Madonna of Asia". That title has stayed with her throughout her career, and has been used as a comparison for both Eastern and Western media.
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Anna Lindh
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Armand Borel
Armand Borel (21 May 1923 –11 August 2003) was a Swiss mathematician, born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, and was a permanent professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States from 1957 to 1993. He worked in algebraic topology, in the theory of Lie groups, and was one of the creators of the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups.
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Azie Taylor Morton
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Barry White
Barry Eugene White ( – ) was an American record producer and singer-songwriter.
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Bee Gees
The Bee Gees
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Benny Carter
Bennett Lester Carter (August 8, 1907 – July 12, 2003) was an American jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, trumpeter, composer, arranger, and bandleader. He was a major figure in jazz from the 1930s to the 1990s, and was recognized as such by other jazz musicians who called him King. In 1958, he performed with Billie Holiday at the legendary Monterey Jazz Festival.
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Bernard Dowiyogo
HE Bernard Annen Auwen Dowiyogo (February 14, 1946 – March 9, 2003) was President of the Republic of Nauru.
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Bernard Katz
Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (26 March 1911 – 20 April 2003) was a German-born biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve biochemistry. He shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1970 with Julius Axelrod and Ulf von Euler. He was knighted in 1970.
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Bertram Brockhouse
Bertram Neville Brockhouse, CC, FRSC (July 15, 1918 – October 13, 2003) was a Canadian physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1994, shared with Clifford Shull) "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter", in particular "for the development of neutron spectroscopy".
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Bill Shoemaker
William Lee Shoemaker (August 19, 1931 – October 12, 2003) was an American jockey.
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Blas Ople
Blas Fajardo Ople (; February 3, 1927–December 14, 2003) was a Filipino journalist and politician who held several high-ranking positions in the executive and legislative branches of the Philippine government, including as Senate President from 1999 to 2000, and as Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 2002 until his death. Perceived as a leftist-nationalist at the onset of his career in public service, Ople was, in his final years, a vocal supporter for allowing a limited United States military presence in the Philippines, and for American initiatives in the War on Terror including the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq.
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Bob Monkhouse
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Brian Douglas Wells
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Brian Trueman
Brian Trueman (born 16 May 1932, Manchester, England) is a British writer and broadcaster known mainly for his work with the animation studio Cosgrove Hall. He wrote and/or narrated many fondly remembered children's cartoon series, mostly during the 1970s and 1980s, including:-
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Buddy Hackett
Buddy Hackett (August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and actor. In his later life, he and his wife set up the Singita Animal Sanctuary in the San Fernando Valley, California.
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Canaan Banana
Canaan Sodindo Banana (5 March 1936 10 November 2003) served as the first President of Zimbabwe from 18 April 1980 until 31 December 1987. A Methodist minister, he held the largely ceremonial office of the presidency while his eventual successor, Robert Mugabe, served as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
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Carl F. H. Henry
http://wn.com/Carl_F_H_Henry -
Carlo Urbani
http://wn.com/Carlo_Urbani -
Carlos Roberto Reina
http://wn.com/Carlos_Roberto_Reina -
Carol Shields
http://wn.com/Carol_Shields -
Cecil Howard Green
http://wn.com/Cecil_Howard_Green -
Cecile de Brunhoff
http://wn.com/Cecile_de_Brunhoff -
Charles Bronson
Charles Bronson (November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor best known for his "tough guy" image, who starred in such classic films as Once Upon a Time in the West, The Magnificent Seven, The Dirty Dozen, The Great Escape, Mr. Majestyk, The Mechanic, and the popular Death Wish series. He was most often cast in the role of a police officer or gunfighter, often in revenge plot lines.
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Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Chiang Kai-shek
http://wn.com/Chiang_Kai-shek -
Chris Redfield
is a fictional character in the Resident Evil video game series. He is one of the two main protagonists in the first Resident Evil game, the other being Jill Valentine. Redfield returned as a playable character in , where he must search for, and ultimately rescue, his younger sister, Claire. Redfield returned again as a main character in Resident Evil 5, where he works alongside partner Sheva Alomar to search for his old partner and friend, Jill Valentine.
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Colin Powell
http://wn.com/Colin_Powell -
Compay Segundo
http://wn.com/Compay_Segundo -
Curt Hennig
http://wn.com/Curt_Hennig -
Daijiro Kato
http://wn.com/Daijiro_Kato -
Dan Snyder
Daniel Snyder (February 23, 1978 - October 5, 2003) was a professional Canadian ice hockey player. He played as a centre in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Atlanta Thrashers. Following a single-vehicle accident, in which he was a passenger, Snyder fell into a coma as a result of his injuries, he died six days later of septic shock.
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Daniel Morcombe
Daniel Morcombe (born 19 December 1989) was a 13-year-old Australian boy who was the victim of a presumed abduction in the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, on December 7, 2003. Morcombe has yet to be found despite regular media coverage about his disappearance since 2003 and a massive reward.
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Dave Dudley
http://wn.com/Dave_Dudley -
David Bale
David Howard Bale (September 2, 1941 – December 30, 2003) was a South African-born entrepreneur and an environmentalist animal rights activist, perhaps best known as the husband of journalist, political and social activist, and Women's Movement leader Gloria Steinem and the father of actor Christian Bale.
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David Bieber
David Francis Bieber (born February 3, 1966) also known under the alias Nathan Wayne Coleman is an American convicted murderer. A fugitive from the United States, he murdered PC Ian Broadhurst and attempted to murder PCs Neil Roper and James Banks on 26 December 2003 in Leeds, England, sparking a nationwide search before he was captured. He was given a life sentence and the trial judge recommended that he should never be released.
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David Brinkley
David McClure Brinkley (July 10, 1920 – June 11, 2003) was an American newscaster for NBC and ABC in a career lasting from 1943 to 1997.
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David Dacko
http://wn.com/David_Dacko -
David Hemmings
David Hemmings (18 November 1941 – 3 December 2003) was an English film actor and director, whose most famous role was the photographer in Blowup. In his later acting career, he was known for his distinctive eyebrows and gravelly voice.
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Dean Amadon
http://wn.com/Dean_Amadon -
Denis Quilley
Denis Clifford Quilley OBE (26 December 1927 - 5 October 2003) was an English theatre, television and film actor who was long associated with the Royal National Theatre.
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Denis Thatcher
http://wn.com/Denis_Thatcher -
Dinsdale Landen
Dinsdale James Landen (4 September 1932 — 29 December 2003) was a British actor known mainly for his television appearances.
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Donald O'Connor
http://wn.com/Donald_O'Connor -
Donald Regan
Donald Thomas Regan (; December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury, from 1981 to 1985, and Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration, where he advocated "Reaganomics" and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production. Regan was criticized for his Prime Ministerial style of working, for his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair, and for his frequent disagreements with Ronald Reagan's wife, First Lady Nancy Reagan.
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Dorothy Fay
Dorothy Fay (April 4, 1915 – November 5, 2003) was an American actress.
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Dorothy Loudon
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Loudon -
Earl Hindman
http://wn.com/Earl_Hindman -
Earl King
''This article is about the musical artist. For the Earl King convicted of murdering a ship's officer, see Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner''
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Ed Devereaux
Ed Devereaux (27 August 1925 - 17 December 2003) was an Australian actor, who lived in the UK for many years. He was best known for playing the part of "Matt Hammond" in the Australian children's television series Skippy. He was also involved in the series behind the scenes: Devereaux directed The Veteran (1969), for which he received much critical acclaim. He also wrote the script. Devereaux based the story of Double Trouble on an idea conceived by his children, wrote the screenplay of Summer Storm and wrote the script of The Mine.
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Edgar de Evia
http://wn.com/Edgar_de_Evia -
Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (, ; , Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze; born 25 January 1927 / 28 is written in papers) served as the second President of Georgia from 1995 until he resigned on 23 November 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution. Prior to his presidency, he served under Mikhail Gorbachev as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze's political skills earned him the nickname of tetri melia (white fox).
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Edward Said
http://wn.com/Edward_Said -
Edward Teller
Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title.
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Edwin Starr
http://wn.com/Edwin_Starr -
Elia Kazan
http://wn.com/Elia_Kazan -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Elliott Smith
http://wn.com/Elliott_Smith -
Eric Rudolph
http://wn.com/Eric_Rudolph -
Eugene Istomin
Eugene George Istomin (November 26, 1925 – October 10, 2003) was an American pianist.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Istomin -
Fernand Fonssagrives
Fernand Fonssagrives (June 8, 1910 - April 23, 2003) born near Paris, France he was a photographer known for his 'beauty photography' in the early 1940s, and as the first husband of the model Lisa Fonssagrives. He died in 2003 at Little Rock, Arkansas.
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Franco Corelli
http://wn.com/Franco_Corelli -
Franco Modigliani
http://wn.com/Franco_Modigliani -
Frank O'Bannon
'''Frank Lewis O'Bannon''' (January 30, 1930-September 13, 2003) was an American politician who was the 47th Governor of Indiana from 1997 until his death in 2003.
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Fred Rogers
http://wn.com/Fred_Rogers -
Freddie Blassie
http://wn.com/Freddie_Blassie -
Gary Ridgway
Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949), known as the Green River Killer, is an American serial killer. Ridgway murdered numerous women in Washington during the 1980s and 1990s. He strangled them, mostly with his arm, but he would also use ligatures. After strangling the women, he would dump their bodies throughout King County.
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George Plimpton
George Ames Plimpton (18 March 1927 – 25 September 2003) was an American journalist, writer, editor, and actor. He is widely known for his sports writing and for helping to found The Paris Review.
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George Roper
This is an article about the British comedian. For information on the British sitcom character, see Man About the House.
http://wn.com/George_Roper -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Gertrude Ederle
MedalCountry|the
http://wn.com/Gertrude_Ederle -
Gordon Jump
Alexander Gordon Jump (April 1, 1932 – September 22, 2003) was an American actor best known as the clueless radio station manager Arthur "Big Guy" Carlson in the TV series WKRP in Cincinnati and the incompetent "Piece of Chalief Tinkler" in the sitcom Soap. He also played the "Maytag Repairman" in commercials for Maytag brand appliances, from 1989 until his retirement from the role in July 2003.
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Gray Davis
http://wn.com/Gray_Davis -
Gregory Hines
http://wn.com/Gregory_Hines -
Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor.
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Hal Clement
http://wn.com/Hal_Clement -
Hans Hotter
Hans Hotter (19 January 1909, Offenbach am Main, Hesse – 6 December 2003) was a German operatic bass-baritone, admired internationally after World War II for the power, beauty, and intelligence of his singing, especially in Wagner operas. He was extremely tall and his appearance was striking because of his high, narrow face, wide mouth, and big, aquiline nose. His voice and diction were equally recognisable.
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Harry Goz
http://wn.com/Harry_Goz -
Harry Stonecipher
Harry C. Stonecipher (born May 16, 1936, Robbins, Tennessee)
http://wn.com/Harry_Stonecipher -
Helmut Rahn
http://wn.com/Helmut_Rahn -
Henryk Jablonski
http://wn.com/Henryk_Jablonski -
Herbie Mann
http://wn.com/Herbie_Mann -
Heydar Aliyev
Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (, ; May 10, 1923 – December 12, 2003), also spelled as Heidar Aliev, Geidar Aliev, Haydar Aliyev, Geydar Aliyev was the third President of Azerbaijan for the New Azerbaijan Party from June 1993 to October 2003, when his son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him.
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Hope Lange
http://wn.com/Hope_Lange -
Howard Fast
Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E. V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson.
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Hu Jintao
'''
http://wn.com/Hu_Jintao -
Hugh Kenner
William Hugh Kenner (January 7, 1923 – November 24, 2003), was a Canadian literary scholar, critic and professor.
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Hume Cronyn
http://wn.com/Hume_Cronyn -
Huntington Hardisty
Huntington Hardisty (February 3, 1929-October 1, 2003) was a United States Navy four star admiral who served as Vice Chief of Naval Operations (VCNO) from 1987 to 1988; and Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Command (USCINCPAC) from 1988 to 1991.
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Idi Amin
http://wn.com/Idi_Amin -
Iggy Katona
http://wn.com/Iggy_Katona -
Ilya Prigogine
http://wn.com/Ilya_Prigogine -
Imperio Argentina
http://wn.com/Imperio_Argentina -
Irv Kupcinet
http://wn.com/Irv_Kupcinet -
Jack Dyer
http://wn.com/Jack_Dyer -
Jerry Bittle
http://wn.com/Jerry_Bittle -
Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
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Jim Cairns
James Ford "J. F." Cairns (4 October 191412 October 2003), Australian politician, was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s and 1970s, and was briefly Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam government. He is best remembered as a leader of the movement against Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, for his affair with Junie Morosi and for his later renunciation of conventional politics. He was also a prominent economist, and a prolific writer on economic and social issues.
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Jim Siedow
Jim Nash Siedow (June 12, 1920 - November 20, 2003) was an American actor, best known for his role of Drayton "The Cook" Sawyer in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2".
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Jimmy Knepper
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Knepper -
John Gregg (UDA)
John Gregg (1957 - 1 February 2003) (nicknamed "Grugg") was a senior member of the UDA/UFF Loyalist organization in Northern Ireland. He was considered a "hawk" in Loyalist circles.
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John Gregory Dunne
http://wn.com/John_Gregory_Dunne -
John Maxwell Coetzee
http://wn.com/John_Maxwell_Coetzee -
John Prescott
John Leslie Prescott, Baron Prescott (born 31 May 1938) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State of the United Kingdom. Born in Prestatyn, Wales, he represented Hull East as the Labour Member of Parliament between 1970 and 2010. In the 1994 leadership election he stood for both Leader and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, winning election to the latter office. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister after Labour's victory in the 1997 election, with an expanded brief as Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
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John Ritter
actor
http://wn.com/John_Ritter -
John Schlesinger
http://wn.com/John_Schlesinger -
John Serry, Sr.
John Serry Sr. (Giovanni Serrapica January 29, 1915 - September 14, 2003) was an accomplished concert accordionist virtuoso, arranger, composer, organist and educator who performed on the CBS Radio and CBS Television networks. As a concert artist and soloist he elevated the use of the accordion within a full range of professional orchestral ensembles for over four decades during the early twentieth century.
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Johnny Cash
http://wn.com/Johnny_Cash -
Johnny Paycheck
Johnny Paycheck was the stage name of Donald Eugene Lytle (May 31, 1938 – February 19, 2003), a country music singer and Grand Ole Opry member most famous for recording the David Allan Coe song "Take This Job and Shove It". He achieved his greatest success in the 1970s as a major force in country music's "Outlaw Movement" popularized by artists such as Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Billy Joe Shaver and Merle Haggard. In the 1980s, his music career suffered from his problems with drugs, alcohol, and legal difficulties. He served a prison sentence in the early 1990s but his declining health effectively ended his career in early 2000.
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Jonathan Brandis
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Brandis -
Jorge Oteiza
Jorge Oteiza Enbil (October 21, 1908 – April 9, 2003), was a Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer, renowned for being one of the main theorists on Spanish modern art.
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June Carter Cash
Valerie June Carter Cash (June 23, 1929 – May 15, 2003) was a singer, dancer, songwriter, actress, comedienne and author who was a member of the Carter Family and the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. She played the guitar, banjo, harmonica, and autoharp and acted in several films and television shows.
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Kaiser Matanzima
Kaiser Matanzima (15 June 1915 - June 15 2003) was a former leader of the Transkei in South Africa.
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Katharine Hepburn
http://wn.com/Katharine_Hepburn -
Kathleen Winsor
Kathleen Winsor (October 16, 1919 - May 26, 2003) was an American author, best known for the romance novel Forever Amber.
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Kimi Räikkönen
http://wn.com/Kimi_Räikkönen -
Lady Louise Windsor
The Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Windsor (born 8 November 2003) is a member of the British Royal Family. She is the elder child of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. The youngest granddaughter and second-youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh, Lady Louise is 9th in line to the throne and at the time of her birth was 8th.
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Larry Doby
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Larry Hovis
Larry Hovis (February 20, 1936 – September 9, 2003) was an American singer and actor best known for playing a fictional prisoner of war on the 1960s television sitcom ''Hogan's Heroes''.
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Leni Riefenstahl
Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (; 22 August 1902 - 8 September 2003) was a German film director, actress and dancer widely noted for her aesthetics and innovations as a filmmaker. Her most famous film was Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will), a propaganda film made at the 1934 Nuremberg congress of the Nazi Party. Riefenstahl's prominence in the Third Reich along with her personal friendship with Adolf Hitler thwarted her film career following Germany's defeat in World War II, after which she was arrested but released without any charges.
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Leon Uris
http://wn.com/Leon_Uris -
Leopoldo Galtieri
Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina from December 22, 1981 to June 18, 1982, during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). The death squad Intelligence Battalion 601 directly reported to him. He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falklands Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.
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Leslie Cheung
http://wn.com/Leslie_Cheung -
Lester Maddox
http://wn.com/Lester_Maddox -
Lewis Platt
http://wn.com/Lewis_Platt -
Luciano Berio
Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. He is noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition Sinfonia for voices and orchestra and his series of numbered solo pieces titled Sequenza) and also for his pioneering work in electronic music.
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Ludwig Bölkow
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Bölkow -
Mahathir Mohamad
http://wn.com/Mahathir_Mohamad -
Marc-Vivien Foé
http://wn.com/Marc-Vivien_Foé -
Margaret Thatcher
http://wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher -
Marie Trintignant
http://wn.com/Marie_Trintignant -
Martha Stewart
http://wn.com/Martha_Stewart -
Maurice Blanchot
http://wn.com/Maurice_Blanchot -
Michael Jeter
http://wn.com/Michael_Jeter -
Michael Kamen
http://wn.com/Michael_Kamen -
Michael Schumacher
http://wn.com/Michael_Schumacher -
Mihkel Mathiesen
Mihkel Mathiesen (27 October 1918 – 28 November 2003) was an Estonian statesman.
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Mike Lockwood
http://wn.com/Mike_Lockwood -
Milton G. Henschel
http://wn.com/Milton_G_Henschel -
Mirza Tahir Ahmad
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (Urdu: ) (December 18, 1928 – April 19, 2003) was Khalifatul Masih IV, Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He was elected to this office on 10 June 1982, the day after the death of his predecessor, Mirza Nasir Ahmad. He was the son of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph and was the half-brother of Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph. He graduated from Jamia Ahmadiyya (Theological Academy) at Rabwah, followed by higher education in Lahore at the University of Punjab, and London at the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1974 he was also nominated as a member of the Ahmadiyya delegation which appeared in the Parliament of Pakistan to defend the beliefs of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
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Morgan Spurlock
Morgan Valentine Spurlock (born November 7, 1970) is an American documentary filmmaker, television producer, screenwriter and journalist, best known for the documentary film Super Size Me, in which he demonstrated negative health effects of McDonald's food by eating nothing but meals from McDonald's three times a day, every day, for 30 days. Spurlock was the executive producer and star of the reality television series 30 Days. In 2007, Spurlock was placed within the Top 10 "Best Journalists of the World" by Time magazine.
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N!xau
http://wn.com/N!xau -
Neil Postman
Neil Postman (March 8, 1931 - October 5, 2003) was an American author, media theorist and cultural critic, who is best known by the general public for his 1985 book about television, Amusing Ourselves to Death. For more than forty years, he was associated with New York University. Postman was a humanist, who believed that "new technology can never substitute for human values."
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Nina Simone
http://wn.com/Nina_Simone -
Noel Redding
http://wn.com/Noel_Redding -
Orville Freeman
Orville Lothrop Freeman (May 9, 1918 February 20, 2003) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 29th Governor of Minnesota from January 5, 1955 to January 2, 1961, and as the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1961 to 1969 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He was one of the founding members of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and strongly influential in the merger of the pre-DFL Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor Parties. Freeman nominated Kennedy for President at the national Democratic Party convention.
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Otto Graham
Otto Everett Graham, Jr. (December 6, 1921 – December 17, 2003) was a professional American football and basketball player who played for the Cleveland Browns in both the All-America Football Conference and National Football League, as well as the Rochester Royals in the National Basketball League.
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Paul Getty
Sir John Paul Getty, KBE (September 7, 1932 – April 17, 2003) was a wealthy American-born British philanthropist and book collector. He was the son of Jean Paul Getty, Sr. (1892–1976), one of the richest men in the world at the time, and his wife Anne Rork.
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Paul Lauterbur
http://wn.com/Paul_Lauterbur -
Paul Martin
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin, PC (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin, Jr., is a Canadian politician who was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada, as well as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
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Pen Hadow
Rupert Nigel Pendrill Hadow known as Pen Hadow, (born on the 26 February 1962), is a British polar adventurer and author. In 2003 he became the first person to walk the 478 miles, solo and unsupported, from the northern coast of Canada to the North Pole.
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Penny Singleton
Penny Singleton (September 15, 1908 – November 12, 2003) was an American film actress.
http://wn.com/Penny_Singleton -
Pervez Musharraf
http://wn.com/Pervez_Musharraf -
Peter Agre
Peter Agre (pronounced "ahg-ray") (born January 29, 1949) American medical doctor, professor, and molecular biologist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which he shared with Roderick MacKinnon) for his discovery of aquaporins. Aquaporins are water-channel proteins that move water molecules through the cell membrane. In February 2009, Peter Agre was inducted as the 163rd president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the nation's largest scientific organization.
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Peter Mansfield
Sir Peter Mansfield, FRS, (born 9 October 1933), is a British physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Nobel Prize was shared with Paul Lauterbur, who also contributed to the development of MRI. Sir Peter is a professor at the University of Nottingham.
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Peter Stone
http://wn.com/Peter_Stone -
PetroChina
PetroChina Company Limited (, ) (, , ) is a Chinese oil company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing. It is China's biggest oil producer, and is the world's most valuable company by market value as of September 28th 2010. Traded in Hong Kong and New York, the mainland enterprise announced its plans to issue stock in Shanghai in November 2007, and following its debut on the Shanghai index, its market value tripled, making PetroChina the first company to reach a trillion dollar market capitalization.
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Phil Condit
http://wn.com/Phil_Condit -
Qusay Hussein
http://wn.com/Qusay_Hussein -
Ray Lewis (runner)
http://wn.com/Ray_Lewis_(runner) -
Richard Neustadt
http://wn.com/Richard_Neustadt -
Richard Wollheim
Richard Arthur Wollheim (5 May 1923 – 4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting. Wollheim served as the president of the British Society of Aesthetics from 1992 onwards until his death in 2003.
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Rie Mastenbroek
Hendrika "Rie" Wilhelmina Mastenbroek (26 February 1919 – 6 November 2003) was a Dutch swimmer and a triple Olympic champion.
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Rik Van Steenbergen
Rik Van Steenbergen (Arendonk, 9 September 1924 – Antwerp, 15 May 2003) was a Belgian racing cyclist, considered to be one of the best among the great number of successful Belgian cyclists.
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Road Warrior Hawk
http://wn.com/Road_Warrior_Hawk -
Robert Addie
http://wn.com/Robert_Addie -
Robert F. Engle
Robert Fry Engle III (born November 10, 1942) is an American economist and the winner of the 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing the award with Clive Granger, "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)".
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Robert Kardashian
Robert George Kardashian (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American Armenian attorney best known as one of the attorneys for, and a friend of O.J. Simpson.
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Robert Novak
Robert David Sanders "Bob" Novak (February 26, 1931 – August 18, 2009) was a syndicated columnist, journalist, television personality, author, and conservative political commentator. After working for two newspapers before serving for the U.S. Army in the Korean War, he became a reporter for the Associated Press and then for The Wall Street Journal. He teamed up with Rowland Evans in 1963 to start Inside Report, which became the longest running syndicated political column in U.S. history and ran in hundreds of papers. They also started the Evans-Novak Political Report, a notable biweekly newsletter, in 1967.
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Robert Stack
Robert Langford Modini Stack (January 13, 1919 – May 14, 2003) was an American actor. In addition to acting in more than 40 films, he also appeared on the television series The Untouchables and later served as the host of Unsolved Mysteries.
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Robert Stanfield
http://wn.com/Robert_Stanfield -
Robert Strassburg
Robert Strassburg (August 30, 1915 - October 25, 2003) - was a
http://wn.com/Robert_Strassburg -
Roberto Bolaño
http://wn.com/Roberto_Bolaño -
Roderick MacKinnon
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.
http://wn.com/Roderick_MacKinnon -
Roman Lyashenko
http://wn.com/Roman_Lyashenko -
Ron Ziegler
Ronald Louis "Ron" Ziegler (May 12, 1939 – February 10, 2003) was White House Press Secretary and Assistant to the President during United States President Richard Nixon's administration.
http://wn.com/Ron_Ziegler -
Rosalyn Tureck
Rosalyn Tureck (December 14, 1914July 17, 2003) was an American pianist and harpsichordist who was particularly associated with the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. She was born in Chicago, Illinois.
http://wn.com/Rosalyn_Tureck -
Rudolf Kingslake
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Kingslake -
Rush Limbaugh
Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (; born January 12, 1951) is an American radio talk show host, conservative political commentator, and an opinion leader in conservative politics and conservatism in the United States. He hosts The Rush Limbaugh Show which is aired throughout the U.S. on Premiere Radio Networks and is the highest-rated talk-radio program in the United States. Limbaugh signed an 8 year, $400 million contract extension with Clear Channel in 2008 that pays him $50 million a year.
http://wn.com/Rush_Limbaugh -
Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Sam Phillips
http://wn.com/Sam_Phillips -
Sertab Erener
Sertab Erener (born 4 December 1964 in Istanbul) is a Turkish pop music singer and also a cross-over soprano with a vocal range that extends to high F. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in her homeland, and is considered one of the divas of Turkish pop music. In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song "Everyway That I Can", although she has had many other achievements outside Turkey.
http://wn.com/Sertab_Erener -
Shawn Lane
http://wn.com/Shawn_Lane -
Sheb Wooley
http://wn.com/Sheb_Wooley -
Shirin Ebadi
Shirin Ebadi ( - Ŝirin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Centre for the Defence of Human Rights in Iran. On October 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim woman to have received the prize.
http://wn.com/Shirin_Ebadi -
Soham murders
The Soham murders was a high profile murder case in August 2002 of two ten-year-old girls in Soham, Cambridgeshire, England. The victims were Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman. The convicted killer was a local school caretaker, Ian Huntley.
http://wn.com/Soham_murders -
Soong May-ling
http://wn.com/Soong_May-ling -
Spider Jorgensen
John Donald Jorgensen (November 3, 1919 - November 6, 2003) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball who played from 1947 through 1951 for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1947-50) and New York Giants (1950-51). Jorgensen batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Folsom, California.
http://wn.com/Spider_Jorgensen -
Strom Thurmond
http://wn.com/Strom_Thurmond -
Stu Hart
http://wn.com/Stu_Hart -
T. Y. Lin
http://wn.com/T_Y_Lin -
Terry Frost
http://wn.com/Terry_Frost -
Tex Schramm
Texas Earnest Schramm, Jr. (June 2, 1920 - July 15, 2003) was the original president and general manager of the National Football League's Dallas Cowboys franchise. Schramm became the head of the Dallas Cowboys when the former expansion team started operations in 1960. He was also an NFL visionary and innovator in many areas.
http://wn.com/Tex_Schramm -
Timothy Treadwell
Timothy Treadwell (April 29, 1957 – October 5, 2003) was an American bear enthusiast, environmentalist, amateur naturalist, eco-warrior and documentary film maker. He lived among the coastal grizzly bears of Katmai National Park in Alaska, USA, for approximately 13 months. At the end of his 13th month in the park in 2003, he and his girlfriend Amie Huguenard were killed and eaten by grizzly bears. Treadwell's life, work and death were the subject of the 2005 documentary film by Werner Herzog titled Grizzly Man.
http://wn.com/Timothy_Treadwell -
Uday Hussein
http://wn.com/Uday_Hussein -
Valerie Plame
Valerie Elise Plame Wilson (born April 19, 1963), known as Valerie Plame, Valerie E. Wilson, and Valerie Plame Wilson, is a former United States CIA Operations Officer and the wife of former Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV.
http://wn.com/Valerie_Plame -
Veikko Hakulinen
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Veikko_Hakulinen -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
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Vladimir Vasicek
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Warren Spahn
http://wn.com/Warren_Spahn -
Warren Zevon
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Wendy Hiller
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William Steig
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Wim van Est
Willem van Est (March 25, 1923 – 1 May 2003) was a Dutch cyclist. He is best known for being the first Dutch cyclist to wear the yellow jersey in the Tour de France of 1951 and for falling into a ravine while wearing it.
http://wn.com/Wim_van_Est -
Winston Graham
http://wn.com/Winston_Graham -
Yevgeny Matveyev
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Yuri Senkevich
Yuri Aleksandrovich Senkevich () (March 4, 1937 in Choibalsan, Mongolia – September 25, 2003 in Moscow, Russia) was a Soviet doctor, scientist. He is Candidate of Sciences. He became famous in the USSR and worldwide for his participation in the Ra Expedition, in which he sailed together with Thor Heyerdahl.
http://wn.com/Yuri_Senkevich -
Zahra Kazemi
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Zoran Đinđić
http://wn.com/Zoran_Đinđić -
Éva Janikovszky
http://wn.com/Éva_Janikovszky
karaoke
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
hey baby why'd you turn away i was about to say
something baby i thought would make you smile
at least for a little while oh well baby that's the
way it goes right from my head to my toes and
you're the first to know that i've got a brilliant
plan i hope you understand i want to meet in
2OO3 i want to see what the future can bring to
me and when i do i'll meet you here my darling
and when i'm free i'll be waiting where i said i
would be my love will you wait for me what
we've found is such a precious thing that's what
i 'm trying to sing but before i lose my nerve i
better write down these words 'cause i don't
know what you heard and you know that i won't
change my mind i made a promise to be true let
them say that it's a selfish game but i don' t play
Душата ми вихрушка я обрули,
защо я пуснах гола и пеша,
сред вашите ласкателства и хули,
защо ви дадох своята душа?!
Защо ли като храм ви я отворих,
без да помисля аз, че някой ден
незнайно кой от вас, жестоки хора
иконите без срам ще окраде.
Не съжалявам, че е пуст олтарът
и че вратите са разбити с бяс,
но съжалявам, че със свойта вяра
днес няма где да се помоля аз.
Душата ми обрулена и мъртва,
пустее без икони и олтар,
във нея аз ви пуснах като в църква,
а трябваше да сложа катинар.
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The 88 best songs of 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
51. Coldplay - Clocks 52. Blu Cantrell ft Sean Paul - Breathe 53. Gary Jules - Mad World 54. Kylie Minogue - Slow 55. Robin Thicke - When I Get You Alone 56. Wayne Wonder - No Letting Go 57. Christina Aguilera - Can't Hold Us Down 58. Lorna - Papi Chulo 59. Girls Aloud - No Good Advice 60. Panjabi MC - Mundian To Bach Ke 61. Lumidee - Never Leave You (Uh-Ooh) 62. Dannii Minogue - I Begin To Wonder 63. Room 5 - Make Luv 64. Beyoncé - Me, Myself And I 65. Blue - Guilty 66. Tatu - Not Gonna Get Us 67. Counting Crows - Big Yellow Taxi 68. Daniel Bedingfield - If You're Not The One 69. Ashanti - Rain On Me 70. Craig David - Rise & Fall 71. Sugababes - Hole In The Head 72. Will Young - Leave Right Now 73. Liberty X - Holding On For You 74. Dannii Minogue - Put The Needle On It 75. Fountains Of Wayne - Stacy's Mom 76. Blue - U Make Me Wanna 77. Ashanti - Rock Wit U 78. Holly Valance - State Of Mind 79. Liberty X - Being Nobody 80. In-Grid - Tu Es Foutu 81. Liberty X - Jumpin' 82. Special D - Come With Me 83. Martina McBride - Concrete Angel 84. DJ Tiesto - Traffic 85. Kurt Nilsen - She's So High 86. Scooter - Maria (I Like It Loud) 87. Big Brovaz - OK 88. Gareth Gates - Spirit In The Sky
http://wn.com/The_88_best_songs_of_2003
Sertab Erener-Everyway That I Can
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Eurovision Song Contest Riga 2003
http://wn.com/Sertab_Erener-Everyway_That_I_Can
Dido - White flag (Letterman 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
White flag live on tv show.
http://wn.com/Dido_White_flag_Letterman_2003
Les Triplettes de Belleville [Trailer] (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
The Triplets of Belleville. Director: Sylvain Chomet IMDb: www.imdb.com www.lenhador.com
http://wn.com/Les_Triplettes_de_Belleville_Trailer_2003
C2C - DMC DJ team World Champions 2003 set @C2Cdjs (Album Now Available)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Buy the album 'TETRA' or EP here : umusic.ly www.facebook.com Twitter : @C2Cdjs soundcloud.com C2C 4 times in a row DMC dj team world champions 2003/2004/2005/2006
http://wn.com/C2C_DMC_DJ_team_World_Champions_2003_set_@C2Cdjs_Album_Now_Available
Holes 2003 Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:26
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Holes The Full Movie Not replying to any morons you will just get an instant block end of story, if i feel im too tired of reading hateful comments i will simply just delete the movie off my channel, good day. *THE FOLLOWING IS FROM IMDB* Holes (2003) 117 min - Adventure | Comedy | Drama - 18 April 2003 (USA) 7.0 Ratings: 7.0/10 from 30635 users A wrongfully convicted boy is sent to a brutal desert detention camp where he joins the job of digging holes for some mysterious reason.. Director: Andrew Davis Writers: Louis Sachar (novel), Louis Sachar (screenplay) Stars: Shia LaBeouf, Sigourney Weaver and Jon Voight | CONTENT BELONGS TO DISNEY AND THE ACTORS AND ALL WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE MOVIE, THIS UPLOAD DOES NOT MAKE ANY MONEY ON THIS CHANNEL, ITS SIMPLY FOR PEOPLE TO ENJOY, I WILL REMOVE THIS VIDEO IF ASKED TO BY THE PROPER PEOPLE OR YOUTUBE
http://wn.com/Holes_2003_Full_Movie
Hulk (Trailer 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Bruce Banner (Eric Bana), a brilliant scientist with a cloudy past about his family, is involved in an accident in his laboratory causing him to become exposed to gamma radiation and Nanomeds (A tiny life-form that is supposed to heal wounds but has killed everything with which they have made contact.) Confused and curious about his survival, Banner discovers that since the accident, whenever he becomes angry he transforms into a giant green monster destroying everything in sight in an act of fury. Bruce's mysterious past and the answer to why the radiation had this effect becomes revealed to him as his Birth Father David Banner (Nick Nolte) intervenes with hopes to continue experimenting on him.
http://wn.com/Hulk_Trailer_2003
Lance Armstrong's Incredible Short Cut 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Lance Armstrong is forced off the track after Beloki's crash but keeps his cool to ride cross country and stays in the race. Tour de France 2003
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong's_Incredible_Short_Cut_2003
Macworld SF 2003 part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
If you could only ever see one Macworld keynote with Steve Jobs, this would be it. In the final half hour of this Macworld, Mr. Jobs was at the top of his game with the audience completely eating out of his hand. Apple had the technology introductions to back it up too: the world's first 17in widescreen notebook, the first full featured 12in notebook, first ever introduction of 802.11g, first ever backlit keyboard, first introduction of firewire 800. With each introduction the audience goes crazy, and Steve continues to bring them out with perfect salesman timing. This segment begins right after he just got done introducing Keynote for the first time as well, and he gave everyone in the audience a free copy. They were primed. This 3 part video should serve instructionally for anyone who ever aspired to giving a great presentation. No doubt, Steve Jobs is the master at this, and as I said earlier, this may be his greatest Keynote ever. part 2: www.youtube.com part 3: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Macworld_SF_2003_part_1
2003-09 - Dido - White Flag (Live @ TOTP)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Dido performing 'White Flag' live at Top of the Pops, broadcast in September 2003.
http://wn.com/2003-09_Dido_White_Flag_Live_@_TOTP
Radiohead - Creep (live SummerSonic, MTV, 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Live in Japan Summer Sonic, 08-03-2003
http://wn.com/Radiohead_Creep_live_SummerSonic,_MTV,_2003
Simple Minds - Alive And Kicking
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Music video by Simple Minds performing Alive And Kicking (2003 Digital Remaster).
http://wn.com/Simple_Minds_Alive_And_Kicking
50 Cent - Old 2003 Ferrari
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Check out this new heat from 50 Cent!! 50 Cent - Old 2003 Ferrari www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.sleekby50.com www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/50_Cent_Old_2003_Ferrari
Ong Bak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:00
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Experience the most breathtaking action spectacle of the year with martial arts phenomenon, Tony Jaa: the man that Total Film describes as "Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Li all rolled into one!" 2003 Sahamongkolfilm International Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Ong_Bak
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:15
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong_2003_TDF_The_Ascent_of_Luz_Ardiden
Love Actually (2003) - Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Yeah, it's those British Xmas comedy-romance films that just make the perfect choice for a private screening at home. Featuring an exceptional mega cast of top British actors, "Love Actually" follows the lives of eight very different couples in dealing with their love lives in various loosely and interrelated tales all set during a frantic month before Christmas in London, England. Released on 2003 Directed by: Richard Curtis Starring: Hugh Grant, Bill Nighy, Keira Knightley, Andrew Lincoln, Martine McCutcheon, Sienna Guillory, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth
http://wn.com/Love_Actually_2003_Official_Trailer
Bad Santa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 99:35
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
The story of two conmen who go on a road trip to malls dressed as Santa and his elf. Rather than spreading good cheer, the duo's motive is to rob each establishment, a strategy that becomes complicated when they encounter an 8-year-old who teaches them the true meaning of Christmas. 2003 Miramax Film Corp. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Bad_Santa
The Chemical Brothers - The Test (2003 - Remaster)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Music video by The Chemical Brothers performing The Test (2003 - Remaster). Digital Remaster (P) 2003 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Virgin Records Ltd
http://wn.com/The_Chemical_Brothers_The_Test_2003_Remaster
Duran Duran - Ordinary World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Music video by Duran Duran performing Ordinary World (2003 Digital Remaster).
http://wn.com/Duran_Duran_Ordinary_World
NBA Slam dunk contest 2003 highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
NBA Slam dunk contest 2003 highlights Richard Jefferson Amare Stoudemire Dasmond Mason Jason Richardson golden State Seatle Süpersonic nba slum dunks Champions
http://wn.com/NBA_Slam_dunk_contest_2003_highlights
Anger Management - Official Full Movie (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 100:43
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Adam Sandler plays a businessman who is wrongly sentenced to an anger-management program, where he meets an aggressive instructor.
http://wn.com/Anger_Management_Official_Full_Movie_2003
Walt Disney's & Salvador Dali - Destino 2003 (HD 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
The film tells the story of Chronos, the personification of time and the inability to realize his desire to love for a mortal. The scenes blend a series of surreal paintings of Dali with dancing and metamorphosis. The target production began in 1945, 58 years before its completion and was a collaboration between Walt Disney and the Spanish surrealist painter, Salvador Dalí. Salvador Dali and Walt Disney Destiny was produced by Dali and John Hench for 8 months between 1945 and 1946. Dali, at the time, Hench described as a "ghostly figure" who knew better than Dali or the secrets of the Disney film. For some time, the project remained a secret. The work of painter Salvador Dali was to prepare a six-minute sequence combining animation with live dancers and special effects for a movie in the same format of "Fantasia." Dali in the studio working on The Disney characters are fighting against time, the giant sundial that emerges from the great stone face of Jupiter and that determines the fate of all human novels. Dalí and Hench were creating a new animation technique, the cinematic equivalent of "paranoid critique" of Dali. Method inspired by the work of Freud on the subconscious and the inclusion of hidden and double images. Dalí said: "Entertainment highlights the art, its possibilities are endless." The plot of the film was described by. Dalí as "A magical display of the problem of life in the labyrinth of time." Walt Disney said it was "A simple story about a young girl in ...
http://wn.com/Walt_Disney's_Salvador_Dali_Destino_2003_HD_1080p
Lynyrd Skynyrd - Free Bird (Live 2003) Full version - best audio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:12
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Live concert in Nashville, Tennessee (2003). It was during their Vicious Cycle Tour, and marked the band's 30 years of rock 'n roll. "Free Bird" was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973. Released as a single in November 1974, it became the band's second Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1975, where it peaked at #19. A live version of the song also reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1977, peaking at #38. Free Bird also achieved the #3 spot on Guitar World's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos. The lyrical portion of the song was written early in the group's history. Roadie Billy Powell was discovered as a keyboardist for the band when he played the intro piece to "Free Bird" at a high school prom. Lead vocalist Ronnie Van Zant noted his talent and invited him to join. Allen Collins's then-girlfriend, Kathy, whom he later married, asked him, "If I leave here tomorrow would you still remember me?" Collins jotted the question down and it eventually became the opening line of "Free Bird". Slide guitar Gary Rossington played a Gibson SG and used a glass Coricidin bottle for a slide on this song to emulate one of his heroes, Duane Allman. This was the only song he used a guitar other than a Les Paul on. He also stuck a nail-like piece of metal under the strings near the nut to raise the action of the guitar when playing slide. The guitar's B string was tuned down to a G during this song. Rossington currently uses two G strings tuned to G instead of tuning ...
http://wn.com/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_Free_Bird_Live_2003_Full_version_best_audio
Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe
29 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...
Photo: AP / John Minchillo
30 Oct 2012
At least 13 people have been killed in the US and millions are without power after Superstorm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey coastline and hurled a record-breaking 13ft surge of seawater at New...
Photo: AP / Joseph Kaczmarek
29 Oct 2012
> • TheUnited Stateson Sunday is bracing for the impact of an incredibly large Hurricane Sandy. • Hurricane Center warned residents of mid-Atlantic coast should expect life-threatening storm surges. •...
Photo: AP / Jacqueline Larma
30 Oct 2012
Updated: October 30, 2012 11:08AM NEW YORK — Millions of people from Maine to the Carolinas awoke Tuesday without electricity, and an eerily quiet New York City was all but closed off by car, train...
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
28 Oct 2012
The 12-year-old daughter of Florida Sen. Marco Rubio has been airlifted to Miami Children's Hospital after a Saturday motor vehicle accident. The Republican senator was notified of the accident while...
Sacramento Bee
Vowing to breathe new life into filmmaker George Lucas's beloved "Star Wars" franchise, The Walt Disney Co. said Tuesday that it will pay $4.05 billion to buy San Francisco-based Lucasfilm and the rights to produce future installments in one of the world's most lucrative film sagas. Disney CEO...(size: 7.1Kb)
Newsvine
NEW YORK — Stripped of its bustle and mostly cut off from the world, New York was left wondering Tuesday when its particular way of life — carried by subway, lit by skyline and powered by 24-hour deli — would return. Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the power company said it could be...(size: 6.8Kb)
Brisbane announce Scott Prince deal
31 Oct 2012
Canberra Times
Titans captain Scott Prince has signed with his former club Brisbane Broncos. UPDATED The Brisbane Broncos have announced the signing of Scott Prince after the halfback's release from the Gold Coast Titans this morning. The Broncos and Prince have agreed to a two-year deal, with the details posted...(size: 2.0Kb)
Prince signs with Broncos after rejecting Hull
31 Oct 2012
Canberra Times
Out of the Titans ... Scott Prince looks set to leave the Godl Coast. Photo: Getty Images Scott Prince has joined the Brisbane Broncos on a two-year deal. Prince signed with the Broncos after turning down an offer to play out his career for Hull FC in Super League. Gold Coast announced on Wednesday...(size: 2.7Kb)
The News & Observer
Email Print Order Reprint Share This Text tool name tool goes here By BRANDON BAILEY - San Jose Mercury News By BRANDON BAILEY San Jose Mercury News Vowing to breathe new life into filmmaker George Lucas's beloved "Star Wars" franchise, The Walt Disney Co. said Tuesday that it will pay $4.05 billion...(size: 17.0Kb)
Foreign investors may ‘relocate’
31 Oct 2012
Jakarta Post
Paper Edition | Page: 1 At least 10 companies are considering closing their businesses in Indonesia and relocating to other countries unless the government settles several labor issues that they claim hamper the investment climate, according to an influential business association. Chairman of the...(size: 3.3Kb)
IMDb
The rumor circle is complete: Bryan Singer, director of the first two X-Men movies...(size: 0.5Kb)
Sacramento Bee
Vowing to breathe new life into filmmaker George Lucas's beloved "Star Wars" franchise, The Walt Disney Co. said Tuesday that it will pay $4.05 billion to buy San Francisco-based Lucasfilm and the rights to produce future installments in one of the world's most lucrative film sagas. Disney CEO...(size: 7.1Kb)
The New York Times
LEHI, Utah — Mia Love stared straight ahead, her face etched into the sort of camera-ready countenance that takes many politicians years to master, as yet another Republican luminary extolled her virtues at a news conference. Just a year ago, Ms. Love was an unheard-of small-city mayor with a...(size: 12.5Kb)
Herald Tribune
Spreading catastrophic destruction across 11 states, Hurricane Sandy proved once again that a hurricane's floodwaters often cause more damage than its winds, underscoring the need for better storm-surge warnings and strategies to alert people to the risks. Sandy, a Category 1 hurricane, merged with...(size: 16.3Kb)
Teen killed in Sheboygan County crash
31 Oct 2012
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
A 16-year-old boy was killed in a traffic crash shortly after 5 p.m. Tuesday on Highway Road south of County Highway N in the Town of Lyndon, the Sheboygan County Sheriff's Office said. The boy, who was driving, was pronounced dead at the scene. A passenger, the boy's 14-year-old sibling, was not...(size: 64.6Kb)
MSNBC
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - A trio of former California governors urged voters on Tuesday to preserve the death penalty in the state by defeating a ballot initiative seeking to abolish capital punishment on cost grounds, and a recent poll showed the measure gaining support but falling short of passing....(size: 17.1Kb)
This article is about the year 2003.
| 2003 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2000 2001 2002 – 2003 – 2004 2005 2006 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2003 MMIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2756 |
| Armenian calendar | 1452 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6753 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 159–160 |
| Bengali calendar | 1410 |
| Berber calendar | 2953 |
| British Regnal year | 51 Eliz. 2 – 52 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2547 |
| Burmese calendar | 1365 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7511–7512 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬午年十一月廿九日 (4639/4699-11-29) — to —
癸未年十二月初九日(4640/4700-12-9) |
| Coptic calendar | 1719–1720 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1995–1996 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5763–5764 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2059–2060 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1925–1926 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5104–5105 |
| Holocene calendar | 12003 |
| Iranian calendar | 1381–1382 |
| Islamic calendar | 1423–1424 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 15 (平成15年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4336 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 92 民國92年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2546 |
| Unix time | 1041379200–1072915199 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2003 |
2003 (MMIII) was a common year that started on a Wednesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2003rd year of Anno Domini; the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 4th of the 2000s decade.
2003 was designated the:
- International Year of Freshwater.
- European Disability Year.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
- January 5 – Police arrest seven suspects in connection with Wood Green ricin plot.
- January 8 – US Airways Express Flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 people aboard.
- January 16 – STS-107: Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on its last flight.
- January 18 – The Canberra Bushfires in Canberra, Australia, kill 4 people.
- January 23 – The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft, some 7.5 billion miles from Earth.
- January 25 – An international group of volunteers leaves London for Baghdad to act as voluntary human shields, hoping to avert a U.S. invasion.
- January 26 – The Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeated the Oakland Raiders by the score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII.
- January 29 – 2003 Phnom Penh riots: In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the Thai embassy is burned and commercial properties of Thai businesses are vandalized.
February[link]
- February 1
- At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all 7 astronauts onboard.
- In Northern Ireland, Protestant Ulster Defence Association Belfast leader John Gregg is killed by a loyalist faction.
- Morgan Spurlock begins his 30-day McDonald's diet.
- February 5 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell addresses the UN Security Council on Iraq.
- February 9
- The Cricket World Cup begins in South Africa.
- BBC Choice closes for the final time at 12:30 a.m., being replaced with BBC Three at 7 p.m.
- War in Darfur begins.
- February 15 – Global protests against Iraq war: More than 10 million people protest in over 600 cities worldwide, the largest to take place before a war occurs.
- February 18 – An arsonist destroys a train in Daegu, South Korea, killing more than 190.
- February 20 – The Station nightclub fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, claims the lives of 100 people.
- February 26 – An American businessman is admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the first identified case of SARS. WHO doctor Carlo Urbani reports the unusual, highly contagious disease to WHO. Both the businessman and doctor later die of the disease.
- February 27 – Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavšić is sentenced by the U.N. tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands, to 11 years in prison.
March[link]
- March 12
- Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Ðindic was assassinated in Belgrade.
- The WHO issues a global alert on SARS.
- March 13 – Human evolution: The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints had been found in Italy.
- March 15 – Hu Jintao becomes President of the People's Republic of China, replacing Jiang Zemin.
- March 18 - FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama, on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.
- March 19 – Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.
- March 23 – The 2003 Cricket World Cup ends as Australia beat India by 125 runs in Johannesburg, South Africa.
April[link]
- April 3
- A passenger bus hits a remote-controlled land mine in the Chechen capital, killing at least 8.
- U.S. forces seize control of Saddam International Airport, changing the airport's name to Baghdad International Airport.
- April 9 – U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.
- April 14 – The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.
- April 17 – The Stevens Report concludes that members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army cooperated with the Ulster Defence Association in the killings of Catholics in Northern Ireland.
- April 29 – The United States announces the withdrawal of troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
May[link]
- May 1 – U. S. president George W. Bush lands on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, where he gives a speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. A banner behind him declares "Mission Accomplished".
- May 2 – The Monkeyman superhero hoax begins in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
- May 3 – The Old Man of the Mountain, a rock formation in New Hampshire, crumbles after heavy rain.
- May 4–May 10 – A major severe weather outbreak spawns more tornadoes than any week in U.S. history; 393 tornadoes are reported in 19 states.
- May 4 – Top Thrill Dragster opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.
- May 11 – Benvenuto Cellini's Saliera is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
- May 12
- A suicide truck-bomb attack kills at least 60 at a government compound in northern Chechnya.
- In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 26 people are killed in the Riyadh Compound Bombings.
- May 14 – A female suicide bomber blows up explosives strapped to her waist in a crowd of thousands of Muslim pilgrims, killing at least 18 people in Chechnya.
- May 15 – The date predicted by Pana-Wave Laboratory, a Japanese cult, on which a close encounter with an unknown planet would result in the extinction of most of humankind.
- May 16 – In Casablanca, Morocco, 33 civilians are killed and more than 100 injured in the Casablanca terrorist attacks.
- May 17 – Arsenal beat Southampton 1–0 to win the FA Cup.
- May 19
- Pen Hadow becomes the first person to walk alone, without any outside help, from Canada to the North Pole.
- The Indonesian military begins an operation in Aceh province.
- May 21
- F.C. Porto defeat Celtic 3–2 (AET) in the UEFA Cup Final in Seville, Spain.
- An earthquake in the Boumerdès region of northern Algeria kills 2,200.
- May 22 – The Sheffield Winter Gardens are officially opened by Elizabeth II.
- May 23 – Dewey, the first deer cloned by scientists at Texas A&M University, is born.
- May 24 – Sertab Erener wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 for Turkey with the song Every Way That I Can, in Riga, Latvia.
- May 25 – After docking in Miami at 05:00, the SS Norway (old SS France) is severely damaged by a boiler explosion at 06:30, that kills 7, and injures 17 crew members. A few weeks later it is announced by NCL that she will never sail again as a commercial ocean liner.
- May 26 – A draft of the proposed European Constitution is unveiled.
- May 28 – Prometea, the first horse cloned by Italian scientists, is born.
- May 28 – AC Milan defeats fellow Italian rival Juventus 3–2 on penalties after a scoreless tie to win the UEFA Champions League, their sixth European title.
- May 31 – Eric Rudolph, suspected in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996, is captured in Murphy, North Carolina.
June[link]
- June 1
- The 29th G8 summit opens in Évian-les-Bains, France, to tight security and tens of thousands of protesters.
- The People's Republic of China begins filling the lake behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 metres.
- June 4 – Martha Stewart and her broker are indicted for using privileged investment information and then obstructing a federal investigation. Stewart also resigns as chairperson and chief executive officer of Martha Stewart Living.
- June 5 – A female suicide bomber detonates a bomb near a bus carrying soldiers and civilians to a military airfield in Mozdok, a major staging point for Russian troops in Chechnya, killing at least 16.
- June 22 – The largest hailstone ever recorded falls in Aurora, Nebraska.
- June 23 – Grutter v. Bollinger: The Supreme Court of the United States upholds affirmative action in university admissions.
- June 26 – Lawrence v. Texas: The U.S. Supreme Court declares sodomy laws unconstitutional.
- June 29 – A balcony collapse in Chicago kills 13.
- June 30 – In Irvine, California, Joseph Hunter Parker kills 2 Albertsons employees with a sword, before being shot to death by the police.
July[link]
- July 1 – 500,000 Hong Kong people march to protest Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which controversially redefines treason.
- July 2 – At the International Olympic Committee session in Prague, Vancouver, British Columbia is declared the host city for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.
- July 5
- SARS is declared to be contained by WHO.
- A double suicide bombing at a Moscow rock concert kills the attackers and 15 other people.
- July 6 – The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to 5 stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, 2044 and 2049 respectively.
- July 7
- Corsica voters reject a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very narrow margin.
- Canon Jeffrey John, the first would-be gay bishop in the Church of England, withdraws his acceptance of the post of Bishop of Reading after discussions with church leaders.
- July 8 – Sudan Airways Flight 39, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan; the only survivor is a 2-year-old child.
- July 10 – A Russian security agent dies in Moscow, while trying to defuse a bomb a woman had tried to carry into a cafe on central Moscow's main street.
- July 14 – CIA leak scandal: Washington Post columnist Robert Novak publishes the name of Valerie Plame, blowing her cover as a CIA operative.
- July 18
- The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.
- The body of David Kelly, a scientist at the Ministry of Defence, is found a few miles from his home, leading to the Hutton inquiry.
- July 21 – Eleven support towers on Kinzua Bridge collapse after being hit by an F-1 tornado.
- July 22 – Uday and Qusay Hussein, sons of Saddam Hussein, are killed by the U.S. military in Iraq, after being tipped off by an informant.
- July 23 – Operation Warrior Sweep is the first major military deployment of the Afghan National Army.
- July 24 – The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, Operation Helpem Fren, led by Australia, begins.
- July 26 – The electorate of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma approves a new constitution redesignating the tribe "Cherokee Nation" without "of Oklahoma" and specifically disenfranchising the Cherokee Freedmen.
- July 30 – The last Volkswagen Type 1 rolls off its production line in Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
August[link]
- August 1 – A suicide bomber rams a truck filled with explosives into a military hospital near Chechnya, killing 50 people, including Russian troops wounded in Chechnya.
- August 2 – The United Nations authorizes an international peacekeeping force for Liberia.
- August 10 – The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK: 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at Brogdale near Faversham in Kent.[1]
- August 11
- NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
- Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.
- A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 °C (112 °F).
- August 14
- A widespread power outage affects the northeastern United States and South-Central Canada.
- A 6.4 Richter scale earthquake occurs near the Greek Ionian island of Lefkada; 24 are injured.
- August 15 – Oil price increases since 2003: Global oil production begins a 4-year plateau (and subsequent decline) in the face of rising demand, causing new price increases.
- August 16 – The 2003 Okanagan Mountain Park Fire spreads quickly on the outskirts of Kelowna, British Columbia, threatening to engulf the largest town in British Columbia's interior.
- August 22 – A rocket explosion kills 21 at the Brazilian rocket complex in Alcântara, Brazil, due to the premature ignition of a solid rocket booster.
- August 25
- Two bomb blasts in Mumbai, India, kill 52.
- The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, during Delta II.
- August 27 – Perihelic opposition: Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 50,000 years.
- August 28
- Bank robber Brian Douglas Wells is killed when a time bomb around his neck explodes, allegedly in an act of betrayal by his co-conspirators.
- An electricity blackout cuts off power to around 500,000 people living in southeast England and brings 60% of London's underground rail network to a halt.
September[link]
- September 3 – The Hubble Space Telescope starts Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
- September 4 – Europe's busiest shopping centre, the Bullring in Birmingham, is officially opened by Sir Albert Bore.
- September 10
- Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh is stabbed in a Stockholm department store and dies the next day.
- Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
- September 11
- Hurricane Isabel reaches peak winds.
- September 14 – Sweden rejects adopting the euro in a referendum.
- September 15 – The ELN kidnaps 8 foreign tourists in the Ciudad Perdida in Colombia; they demand a human rights investigation and release the last hostages 3 months later.
- September 16 – Two suicide bombers drive an explosive-filled truck into a government security services building near Chechnya, killing 3 and injuring 25.
- September 18 – Hurricane Isabel makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane on North Carolina's Outer Banks. It directly kills 16 people in the Mid-Atlantic area.
- September 27 – Smart 1, a European Space Agency satellite, is launched from French Guiana.
- September 28 – A power failure affects all of Italy except Sardinia, cutting service to more than 56 million people.
- September 29 – Hurricane Juan lands at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a category 2 storm, killing 2 directly and 5 indirectly.
October[link]
- October 5 – Israeli warplanes strike inside Syrian territory.
- October 7 – 2003 California recall: Voters recall Governor Gray Davis from office and elect actor Arnold Schwarzenegger to succeed him.
- October 10 – Facing an investigation surrounding allegations of illegal drug use, American right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh publicly admits that he is addicted to prescription pain killers, and will seek treatment.
- October 12 – Michael Schumacher wins the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship in Suzuka, Japan, beating Kimi Räikkönen to the title.
- October 15
- China launches Shenzhou 5, their first manned space mission.
- The 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash kills 11 after one of its ferries slams into a pier.
- October 17 – Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada is ousted from office, ending the bolivian gas conflict, and flees to the United States.
- October 24 – The Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to a close, at least for the time being.
- October 25
- The Cedar Fire begins in San Diego County, burning 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), 2,232 homes and killing 14.
- The Florida Marlins defeat the New York Yankees to win their second World Series title.
- October 31 – Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power.
November[link]
- November 5 – Gary Ridgway, the "Green River Killer", confesses to murdering 48 women.
- November 9 – A lunar eclipse is seen in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Central Asia.
- November 12 – Occupation of Iraq: In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
- November 15 – Two car bombs explode simultaneously in Istanbul, Turkey, targeting 2 synagogues, killing at least 25 people and wounding more than 300; Al-Qaida claims responsibility.
- November 18
- U.S. President George W. Bush makes a state visit to London in the midst of massive protests.
- The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, rules anti-same-sex marriage laws unconstitutional in Massachusetts.
- November 19 – At the end of a long public inquiry, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Prescott, gives planning approval to London Bridge Tower, set to become the tallest building in Europe.
- November 20 – Several bombs explode in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC and the British consulate.
- November 22 – 2003 Rugby World Cup: England defeat Australia 20–17 after extra time.
- November 23
- The Georgian Rose Revolution ends in overwhelming victory; president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over fraudulent elections.
- A total solar eclipse is seen over Antarctica.
- November 24 – The High Court in Glasgow imposes a minimum sentence of 27 years for Al Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, the Libyan convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
December[link]
- December 1
- The use of hand-held cell phones while driving is made illegal in the United Kingdom.
- Boeing chairman and CEO Phil Condit resigns unexpectedly. He is replaced by Lewis Platt as non-executive chairman and Harry Stonecipher as president and CEO.
- December 5
- A suicide bombing on a commuter train in southern Russia kills 44 people. President Vladimir Putin condemns the attack as a bid to destabilize the country 2 days before parliamentary elections.
- The eighteenth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Abuja, Nigeria.
- December 7
- Parliamentary elections are held in Russia.
- Australian schoolboy Daniel Morcombe disappears from a bus stop on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the country's highest profile mysteries.
- December 8 – The Aso Rock Declaration is issued at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, outlining the Commonwealth's priority objectives.
- December 9 – A female suicide bomber detonates outside Moscow's National Hotel, across from the Kremlin and Red Square, killing 5 bystanders.
- December 12
- Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.
- Olympic Airlines, Greece's new flag carrier, is launched.
- December 13 – Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, is captured in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.
- December 16 – The United Kingdom announces plans to build a new runway at Stansted Airport in Essex and a short-haul runway at Heathrow Airport, sparking anger from environmental groups.
- December 18 – The Soham Murder Trial ends at the Old Bailey in London, with Ian Huntley found guilty of two counts of murder. His girlfriend Maxine Carr is found guilty of perverting the course of justice.
- December 20 – Libya admits to building a nuclear bomb.
- December 22
- An earthquake in California kills 2.
- Parmalat is first accused of falsifying accounts to the tune of USD $5 billion, later admitted by founder Calisto Tanzi; observers call it "Europe's Enron".
- December 23
- A PetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion in Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, kills 234.
- WTO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- December 24
- A BSE (mad cow disease) outbreak in Washington State is announced. Several countries including Brazil, Australia and Taiwan ban the import of beef from the United States.
- At the request of the U.S. Embassy in Paris, the French Government orders Air France to cancel several flights between France and the U.S. in response to terrorist concerns.
- The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. on Christmas Eve inside Madrid's busy Chamartín Station.
- December 25
- Beagle 2 is scheduled to land on Mars, but nothing is heard from the lander.
- President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan escapes the second assassination attempt in 2 weeks.
- The final episode of Britain's biggest entertainment show, Only Fools and Horses, is aired.
- December 26 – A massive earthquake devastates southeastern Iran; over 40,000 people are reported killed in the city of Bam.
- December 31
- David Bieber is arrested on suspicion of the Boxing Day police shootings in Leeds.
- British Airways Flight 223, a Boeing 747-400 flying from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles, is escorted into Dulles Airport by F-16 fighter jets after intelligence reports of terrorists trying to board the jet and use it in a terrorist attack.
- Parts of the UK are left without power on New Year's Eve due to wintry weather including blizzards and thunderstorms.
Births[link]
- November 8 – Lady Louise Windsor, British Princess and daughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex
- December 7 – Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, daughter of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange and Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2003
January[link]
- January 8 – Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (b. 1925)
- January 11
- Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (b. 1925)
- Richard Simmons, American actor (b. 1913)
- January 12
- Dean Amadon, American ornithologist (b. 1912)
- Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (b. 1926)
- Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
- January 15 – Doris Fisher, American singer-songwriter (b. 1915)
- January 17 – Richard Crenna, American actor (Marooned) (b. 1926)
- January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
- January 23 – Nell Carter, African-American singer and actress (b. 1948)
- January 24 – Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (b. 1921)
- January 26
- Valeriy Brumel, Russian athlete (b. 1942)
- Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian (b. 1917)
- January 27 – Henryk Jablonski, former President of Poland (b. 1909)
- January 29 – Frank Moss, American politician (b. 1911)
February[link]
- February 1
- Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (b. 1959)
- David M. Brown, American astronaut (b. 1956)
- Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Laurel Clark, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Rick Husband, American astronaut (b. 1957)
- William McCool, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- February 2 – Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
- February 10
- Edgar de Evia, American photographer (b. 1910)
- Ron Ziegler, American White House Press Secretary (b. 1939)
- Curt Hennig, American wrestler (b. 1958)
- February 19 – Johnny Paycheck, American singer (b. 1938)
- February 20
- Maurice Blanchot, French philosopher and writer (b. 1907)
- Orville Freeman, American politician (b. 1918)
- February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
- February 28
- Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (b. 1917)
- Rudolf Kingslake, British lens designer and engineer (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 2
- Yevgeny Matveyev, Russian actor and film director (b. 1922)
- Hank Ballard, American musician (b. 1927)
- March 9 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (b. 1946)
- March 12
- Zoran Đinđić, Serbian prime minister (b. 1952)
- Howard Fast, American novelist (b. 1914)
- March 22 – Milton G. Henschel, American Jehovah's Witnesses leader (b. 1920)
- March 26 – Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (b. 1956)
- March 30 – Michael Jeter, American actor (b. 1952)
April[link]
- April 1 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor (b. 1956)
- April 2 – Edwin Starr, American soul singer (b. 1942)
- April 7 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (b. 1903)
- April 9
- Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
- Jorge Oteiza, Spanish painter (b. 1908)
- April 11 – Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist and businessman (b. 1900)
- April 14 – Jyrki Otila, Finnish quiz show judge and Member of the European Parliament (b. 1941)
- April 17
- Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (b. 1930)
- Paul Getty, American-born philanthropist (b. 1932)
- Earl King, American musician (b. 1934)
- April 19 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-born Muslim leader (b. 1928)
- April 20
- Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (b. 1908)
- Bernard Katz, German-born biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1911)
- Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
- April 21 – Nina Simone, American singer (b. 1933)
- April 23 – Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (b. 1910)
- April 26 – Peter Stone, American writer (b. 1930)
- April 30 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (b. 1923)
May[link]
- May 11 – Noel Redding, English musician (b. 1946)
- May 12 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (b. 1933)
- May 14
- Wendy Hiller, English actress (b. 1912)
- Robert Stack, American actor (b. 1919)
- May 15
- June Carter Cash, American singer (b. 1929)
- Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (b. 1924)
- May 26 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (b. 1919)
- May 27 – Luciano Berio, Italian composer (b. 1925)
- May 28
- Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1917)
- Martha Scott, American actress (b. 1912)
June[link]
- June 2
- Burke Marshall, American lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
- Freddie Blassie, American professional wrestler and manager (b. 1918)
- June 10
- Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary (b. 1918)
- Bernard Williams, English philosopher (b. 1929)
- June 11 – David Brinkley, American television reporter (b. 1920)
- June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
- June 14 – Jimmy Knepper, American musician (b. 1927)
- June 15
- Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (b. 1911)
- Kaiser Matanzima, President of Transkei bantustan (b. 1915)
- June 18 – Larry Doby, American baseball player (b. 1923)
- June 21 – Leon Uris, American writer (b. 1924)
- June 25 – Lester Maddox, American politician (b. 1915)
- June 26
- Denis Thatcher, British husband of Margaret Thatcher (b. 1915)
- Strom Thurmond, American politician (b. 1902)
- Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (b. 1975)
- June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
- June 30 – Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (b. 1924)
July[link]
- July 1
- Herbie Mann, American jazz flautist (b. 1930)
- N!xau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
- George Roper, British comedian (b. 1934)
- July 4 – Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)
- July 5 – Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- July 6 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- July 10
- Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, British chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials (b. 1902)
- July 11 – Zahra Kazemi, Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer. (b. 1949)
- July 12 – Benny Carter, American musician (b. 1907)
- July 13 – Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1907)
- July 14 – Éva Janikovszky, Hungarian novelist (b. 1926)
- July 15
- Roberto Bolaño, Chilean writer (b. 1953)
- Tex Schramm, American football team president and general manager (b. 1920)
- July 16
- Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (b. 1924)
- Carol Shields, American-born writer (b. 1935)
- July 17 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
- July 22
- Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)
- Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)
- July 25
- Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (b. 1912)
- John Schlesinger, English film director (b. 1926)
- July 27 – Bob Hope, English-born American comedian (b. 1903)
- July 30 – Sam Phillips, American record producer (b. 1923)
August[link]
- August 1 – Marie Trintignant, French actress (b. 1962)
- August 4
- Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- Brian Trueman, English musician (b. 1930)
- August 9 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (b. 1946)
- August 11 – Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (b. 1923)
- August 14 – Helmut Rahn, German footballer (b. 1929)
- August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator (b. 1924)
- August 19
- Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948)
- Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
- August 22 – Imperio Argentina, Argentinian singer and actress (b. 1906)
- August 23 – Jack Dyer, Australian football player, coach, and commentator (b. 1913)
- August 29 – Vladimir Vasicek, Czech painter (b. 1919)
- August 30 – Charles Bronson, American actor (b. 1921)
September[link]
- September 1
- Terry Frost, English artist (b. 1915)
- John Gould, American humorist, essayist, and columnist (b. 1908)
- September 6 – Harry Goz, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 7 – Warren Zevon, American singer (b. 1947)
- September 8 – Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (b. 1902)
- September 9
- Larry Hovis, American actor (b. 1936)
- Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist (b. 1908)
- September 11
- Anna Lindh, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1957)
- John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)
- September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
- September 13 – Frank O'Bannon, American politician (b. 1930)
- September 14 – John Serry, Sr., American musician (b. 1915)
- September 17 – Sheb Wooley, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
- September 22 – Gordon Jump, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 23 – Yuri Senkevich, Russian TV anchorman (b. 1937)
- September 24 – Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (b. 1935)
- September 25
- Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- George Plimpton, American writer and actor (b. 1927)
- September 26
- Robert Palmer, English singer (b. 1949)
- Shawn Lane, American musician (b. 1963)
- September 27 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1925)
- September 28
- Althea Gibson, American tennis player (b. 1927)
- Elia Kazan, Greek-American director (b. 1909)
- September 30 – Robert Kardashian, Armenian-American attorney and businessman (b. 1944)
October[link]
- October 1 – Huntington Hardisty, American admiral (b. 1929)
- October 3 – William Steig, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- October 5
- Timothy Treadwell, American environmentalist and filmmaker (b. 1957)
- Denis Quilley, British actor (b. 1927)
- Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (b. 1978)
- Neil Postman, American educator, media theorist, and cultural critic (b. 1931)
- October 10 – Eugene Istomin, American pianist (b. 1925)
- October 12
- Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914)
- Bill Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931)
- October 13 – Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- October 16
- László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
- Stu Hart, Canadian wrestling promoter (b. 1915)
- October 19
- Alija Izetbegović, Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1925)
- Michael Hegstrand American wrestler (b. 1957)
- October 20 – Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918)
- October 21 – Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- October 23 – Soong May-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-shek (b. 1898)
- October 24 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1925)
- October 25
- Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian philosopher and social reformer (b. 1920)
- Robert Strassburg, American composer (b. 1915)
- October 29
- Hal Clement, American writer (b. 1922)
- Franco Corelli, Italian opera tenor (b. 1921)
- October 31 – Richard Neustadt, American political historian (b. 1919)
November[link]
- November 3 – Spider Jorgensen, American baseball player and coach (b. 1919)
- November 4 – Richard Wollheim, British philosopher (b. 1923)
- November 5 – Dorothy Fay, American actress (b. 1915)
- November 6
- Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (b. 1919)
- Mike Lockwood American wrestler (b. 1971)
- November 9 – Art Carney, American actor (b. 1918)
- November 10
- Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe (b. 1936)
- Irv Kupcinet, American columnist and television personality (b. 1912)
- November 12
- Jonathan Brandis, American actor (b. 1976)
- Penny Singleton, American actress (b. 1908)
- November 15
- November 18 – Michael Kamen, American composer (b. 1948)
- November 20
- Robert Addie, British actor (b. 1960)
- David Dacko, first President of the Central African Republic (b. 1930)
- Jim Siedow, American actor (b. 1920)
- November 24
- Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (b. 1922)
- Warren Spahn, American baseball player (b. 1921)
- November 26
- Abed Hamed Mowhoush, Iraqi general
- Stefan Wul, French writer (b. 1922)
- November 28 – Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (b. 1918)
- November 30 – Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer (b. 1906)
December[link]
- December 3 – David Hemmings, English actor (b. 1941)
- December 4 – Iggy Katona, American race car driver (b. 1916)
- December 6
- Hans Hotter, German opera and Lieder bass-baritone singer (b. 1909)
- Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (b. 1918)
- December 7
- Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (b. 1913)
- Azie Taylor Morton, U.S. Treasurer (b. 1936)
- December 8 – Rubén González, Cuban pianist (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1919)
- December 9 – Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (b. 1928)
- December 11 – Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (b. 1927)
- December 12 – Heydar Aliyev, former President of Azerbaijan (b. 1923)
- December 14
- Jeanne Crain, American actress (b. 1925)
- Blas Ople, Filipino politician (b. 1927)
- December 15 – George Fisher, American political cartoonist (b. 1923)
- December 16
- Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1914)
- Gary Stewart, American singer (b. 1945)
- December 17
- Ed Devereaux, Australian actor (b. 1925)
- Otto Graham, American football player (b. 1921)
- December 19
- Hope Lange, American actress (b.1933)
- Roger Conant, American herpetologist (b.1909)
- December 22 – Dave Dudley, American singer (b. 1928)
- December 27 – Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
- December 29
- Earl Hindman, American actor (b. 1942)
- Dinsdale Landen, English actor (b. 1932)
- Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (b. 1928)
- December 30
- David Bale, South African–born activist (b. 1941)
- John Gregory Dunne, American writer (b. 1932)
- Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (b. 1963)
- December 31 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (b. 1898)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Chemistry – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
- Economics – Robert F. Engle, Clive W. J. Granger
- Literature – John Maxwell Coetzee
- Peace – Shirin Ebadi
- Physics – Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, Anthony James Leggett
- Physiology or Medicine – Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2003
- In the video game Freedom Fighters, the game is set in an alternate timeline from 1945 on where world power shifted towards the Soviet Union, the Soviets invades and conquers the United States, causing a rebel resistance.
- In the TV series Stargate SG-1 the second alpha site is attacked by kull warriors.
- In The Simpsons timeline, the events of The Simpsons: Hit & Run take place between October 25 and October 31, with all seven levels taking place on one week.
- The events of Resident Evil: Extinction take place, before the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles.
- The events of 28 Days Later commence in 2003, with the initial uprising of the Rage virus and decimation of Great Britain, and then the sequel 28 Weeks Later is also set later on in 2003, with the resurgence of the virus. The third film, 28 Months Later is to be set around 2005.
- In the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, Jill Valentine and Chris Redfield are sent to an Umbrella Fortress in February 2003.
- The Galactic Federation in the Metroid Backstory was formed in 2003.
- The main character in Osamu Tezuka's manga Tetsuwan Atom (1951) or Astro Boy was "born" on 7 April 2003.
- The 1981 arcade game Omega Race is set in the year 2003.
External links[link]
- 2003 Year in Review – comprehensive listing of 2003 reviews and lists
- 2003 Year-End Google Zeitgeist – Google's Yearly List of Major Events and Top Searches for 2003
References[link]
http://wn.com/2003
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/2003
http://es.wn.com/2003
http://ru.wn.com/2003 год
http://cs.wn.com/2003
http://pt.wn.com/2003
http://pl.wn.com/2003
http://hi.wn.com/२००३
http://it.wn.com/2003
http://id.wn.com/2003
http://nl.wn.com/2003
http://fr.wn.com/2003
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Tasmanian politician, see Lance Armstrong (politician).
 Armstrong at the Tour de France 2010 |
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| Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Lance Edward Armstrong | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nickname | The Boss, Juan Pelota, Big Tex, The Texan,[1] Mellow Johnny (from maillot jaune, French for yellow jersey)[2] |
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| Born | (1971-09-18) September 18, 1971 (age 40) Plano, Texas, United States |
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| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Team information | |||||||||||||||||||
| Current team | Livestrong | ||||||||||||||||||
| Discipline | Road | ||||||||||||||||||
| Role | Rider | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rider type | All-Rounder | ||||||||||||||||||
| Amateur team(s) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1990–1991 1991 |
Subaru-Montgomery US National Team |
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| Professional team(s) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1992–1996 1997 1998–2004 2005 2006–2008 2009 2010–2011 2012– |
Motorola Cofidis US Postal Discovery Channel Livestrong Astana Team RadioShack Livestrong |
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| Major wins | |||||||||||||||||||
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Medal record
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| Infobox last updated on July 26, 2008 |
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Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist who won the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He last rode for UCI ProTeam Team RadioShack, a team he helped found.
In October 1996 he was diagnosed as having testicular cancer with a tumor that had metastasized to his brain and lungs. His cancer treatments included brain and testicular surgery and extensive chemotherapy, and his prognosis was originally poor. He went on to win the Tour de France each year from 1999 to 2005, and is the only person to win seven times having broken the previous record of five wins shared by Miguel Indurain, Bernard Hinault, Eddy Merckx, and Jacques Anquetil.
In 1999, he was named the ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In 2000 he won the Prince of Asturias Award in Sports.[4] In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine named him Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year for the years 2002–2005. He received ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003. Armstrong announced his retirement from racing on July 24, 2005, at the end of the 2005 Tour de France but returned to competitive cycling in January 2009 and finished third in the 2009 Tour de France. He confirmed he had retired from competitive cycling for good on February 16, 2011.[5]
Contents |
Career[link]
Early career[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011) |
Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in Plano, Texas in the southern sector of Dallas.[6] At the age of 12, he began his sporting career as a swimmer at the City of Plano Swim Club and finished fourth in Texas state 1,500-meter freestyle. He abandoned swimming-only competition after seeing a poster for a junior triathlon called the Iron Kids Triathlon, which he entered and won at age 13.[7]
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of USA Triathlon), Armstrong was the number one ranked triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was Chann McRae, who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 USPRO national champion. Armstrong's points total for 1987 as an amateur was better than the five professionals ranked that year. At 16, Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.[8]
It became clear that his greatest talent was for bicycle racing after he won the U.S. Amateur Championship in 1991. Representing the U.S., he finished 14th in the 1992 Summer Olympics. This performance earned him his first professional contract with Motorola. He won his first race with Motorola, the Trophee Laigueglia in Italy, beating the favourite Moreno Argentin.
In 1993, Armstrong won 10 one-day events and stage races. He stunned the cycling world when at age 21 he became one of the youngest riders to ever win the UCI Road World Championship, held in pouring rain in Norway that year. Prior to his World's win, he took his first stage win at the Tour de France, in the stage from Châlons-sur-Marne to Verdun. He was in 97th place overall when he abandoned the 1993 race in the Alps after the 12th stage.
He also collected the Thrift Drug Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in Pittsburgh, the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the CoreStates USPRO national championship in Philadelphia. Thrift Drug said it would award $1 million to a rider winning all three races, a feat previously unachieved. At the USPRO championship, Armstrong sat up on his bicycle on the final lap, took out a comb, combed his hair and smiled for the cameras.
In 1994, he again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour DuPont in the United States. His successes in Europe were second placings in Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Clásica de San Sebastián, where just two years before, he finished in last place as his first all-pro event in Europe.
He won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, and this time won the Tour DuPont and took a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to Limoges in the Tour De France. He dedicated the win to teammate Fabio Casartelli who died in a crash on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet on the 15th stage, two days before.
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the La Flèche Wallonne and again won the Tour DuPont. However, his performances began to suffer and he was only able to compete for five days in the Tour De France. At Atlanta he was only able to finish 6th in the time trial and 12th in the road race in the 1996 Olympic Games.
Cancer[link]
On October 2, 1996, then aged 25, Armstrong was diagnosed as having developed stage three testicular cancer (Embryonal carcinoma).[9] The cancer spread to his lungs, abdomen and brain. On that first visit to a urologist in Austin, Texas, for his cancer symptoms he was coughing up blood and had a large, painful testicular tumor. Immediate surgery and chemotherapy were required to save his life. Armstrong had an orchiectomy to remove his diseased testicle. After his surgery, his doctor stated that he had less than a 40% survival chance.[10]
The standard chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of this type of cancer is a cocktail of the drugs bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (or Platinol) (BEP). Armstrong, however, chose an alternative, etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP), to avoid the lung toxicity associated with the drug bleomycin.[10] This decision may have saved his cycling career. His primary treatment was received at the Indiana University (IU), Indianapolis, Medical Center, where Dr. Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered the use of cisplatinum to treat testicular cancer. His primary oncologist there was Dr. Craig Nichols.[10] His brain tumors were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, MD, Professor of Neurosurgery at Indiana University and Resident Director, and were found to contain extensive necrosis.[11] According to Armstrong's first book, Dr. Shapiro convinced him that he was the right neurosurgeon for him by saying: "You'll have to convince me you know what you're doing," said Armstrong. "Look, I've done a large number of these," Shapiro said, "I've never had anyone die, and I've never made anyone worse." "Yeah, but why should you be the person who operates on my head?" Armstrong responded. "Because as good as you are at cycling"-he paused-"I'm a lot better at brain surgery".[10] His last chemotherapy treatment was received on December 13, 1996.
His cancer went into complete remission, and by January 1998 he was already engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe to race for the U.S. Postal team. A pivotal week (April 1998) in his comeback was one he spent training in the very challenging Appalachian terrain around Boone, North Carolina, with his racing friend Bob Roll.[10]
Tour de France success[link]
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had won two Tour de France stages. In 1993, he won the 8th stage and in 1995 he took stage 18 in honor of teammate Fabio Casartelli who crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour on the 7th stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the Vuelta a España. In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the second rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race that began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over Joseba Beloki.
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only 1 minute 1 second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the team time trial on stage four, while Armstrong took stage 15, despite being knocked off on the ascent to Luz Ardiden, the final climb, when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.[12]
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German Andreas Klöden. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up Alpe d'Huez was won in style by Armstrong as he passed Ivan Basso on the way despite setting out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by David Zabriskie in the Stage 1 time trial by 2 seconds, despite passing Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Kloden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate Levi Leipheimer. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, Armstrong crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his 7th consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year, was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour being 41.7 km/h(26 mph).[13][14]
On July 24, 2005, Armstrong officially announced his retirement from professional cycling after his 7th consecutive Tour de France win.[15]
Comeback[link]
Astana: 2009[link]
See also: 2009 Astana season
Armstrong announced on September 9, 2008 that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the 2009 Tour de France.[16] "After talking with my children, my family and my closest friends, I have decided to return to professional cycling in order to raise awareness of the global cancer burden", Armstrong said on his livestrong.org website.[17] VeloNews reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.[18]
The announcement ended speculation that he would return with Astana in the Tour of California, Paris–Nice, the Tour de Georgia and the Dauphiné-Libéré. Astana missed the 2008 Tour de France after Alexandre Vinokourov was ejected from the 2007 Tour for blood doping.
Australian ABC radio reported on September 24, 2008 that Armstrong would compete in the UCI Tour Down Under through Adelaide and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.[19] The Premier of South Australia, Mike Rann, declared that Armstrong's participation would make the tour "the biggest sporting event in South Australian history."[20]
In October 2008, Armstrong confirmed he would compete in the 2009 Giro d'Italia, his first participation.[21]
On January 17, Armstrong said at a press conference for the Tour Down Under that his comeback was motivated by spending most of his days spreading the Livestrong message and raising national awareness of cancer.[22][23] Though his fitness levels had supposedly returned to peak condition,[24] Armstrong placed 29th in the race.[25] Armstrong said he considered this a successful result, as the thousands of fans who flocked to Adelaide to see him compete – booking every hotel room in the city[24] – added A$17 million to the South Australian economy, and the government rewarded his effort by pledging A$4.1 million towards the construction of a centre for cancer research.[26]
Armstrong's Trek bicycle was stolen while he was in Sacramento, California, for the Amgen Tour of California. This time-trial bike was returned to the Sacramento police by an anonymous citizen on February 18, 2009, four days after it disappeared from the Astana team truck. A police statement read, "The facts surrounding how the person came into possession of the bicycle are not being released at this time due to an ongoing investigation."[27]
In February 2009, Armstrong was confirmed to compete in the Tour of Ireland from August 19–23, 2009, before then participating in the Livestrong Global Cancer Summit from August 24–26th in Dublin.[28] The Astana Cycling team confirmed in early March that Armstrong would return to Europe to continue his comeback season with races at Milan – San Remo and the Vuelta a Castilla y León.[29] He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in Baltanás, Spain and breaking his collarbone.[30]
Armstrong flew back to Austin, Texas, for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.[31] On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency AFLD and Armstrong and his team manager, Johan Bruyneel, stemming from a March 17, 2009 encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[32] Armstrong returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the Tour of the Gila in New Mexico on April 29.[33]
On July 7, in the fourth stage of the 2009 Tour de France, Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the team time trial. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of Montpellier but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside of Fabian Cancellara's overall lead.[34] Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France in third place overall, 5:24 behind the overall winner, his Astana teammate Alberto Contador.
Team RadioShack: 2010–11[link]
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.[35] RadioShack was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named Team RadioShack.[36][37] Armstrong made his 2010 season debut at the 2010 Tour Down Under where he finished 25th out of the 127 riders that completed the race. He made his European season debut at the 2010 Vuelta a Murcia finishing in 7th place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the Milan – San Remo, Amstel Gold Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and the Tour of Flanders, but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.[38] Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's Amgen Tour of California, both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside Visalia early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.[39] He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the Tour of Switzerland and third in the Tour of Luxembourg.
On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the 2010 edition would be his final Tour de France.[40] Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour de France prologue TT, finishing third, but was plagued by crashes in later stages that put him out of GC contention, especially a serious crash in stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyreneean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate Chris Horner. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner Alberto Contador.[41] He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse D’Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds.
In October, he announced the end of international career after the Tour Down Under of January 2011. He stated that after January 2011 he will only race in the U.S. with the Radioshack domestic team.[42]
Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling 'for good' on February 16, 2011, while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.[5][43]
Physical attributes[link]
Armstrong has recorded an aerobic capacity of 83.8 mL/kg/min (VO2 max),[44][45] much higher than the average person (40–50), but lower than some other Tour De France winners, such as Miguel Indurain (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92–94) and Greg LeMond (92.5).[46] At his peak, he had a resting heart rate of 32–34 beats per minute (bpm) with a maximum heart rate of 201 bpm.[47]
Collaboration of sponsors[link]
Armstrong revolutionized the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team.[48] For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a Formula One relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",[49] taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek company), Shimano, Sram, Giro and Oakley, collaborated for an array of products.
Family and personal life[link]
Armstrong was born to Linda Mooneyham, a secretary, and Eddie Charles Gunderson, a route manager for The Dallas Morning News. His great-grandfather was the son of Norwegian immigrants.[50] He was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His father left his mother when Lance was two and has two other children from another relationship. His mother later married Terry Keith Armstrong, a wholesale salesman, who adopted Lance in 1974. Armstrong refuses to meet his birth father.[51]
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998 and had three children: Luke David, born October 1999, and twins Isabelle Rose and Grace Elisabeth, born November 2001. The pregnancy was possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, prior to chemotherapy and surgery.[52] The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew in for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.
Armstrong began dating singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow in the autumn of 2003 and revealed their relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their engagement in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.
In December 2008, Armstrong announced that his girlfriend, Anna Hansen, was pregnant with his child. The couple started dating in July 2008 after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children, after having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, this child was conceived naturally.[53] The baby boy, Maxwell Edward Armstrong, was born on June 4, 2009 in Aspen, Colorado. Armstrong announced the birth via Twitter.[54] Armstrong has become a popular Twitter user, with precisely 3,385,486 followers on April 10, 2012. [55]
In April 2010, Armstrong, using Twitter, announced that Anna Hansen was having his fifth child. Olivia Marie Armstrong was born October 18, 2010.[56]
Armstrong owns homes in Austin, Texas, and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill Country.[57] Armstrong is a fan of the University of Texas Longhorns college football program and is often seen on the sidelines supporting the team.
With regard to religion, he is agnostic, quoted as saying, "at the end of the day, if there was indeed some body or presence standing there to judge me, I hoped I would be judged on whether I had lived a true life, not on whether I believed in a certain book, or whether I'd been baptized. If there was indeed a god at the end of my days, I hoped he didn't say, 'But you were never a Christian, so you're going the other way from heaven.' If so, I was going to reply, 'You know what? You're right. Fine.' "[58]
Allegations of doping[link]
For much of the second phase of his career, Armstrong has faced persistent allegations of doping. A number of high-profile cyclists and assorted journalists have alleged that he cheated. However, no allegations have ever been substantiated, and Armstrong retains respect and prestige in many circles.[59]
In addition, Armstrong has been criticised for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as Paul Kimmage[60][61] and Christophe Bassons.[62][63] Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour De France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I [Bassons] do and he [Armstrong] asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'"[64] Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on TF1, a national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home".[65] Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".[63] He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.[63] This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in The Sunday Times.[66]
Armstrong has continually denied using illegal performance-enhancing drugs and has described himself as the most tested athlete in the world.[67] A 1999 urine sample showed traces of corticosteroid in an amount that was not in the positive range. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance.[68]
From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities. All of the tests were negative for performance-enhancing drugs.[69][70]
U.S. federal prosecutors pursued allegations of doping by Armstrong from 2010–2012. The effort convened a grand jury to investigate doping charges, including taking statements under oath from Armstrong's former team members and other associates; met with officials from France, Belgium, Spain, and Italy; and requested samples from the French anti-doping agency. The investigation was led by federal agent Jeff Novitzky, who also investigated suspicions of steroid use by baseball players Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens. The probe was terminated on Feb 3, 2012 with no charges filed.[71]
Specific allegations[link]
Armstrong has been criticized for working with controversial trainer Michele Ferrari. Greg LeMond described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer Jean-Marie Leblanc said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."[72] Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong suspended his professional relationship with him, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs."[73] Ferrari was later absolved of all charges by an Italian appeals court of the sporting fraud charges as well as charges of abusing his medical license to write prescriptions. The court stated that it overturned his conviction "because the facts do not exist" to support the charges.[74] Ferrari, however, is still banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation. According to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as recently as 2010 in a country outside of Italy.[75]
In 2004, reporters Pierre Ballester and David Walsh published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (L. A. Confidentiel – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse, Emma O'Reilly, who claimed Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used syringes and to give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.[76] Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.[77][78] Allegations in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper The Sunday Times in a story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."[79] The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." (See also[80] in The Guardian). The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published "L.A. Official" and "Le Sale Tour" (The Dirty Trick), further cementing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief[81] in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of androstenone while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in Girona, Spain.[82] Androstenone is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.[83] The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.[84]
On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that 6 urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.[85][86] Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."[87] In October 2008, the AFLD gave Armstrong the opportunity to have samples taken during the 1998 and 1999 Tours de France retested.[88] Armstrong immediately refused, saying, "the samples have not been maintained properly." Head of AFLD Pierre Bordry stated: "Scientifically there is no problem to analyze these samples – everything is correct" and "If the analysis is clean it would have been very good for him. But he doesn't want to do it and that's his problem."[89] However, according to the results of an investigative report by Emile Vrijman (a Dutch lawyer and the former head of the Dutch anti-doping agency, which he headed for ten years), who was appointed by the UCI to head an independent investigations into the LNDD lab’s findings, it was determined that the analysis of the urine samples were conducted improperly and that they “did not satisfy any standard for doping control testing.”[90][91] Vrijman’s report went on to state that handling and testing of the samples fell so far short of scientific standards, and that “the process that generated those results and the subsequent reports was so deficient” that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest that the results could "constitute evidence of anything,” and cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[91][92][93][94] But WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".[95]
In June 2006, French newspaper Le Monde reported claims by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was... have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone."[96] Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.[97] The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,[98] or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation,[99] the transcript of which was reviewed by National Public Radio, with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission 'You know, I was in that room. I heard it.' However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.[96]
In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.[100] The report cited evidence at the trial including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.[101] From the LA Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour."[102] Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The LA Times article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy and instant messaging conversation between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court. The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the LA Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The L.A. Times' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."[103]
On May 20, 2010, former U.S. Postal teammate Floyd Landis accused Armstrong of doping in 2002 and 2003, and claimed that U.S. Postal team director Johan Bruyneel had bribed former UCI president Hein Verbruggen to keep quiet about a positive Armstrong test in 2002.[104][105] Landis admitted there was no documentation that supports these claims.[106] However, in July 2010 the president of the UCI, Pat McQuaid, revealed that Armstrong made two donations to the UCI: $25,000 in 2002, used by the juniors anti-doping program, and $100,000 in 2005, to buy a blood testing machine, and documentation of those payments does exist.[107] Landis also maintains that he witnessed Armstrong receiving multiple blood transfusions, and dispensing testosterone patches to his teammates on the United States Postal Service Team.[108] On May 25, 2010, The International Cycling Union disputed comments from Floyd Landis, "Due to the controversy following the statements made by Floyd Landis, the International Cycling Union wishes to stress that none of the tests revealed the presence of EPO in the samples taken from riders at the 2001 Tour of Switzerland," the UCI said in a statement. "The UCI has all the documentation to prove this fact." According to ESPN, "Landis claimed that Armstrong tested positive while winning in 2002, a timeline Armstrong himself said left him 'confused,' because he did not compete in the event in 2002."[109]
On May 19, 2011, former Armstrong teammate Tyler Hamilton told CBS News that he and Armstrong had together taken EPO before and during the 1999, 2000, and 2001 Tours de France. Armstrong's attorney, Mark Fabiani, responded that Hamilton was lying.[110] The accompanying 60 Minutes investigation alleges that two other former Armstrong teammates, Frankie Andreu and George Hincapie, have told federal investigators that they witnessed Armstrong taking banned substances, including EPO, or supplied Armstrong with such substances.[111] Fabiani stated in response that, "We have no way of knowing what happened in the grand jury and so can't comment on these anonymously sourced reports."[112] Hamilton further claimed that Armstrong tested positive for EPO during the 2001 Tour de Suisse; 60 Minutes reported that the Union Cycliste Internationale intervened to conceal those test results, and that donations from Armstrong totaling US$125,000 may have played into said actions.[113] Martial Saugy, chief of the Swiss anti-doping agency, later confirmed that they found four urine samples suspicious of EPO use at the 2001 race, but said there was no "positive test" and claimed not to know whether the suspicious results belonged to Armstrong. As a result, Armstrong's lawyers demanded an apology from 60 Minutes.[114] Instead of apologizing, CBS News chairman Jeff Fager said CBS News stands by its report as "truthful, accurate and fair", and added that the suspicious tests which Saugy confirmed to exist have been linked to Armstrong "by a number of international officials".[115]
On February 2, 2012, U.S. federal prosecutors officially dropped their investigation with no charges.[116]
Handling of urine tests[link]
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.[90] Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.[92][93] The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything."[94] The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.[91] The WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".[95] The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong.
In April 2009, Dr. Michael Ashenden said that "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."[117]
Dr. Michael Ashenden's statements are at odds with the findings of the Vrijman report "According to Mr. Ressiot, the manner in which the LNDD had structured the results table of its report – i.e. listing the sequence of each of the batches, as well as the exact number of urine samples per batch, in the same (chronological) order as the stages of the 1999 Tour de France they were collected at – was already sufficient to allow him to determine the exact stage these urine samples referred to and subsequently the identity of the riders who were tested at that stage." The Vrijman report also says "Le Monde of July 21 and 23, 1999 reveal that the press knew the contents of original doping forms of the 1999 Tour de France".[91]
Armstrong's work outside of cycling[link]
In 1997, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation has become one of the top 10 groups funding cancer research in the U.S., raising more than $325 million from the sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets[118] During his original retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006 Indianapolis 500.
In 2007, Armstrong with Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charity which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and inspires non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.[119] In 2008 and 2009 he appeared on the PBS Kids show Arthur as himself. In these two appearances he taught biking skills and helped spread cancer awareness, respectively.
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He personally addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.[120]
Marathon[link]
Armstrong ran the 2006 New York City Marathon with friends Robert McElligott and Lewis Miles. With Nike, he assembled a pace team of Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach 3 hours. He struggled with shin splints and was on pace for a little above 3 hours but pushed through the last 5 miles (8.0 km) to 2h 59m 36s, finishing 856th. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and soreness."[121] The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event.[122] This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong campaign during the run.
Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s finishing 232nd.[123] On April 21, 2008, he ran the Boston Marathon in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.[124]
Triathlon[link]
Armstrong made his return to triathlon in the inaugural Ironman 70.3 Panama race, on February 12, 2012. He raced in the Professional category, finishing with a time of 3:50:55, 2nd overall to Bevan Docherty.[125] Armstrong's splits were 19:22 for the 1.2 mile swim, 2:10:18 for the 56 mile bike, and 1:17:01 for the run.[126] He also entered half-Ironman distance races in Texas (7th[127]) and St. Croix (3rd[128]) before breaking through with a victory at Ironman 70.3 Florida in an overall time of 3:45:38[129]. Armstrong also plans to race in Ironman France in an attempt to qualify for the 2012 World Ironman Championship in Kona, Hawaii.[130]
Politics[link]
In the New York Times, teammate George Hincapie hinted that Armstrong would run for Governor of Texas after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".[131] Armstrong and former president George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory, and in August 2005, The Times reported the President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go mountain biking.[132] In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."[133]
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with Charlie Rose on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Again, on August 16, 2005, Armstrong told a local Austin CBS affiliate[134] that he was no longer considering politics:
"The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?"[citation needed]
He does intend to be involved in politics as an activist for change in cancer policies, however. In a May 2006 interview with Sports Illustrated, Armstrong is quoted: "I need to run for one office, the presidency of the Cancer Fighters' Union of the World."[citation needed] Sports Illustrated quoted Armstrong that he fears halving his influence with legislators if he chose one side in politics. His foundation lobbies on behalf of cancer patients before United States Congress.
Armstrong is currently co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the California Cancer Research Act, a ballot measure to be decided by California voters on June 5, 2012.[135] If passed, the measure is projected to generate over $500 million dollars annually for cancer research by levying a new $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California. Revenues will also be spent on smoking-cessation programs, and tobacco law-enforcement.[136]
Teams and victories[link]
Main article: List of career achievements by Lance Armstrong
Filmography[link]
- The Road to Paris (himself, 2000 documentary)
- Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (himself, cameo)
Accolades[link]
- United States Olympic Committee (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
- Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
- World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy (2000)
- Reuters Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Prince of Asturias Award in Sports (2000)
- Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year (2000)
- Trophee de L'Academie des Sport [France] (2004)
- Vélo d'Or Award by Velo Magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland (1999)
- Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport (1999, 2000)
- Marca Legend Award by Marca, a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award (2003)
- ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
- ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
- ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
- ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
- ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year (1999)
- Favorite Athlete award at Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (2006)
- Presidential Delegation to the XIX Olympic Winter Games (2002)[137]
- Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year (2002)
- VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
- William Hill Sports Book of the Year: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (2000)[138]
- Union Cycliste Internationale: World Number 1 Ranked Elite Men's Cyclist (1996)
- Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
- Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)
- An asteroid, 1994 JE9 was named 12373 Lancearmstrong in honor of him.
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Tufts University (2006)
- Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the United States Sports Academy (1999)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Gayle King Radio Show, Fed Ex http://www.oprah.com/media/20080601_oaf_20080619_oaf_gk
- ^ Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts, Chapter 1, (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003.
- ^ a b TDF (2009). Astana – Lance Armstrong. Retrieved on 2009-07-04 from http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/RIDERS/us/coureurs/22.html.
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- ^ "LanceArmstrong.com". LanceArmstrong.com (located under "Bio" section). http://www.lancearmstrong.com/.
- ^ "Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's eyeing a bigger prize". Sports Illustrated. July 4, 1994. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm.
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- ^ "Scott A. Shapiro, MD Society of Neurosurgery Bio">http://www.societyns.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=12648
- ^ In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders."Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play" (German for: Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay)". Fair play in Sports. http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ http://www.dartford.gov.uk/tourdefrance/glossary.htm
- ^ http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/186088_186088
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- ^ USATODAY, "Armstrong coming out of retirement for another Tour".
- ^ "Armstrong coming out of retirement for Tour". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/09/08/sports/s124636D30.DTL. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
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- ^ Migliaccio, Val; Kelton, Greg (September 25, 2008). "The 'king' rides Down Under". The Advertiser: p. 3. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5lHTYvHjB. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
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- ^ "An audience with Lance Armstrong, one of the greats » The Roar – Your Sports Opinion". The Roar. January 18, 2009. http://www.theroar.com.au/2009/01/18/an-audience-with-lance-armstrong-one-of-the-greats/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Sharwood, Anthony (February 2009). "Mad about Lance Armstrong". Alpha (43): pp. 38–41. http://www.alphamagazine.com.au/features/article/lance-armstrong/. Retrieved September 17, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b Walker, Jamie (January 17, 2009). "Conscience clear, cycling's god Lance Armstrong is ready for his second coming". The Weekend Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/cyclings-god-ready-for-second-coming/story-e6frg7mo-1111118584865. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "www.cyclingnews.com presents the 11th Tour Down Under". Autobus.cyclingnews.com. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/TDU09/?id=results/TDU096. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Kogoy, Peter (January 26, 2009). "What's in a name? For Lance, a lot". The Australian: p. 32. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/whats-in-a-name-for-lance-a-lot/story-e6frg6nf-1111118664694. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Police Recover Lance Armstrong's Stolen Bike – Local News | News Articles | National News | US News". Fox News. February 19, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,496264,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Armstrong's visit prompts mixed feelings – The Irish Times – Tue, Feb 24, 2009". The Irish Times. February 2, 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0224/1224241710775.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong Skipping Critérium International And Flanders". BikeRadar. http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/lance-armstrong-skipping-critrium-international-and-flanders-20649. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Armstrong breaks his collarbone". BBC Sport. March 23, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
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- ^ Hood, Andrew (January 29, 2010). "VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics". Velonews.competitor.com. http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia". May 20, 2010. http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia. Retrieved May 20, 2010. [dead link]
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- ^ "FAQ: VO2 Max". Running for Fitness. http://www.runningforfitness.org/faq/vo2.php. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
- ^ "VO2 Max — a Measure of Athletic Fitness". BBC. January 22, 2002. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A660223. Retrieved August 13, 2006.
- ^ The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1-57954-270-0
- ^ Markoff, John (April 19, 2004). "New York Times: CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E3DA113BF93AA25757C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ "Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour". Autobus.cyclingnews.com. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2005/jan05/jan27news. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Ancestry of Lance Armstrong
- ^ Balf, Todd (July 1994). "I'm Not the Next Greg LeMond. I'm the First Lance Armstrong.". Outside Magazine. http://outsideonline.com/magazine/0794/947flanc_2.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Ruibal, Sal (May 22, 2002). "Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Lance Armstrong, Girlfriend, Expecting Baby in June CNN.com, December 23, 2008
- ^ Armstrong, Lance (June 4, 2009). "Wassup, world? My name is...". Twitter. http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong Twitter Home Page". Twitter. June 11, 2010. http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
- ^ http://twitter.com/#!/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616
- ^ "Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole". Associated Press. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
- ^ Lance Armstrong's book: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life, published by G.P Putnam's Sons 2000. pp. 116–118
- ^ Roberts, Selena, and David Epstein, "The Case Against Lance Armstrong", Sports Illustrated, January 24, 2011, pp. 56–66.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul (June 29, 2008). "Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul (July 29, 2007). "They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article2159415.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Whittle, Jeremy (July 1, 2004). "Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article451832.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ a b c Slot, Owen (February 17, 2009). "World in motion cycling divided by Paul Kimmage and Lance Armstrongs cancer row". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article5750574.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ "Le coup de blues de Christophe Bassons – l'Humanite". Humanite.fr. July 17, 1999. http://www.humanite.fr/1999-07-17_Sports_Le-coup-de-blues-de-Christophe-Bassons. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Cited, L'Équipe, July 17, 1999.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul. "Tour gears up for return of Lance Armstrong", The Sunday Times, July 5, 2009.
- ^ BBC News (March 5, 2004). "Pound Stunned By Attack". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
- ^ VeloNews Interactive, with wire services (2005). "L'Equipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour". News & Features. Inside Communications. http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740. Retrieved July 26, 2006. - "Throughout his career only one test showed indications of the presence of doping products. In the 1999 Tour, a urine sample showed small traces of cortico-steroids. Armstrong was cleared, however, when his U.S. Postal team, produced a medical certificate showing that he used a cream to ease the pain of a saddle sore. Even that sample, however, was below the levels that would have triggered a positive result at the time."
- ^ Albergotti, Reed (April 8, 2009). "Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123915747307299985.html
- ^ "Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims". Agence French Presse. April 7, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg. Retrieved September 28, 2009
- ^ "Prosecutors close Armstrong inquiry, no charges". http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CYC_DOPING_ARMSTRONG. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ "Drugs issue refuses to go away due to winner's Ferrari links" The Guardian
- ^ "Disappointed Armstrong cuts ties with Ferrari after conviction" The Times
- ^ "www.cyclingnews.com – The World Centre of Cycling". Autobus.cyclingnews.com. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2006/may06/may27news. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Lance has suspicious ties: source", Japan Times, April 17, 2011, p. 17.
- ^ BBC News (March 5, 2004). "Pound Stunned By Attack". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ Stop strong-arm tactics[dead link], The Scotsman, June 20, 2004
- ^ Juliet Macur (September 12, 2006). "2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "''The Guardian''". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. July 1, 2006. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2006/story/0,,1810152,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ William Fotheringham (July 26, 2005). "Armstrong faces legal marathon". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2005/story/0,,1536208,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Court brief, by Mike Anderson, March 31, 2005 – (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)
- ^ Papers: Lance had steroid in home[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, April 1, 2005
- ^ Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, April 2, 2005
- ^ Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, November 5, 2005
- ^ "L'EQUIPE.FR Cyclisme – CYCLISME – Affaire Armstrong". L'Équipe. France. http://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/DOPAGE_ARMSTRONG.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Aug 23, 2005 (August 23, 2005). "AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups". MyWire. http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent"[dead link]
- ^ "Agency challenges Armstrong to have urine samples retested". ESPN. October 2, 2008. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3620228. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Slater, Matt (October 2, 2008). "Doping boss rues Armstrong stance". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7648910.stm. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "California Western Alumni Professional News". California Western School of Law. http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Independent Investigation — Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France" (PDF). VeloNews. Scholten c.s. Advocaten. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201220747/http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry". BBC. May 31, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "UCI report clears Armstrong". VeloNews. Associated Press. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Max, Arthur (May 31, 2006). "Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071228170310/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b BBC "Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce'". BBC. June 2, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5043260.stm BBC. Retrieved January 5, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Ex-Friends Say Armstrong Admitted Drug Use". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5508863. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Armstrong issues statement[dead link]
- ^ Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping[dead link]
- ^ recorded conversation, mp3 file
- ^ Abrahamson, Abrahamson (July 9, 2006). "Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/sports/cycling/la-sp-armstrong9jul09,0,5275381.story. Retrieved July 10, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Evidence of a banned substance?[dead link]
- ^ Abrahamson, Alan (July 9, 2006). "Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9?pg=4. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ Andy Shen (February 4, 2009). "Interviews – Michael Ashenden". Velocity Nation. http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
- ^ Hart, Simon (May 20, 2010). "Floyd Landis puts Lance Armstrong at the centre of new drug allegations". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7746819/Floyd-Landis-puts-Lance-Armstrong-at-the-centre-of-new-drug-allegations.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Peter Cossins (May 21, 2010). "Kimmage: Landis allegations will decide the sport’s future". Cyclingnews.com. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kimmage-landis-allegations-will-decide-the-sports-future.
- ^ Bonnie D. Ford (May 20, 2010). "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5203604. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ^ Stephen Farrand (July 10, 2010). "McQuaid reveals Armstrong made two donations to the UCI". Cyclingnews. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/mcquaid-reveals-armstrong-made-two-donations-to-the-uci. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
- ^ "Floyd Landis Nightline Interview – ABC News". USA: ABC. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/floyd-landis-nightline-interview/story?id=11226456&page=2. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ "International Cycling Union refutes Floyd Landis' claims about 2001 Tour de Suisse – ESPN". ESPN. May 25, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5218887. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Ex-teammate says Lance Armstrong injected EPO", Yahoo! News, May 20, 2011.
- ^ CBS Evening News, May 20, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, "Report says Hincapie told feds Armstrong used PEDs", Japan Times, May 22, 2011, p. 16.
- ^ Ex-teammate: I saw Lance Armstrong inject EPO – Page 6, CBS News, May 20, 2011
- ^ Risling, Greg, "Armstrong's lawyers want apology from '60 Minutes'", Yahoo! News, June 1, 2011.
- ^ Tim Maloy, "[3]", The Wrap, June 1, 2011.
- ^ Frieden, Terry, "Prosecutors drop Lance Armstrong doping investigation", CNN, February 3, 2012.
- ^ "The possibility of tampering". Velocitynation.com. http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Frederix, Emily and Liedtke, Michael (Aug. 8, 2010) "Scandal could impact Lance Armstrong's foundation". stltoday.com http://www.stltoday.com/sports/other/article_a1309459-b5e2-5bf4-b307-977e9da3506f.html
- ^ "Athletes for Hope". Athletes for Hope. http://www.athletesforhope.org/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Binkley, Collin. "Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour". The Columbus Dispatch. http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/08/21/pelotonia-2010.html. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?". TheFinalSprint.com. January 7, 2007. http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon/. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ^ "Watch the NYC Marathon ONLINE — Live or OnDemand!". TheFinalSprint.com. November 2, 2006. http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand/. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ^ Jud Santos (October 10, 2007). "Results – The ING New York City Marathon". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010035518/http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Search – ContraCostaTimes.com[dead link]
- ^ "Docherty steals victory from Lance Armstrong". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10785234. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong". ironman.com. http://tracking.ironmanlive.com/newathlete.php?rid=1143239874&race=/events/ironman70.3/panama70.3/&bib=24&beta=. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong surrenders lead, finishes seventh in Memorial Hermann Ironman 70.3 Texas triathlon". The Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/sports/cycling/article/Lance-Armstrong-surrenders-lead-finishes-seventh-3451071.php. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ "Potts And Naeth Win Ironman 70.3 St. Croix, Armstrong Third". Triathlete.com. http://triathlon.competitor.com/2012/05/news/potts-wins-ironman-70-3-st-croix-armstrong-third_52960. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong wins Ironman 70.3 in Florida". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/story/2012-05-20/lance-armstrong-wins-triathlon/55094568/1. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong to be an Ironman". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/other_sports/triathlon/4122271/Lance-Armstrong-to-be-an-Ironman.html. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Breaking Away". Outside Magazine. July 2005. http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (August 18, 2005). "Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Peter Beaumont and Paul Webster in Paris (July 6, 2003). "Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars". The Observer (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,992329,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ "President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics" (Press release). The White House. February 8, 2002. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
- ^ "Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners". William Hill Press Office. http://www.williamhillmedia.com/sportsbook_history.asp#2000. Retrieved March 3, 2007. "2000 Winner: It's Not About The Bike — Lance Armstrong"
Further reading[link]
- Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing.
- Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003. Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs.
- Linda Armstrong Kelly, Joni Rodgers: No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me (ISBN 0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity.
- Daniel Coyle: Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France (ISBN 0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for Outside magazine documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both Armstrong and the Tour.
- Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L. A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (ISBN 2-84675-130-7), La Martinière (French). Various circumstantial evidence pointing to Armstrong doping.
- Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L.A. Officiel (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière (French). Why Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A. Confidentiel.
- Sharon Cook, Graciela Sholander: Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True (ISBN 1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer treatment.
- John Wilcockson: 23 Days in July (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong won his 6th Tour title in 2004.
- John Wilcockson: The 2005 Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era (ISBN 1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Armstrong's final Tour de France before his first retirement and his 7th consecutive victory.
- John Wilcokson: LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion (ISBN 9780306815874), Da Capo Press 2009. The story of what drives the 7-time Tour de France champion through the words of Armstrong's family, friends, rivals, and Armstrong himself. [7]
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lance Armstrong |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lance Armstrong |
- Official website
- The Lance Armstrong Foundation
- Lance Armstrong profile at Cycling Archives
- Lance Armstrong at the Internet Movie Database
- Lance Armstrong on Twitter
- Team RadioShack
- Lance Armstrong Profile on Versus
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
Preceded by Marco Pantani |
Vélo d'Or 1999–2001 |
Succeeded by Mario Cipollini |
Preceded by Derek Birley |
William Hill Sports Book of the Year winner 2000 |
Succeeded by Laura Hillenbrand |
| Preceded by Mario Cipollini |
Vélo d'Or 2003, 2004 |
Succeeded by Tom Boonen |
| Preceded by Jonny Mosely Rulon Gardner |
USOC Sportsman of the Year 1999 2001–2003 |
Succeeded by Rulon Gardner Michael Phelps |
Preceded by Steffi Graf |
Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2000 |
Succeeded by Manuel Estiarte |
UCI Road World Champions –
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Lance Edward |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American professional road racing cyclist |
| Date of birth | September 18, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong
Related pages:
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http://id.wn.com/Lance Armstrong
http://pl.wn.com/Lance Armstrong
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"50 cent" redirects here. For the currency amount, see 50 cents. For the 1980s Brooklyn-area robber known as "50 cent", see Kelvin Martin.
"Curtis Jackson" redirects here. For other people with this name, see Curtis Jackson (disambiguation).
| 50 Cent | |
|---|---|
 50 Cent in 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Curtis James Jackson III |
| Born | (1975-07-06) July 6, 1975 (age 36) |
| Origin | South Jamaica, Queens, New York City, New York, United States |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupations | Rapper |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | Aftermath, Shady, G-Unit |
| Associated acts | G-Unit, Dr. Dre, Eminem, Sha Money XL, DJ Whoo Kid |
| Website | 50cent.com |
Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), better known by his stage name 50 Cent, is an American rapper, entrepreneur, investor, record producer, and actor. He rose to fame with the release of his albums Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003) and The Massacre (2005). His album Get Rich or Die Tryin' has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA.[1]
Born in the South Jamaica of Queens, New York City, Jackson began drug dealing at the age of twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic.[2] After leaving drug dealing to pursue a rap career, he was shot at and struck by nine bullets during an incident in 2000. After releasing his album Guess Who's Back? in 2002, Jackson was discovered by rapper Eminem and signed to Interscope Records. With the help of Eminem and Dr. Dre, who produced his first major commercial successes, Jackson became one of the world's highest selling rappers. In 2003, he founded the record label G-Unit Records, which signed several successful rappers such as Young Buck, Lloyd Banks, and Tony Yayo.
Jackson has engaged in feuds with other rappers including Ja Rule, Nas, Fat Joe, Jadakiss, Cam'ron, Puff Daddy, Rick Ross, and former G-Unit members The Game and Young Buck. He has also pursued an acting career, appearing in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin' in 2005, the Iraq War film Home of the Brave in 2006, and Righteous Kill in 2008. 50 Cent was ranked as the sixth-best artist of the 2000s by Billboard magazine. The magazine also ranked him as the fourth top male artist and as the third top rapper behind Eminem and Nelly.[3] Billboard magazine also ranked him as the sixth best and most successful Hot 100 Artist of the 2000s[4] and as the number one rap artist of the 2000s.[5] Billboard ranked his album Get Rich or Die Tryin' as the twelfth best album of the 2000s[6] and his album The Massacre as the 37th best album of the 2000s.[7] As of September 2011, 50 Cent is working on his fifth studio album, which is set to be released in 2012.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Curtis Jackson III grew up in South Jamaica, a poverty-stricken urban neighborhood in Queens, New York City. He grew up without a father and was raised by his mother, Sabrina, who gave birth to him at the age of fifteen. Sabrina, a cocaine dealer, raised Jackson until the age of eight, when she was killed in 1983. Twenty-seven years old at the time, she became unconscious after someone drugged her drink. She was then left for dead after the gas in her apartment was turned on and the windows shut closed.[9][10]
After her death, Jackson moved into his grandparents' house with his eight aunts and uncles.[11][12][13] He recalls, "My grandmother told me, 'Your mother's not coming home. She's not gonna come back to pick you up. You're gonna stay with us now.' That's when I started adjusting to the streets a little bit".[14]
Jackson began boxing around the age of eleven. At fourteen, a neighbor opened a boxing gym for local kids. "When I wasn't killing time in school, I was sparring in the gym or selling crack on the strip", he recalled.[15] In the mid 1980s, he competed in the Junior Olympics as an amateur boxer. He recounts, "I was competitive in the ring and hip-hop is competitive too... I think rappers condition themselves like boxers, so they all kind of feel like they're the champ".[16] At the age of twelve, Jackson began dealing narcotics when his grandparents thought he was at after-school programs.[17] He also took guns and drug money to school. In the tenth grade, he was caught by metal detectors at Andrew Jackson High School. He later stated, "I was embarrassed that I got arrested like that... After I got arrested I stopped hiding it. I was telling my grandmother [openly], 'I sell drugs.'"[14]
Following time spent in a correctional boot camp, Jackson adopted the nickname "50 Cent" as a metaphor for "change".[18] The name was derived from Kelvin Martin, a 1980s Brooklyn robber known as "50 Cent". Jackson chose the name "because it says everything I want it to say. I'm the same kind of person 50 Cent was. I provide for myself by any means".[19]
Music career[link]
1996–99: Early career[link]
Jackson started rapping in a friend's basement where he used turntables to record over instrumentals.[20] In 1996, a friend introduced him to Jam Master Jay of Run-DMC who was organizing his label Jam Master Jay Records.
Jay taught him how to count bars, write choruses, structure songs, and how to make a record.[21][22] Jackson's first official appearance was on a song titled "React" with the group Onyx on their 1998 album Shut 'Em Down. He credited Jam Master Jay as an influence who helped him improve his ability to write hooks.[16] Jay produced Jackson's first album; however, it was never released.[9]
In 1999, after leaving Jam Master Jay, the platinum-selling producers Trackmasters took notice of Jackson and signed him to Columbia Records. They sent him to a studio in Upstate New York where he produced thirty-six songs in two weeks.[10] Eighteen were included on his unofficially released album, Power of the Dollar in 2000.[23] He also started the now-defunct Hollow Point Entertainment with former G-Unit affiliate Bang 'Em Smurf.[24][25]
Jackson's popularity started to increase after the successful but controversial underground single, "How to Rob", which he wrote in half an hour while in a car on the way to a studio.[18][26] The track comically explains how he would rob famous artists. He explained the reasoning behind song's content as, "There's a hundred artists on that label, you gotta separate yourself from that group and make yourself relevant".[18] Rappers Jay-Z, Kurupt, Sticky Fingaz, Big Pun, DMX, Wyclef Jean and the Wu-Tang Clan replied to the song[26] and Nas, who received the track positively, invited Jackson to travel on a promotional tour for his Nastradamus album.[13] The song was intended to be released with "Thug Love" featuring Destiny's Child, but two days before he was scheduled to film the "Thug Love" music video, Jackson was shot and confined to a hospital due to his injuries.[27]
2000–01: Shooting[link]
On May 24, 2000, Jackson was attacked by a gunman, alleged to be Darryl "Hommo" Baum, outside his grandmother's former home in South Jamaica, Queens. He went into a friend's car, but was asked to return to the house to get jewelry.
His son was in the house, while his grandmother was in the front yard.[10] Upon returning to the back seat of the car and already seated, another car pulled up nearby. An assailant then walked up to Jackson's left side with a 9mm handgun and fired nine shots at close range. He was shot nine times: in the hand (a round hit his right thumb, to where the bullet passed through and out his little finger), arm, hip, both legs, chest, and his face (his left cheek).[9][14][28] The face wound resulted in a swollen tongue, the loss of a wisdom tooth, and a small slur in his voice.[13][14][29] His friend also sustained a gunshot wound to the hand. They were driven to the hospital where Jackson spent thirteen days.
Baum, the alleged shooter, was killed three weeks later.[30]
Baum was also Mike Tyson's close friend and bodyguard.[31]
Jackson recalled the incident saying, "It happens so fast that you don't even get a chance to shoot back.... I was scared the whole time.... I was looking in the rear-view mirror like, 'Oh @#!*% , somebody shot me in the face! It burns, burns, burns.'"[14] In his autobiography, From Pieces to Weight: Once upon a Time in Southside Queens, he wrote, "After I got shot nine times at close range and didn't die, I started to think that I must have a purpose in life... How much more damage could that shell have done? Give me an inch in this direction or that one, and I'm gone".[11] He used a walker for the first six weeks and fully recovered after five months. When he left the hospital, he stayed in the Poconos with his then-girlfriend and son. His workout regime helped him attain his muscular physique.[9][14][32]
While in the hospital, Jackson signed a publishing deal with Columbia Records. However, he was dropped from the label and "blacklisted" in the recording industry because of his song "Ghetto Qu'ran".
Unable to find a studio to work with in the U.S, he traveled to Canada.[33][34] Along with his business partner Sha Money XL, he recorded over thirty songs for mixtapes, with the purpose of building a reputation.
According to Shady Records A&R Marc Labelle in an interview with HitQuarters, Jackson shrewdly used the mixtape circuit to his own advantage saying, "He took all the hottest beats from every artist and flipped them with better hooks. They then got into all the markets on the mixtapes and all the mixtape DJs were messing with them."[35] Jackson's popularity rose and in 2002, he released material independently on the mixtape, Guess Who's Back?. Beginning to attract interest, and now backed by G-Unit, Jackson continued to release music including 50 Cent Is the Future. The mixtape revisited material by Jay-Z and Raphael Saadiq.[23]
2002–09: Rise to fame[link]
In 2002, Eminem listened to a copy of Jackson's Guess Who's Back? CD. He received the CD through Jackson's attorney, who was working with Eminem's manager Paul Rosenberg.[27] Impressed with the album, Eminem invited Jackson to fly to Los Angeles, where he was introduced to Dr. Dre.[9][21][27] After signing a $1 million record deal,[21] Jackson released the mixtape, No Mercy, No Fear. It featured one new track, "Wanksta", which was put on Eminem's 8 Mile soundtrack.[23] He was also signed to Chris Lighty's Violator Management and Sha Money XL's Money Management Group.
In February 2003, Jackson released his commercial debut album, Get Rich or Die Tryin'. Allmusic described it as "probably the most hyped debut album by a rap artist in about a decade".[36] Rolling Stone noted the album for its "dark synth grooves, buzzy keyboards and a persistently funky bounce" with Jackson complementing the production in "an unflappable, laid-back flow".[37]
It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 872,000 copies in the first four days.[38] The lead single, "In da Club", which The Source noted for its "blaring horns, funky organs, guitar riffs and sparse hand claps",[39] broke a Billboard record as the most listened-to song in radio history within a week.[40]
Interscope granted Jackson his own label, G-Unit Records in 2003.[41] He signed Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, and Young Buck as the established members of G-Unit. The Game was later signed under a joint venture with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment.
In March 2005, Jackson's second commercial album, The Massacre, sold 1.14 million copies in the first four days-the highest in an abbreviated sales cycle[38]- and peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 for six weeks.[42]
He became the first solo artist to have three singles on the Billboard top five in the same week with "Candy Shop", "Disco Inferno", and "How We Do".[43] Rolling Stone noted that "50's secret weapon is his singing voice - the deceptively amateur-sounding tenor croon that he deploys on almost every chorus".[44]
After The Game's departure, Jackson signed singer Olivia and rap veterans Mobb Deep to G-Unit Records. Spider Loc, M.O.P., 40 Glocc and Young Hot Rod later joined the label.[45][46] Jackson expressed interest in working with rappers outside of G-Unit, such as Lil' Scrappy of BME, LL Cool J from Def Jam, Mase from Bad Boy, and Freeway of Roc-A-Fella, some of whom he recorded with.[47] In September 2007, he released his third album Curtis, which was inspired by his life before Get Rich or Die Tryin'.[48] It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 691,000 units in the first week,[49] behind Kanye West's Graduation, whom he had a sales competition with, as both albums were released on the same day.
He confirmed on TRL on September 10, 2008 that his fourth studio album, Before I Self Destruct, will be "done and released in November".
On May 18, 2009, Jackson released a song entitled "Ok, You're Right". The song was produced by Dr. Dre and was included in Before I Self Destruct.
In Fall 2009, 50 Cent appeared in the new season of VH1's Behind The Music.
On September 3, 2009 months upon the release of his "Before I Self Destruct" album 50 Cent posted a video[50] for the Soundkillers' Phoenix[51] produced track "Flight 187" which introduced his mixtape, the 50th LAW, and was also featured as a bonus track on his iTunes release of Before I Self Destruct. The song ignited speculation that there was tension between rapper 50 Cent and Jay Z for Jackson's comments in the song.[52]
2010–present[link]
In an interview with the British entertainment website ContactMusic, 50 Cent announced that he was working on a dance album named Black Magic. 50 Cent said he was inspired by the European nightclubs. "First they played hip-hop which suddenly changed to uptempo songs, known as Eurodance".[53] He went on The Invitation Tour in the summer of 2010, in support of Before I Self Destruct album, and the then shelved Black Magic album. He "recorded 20 songs to a whole different album concept" before he put those to the side and did something different.[54]
50 Cent revealed that he wanted his new album to have the same "aggression" as his debut record, Get Rich or Die Tryin'.[55][56]
He later tweeted that the album was "80 percent done", and stated that fans can expect the album in the summer of 2011; however, the album has been delayed to 2012 at the earliest, due to tensions and disagreements at Interscope Records, Later 50 Cent said that he will release his album in November 2011[8] and it has also been confirmed that "Black Magic" will not be the album's title.[8] 50 Cent has already confirmed that Eminem will appear on the album, but he also confirmed that he has been working with new producers such as Boi-1da and Alex da Kid.[57] Cardiak, who produced Lloyd Banks' “Start It Up”, also confirmed that he had produced a song for the upcoming album.[58]
DJ Whoo Kid confirmed in an interview that 50 Cent was filming a new movie with Robert DeNiro in New Orleans.[59]
50 Cent released the first song from his fifth studio album, titled "Outlaw", to the Internet on June 16, 2011.[60]
The single was produced by Cardiak.
It was released to iTunes on July 19, 2011,[61] although 50 Cent confirmed through his Twitter account that the song was not the album's first single.[62]
50 Cent is set to release a book titled Playground.
Unlike his previous literary efforts — which focus on his life story and the rules of power — this time he's aiming at a teen audience with a semi-autobiographical novel about bullying. According to a statement from the book's publisher, the first-person novel is slated for release in January 2012 and will tell the story of a 13-year-old schoolyard bully "who finds redemption as he faces what he's done."[63]
50 Cent has promised to deliver his fifth studio album album over the past few years, but the LP may be delayed until 2012. In a series of tweets, 50 Cent explained that him and his label Interscope Records aren’t on the same page on how to roll out the album and that he’s delaying its release until they see eye to eye.[8]
50 Cent later suggested that his album will be releasing in November 2011, along with his headphone line SMS by 50.[8]
50 Cent spoke to MTV in relation to the possibility of leaving Interscope Records. "I don't know," 50 told MTV News when asked if he would ink back with Interscope once his five-album deal was fulfilled. "It will all be clear in the negotiations following me turning this actual album in. And, of course, the performance and how they actually treat the work will determine whether you still want to stay in that position or not."[64]
On June 20, 2011, 50 Cent announced that he will release an LP titled Before I Self Destruct II. The announced sequel to his 2009 LP is suggested to be released after his fifth studio album.[65]
On June 26, 2011, 50 Cent planned to shoot a music video for the lead single from his fifth studio album titled I'm On It.[66] However, the music video never surfaced.[67]
50 Cent spoke to Shade45 in relation guest appearances for his fifth studio album. "I did four songs in Detroit with Eminem. I did two with Just Blaze, a Boi-1da joint, and I did something with Alex da Kid. We made two that are definite singles and the other two are the kinds of records that we been making, more aimed at my core audience, more aggressive, more of a different kind of energy to it."[68]
In September 2011, 50 Cent released a song titled "Street King Energy Track #7" in attempt to promote his charitable energy drink Street King.[69]
On September 28, 2011, it was confirmed that 50 Cent is shooting a music video for his lead single from his fifth studio album titled "Girls Go Wild", which features Jeremih.[70][71]
On October 26, 2011, 50 Cent announced that his fifth studio album will be released in December 2011.[72] However, the album was delayed, and it was announced that the album will now be released on July 2, 2012.[73]
Other ventures[link]
Jackson has established himself in a variety of fields. In November 2003, he signed a five-year deal with Reebok to distribute a "G-Unit Sneakers" line as part of his G-Unit Clothing Company.[74][75] He provided the voice-over as the protagonist in the video game 50 Cent: Bulletproof, which was released for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and the PlayStation Portable.
Its sequel, 50 Cent: Blood on the Sand, was released in early 2009.[76][77] He worked with Glacéau to create a vitamin water drink called Formula 50. In 2007, Coca-Cola purchased Glacéau for US$4.1 billion. Forbes estimated Jackson, who owns a stake in the company, earned $100 million from the deal after taxes.[78] He has teamed up with Right Guard to launch a body spray called Pure 50 RGX Body Spray and a condom line called Magic Stick Condoms,[79] in which he planned to donate part of the proceeds to HIV awareness.[80]
Jackson has signed a multi-year deal with Steiner Sports to sell his memorabilia.[81]
In 2005, Jackson made a cameo appearance on The Simpsons episode "Pranksta Rap", in which he makes light of his legal troubles. The same year, he starred alongside Terrence Howard in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin'. He starred in the 2006 film Home of the Brave, as a soldier returning home from the Iraq War, traumatized after killing an Iraqi woman.[82]
Jackson is working[when?] on a role as a fighter in an Angola State Prison in Spectacular Regret alongside Nicolas Cage, and starred opposite Al Pacino and Robert De Niro in 2008's Righteous Kill, a movie regarding a police death.[83]
He also started the film production companies G-Unit Films in 2007 and Cheetah Vision in 2008.[84][85]
In August 2007, Jackson announced plans to launch a dietary supplement company in conjunction with his movie Spectacular Regret.[86]
In August 2005, shortly before appearing in Get Rich or Die Tryin', Jackson published an autobiography entitled From Pieces to Weight: Once upon a Time in Southside Queens. In it, Jackson explores the cultural and economic forces that led him to sell cocaine and crack, details his entrepreneurship as a drug-dealer and then as a rapper, and reflects on his own ethos and on society.
On January 4, 2007, Jackson launched his G-Unit Books imprint at the Time Warner Building.[87] He also co-wrote The Ski Mask Way, a novel about a small-time drug dealer who attempts to rob his employers, which is to be turned into a film.[80] Jackson said he read Robert Greene's The 33 Strategies of War and worked with the author on a book titled The 50th Law, an urban take on The 48 Laws of Power.[80][88] In May 2008, Jackson met billionaire Patrice Motsepe to forge a joint venture selling 50 Cent-branded platinum.[89]
In 2008, Jackson started a reality television show on MTV titled 50 Cent: The Money and the Power; the winning contestant, Ryan Mayberry, won a $100,000 investment from Jackson.[90]
On September 8, 2009, he published his book The 50th Law.[91]
In 2010, Jackson's film company Cheetah Vision landed $200 million in funding.[92]
In July 2011, 50 Cent revealed his initiative to provide food for millions of people in Africa by 2016. 50 Cent teamed up with Pure Growth Partners to launch a charitable energy drink called Street King that will help aid in combating world hunger. For every purchase of Street King, a portion of the sales will go to providing a daily meal to an underprivileged child around the world. The partnership coincides with Fiddy’s mission statement of feeding a billion people in Africa over the next five years.
“50 Cent and I share a common vision: To address the world’s problems through smart and sustainable business models,” said Chris Clark, the founder and CEO of Pure Growth Partners. “With the rampant starvation in Africa and hunger afflicting children worldwide, we need socially responsible businesses that affect real change now more than ever.”
50 concurs, stating, “I’m inspired by Clarke’s vision and innovative approaches to tackling serious issues. It’s our mission with Street King to really change children’s lives around the world.”[93][94]
Jackson founded SMS Audio, selling headphones with the name Street by 50. He has pledged to donate a portion of the sales to charity.[95]
Personal life[link]
Jackson has a tattoo of "Marquise" with an axe on his right biceps. "The axe is 'cause I'm a warrior. I don't want him to be one, though,"[34] he explains. He also has "50", "Southside", and "Cold World" inscribed on his back because "I'm a product of that environment. It's on my back, though, so it's all behind me."[34]
Family[link]
On October 13, 1997, Jackson's then-girlfriend Shaniqua Tompkins gave birth to a son, Marquise Jackson.[2][96]
The birth of his son changed Jackson's outlook on life: "When my son came into my life, my priorities changed, because I wanted to have the relationship with him, that I didn't have with my father."[97] He credited his son for inspiring his career and being "motivation to go in a different direction".[98]
Politics[link]
In 2005, Jackson expressed support for President George Walker Bush after rapper Kanye West criticized him for the slow response in assisting the Hurricane Katrina victims.[99]
If his felony convictions did not prevent him from voting, he claimed he would have voted for Bush.[100] Jackson identifies with the Republican Party.[101]
He later stated that Bush "has less compassion than the average human. By all means, I don't aspire to be like George Bush."[102]
In response to Obama's endorsement of gay marriage, 50 cent said he also supports legalizing it.[103]
Wealth[link]
In 2007, Jackson was the second wealthiest performer in the rap industry, behind Jay-Z.[104] He resides in Farmington, Connecticut, in the former mansion of ex-boxer Mike Tyson.[105] He is consistently ranked among the richest figures in the American hip hop scene. In 2011, Jackson was ranked the fifth richest figure in American hip hop with a net worth estimated at $100 million.[106]
He put the mansion for sale at $18.5 million to move closer to his son who lives in Long Island with his ex-girlfriend.[107] On October 12, 2007, the Mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut declared it "50 Cent Curtis Jackson Day". He was honored with a key to the city and an official proclamation.[108]
One of his homes in New York purchased for 2.4 million dollars in January 2007 and at the center of a lawsuit between Jackson and ex-girlfriend Shaniqua Tompkins caught fire on May 30, 2008 while he was out of town filming for a movie in Louisiana.[109]
In December 2008 Jackson told the Canadian press that he had been affected by the recession, losing several million dollars in the stock market as an investor. He also went on to say that he had been unable to sell his Connecticut mansion and pushed Before I Self-Destruct back because of the recent economic downturn.[110]
Legal issues[link]
On June 29, 1994, Jackson was arrested for helping to sell four vials of cocaine to an undercover police officer. He was arrested again three weeks later when police searched his home and found heroin, ten ounces of crack cocaine, and a starter gun.
He was sentenced to three to nine years in prison, but managed to serve six months in a shock incarceration boot camp where he earned his GED. Jackson said that he did not use cocaine himself, he only sold it.[11][111][112]
His ex-girlfriend Shaniqua Tompkins sued Jackson for $50 million, claiming that he said that he would take care of her for life; the suit, which includes 15 claims was later dismissed by a judge, calling it "an unfortunate tale of a love relationship gone sour."[113]
50 Cent was sentenced to two years probation on July 22, 2005 from an incident in May 2004 when 50 Cent jumped into the audience after being hit with a water bottle.[114] He was charged with three counts of assault and battery.[114]
Lawsuits[link]
On July 21, 2007, Jackson filed a $1 million lawsuit against advertising company Traffix Inc. of Pearl River, New York for using his image in a promotion which he claims threatens his safety.
He became aware of the internet ad after one of his staff members saw it on a MySpace page. According to court documents, the ad features a cartoon image of the rapper and the message: "shoot the rapper and you will win $5000 or five ring tones guaranteed".
Though the ad did not use his name, the image allegedly intended to resemble him, suggesting he endorsed the ad.
The lawsuit calls it a "vile, tasteless and despicable" use of 50 Cent's image that "quite literally calls for violence against him". The lawsuit seeks for unspecified punitive damages and a permanent injunction against the use of his image without permission.[115][116]
In November 2009, 50 Cent won in a lawsuit against Taco Bell over the fast food chain using his name to promote the brand without his permission.[117]
Feuds[link]
How to Rob[link]
50 Cent said that he intended the single to be a joke, and not meant to disrespect anybody. Nevertheless, a number of rappers mentioned on the song responded on record.
The comments made towards the Wu-Tang Clan were responded to on the Ghostface Killah album Supreme Clientele on a track called "Ghost Deini" and even more directly on a skit called "Clyde Smith" which included one of the Wu-Tang Clan members talking about how they intended to harm the rapper, which is identifiable as Raekwon when the track is sped up. A supposed diss song, "Who the Fuck Is 50 Cent", which circulated the web in the beginning of 2001 was rumored to be by the Clan, but was proven to be recorded by Polite of American Cream Team (Raekwon's then-side project).
Jay-Z also reacted to the comments in the track called "It's Hot (Some Like It Hot)", off the album Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter:
"Go against Jigga yo' ass is dense
I'm about a dollar, what the fuck is 50 Cents?"
Sticky Fingaz responded to the diss with the track "Jackin' for Beats."
"The real 50 from Brooklyn god bless he got outed
You just a fake clown who front and rout about it."
Big Pun responds to this track on his album Yeeeah Baby, in the song "My Turn."
"And to the 50 Cent Rapper, very funny – get your nut off, 'cuz in real life, we all know I'd blow your motherfucking head off...If I'm gonna write a song, it'll be about how I had to beat your mothafuckin' ass. And that'll be the name of the motherfucker: 'That's Why I Had To Beat Your Motherfucking Ass', featuring Tony Sunshine."
Kurupt responded on the diss track "Callin' Out Names."
"Now it's 50 mc's that ain't worth shit
Get ya ass kicked 50 times, beat to 10 cent"
Wyclef Jean responded on the song "Low Income", from his 2000 album, The Ecleftic.
"I stay so hungry that if 50 Cent came to rob me
he'd be part of my charity."
The Inc.[link]
Before signing with Interscope, Jackson engaged in a well-publicized dispute with rapper Ja Rule and his label The Inc.. Jackson claims that a friend robbed Ja Rule of his jewelry and that Ja Rule accused him of setting it up.[118] However, Ja Rule claimed the conflict stemmed from a video shoot in Queens because Jackson did not like seeing him "getting so much love" from the neighborhood.[119] In March 2000, while at The Hit Factory studio in New York, Jackson had an altercation with Murder Inc. associates. He was treated for three stitches after receiving a stab wound.[118][120] Rapper Black Child claimed responsibility for the stabbing, saying he acted in self-defense because he thought someone reached for a gun.[121]
An affidavit by an IRS agent suggested that Murder Inc. had ties to Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff, a New York drug lord who was suspected of being involved in the murder of Jam Master Jay and the shooting of Jackson. An excerpt of the affidavit read:
The investigation has uncovered a conspiracy involving McGriff and others to murder a rap artist who has released songs containing lyrics regarding McGriff's criminal activities. The rap artist was shot in 2000, survived and thereafter refused to cooperate with law enforcement regarding the shooting. Messages transmitted over the Murder Inc. pager indicate that McGriff is involved in an ongoing plot to kill this rap artist, and that he communicates with Murder Inc. employees concerning the target.[33]
In an interview with MTV, Ja Rule acknowledged his defeat against 50 Cent and stated that his new album, The Mirror, will not be continuing any past feuds that he has engaged in. He said: There was a lot of things I wanted to say, and I didn't want there to be any bitter records on the album. Because I'm not bitter about anything that happened [in the past few years].
Fat Joe, Nas & Jadakiss[link]
Before releasing The Massacre, Jackson recorded a song "Piggy Bank", a response to Ja Rule's song "New York", which was leaked before the album's release. The song takes aim at rappers including Fat Joe, Nas, and Jadakiss.[122] Fat Joe responded with a song, "My Fofo", accusing Jackson of taking steroids, hiding in his home, and being jealous of The Game. Jadakiss also responded with a song, "Checkmate", and said that Jackson was trying to "create a buzz for his new album".[123] The "Piggy Bank" music video portrays animated caricatures of Jadakiss (as a Ninja turtle), Fat Joe (as King Hippo from Mike Tyson's Punch-Out), Nas (as a kid chasing a "milkshake" truck in a Superman costume), and The Game (as Mr. Potato Head). He also disses all of them on the beef version of his single "Window Shopper"[124] Kelis, Nas's then-wife, responded to the song on her single "Bossy".[citation needed] Nas later responded with "Don't Body Ya Self (MC Burial)." Nas later dissed 50 on the song "Street Ridaz" on Game's mixtape "Brake Lights".
Sean Combs[link]
Jackson spoke negatively about Bad Boy Entertainment mogul Sean Combs and recorded a song, "Hip-Hop", revealing the reasons behind his negative feelings: primarily, a contract dispute over Mase. In the song, he implied that Diddy knew about The Notorious B.I.G.'s murder and threatened to expose him through former associates.[125] The feud was resolved, with both rappers appearing on MTV's TRL and Sucker Free, respectively, stating that there were no longer problems.[126] The feud reignited in 2010 with 50 Cent dissing Diddy, saying his music "sucks".
Cam'ron[link]
On February 1, 2007, Cam'ron and Jackson had a live argument on The Angie Martinez Show on Hot 97 radio. Jackson commented that Koch Entertainment was a "graveyard", meaning major record labels would not work with their artists.[127] Cam'ron then ridiculed the record sales of G-Unit members Lloyd Banks and Mobb Deep by stating that Jim Jones outsold their albums despite being signed to an independent label and that his group, The Diplomats, had a distribution deal from several labels.[127] Both rappers released "diss" songs with videos on YouTube. Jackson suggested in "Funeral Music" that Cam'ron is no longer able to lead The Diplomats and that Jim Jones should take his place. Cam'ron responded with "Curtis" and "Curtis Pt. II", in which he makes fun of Jackson's appearance, calling him "a gorilla, with rabbit teeth".[128] Jackson responded by releasing "Hold On" with Young Buck.
Game[link]
Main article: G-Unit vs. The Game feud
Although he was close with The Game, before The Game released his debut album The Documentary, they soon became at odds. After its release, Jackson felt The Game was disloyal for saying he did not want to participate in G-Unit's feuds with other rappers and even wanting to work with artists they were feuding with. He also claimed that he wrote six songs on the album and was not receiving proper credit for his work, which The Game denied.[129]
Jackson later dismissed The Game from G-Unit on Hot 97 radio. After the announcement, The Game, who was a guest earlier in the evening, attempted to enter the building with his entourage. After being denied entry, one of his associates was shot in the leg during a confrontation with a group of men leaving the building.[130][131] When the situation escalated, both rappers held a press conference to announce their reconciliation.[132] Fans had mixed feelings as to whether the rappers created a publicity stunt to boost the sales of the albums they had just released.[133] Nevertheless, even after the situation deflated,[134] G-Unit criticized The Game's street credibility. The group denounced The Game and announced that they will not be featured on his albums. During a Summer Jam performance, The Game launched a boycott of G-Unit called "G-Unot".[135]
After the performance at Summer Jam, The Game responded with "300 Bars and Runnin'", an extended "diss" aimed at G-Unit as well as members of Roc-A-Fella Records on the mixtape You Know What It Is Vol. 3. Jackson responded through his "Piggy Bank" music video, which features The Game as a Mr. Potato Head doll and also parodies other rivals.[136] Since then both groups continued to attack each other. The Game released two more mixtapes, Ghost Unit and a mixtape/DVD called Stop Snitchin, Stop Lyin.
Jackson posted a cover of The Game's head on the body of a male stripper for "Hate It or Love It (G-Unit Radio Part 21)" mixtape, as a response to The Game displaying pictures of G-Unit dressed as Village People.[137] Although he was signed to Aftermath Entertainment, The Game left the label and signed with Geffen Records to terminate his contractual obligations with G-Unit (although others claim Jackson pressured Dr. Dre to kick him off).[138] G-Unit member Spider Loc had also began to insult The Game on various songs. In addition, The Game released "240 Bars (Spider Joke)" and "100 Bars (The Funeral)" both attacking G-Unit, Spider Loc and others. Jackson's response was "Not Rich, Still Lyin'" where he mocks The Game.[139] Lloyd Banks replied to the Game on a Rap City freestyle booth session. The Game quickly released a "diss" record called "SoundScan" where The Game pokes fun at Lloyd Banks' album Rotten Apple falling thirteen spots on the Billboard 200 chart and disappointing second week sales. Lloyd Banks replied on his mixtape Mo' Money In The Bank Pt. 5: Gang Green Season Continues with a song called "Showtime (The Game's Over)". Lloyd Banks states that Jackson wrote half of The Game's first album The Documentary and pokes fun at The Game's suicidal thoughts.
In October 2006, The Game extended a peace treaty to Jackson, which was not immediately replied to.[140] However, a couple days later, on Power 106, he stated that the treaty was only offered for one day.[141] On The Game's album, Doctor's Advocate, he claims that the feud is over on a few of the songs.
In July 2009, The Game stated the beef was squashed with help from Michael Jackson and Diddy,[142] and he apologized for his actions during the beef.[143] Tony Yayo said that neither Jackson (50 Cent) or G-Unit would accept his apology.[144] Since then, The Game continued his old "G-Unot" ways at live concerts. Jackson released "So Disrespectful" a diss song on Before I Self Destruct targeting Jay-Z, The Game and Young Buck.[145] Game later responded with the song "Shake", poking fun of the music video for 50's single "Candy Shop", quote, "Me and 50 aint agreeing on shit so I had to (Shake) Aint no telling what he putting in that protein (Shake) Seen the candy shop video look at this nigga (Shake) And thats the same shit that made the nigga Young Buck (Shake)". He also takes shots at Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo, in which he says, "I'm surprised that Lloyd Banks and Yayo didn't (Shake) Wasn't selling no records Jimmy Iovine said (Shake)". Game also dissed G-Unit several times on the song "400 Bars".
In September 2011, 50 Cent dissed Game on the song "Love, Hate, Love", in which Game responded to on his twitter, saying he was going to diss him back after his tour was finished, quote:
[@50Cent I'm on tour doin shows but as soon as @avanterose find a studio for me i'm killin yo "Planet of the Apes" face havin ass nigga
Rick Ross[link]
In January 2009, Rick Ross started a feud with 50 Cent because he supposedly looked at him the wrong way at the BET Awards. However, Jackson told news sources that he did not even remember seeing Rick Ross there.[146] In late January, a track entitled "Mafia Music" by Rick Ross, leaked onto the Internet. There were several lines that seem to diss Jackson. Days later, Jackson released "Officer Ricky (Go Head, Try Me)" in response to Rick Ross's disparaging remarks on his "Mafia Music" song. The next day Rick Ross appeared on Shade 45, and told Jackson to come up with something better in 24 hours.
Before going to Venezuela, Jackson uploaded a video entitled "Warning Shot", where he warns Rick Ross: "I'ma fuck your life up for fun". In addition, Jackson released the first of a series of "Officer Ricky" cartoons. Early February, Jackson once again made a video which he uploaded to YouTube where he interviews "Tia", the mother of one of Rick Ross's children. She verifies his being a correctional officer and claims his whole persona is fake and fraudulent.[147] On Thursday, February 5, 2009, The Game, who Jackson has a long-standing "beef" with, called up Seattle's KUBE 93 Radio Station. When asked about the beef between Jackson and Rick Ross, The Game sided with Jackson and said that things are not looking good for Rick Ross. However, he offered to help Rick Ross get out of this situation, stating "Rick Ross, holla at your boy, man," and "50 eating you, boy."[148]
On his album Deeper Than Rap, Ross references Jackson in the song "In Cold Blood". A video for the song was released that portrayed Jackson's mock funeral. Upon release, Ross stated that he has ended Jackson's career.[149]
In an interview, Jackson said: "Rick Ross is Albert From CB4. You ever seen the movie? He's Albert," he added. "It never gets worse than this. You get a guy that was a correctional officer come out and base his entire career on writing material from a drug dealer's perspective such as "Freeway" Ricky Ross."[150]
Lil Wayne[link]
After hearing word that Lil Wayne had prepared a song for him after 50 made some unkind remarks, 50 lashed out at Wayne first on August 17, 2007 with the song "Part Time Lover".[151] Wayne never really responded to the song, although a 50 Cent diss track called "Louisianimal" did leak much later on November 17, 2008.[152] Jackson responded to Lil Wayne in January 2009 in a song entitled "Play This On The Radio".[153] As of August 14, 2009, the controversy between Jackson and Lil Wayne seems to have ended after Jackson appeared and performed at Lil Wayne's America's Most Wanted Musical Festival stop in Anaheim, California.[154]
Young Buck[link]
Main article: 50 Cent vs. Young Buck
After numerous rumors of a "beef" within G-Unit, Jackson officially dismissed Young Buck from the group, in 2008. He later assured that he was still signed with the label.[155] Numerous slander songs then arose on the internet from both camps, with Young Buck appearing in a music video of former rival The Game.[156][157] Jackson then leaked a taped phone conversation between himself and Young Buck, which showed one of the true reasons for the falling out; Jackson was owed money by the Southern rapper. Young Buck later stated the conversation took place over a year before the leak.[158] The two camps have since released a multitude of songs against each other, with the feud settling down by 2009, with Young Buck stating he's been working on his latest album, which is still to be released under the G-Unit label.[159]
In April 2012, after being ousted from the crew back in 2008, Young Buck has entered talks to work with the label. Days after indicating that he would be open to re-teaming with his old crew at G-Unit Records, Young Buck now confirms that he has begun negotiations with the label about making his return. Buck provided the update in a recent interview stating "I'ma be honest with you," he said, "Finally we're at a point where we're having some kind of negotiations with what they're going to be able to do for us at G-Unit."[160] The Nashville, Tennessee native said he was ready to make his return to music, whether as a part of G-Unit or not. "Y’all are gonna be hearing from me," he said. "I don't want to put a timing on it, but the wait is absolutely over, and we're just trying to figure out what's the best situation for us, where I'm gonna go." Buck stated in an interview after a concert in California April 4, 2012. Young Buck's last album was the 2010 independent release The Rehab. It’s been a rough go for Buck since he was expelled from 50’s crew in 2008, he has run into financial troubles and he recently escaped an attempted drive-by shooting in his hometown. Although it doesn’t look like the rapper has straightened out his relationship with 50 Cent, but he says the label has finally agreed to negotiate. The negotiations may not lead to a new deal between Young Buck and G-Unit, but the rapper remains optimistic and explained that it’s only a matter of time before he ends up finding a place to take his talent.[161][162]
Discography[link]
Main articles: 50 Cent discography and G-Unit discography
- Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003)
- The Massacre (2005)
- Curtis (2007)
- Before I Self Destruct (2009)
- Fifth studio album (2012)[163][164]
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by 50 Cent
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 50 Cent: The New Breed | Himself | Documentary DVD |
| 2005 | Get Rich or Die Tryin' | Marcus | Film debut |
| 2006 | Home of the Brave | Jamal Aiken | Supporting Role |
| 2008 | Righteous Kill | Spider | Supporting Role |
| Before I Self Destruct | Clarence | Supporting Role | |
| 50 Cent: The Money and the Power | Himself | TV series (one episode: "Choose Your Crew Wisely") | |
| 2009 | Streets of Blood | Stan Johnson | |
| Entourage | Himself | TV series (Season 6, Episode 3: "One Car, Two Car, Red Car, Blue Car") | |
| Dead Man Running | Thigo | ||
| Caught in the Crossfire | Tino | Executive producer | |
| 2010 | 13 | Jimmy | |
| Gun | Rich | ||
| Twelve | Lionel | Supporting Role | |
| Morning Glory | Himself | ||
| 2011 | Vengeance | Black | |
| Blood Out | Hardwick | ||
| Setup | Sonny | ||
| 2012 | All Things Fall Apart | Deon | |
| Freelancers | Malo | ||
| Fire with Fire | – | Producer | |
| Odd Thomas | Shamus Cocobolo | ||
| Lives of the Saints | TBA | Pre-production | |
| 2013 | The Tomb | TBA | In production |
Voice work[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | The Simpsons | Himself | TV series (one episode: "Pranksta Rap") |
| 50 Cent: Bulletproof | Himself | Video game, voice only | |
| 2009 | 50 Cent: Blood on the Sand | Himself | Video game, voice only |
| Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2[165][166] | Navy SEAL, announcer | Video game, voice only |
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- ^ HipHopDX.com – 50 Cent Disses Lil' Wayne. HipHopDX.com. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
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- ^ 50 Cent Makes Surprise Appearance During Lil Wayne Tour[dead link]
- ^ Aliya Ewing (April 7, 2008) 50 Cent Kicks Young Buck Out Of G-Unit & More! HipHopDX. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ (July 25, 2008) Young Buck at The Game – My Life Video Shoot[dead link]. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ The Game – "My Life" on FNMTV MTV. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Black Widow (June 19, 2008) Young Buck Responds to Leaked Phone Convo With 50 Cent, 'I Don't Feel No Shame' SixShot. Retrieved January 19, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Shaheem Reid (October 21, 2008) Young Buck Says The Rehab Will Sell A Million In A Week MTV.com Accessed January 19, 2009.
- ^ Ugwu, Reggie. "Young Buck Says He's Negotiating With G-Unit | News". BET. http://www.bet.com/news/music/2012/04/05/young-buck-says-he-s-negotiating-with-g-unit.html?utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
- ^ "Former G-Unit Records Rapper Young Buck Says He’s In Negotiations With 50 Cent's Label Once Again". This Beat Goes. 2012-04-05. http://thisbeatgoes.com/hip-hop-news/former-g-unit-records-rapper-young-buck-says-he%E2%80%99s-in-negotiations-with-50-cents-label-once-again/. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
- ^ Kuperstein, Slava (2012-04-04). "Young Buck Reveals Renegotiation With G-Unit | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales". HipHop DX. http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.19270/title.young-buck-reveals-renegotiation-with-g-unit?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
- ^ Markman, Rob (2012-01-20). "50 Cent Wants To Release Back-To-Back Albums - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1677623/50-cent-albums.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ "50 Cent Plans on Releasing Two Albums This Year". Xxlmag.Com. 2012-01-20. http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2012/01/50-cent-plans-on-releasing-two-albums-this-year/. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ "50 Cent to be appearing in Modern Warfare 2". Destructoid. March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. http://www.destructoid.com/50-cent-to-be-appearing-in-modern-warfare-2-143297.phtml. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ "50 Cent Visits Infinity Ward (Creators of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2)". ThisIs50.com. August 7, 2009. http://thisis50.com/profiles/blogs/50-cent-visits-infinity-ward. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
External links[link]
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| Preceded by – |
Sound of... (BBC poll) 2003 |
Succeeded by Keane |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | 50 Cent |
| Alternative names | Jackson, Curtis James, III |
| Short description | Rapper |
| Date of birth | July 6, 1975 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| The Chemical Brothers | |
|---|---|
 The Chemical Brothers performing live. Ed Simons (left) and Tom Rowlands (right) |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The 237 Turbo Nutters, The Dust Brothers, Chemical Ed & Chemical Tom |
| Origin | Manchester,[1] United Kingdom |
| Genres | Big beat, electronica,[2] techno, trip hop, alternative dance, neo-psychedelia[3] |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Labels | Junior Boy's Own, Astralwerks, Freestyle Dust, Virgin, Ultra |
| Website | TheChemicalBrothers.com |
| Members | |
| Tom Rowlands Ed Simons |
|
The Chemical Brothers are a British electronic music duo composed of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons. Originating in Manchester[1] in 1991, along with The Prodigy, Fatboy Slim, The Crystal Method, and fellow acts, they were pioneers at bringing the big beat genre to the forefront of pop culture.
Contents
|
History[link]
Background (1984–1991)[link]
Ed Simons was born in Herne Hill, South London on 9 June 1970 to a barrister mother and a father who was not around much when Simons was growing up. Simons' two main interests when he was young were aeroplanes and musicals. Simons attended two South London public schools, Alleyn's School and Dulwich College. During his school years, he developed a fondness for rare groove and Hip hop music, having frequented a club called The Mud Club from the age of 14. By the time he left school, his two main musical interests were two Manchester bands, New Order and The Smiths. After finishing school with 11 O levels and three A-levels, he continued on to study history, especially late medieval history, at the University of Manchester.[citation needed]
Tom Rowlands, a childhood classmate of Simons', was born on 11 January 1971 in Kingston upon Thames, London. When Rowlands was very young, his family relocated to Henley-on-Thames. He later attended Reading Blue Coat School in Berkshire, during which time he became obsessed with Scotland, developing a fondness for the bagpipes in particular. In his early teens, his interest in music broadened to other genres. Initially, some of his favourites included the Oh What a Lovely War soundtrack, 2 Tone, the nascent gothic rock genre (Sisters of Mercy, Fields of the Nephilim) and the electro sounds of artists such as Kraftwerk, New Order, Cabaret Voltaire, and Heaven 17. He described the first Public Enemy album as the record that probably changed his life, and commented that "Miuzi Weighs a Ton" was one of the most amazing tracks he had ever heard.[citation needed] Rowlands also started collecting hip hop records by artists like Eric B and Schoolly D. Rowlands left school with similar accomplishments to Simons', achieving nine O levels and three A levels. For university, he followed Simons to Manchester primarily to immerse himself in its music scene in general and the Haçienda in particular.[citation needed]
Rowlands was also in a band called Ariel prior to meeting up with Simons. Ariel was formed in London by Rowlands and his friends Brendan Melck and Matt Berry. Their first single was "Sea of Beats", which was essentially a white label. Before Philip Brown set up Echo Logik Records, their first promo was "Bokadilo". Other songs, released on 12", included "Mustn't Grumble" and their most well-known, "Rollercoaster". After a year on Echo Logik they signed to the record label deConstruction. They insisted that they get a female singer and they recruited former Xpansions frontwoman Sally Ann Marsh, and after some disappointing songs like "Let It Slide" (Rowlands would later describe it as "a stinker") the band fell apart. One of the last things Ariel did was the song "T Baby" which was remixed by the pair.[citation needed]
Rowlands and Simons then started to DJ at a club called "Naked Under Leather" in the back of a pub in 1992 under the alias of "The 237 Turbo Nutters" (named after the number of their house on Dickenson Road in Manchester and a reference to their Blackburn raving days). The pair would play hip hop, techno, and house.[4]
The Dust Brothers (1992–1994)[link]
Rowlands and Simons called themselves The Dust Brothers, after the US production duo famous for their work with the Beastie Boys. After a while, they began to run out of suitable instrumental hip hop tracks to use, so they started to make their own. Using a Hitachi hi-fi system, a computer, a sampler, and a keyboard, they recorded "Song to the Siren", which sampled This Mortal Coil. "Song to the Siren" was released on their own record label, called "Diamond Records" (after Ed's nickname). In October 1992, they pressed 500 white label copies and took them to various dance record shops around London, but none would play it, saying that it was too slow (the track played at 111 BPM).[citation needed] They sent a copy to London DJ Andrew Weatherall, who made it a permanent fixture in his DJ sets. Weatherall also signed the band to his Junior Boy's Own label.[citation needed] In May 1993, Junior Boy's Own released "Song to the Siren".
Around June 1993, the Dust Brothers did their first remixes. The first was "Packet of Peace" for Justin Robertson's Lionrock outfit, followed by tracks for Leftfield, Republica, and The Sandals. Late in 1993, The Dust Brothers completed work on their Fourteenth Century Sky EP, released in January 1994. It contained the ground-breaking "Chemical Beats", which epitomized the duo's genre-defining big beat sound, later taken up by Fatboy Slim and many more. The EP also contained "One Too Many Mornings", which for the first time showed the less intense, more chilled-out side of The Dust Brothers. Both "One Too Many Mornings" and "Chemical Beats" would later appear on their debut album. Fourteenth Century Sky was followed later in 1993 by the My Mercury Mouth EP. "Chemical Beats" was also part of the soundtrack for the first edition of the Wipeout games series, having been featured in Wipeout for the PlayStation in 1995.[citation needed]
In October 1994, The Dust Brothers became resident DJs at the small, but hugely influential Heavenly Sunday Social Club at the Albany pub in London's Great Portland Street.[citation needed] The likes of Noel Gallagher, Paul Weller, James Dean Bradfield, and Tim Burgess were regular visitors. The Dust Brothers were subsequently asked to remix tracks by Manic Street Preachers and The Charlatans, plus Primal Scream's "Jailbird" and The Prodigy's "Voodoo People". These two remixes received television exposure, being playlisted by MTV Europe's "The Party Zone" in 1995. Early in 1994, The Dust Brothers were approached in the club one Sunday by Noel Gallagher, from Oasis, who at the time were becoming one of the most prominent guitar bands in Britain. Gallagher told the duo that he had a Balearic-inspired track which he had written and would like the Dust Brothers to remix. However, over time, Gallagher changed his mind, and in the end the Brothers did not remix it. The track was "Wonderwall".[citation needed]
In March 1995, The Dust Brothers began their first international tour, which included the United States – where they played with Orbital and Underworld – then a series of European festivals. Also around this time, the original Dust Brothers threatened legal action over the use of their name, and so Rowlands and Simons had to decide on a new name quickly.[citation needed] They decided to then call themselves "The Chemical Brothers" after "Chemical Beats" (Simons' grandmother had suggested they call themselves "The Grit Brothers").
In June 1995, they released their fourth single, the first under their new identity. "Leave Home" was released on Junior Boy's Own, as a preview of the imminent debut album and became the band's first chart hit, peaking at No. 17.
[edit] Exit Planet Dust (1995–1996)
In July 1995, The Chemical Brothers released their debut album Exit Planet Dust (the title inspired by their name change) on Freestyle Dust/Junior Boy's Own. It entered the UK charts at No. 9[citation needed] and featured guest vocalist Beth Orton on the song "Alive Alone". It eventually went on to sell over a million copies worldwide, and was used on the soundtrack of the science fiction TV series pilot Virtuality.[citation needed] Shortly after its release, The Chemical Brothers signed to Virgin Records, to which they took their own offshoot label, Freestyle Dust. For their next single, "Life Is Sweet", released in September 1995, they again used a guest vocalist, featuring their friend Tim Burgess, singer of The Charlatans. It reached No. 25 in the singles charts. The single was also Select magazine's "Single of the Month" for October.[citation needed] The release included a Daft Punk remix of "Life Is Sweet".
In August 1995, The Chemical Brothers DJ'ed for Oasis at a Sheffield gig. The gig began to backfire when it became apparent that Liam Gallagher didn't seem to like any of the tracks they were spinning. The closest that they could come to pleasing him was the Happy Mondays' "Wrote for Luck".[citation needed] Gallagher proceeded to kick The Chemical Brothers off the turntables and procured a friend from The Verve to continue to DJ. He subsequently favoured psychedelic material to the displeasure of the crowd.[citation needed]
Around this period, The Stone Roses asked the Chemical Brothers to remix "Begging You", from their Second Coming album. After beginning work on a remix which they viewed as having potential, The Stone Roses changed their minds and the project was cancelled.[citation needed]
In October 1995, the duo returned to the Heavenly Sunday Social for a second and final run of DJ dates. They then became residents at the Heavenly Social on Saturdays at Turnmills. In November, The Chemical Brothers played the Astoria Theatre in London. At this time the Brothers usually used a fusion of "Chemical Beats" and The Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows" as their encore. During the encore, however, Keith Flint from The Prodigy jumped up on stage to dance, wearing a T-shirt sporting the slogan "Occupation: mad bastard". A few from the crowd subsequently joined in. This resulted in a power cable being kicked loose, bringing the show to a temporary close.[citation needed] The Chemical Brothers confessed to not being too bothered; "because he's Keith from The Prodigy, and he can do whatever the fucking hell he likes".[citation needed] Just before Christmas, 1995, they played their biggest gig to date, with The Prodigy, at the Brixton Academy.[citation needed]
In January 1996, Exit Planet Dust went gold. The Chemical Brothers released their first new material in six months on Virgin, the Loops of Fury EP. The four-track release was limited to 20,000 copies, but is now available for digital download. It entered the UK charts at No. 13. NME described the lead track as "splashing waves of synths across hard-hitting beats".[citation needed] The EP also contained a Dave Clarke remix of "Chemical Beats", and two other new tracks, "Get Up on It Like This" and "(The Best Part Of) Breaking Up".
In February 1996, Select magazine published a list of the 100 best albums of the 1990s thus far. Exit Planet Dust was listed at Number 39.[citation needed] In August 1996, The Chemical Brothers supported Oasis at Knebworth, where 125,000 people attended each of the two shows.[citation needed]
During the 1995 Glastonbury Festival, Rowlands and Simons had another conversation with Noel Gallagher. Gallagher told them how much he liked Exit Planet Dust, and asked if he could sing on a future track, similar to the way Tim Burgess had worked on "Life Is Sweet". They didn't think much of the offer at the time, given how busy Gallagher would be with the release of Oasis' (What's the Story) Morning Glory?, plus the complexities of dealing with each others' record companies.[citation needed] However, the duo later worked on a track which they thought would benefit from having a vocal on it. They sent Gallagher a tape of what they had done so far. He worked on it overnight, and left a message with them early the next morning that he was ready to record it. The track was called "Setting Sun" and was finally released in October 1996. It entered the UK charts at the top, giving the duo their first ever Number One single. "Setting Sun" was backed by a longer instrumental version, and also a new track "Buzz Tracks", which was not much more than a DJ tool. The three remaining members of The Beatles' lawyers later wrote to The Chemical Brothers, mistakenly claiming that they had sampled "Tomorrow Never Knows". Virgin Records hired a musicologist to prove that they did not sample the classic 1960s psychedelic song.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, in 1996, Live at the Social Volume 1 was released by Heavenly Records, which became The Chemical Brothers' first mix CD (excluding Xmas Dust Up, a free album that came in a 1994 issue of NME). It was also the duo's first and only live album (excluding the EP Live 05).
[edit] Dig Your Own Hole (1997–1998)
In March 1997, the Brothers released the second track from their forthcoming album, to give the world a further taste of what to expect. "Block Rockin' Beats" went straight to No. 1 in the UK, possibly thanks, this time, to its Schoolly D vocal sample and re-working of the bassline from 23 Skidoo's single "Coup".[5] The NME named it "Single of the Week" and said "It throbs like your head might if you had just done a length underwater in a swimming pool full of amyl."[citation needed] It later won them a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.[6]
In the US at this time, "Setting Sun" was sitting at Number 80 in the Billboard Top 100, after selling around 80,000 copies, an uncommon achievement for a European "dance" act. Sales from Exit Planet Dust were also around 150,000.[citation needed]
On 7 April 1997 The Chemical Brothers released their second album, Dig Your Own Hole. It was recorded at the band's own south London studio, with the title taken from graffiti on the wall outside. The album was well received,[7][dead link] with Mixmag rating it 10/10 and calling it "mad enough to be thrilling, slick enough for not even remotely trendy coffee tables".[citation needed]
During the summer of 1997, the Brothers toured extensively, particularly in the United States. They also became residents at Tokyo's Liquid Rooms. In August, The Chemical Brothers achieved rapprochement with the US Dust Brothers, and asked them to remix the forthcoming single "Elektrobank".[citation needed] They themselves also became highly sought-after for remixes for other artists. Metallica asked the Brothers several times to remix "Enter Sandman", but were repeatedly turned down.[citation needed] In September, the next single from Dig Your Own Hole, "Elektrobank" was released. In November, the pair played at Dublin's Point Theatre, with support from Carl Cox. They also began a US tour in Detroit.
At the end of the year, Dig Your Own Hole's final track, the nine minute-long "The Private Psychedelic Reel", gave rise to a limited-edition mini-EP of the same name. The B-side consisted of a live version of "Setting Sun", recorded at the Lowlands Festival, Netherlands on 24 August 1997. Also in December, following four sold-out US shows, The Chemical Brothers toured the UK, finishing with a sold-out gig at London's Brixton Academy.[citation needed]
In 1998, they concentrated more on DJ'ing, although some remixes did see the light of day, including "I Think I'm in Love" from Spiritualized. Both a vocal remix and an instrumental remix were included in the single release. Each clocked in at over seven-and-a-half minutes. Another remix completed by the Brothers was "Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp" by Mercury Rev. This was another extension in the association between the two bands, since Mercury Rev's Jonathon Donahue contributed to "The Private Psychedelic Reel" on Dig Your Own Hole.[citation needed]
In September 1998, a second mix album, Brothers Gonna Work It Out, was released. It contains some of their own tracks and remixes, as well as songs from artists who have influenced their sound, such as Renegade Soundwave, Meat Beat Manifesto, Carlos "After Dark" Berrios, and Kenny 'Dope' Gonzales.
In May 1999, The Chemical Brothers played three UK dates in Manchester, Sheffield and Brighton, their first since December 1997. Also that month, they released their first new original material in two years, a track called "Hey Boy, Hey Girl". This was more house-influenced than hip hop. In interviews at the time, Rowlands and Simons indicated that the track was inspired by nights out at Sheffield club Gatecrasher.[citation needed] The track was also one of their more commercially accessible tracks and went to number 3 in the UK charts.[citation needed]
[edit] Surrender (1999)
The third album, Surrender, was released in June 1999. It featured vocals from Noel Gallagher, Mercury Rev's Jonathan Donahue, and Mazzy Star's Hope Sandoval. As "Hey Boy, Hey Girl" had suggested, the album was more house-oriented than the previous two. On one of the album's stand out tracks, "Out of Control", New Order's Bernard Sumner supported by Primal Scream's Bobby Gillespie provided vocals. It reached No. 1 in the UK album charts,[citation needed] and was widely praised in the print media. The Michel Gondry-directed music video for "Let Forever Be", which utilized ground-breaking video and film effects in its depiction of a young woman's nightmares, also received a lot of attention.[citation needed]
Later that summer, The Brothers headlined the Glastonbury dance tent on the Friday night, followed by a UK tour which ended in December and included Homelands Scotland on 4 September.[citation needed] In November, "Out of Control", featuring Sumner and Gillespie on vocals, was released as a single. The release also contained the Sasha remix. The final single from Surrender, in February 2000, was the five track "Music: Response" EP, containing the title track and two remixes, plus Electronic Battle Weapon 4, named "Freak of the Week", and a track called "Enjoyed", which was essentially a remix of "Out of Control" by the Brothers themselves.
A CD copy of Surrender was placed in the third Blue Peter time capsule, buried in January 2000. That same month, they appeared on Primal Scream's album Xtrmntr at track 11 with a remix.
[edit] Come with Us (2000–2003)
In June 2000, Tom and Ed played the Pyramid stage at the Glastonbury Festival pulling in the largest audience ever seen in the Festival's history.[citation needed] In August 2000 they played to a large crowd at the main stage at Creamfields festival, Ireland. In December 2000, The Chemical Brothers aired one of their new tracks, "It Began in Afrika" at their New York DJ gigs, supporting U2.[citation needed]
In 2001, they were quite active with releases and live performances. Early in the year, they began working on a fourth album, provisionally titled Chemical Four. The first track which fans got a taste of was "It Began in Afrika", as previously played in their DJ set in New York. The track would make its live debut in California in April 2001, at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Another new track, "Galaxy Bounce", also got its public debut at Coachella.[citation needed] As had become customary for their releases and experiments, "It Began in Afrika" was first pressed as a promo, as part of the "Electronic Battle Weapon" series. It received much airplay on dance music radio shows in the UK, and became more and more popular in clubs over the course of the summer. It also became one of the "anthems" in Ibiza as the summer progressed.[citation needed] It was given a full commercial single release in September, reaching No. 8 in the UK singles chart, even though no promotional video was made for the track.[citation needed]
Rowlands and Simons also remixed a track from Fatboy Slim's Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars, entitled "Song for Shelter". This remix was released as a single on 3 September 2001 (one week before "It Began in Afrika") as the CD2 single for "Song for Shelter / Ya Mama". It reached No. 30 in the UK Singles Charts (sales were combined with the CD1 single).[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers finished work on another album, Come with Us, in October 2001. It featured collaborations with Richard Ashcroft of The Verve ("The Test"), and long-time collaborator Beth Orton ("The State We're In"). The album was released in January 2002, preceded by a single, "Star Guitar", a melodic Balearic beat number, with a promotional video by Michel Gondry that featured passing scenery synchronized to the beat viewed through a train window. What would be the second track on the album, "It Began in Afrika", was released 10 September 2001 to be circulated around the clubbing scene where it was a popular hit.[citation needed] "Star Guitar" was also released as a DVD single, the pair's first.
The album, Come with Us, was less well received than their previous albums, but nonetheless went straight to No. 1 in the UK album charts in the first week of its release, selling 100,000 copies.[citation needed] In April, the title track from the album was released as a single with remixes by Fatboy Slim as part of a double-A sided release with "The Test".
During the summer of 2002, The Chemical Brothers traveled the festival circuit to promote the album. Later in 2002, they released two EPs, one specifically aimed at Japan and the other the US (entitled AmericanEP). Both contained remixes, live versions and B-sides. Additionally, the band produced New Order's final non-album single "Here to Stay", and remixed the song as well.
One of their other major songs from this album was "Galaxy Bounce", which was popular and featured as the main title music for the Xbox game Project Gotham Racing. It was also included on the soundtrack for the movie Lara Croft: Tomb Raider. "Star Guitar" was featured as a song on the PSP's Lumines II.[citation needed]
Two other songs, "Come with Us (Introduction)" and "Star Guitar (Title Screen)", were featured on a PlayStation 2 racing game titled WRC II: Extreme. Both songs are instrumental.
The Song My Elastic Eye from the Come with Us album was played in the 2004 movie The Butterfly Effect[8] starring Ashton Kutcher and Amy Smart.
Late 2002 and early 2003 saw Rowlands and Simons back in the studio working on new material, including "The Golden Path", a collaboration with Wayne Coyne, the lead singer of The Flaming Lips. This was released in September 2003, at the same time as a "best of" album, entitled Singles 93–03, marking ten years of The Chemical Brothers' releases. Singles 93–03 included most, but not all, of their singles. A second new track, in addition to "The Golden Path", was included on the album, called "Get Yourself High". Singles 93–03 was also released on DVD, with extra features including selected live performances and interviews with Rowlands, Simons, and many of their collaborators from throughout the period. "Get Yourself High", which featured Canadian rapper k-os on vocals, was released as a single in November 2003.
In late 2003 and 2004, The Chemical Brothers continued to work in the studio on new material and a remix of "Slow" by Kylie Minogue. After being released on rare white label vinyl, it was subsequently given a commercial release in March on CD (on her next single "Red Blooded Woman") and on exclusive 12" vinyl picture disc (containing two other Kylie remixes). In Summer 2004 they returned to the festival circuit, including appearances at the Glastonbury Festival, Tokyo, Scotland, and Ireland. They also visited South America for the second time (the first time being in 1999), arriving at Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. It was during these sets that they played new material, including "Acid Children", which proved to be one of the most popular new tracks.[citation needed]
In September 2004, The Chemical Brothers released the seventh "Electronic Battle Weapon". "Electronic Battle Weapon 7" was being released as a one-sided promo-only 12", containing "Acid Children". A marked departure from the Chemical Brothers' previous musical endeavours, it featured a screeching 303 bassline and a distinctive vocal sample; a pitch-altered vocal sample proclaiming "You Are All My Children Now!", which is lifted from the horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge. It was coupled with the projection of a sinister clown mouthing these same words at their live gigs.[citation needed]
The Electronic Battle Weapon series of promo releases have typically been newly recorded Chemical Brothers tracks, released on promo to allow DJs to test them in a club environment, and to gauge their popularity.
[edit] Push the Button (2004–2006)
In 2004, The Chemical Brothers began work on Push the Button, their fifth studio album, which features collaborations with Tim Burgess, Kele Okereke, and Anwar Superstar, amongst others. The album was released on 24 January 2005.
"Galvanize", which features rapper Q-Tip on vocals, was the first single to be taken from Push the Button, and premiered exclusively on iTunes. The single was released on 17 January 2005, and entered the UK chart at No. 3. The second single, "Believe" (featuring Kele Okereke from Bloc Party), failed to crack the top 10, but still made it into the top 20, peaking at No. 18.[citation needed] "The Boxer", featuring Tim Burgess, became the duo's first single to fail to crack the top 40.
The album and single "Galvanize" won a Grammy at the Grammy Awards of 2006. One of the songs in this album, "The Big Jump", appears in the video game Burnout Revenge, as well as Project Gotham Racing 3. The track "Surface to Air" features a pulsing chord progression and bassline reminiscent of the intro to the Strokes song "The Modern Age".[original research?]
An unofficial, remixed version of the album entitled Flip the Switch was released as a free download, along with the Believe EP, featuring six further remixes of "Believe".[9][dead link]
In September 2006, The Chemical Brothers were revealed as the first musicians to be involved in Tate Tracks. Tate Modern invited various groups and songwriters to choose a work that inspired them from the gallery's collection of modern art and then write a track about it. The Chemical Brothers' submission, Rock Drill, was inspired by the Jacob Epstein sculpture Torso in Metal from The Rock Drill, and can be heard on headphones in front of the work in the gallery. From October 2006, it also became available to hear online at the Tate Tracks website.[citation needed]
[edit] We Are the Night (2007–2009)
The Brothers announced in June 2006 on their official web forum that the duo had been working on fresh material, specifically an album, codenamed "Chemical 6".[10][dead link] Simons also wrote that the band would be playing select venues in the Summer 2007 season, specifying Rome, and also Fabric in London.[citation needed] Simons is also quoted as saying that the duo are "hoping to put a battle weapon out for the summer"[11][dead link], possibly referring to the Electronic Battle Weapon series, the somewhat experimental tracks the band occasionally release on white label.
Electronic Battle Weapons 8 & 9 were debuted on Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 show on 8 December 2006. The double sided vinyl was finally released just before The Chemical Brother's much anticipated New Year's Eve gig at the famous Turnmills in London. The vinyl had a limited edition release worldwide and has been received well by fans, DJs, and critics alike.[citation needed] Electronic Battle Weapon 8, at about six and a half minutes, is very distinct from the "big acid" style that the earlier Battle Weapons adhered to. It is characterised by 'thundering' drums with a rising synth line. A version of this track features on the We Are the Night album and is entitled "Saturate". "Electronic Battle Weapon 9" is a typical Chemicals dancefloor track with their trademark vocoder vocals coupled with sirens and a basic 'tribal' melody.[citation needed]
At the same Turnmills gig, the Brothers also played a previously unreleased song at midnight to welcome 2007, which went down well with the crowd.[citation needed] This track eventually emerged as "Burst Generator", found on the forthcoming album We Are the Night. Many were left wondering if the latest in the Electronic Battle Weapon series were simply one off experiments or signal a new direction they could take with the new album, perhaps swaying from their genre defining big beat albums of the past.[citation needed] The song was also the band's 100th released song.
On 21 March 2007, The Chemical Brothers officially announced their forthcoming album on MySpace. The new album, entitled We Are the Night, was released on 2 July 2007 in the United Kingdom and 17 July 2007 in the United States. The Chemical Brothers cited a delay in the production of artwork for this delay.[12][dead link] EMI subsequently released an online Chemical Brothers computer game as an apology.[13] The track listing was released to the fans on the official mailing list on 10 April. The new album is heavily collaborated, with the likes of Klaxons ("All Rights Reversed"), Midlake ("The Pills Won't Help You Now"), Ali Love ("Do It Again"), and Willy Mason ("Battle Scars").[14]
On 12 April 2007, Pete Tong again had the privilege of giving the world the very first preview of a Chemicals track. This time it was the first single "Do It Again" off their new album, aired on his BBC Radio 1 "In New Music We Trust" show.[citation needed]. The official release of the single was 4 June (digital download) and 14 June (12", 7", and CD). The album went on general release in the UK on 2 July 2007.
In September 2007, The Chemical Brothers played a free live gig in Trafalgar Square as part of the Becks Fusions event. All who attended were provided with 3D glasses to view the on-screen visual effects.[citation needed]
In 2008, The Chemical Brothers' music was featured in a movie adaption of Irvine Welsh's best-selling novel Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance.
The Chemical Brothers supplied a new track for the Heroes soundtrack, titled "Keep My Composure".[citation needed]
[edit] Further and motion picture soundtracks (2010–present)
On 30 March 2010, the band announced on their website that their seventh studio album, titled Further, would be released on 22 June and would be "the band's first to be released with corresponding films made specifically to match each of the 8 audio tracks." The films were made with long-time visuals collaborators Adam Smith and Marcus Lyall. The album was described as their most "psychedelic and melodic to date".[by whom?] Before the release of the album, the band played four shows in May at the London Roundhouse where they played the album and its accompanying films in their entirety. The films featured on a special edition DVD and on the iTunes LP edition.[15][dead link]
Most reviews have been positive, with BBC Music declaring that "...synths are brutally manhandled and pushed to their limits across the eight tracks".[16] The Irish Times reported that "This is a very impressive collection that is carried along with a stirring sense of velocity and momentum".[17][dead link] However, praise was not unanimous for the album, with the American rock magazine Spin giving it a rating of three out of five stars.[18]
At the New York Comic Con, on 10 October 2010, English film director Joe Wright announced that The Chemical Brothers would be scoring the soundtrack to his upcoming film, Hanna.[19] Wright, who had worked with The Chemical Brothers in the past as a member of the visual company Vegetable Vision, stated that he was "very excited to finally... work with a more modern beat. There's a lot of bass, it's very loud."[20] The soundtrack was released exclusively on iTunes on 15 March 2011 and on CD on 4 July 2011.
Two weeks after the announcement regarding Hanna, rumors began circulating that The Chemical Brothers had recorded part of the score for the movie Black Swan, after a post in Ed Simon's Twitter account. A second post on the Chemical Brothers' own Twitter account seemed to confirm this.[citation needed] On 22 November 2010, a Black Swan music video was released along with the movie trailer. This featured a different version of the track "Don't Think" and announced that the movie would feature new music from The Chemical Brothers, along with a handful of other artists.[21] The next day, the names of the eight tracks not composed by Clint Mansell – Black Swan's main composer – were released, listing The Chemical Brothers as contributing three new songs for the movie.[22] On 29 November, an exclusive video was posted on RollingStone.com, containing more footage of the alternate version of "Don't Think".[23] Mansell's work was released the next day. No announcement has been made yet on whether the original tracks not by Mansell would be given a release or not.
Live[link]
The Chemical Brothers are credited as being one of the few truly arena-sized electronic acts. Their live acts comprise large screens displaying psychedelic images, strobe lights, and lasers that project over the crowd.[citation needed] There has been speculation over how much of their live gigs are pre-recorded, although they insist (on their official website FAQ) that they have a mere outline of track order and the rest is mixed live. This would seem to be confirmed by concertgoers who have seen gigs on consecutive nights and have posted notable differences between the sets played.
The Brothers have also played at many major festivals, including Glastonbury, Fuji Rock, Reading, the HFStival, and Leeds festival. They currently hold the record for most gigs performed in a year at the Brixton Academy. The brothers have infamously, despite their high status in the mainstream, never appeared on Top of the Pops, with the use of music videos to replace the performance, sometimes accompanied by a video apologising for their absence. In 1999, a live US tour video of "Hey Boy, Hey Girl" was shown, even though the song was not in the top 40 at the time, and also released other singles before then at the time.
In addition to performing their own music, they also hold regular DJ nights where they mix other artist's tracks (in the style of Brothers Gonna Work It Out).
As with their recorded albums, The Chemical Brothers are well known for their incorporation of guest vocalists into their live performances. Notable appearances in recent gigs have included Bernard Sumner of New Order, who sang on the original "Out of Control", Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips, and Tim Burgess.
The duo also played at the launch event for the Wii video game console.[citation needed]
On the night of 1 September 2007, The Chemical Brothers played at the main stage of the Electric Picnic to a crowd of around 20,000.[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers appeared in Los Angeles on 29 September 2007, headlining the 13th Annual Nocturnal Wonderland Festival.[citation needed]
The duo was one of the headliners for Roskilde Festival 2008 in Denmark. The festival is held from 3–6 July and is the biggest festival in Northern Europe.[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers played at London's Olympia Grand Hall on 30 August 2008. This was the first time any major band has played at Olympia's Grand Hall in over 10 years.[citation needed]
On 18 April 2009, The Chemical Brothers performed a DJ Set at the Coachella Festival, at which they premiered two previously unnamed new tracks. The tracks were the bonus track "Don't Think" and "Escape Velocity", both of which were later included on the album Further.[citation needed]
On 8 February 2010, they confirmed their presence at Sónar Festival in Barcelona in June 2010. They also announced they would be performing another two nights at the London Roundhouse in Camden, on 20 and 21 May. Due to phenomenal demand, as tickets sold out within two minutes, they added a further two nights; 22 and 23 May.[citation needed]
On 3 September 2010, they performed at North Coast Music Festival in Chicago. The following day they performed at Electric Zoo festival in New York City.[citation needed]
On 4–14 March 2011, they headlined the Future Music Festival in five cities across Australia.[citation needed]
On 27 March 2011, they headlined Ultra Music Festival in Miami, FL and closed out the Main Stage for the weekend. They also were the closing performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Friday 15 April 2011.[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers headlined the UK dance festival Creamfields in Cheshire on 27 August 2011.[24][dead link]
The band also played at the 'Other Stage' at Glastonbury Festival 2011 as that stage's lead headliners.
On February 1, 2012, The Chemical Brothers released a concert movie into theaters which was available for viewing only that day. It was entitled "Don't Think" after one of their songs they played in the concert. The concert was played at the Fuji Rock Festival 2011 in Japan.
On 17 March 2012, the Chemical Brothers headlined at the Future Music Festival Asia 2012 at Sepang International Circuit, Malaysia.
On September 17 and 18 2012, the Chemical Brothers will perform for the first time in Bogota and Medellin, Colombia.
Logo[link]
The typeface used to write the typical "The Chemical Brothers" logo is derived from Sho,[25] designed by Karlgeorg Hoefer in 1992. The Chemical Brothers' original logo differs only in a few details from orthodox Sho, e.g. in the letters a and b. Mergenthaler Linotype Company holds the licence for this typeface.
Discography[link]
Main article: The Chemical Brothers discography
See also: List of The Chemical Brothers songs
- Studio albums
- Exit Planet Dust (1995)
- Dig Your Own Hole (1997)
- Surrender (1999)
- Come with Us (2002)
- Push the Button (2005)
- We Are the Night (2007)
- Further (2010)
- Soundtrack albums
- Hanna (2011)
- Live albums
- Don't Think (2012)
- Main compilation albums
- Brothers Gonna Work It Out (1998)
- Singles 93-03 (2003)
- Brotherhood (2008)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Chemical Brothers Interview". IGN. 16 February 2005. http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/588/588382p1.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ John Bush. "The Chemical Brothers". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-chemical-brothers-p165318. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers". Rate Your Music. http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/the_chemical_brothers. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Brothers Gonna Work It Out (XDUSTCD 101) booklet, page 2.
- ^ "Sample Sources". dsng.net. http://www.dsng.net/samplesources.htm. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=1997&genre=31
- ^ (Posted: 3 April 1997) (3 April 1997). "Dig Your Own Hole: The Chemical Brothers: Review". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/103705/review/5945617/digyourownhole. Retrieved 12 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "The Butterfly Effect (2004) – Soundtracks". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0289879/soundtrack. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Flip The Switch – The Chemical Brothers remixed". http://chems.musicremixed.org/main.html. Retrieved 13 September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Chemical Brothers New Material – The Chemical Brothers Official Site[dead link]
- ^ Simons, Ed. "Post at the official forum". Archived from the original on 2007–11–03. http://web.archive.org/web/20071103084622/http://www.thechemicalbrothers.com/forum/topic.php?id=4259. Retrieved 2007–07–12. [dead link]
- ^ Album release date announced – The Chemical Brothers Official Website[dead link]
- ^ "New album The Chemical Brothers delayed - here's a 'sorry guys'". side-line.com. 18 May 2007. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=23169_0_2_0_C. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers launch details new album". side-line.com. 12 April 2007. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=22186_0_2_0_C. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Further – the new album released 7 June on Freestyle Dust / Parlophone Records, thechemicalbrothers.com[dead link]
- ^ Ian Wade (7 June 2010). "Review of The Chemical Brothers - Further". BBC Music. http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/6d28. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Chemical Brothers – The Irish Times – Fri, 28 May 2010. The Irish Times (2010–05–28). Retrieved on 2011–04–06.[dead link]
- ^ Charles Aaron. "Chemical Brothers, 'Further' (Freestyle Dust/Astralwerks)". Spin. http://www.spin.com/reviews/chemical-brothers-further-freestyle-dustastralwerks. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers will score Hanna". Filmonic. 9 October 2010. http://filmonic.com/the-chemical-brothers-will-score-hanna#.Tn0J9-ysOSo. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers To Score Joe Wright's Teenage Assassin Film, 'Hanna'". theplaylist.blogspot.com. 10 September 2010. http://theplaylist.blogspot.com/2010/10/chemical-brothers-to-score-joe-wrights.html. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Black Swan". apple.com. http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/fox_searchlight/blackswan/. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Keith Jagernauth (23 November 2010). "‘Black Swan’ Features 3 New Songs By The Chemicals Brothers, New Tracks By Pete Min, Jakes & More". indiewire.com. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/archives/2010/11/23/black_swan_features_3_new_songs_by_the_chemicals_brothers_new_tracks_by_pet. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Exclusive Video: Natalie Portman Explores Her Dark Side in 'Black Swan' Clip". rollingstone.com. 29 November 2010. http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/exclusive-video-natalie-portman-explores-her-dark-side-in-black-swan-clip-20101129. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Saturday 27th August 2011 – Creamfields 2011". Creamfields. http://www.creamfields.com/lineup/saturday/. Retrieved 22 March 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Sho" typeface font at Linotype
External links[link]
- Official website
- The Chemical Brothers discography at Discogs
- The Chemical Brothers at the Internet Movie Database
- Don't Think The Movie (Trailer)
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This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).
| Walt Disney | |
|---|---|
 Walt Disney on January 1, 1954 |
|
| Born | Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Lung Cancer |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Burbank, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | McKinley High School |
| Occupation | Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions |
| Years active | 1920–1966 |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company |
| Religion | Christian (Congregationalist)[2] |
| Spouse | Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death) |
| Children | Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney |
| Parents | Elias Disney Flora Call Disney |
| Relatives | Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew) |
| Family | Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister) |
| Awards | 7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award |
| Signature |  |
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.[4]
Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.
The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.
Contents |
1901–1937: Beginnings[link]
Childhood[link]
File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG
Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,[10] hometown of his brother Robert[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.[citation needed]
Teenage years[link]
In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.[19]
After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[21]
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[26]
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.[30]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio[link]
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt[34] and wound up bankrupt[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[36]
Hollywood[link]
Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[38]
Alice Comedies[link]
Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.
The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit[link]
Main article: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.
Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.[39]
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.[40]
Mickey Mouse[link]
Main article: Mickey Mouse
After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.
The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.[41]
[edit] Silly Symphonies
Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.[46]
Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,[53][54] a period eventually extended to five years.[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[56]
First Academy Award[link]
In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,[57] with Goofy following in 1939.[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.[59]
Children[link]
The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).[61]
Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.[64]
Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.[63][65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.[65][67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.[60][69]
1937–1941: Golden age of animation[link]
[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
.jpg)
Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.[71]
All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.[73]
Golden age of animation[link]
Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.[74][75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.] Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.[76]
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.
1941–1945: World War II era[link]
In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.[77]
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.
In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.[79][80][81][82][83]
1945–1955: Post-war period[link]
Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.[84]
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.[87]
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.
Disney and the Second Red Scare[link]
Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.[89][90]
Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.[88]
1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond[link]
Planning Disneyland[link]
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.[citation needed]
As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Disneyland grand opening[link]
File:Waltopening.jpg
Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955
Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
| “ | To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. | ” |
Carolwood Pacific Railroad[link]
Main article: Carolwood Pacific Railroad
During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.[clarification needed]
Expansion into new areas[link]
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.
Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.
After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.
Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.
Early 1960s successes[link]
File:Shermans042.jpg
(Left to right) Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman and Walt Disney sing "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" (1964)
By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.
Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT[link]
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.
Mineral King Ski Resort[link]
During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.
Death[link]
Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.[101]
Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.
The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
| “ | He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.[102] | ” |
Hibernation Urban Legend[link]
A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.[103]
According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.[104]
Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."[104]
Legacy: 1967–present[link]
Continuing Disney Productions[link]
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
The Disney entertainment empire[link]
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.[107]
Disney Animation[link]
Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.
CalArts[link]
In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."[110]
Walt Disney Family Museum[link]
In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.[111]
Antisemitism accusations[link]
Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:
| “ | That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.[113] | ” |
Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.[114]
The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College[disambiguation needed 
], Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.[114][115]
Academy Awards[link]
Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.[116]
- 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
- 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
- 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
- 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
- 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
- 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
- 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
- 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
- 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)[5]
- 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
- 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."[5]
- 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
- 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
- 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
- 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
- 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
- 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
- 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
- 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
- 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
- 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
- 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
Other honors[link]
Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.[120]
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.
In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.[122]
| Preceded by None |
Voice of Mickey Mouse 1928–1947, 1955-1959 |
Succeeded by Jimmy MacDonald |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Walt Disney". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm
- ^ Dave Bryan (2002-08-13). "Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space". Associated Press. http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html. Retrieved 2010-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ "2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm.
- ^ a b c "Walt Disney Academy awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Results Page - Academy Awards Database". http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse". Chicago Sun-Times. 2009-09-27. http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article. Retrieved 2010-10-21. [dead link]
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References[link]
- Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
Further reading[link]
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
- Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0
- Eliot, Marc (1993). Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X
- Mosley, Leonard. Disney's World: A Biography (1985, 2002). Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
- Gabler, Neal. Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination (2006). New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X
- Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
- Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) "Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond" ISBN 0-9646059-3-7
- Thomas, Bob (1991). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-56282-899-1.
- Watts, Steven, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walt Disney |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walt Disney |
- Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
- Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
- Works by or about Walt Disney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Walt Disney Family Museum
- Walt Disney Gravesite
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Disney, Walter Elias |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Producer, director and animator |
| Date of birth | December 5, 1901 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | December 15, 1966 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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