Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4).
The Brahmic family of abugidas is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. A comparison of some of them is provided here:
Romanization of the Chinese language, in particular, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Another complication is the fact that Mandarin is perceived to be written non-phonetically, and this myth has slowed acceptance of romanization efforts . Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin.
# Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR, 1928–1986, in Taiwan 1945-1986; Taiwan used Japanese Romaji before 1945), # Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II, 1986–2002), # Tongyong Pinyin (2002–2008), and # Hanyu Pinyin (since January 1, 2009).
While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist: McCune-Reischauer (MR; 1937?), the first transcription to gain some acceptance. A slightly changed version of MR was the official system for Korean in South Korea from 1984 to 2000, and yet a different modification is still the official system in North Korea. Uses breves, apostrophes and diereses, the latter two indicating orthographic syllable boundaries in cases that would otherwise be ambiguous.What is called MR may in many cases be any of a number of systems that differ from each other and from the original MR mostly in whether word endings are separated from the stem by a space, a hyphen or – according to McCune's and Reischauer's system – not at all; and if a hyphen or space is used, whether sound change is reflected in a stem's last and an ending's first consonant letter (e.g. pur-i vs. pul-i). Although mostly irrelevant when transcribing uninflected words, these aberrations are so widespread that any mention of "McCune-Reischauer romanization" may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s.
Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems:
In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets. This applies to Old Church Slavonic, as well as modern Slavic languages which use these alphabets.
See also: Belarusian Latin alphabet
A system based on scientific transliteration and ISO/R 9:1968 was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since the late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to a new system avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,j,ă>, the new system uses
Different transliteration standards are in use at the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and the UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN), as well as the US Library of Congress (ALA-LC Romanization). These English-based systems agree with the new official system in the use of
There is no single universally accepted system of writing Russian using the Latin script — in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional. All this has resulted in great reduplication of names. E.g. the name of the Russian composer Tchaikovsky may also be written as Tchaykovsky, Tchajkovskij, Tchaikowski, Tschaikowski, Czajkowski, Čajkovskij, Čajkovski, Chajkovskij, Çaykovski, Chaykovsky, Chaykovskiy, Chaikovski, Tshaikovski, Tšaikovski, Tsjajkovskij etc. Systems include:
Ukrainian personal names are usually transcribed phonetically; see the main article section Conventional romanization of proper names. The Ukrainian National system is used for geographic names in Ukraine.
See also: Ukrainian Latin alphabet
Romanized !! Greek language | Greek !! Russian (Cyrillic) !! Hebrew !! Arabic !!| Persian !! Katakana !! Hangul | |||||||
A | A | А| | ַ, ֲ, ָ | َ, ا | ا, آ | ア | ㅏ | |
AE | | | ㅐ | ||||||
AI | | | י ַ | ||||||
B | ΜΠ, Β| | Б | בּ | ﺏ ﺑ ﺒ ﺐ | ﺏ ﺑ | ㅂ | ||
C | Ξ| | |||||||
CH | TΣ̈| | Ч | צ׳ | چ | ㅊ | |||
CHI | | | チ | ||||||
D | ΝΤ, Δ| | Д | ד | ﺩ — ﺪ, ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ | د | ㄷ | ||
DH | Δ| | דֿ | ﺫ — ﺬ | |||||
DZ | ΤΖ| | Ѕ | ||||||
E | Ε, ΑΙ| | Э | , ֱ, י ֵֶ, ֵ, י ֶ | エ, ヱ | ㅔ | |||
EO | | | ㅓ | ||||||
EU | | | ㅡ | ||||||
F | Φ| | Ф | פ (final ף ) | ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ | ﻑ | |||
FU | | | フ | ||||||
G | ΓΓ, ΓΚ, Γ| | Г | ג | گ | ㄱ | |||
GH | Γ| | Ғ | גֿ, עֿ | ﻍ ﻏ ﻐ ﻎ | ق غ | |||
H | Η| | Һ | ח, ה | ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ, ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ | ه ح ﻫ | ㅎ | ||
HA | | | ハ | ||||||
HE | | | ヘ | ||||||
HI | | | ヒ | ||||||
HO | | | ホ | ||||||
I | Η, Ι, Υ, ΕΙ, ΟΙ| | И | ִ, י ִ | دِ | イ, ヰ | ㅣ | ||
IY | | | دِي | ||||||
J | TZ̈| | ДЖ, Џ | ג׳ | ﺝ ﺟ ﺠ ﺞ | ج | ㅈ | ||
JJ | | | ㅉ | ||||||
K | Κ| | К | כּ (final ךּ ) | ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ | ک | ㅋ | ||
KA | | | カ | ||||||
KE | | | ケ | ||||||
KH | X| | Х | כ ,חֿ (final ך ) | ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ | خ | |||
KI | | | キ | ||||||
KK | | | ㄲ | ||||||
KO | | | コ | ||||||
KU | | | ク | ||||||
L | Λ| | Л | ל | ﻝ ﻟ ﻠ ﻞ | ل | ㄹ | ||
M | Μ| | М | מ (final ם ) | ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ | م | ㅁ | ||
MA | | | マ | ||||||
ME | | | メ | ||||||
MI | | | ミ | ||||||
MO | | | モ | ||||||
MU | | | ム | ||||||
N | Ν| | Н | נ (final ן ) | ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ | ن | ン | ㄴ | |
NA | | | ナ | ||||||
NE | | | ネ | ||||||
NG | | | ㅇ | ||||||
NI | | | ニ | ||||||
NO | | | ノ | ||||||
NU | | | ヌ | ||||||
O | Ο, Ω| | О | , ֳ, וֹֹ | ُا | オ | ㅗ | ||
OE | | | ㅚ | ||||||
P | Π| | П | פּ (final ףּ ) | پ | ㅍ | |||
PP | | | ㅃ | ||||||
PS | Ψ| | |||||||
Q | Θ| | ק | ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ | غ ق | ||||
R | Ρ| | Р | ר | ﺭ — ﺮ | ر | ㄹ | ||
RA | | | ラ | ||||||
RE | | | レ | ||||||
RI | | | リ | ||||||
RO | | | ロ | ||||||
RU | | | ル | ||||||
S | Σ| | С | ס, שׂ | ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ, ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ | س ث ص | ㅅ | ||
SA | | | サ | ||||||
SE | | | セ | ||||||
SH | Σ̈| | Ш | שׁ | ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ | ش | |||
SHCH | | | Щ | ||||||
SHI | | | シ | ||||||
SO | | | ソ | ||||||
SS | | | ㅆ | ||||||
SU | | | ス | ||||||
T | Τ| | Т | ט, תּ, ת | ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ, ﻁ ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ | ت ط | ㅌ | ||
TA | | | タ | ||||||
TE | | | テ | ||||||
TH | Θ| | תֿ | ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ | |||||
TO | | | ト | ||||||
TS | ΤΣ| | Ц | צ (final ץ ) | |||||
TSU | | | ツ | ||||||
TT | | | ㄸ | ||||||
U | ΟΥ, Υ| | У | , וֻּ | دُ | ウ | ㅜ | ||
UI | | | ㅢ | ||||||
UW | | | دُو | ||||||
V | B| | В | ב | و | ||||
W | Ω| | ו, וו | ﻭ — ﻮ | |||||
WA | | | ワ | ㅘ | |||||
WAE | | | ㅙ | ||||||
WE | | | ㅞ | ||||||
WI | | | ㅟ | ||||||
WO | | | ヲ | ㅝ | |||||
X | Ξ, Χ| | |||||||
Y | Υ, Ι, ΓΙ| | Й, Ы, Ј | י | ﻱ ﻳ ﻴ ﻲ | ی | |||
YA | | | Я | ヤ | ㅑ | ||||
YAE | | | ㅒ | ||||||
YE | | | Е, Є | ㅖ | |||||
YEO | | | ㅕ | ||||||
YI | | | Ї | ||||||
YO | | | Ё | ヨ | ㅛ | ||||
YU | | | Ю | ユ | ㅠ | ||||
Z | Ζ| | З | ז | ﺯ — ﺰ, ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ | ز ظ ذ ض | |||
ZH | Ζ̈| | Ж | ז׳ | ژ |
Category:Latin script Category:Multilingual orthographies Category:Orthography
ar:ترويم br:Romanekadur ca:Romanització da:Romanisering de:Umschrift fr:Romanisation (écriture) ko:로마자 표기법 nl:Romanisatie ja:ラテン文字化 no:Romanisering pl:Latynizacja pt:Romanização (linguística) ro:Romanizare ru:Романизация simple:Romanization sr:Латинизација (лингвистика) fi:Latinisaatio zh:罗马化This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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