New England

Monday, 29 October 2012

New England

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Kate Nash And Billy Bragg - A New England/Foundations - NME

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Kirsty MacColl With Billy Bragg - A New England

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Appalachia
:This article is about the region in the United States. For other uses, see Appalachia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Appalachia
Atlantic Plain
http://wn.com/Atlantic_Plain
Augusta, Maine
Augusta is the capital of the U.S. state of Maine, county seat of Kennebec County, and center of population for Maine. The city's population was 18,560 at the 2000 census, making it the third-smallest state capital after Montpelier, Vermont and Pierre, South Dakota. The population has also dropped slighty, and was 18,444 according to a 2009 estimate. Located on the Kennebec River at the head of tide, it is home to the University of Maine at Augusta.
http://wn.com/Augusta_Maine
Bangor, Maine
Bangor ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Penobscot County, Maine, United States, and the major commercial and cultural center for eastern and northern Maine. It is also the principal city of the Bangor, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Bangor and all of Penobscot County.
http://wn.com/Bangor_Maine
Bath, Maine
Bath is a city in Sagadahoc County, Maine, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 9,266. It is the county seat of Sagadahoc County. Located on the Kennebec River, Bath is a port of entry with a good harbor. The city is popular with tourists, many drawn by its 19th-century architecture. It is home to the Bath Iron Works and Heritage Days Festival, held annually on the Fourth of July weekend.
http://wn.com/Bath_Maine
Belgrade
http://wn.com/Belgrade
Biddeford, Maine
Biddeford is a city in York County, Maine, United States. It is the largest city in the county, and is the 6th largest in the State. It is the most southerly incorporated city in the State of Maine and the principal commercial center of York County. The population was 20,942 at the 2000 census. Biddeford includes the resort community of Biddeford Pool, Fortunes Rocks, and Granite Point. The city is home to the University of New England and the annual La Kermesse Franco-Americaine Festival. First discovered in 1616, it is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the United States.
http://wn.com/Biddeford_Maine
Block Island Sound
Block Island Sound is a strait in the open Atlantic Ocean, approximately wide, separating Block Island from the coast of Rhode Island in the United States. Geographically, it is the eastward extension of Long Island Sound, as well as the westward extension of Rhode Island Sound.
http://wn.com/Block_Island_Sound
Bloomfield, Vermont
Bloomfield is a town in Essex County, Vermont, United States. The population was 261 as of the 2000 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH–VT Micropolitan Statistical Area. On December 30, 1933, Bloomfield set a record low temperature for New England with , a record tied by Big Black River, Maine, in 2009.
http://wn.com/Bloomfield_Vermont
Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Boston
Boston Latin School
The Boston Latin School is a public exam school founded on April 23, 1635, in Boston, Massachusetts. It is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States.
http://wn.com/Boston_Latin_School
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, and other political protests often refer to it.
http://wn.com/Boston_Tea_Party
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church, but describes itself as nonsectarian. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers.
http://wn.com/Boston_University
Brattleboro, Vermont
Brattleboro, originally Brattleborough, is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, located in the southeast corner of the state, along the state line with New Hampshire. The population was 12,005 at the 2000 census. It is situated along the Connecticut River, at the mouth of the West River.
http://wn.com/Brattleboro_Vermont
Bridgeport
http://wn.com/Bridgeport
Bristol, Connecticut
Bristol is a suburban city located in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States southwest of Hartford. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 61,353. Bristol is primarily known as the home of ESPN, whose central studios are in the city. Bristol is also home to Lake Coumpounce, America's oldest still functioning theme park. Bristol was also known as a clock-making city in the 19th century, and is home to the American Clock and Watch Museum. Bristol's nicknames include the Bell City, because of a history manufacturing innovative spring-driven doorbells, and the Mum City because it was once a leader in chrysanthemum production and still holds an annual "Mum Festival". In 2010 Bristol was ranked 84th on Money Magazine's "Best Places to Live".
http://wn.com/Bristol_Connecticut
Brown University
http://wn.com/Brown_University
Burlington, Vermont
Burlington, with a population of 38,889 at the 2000 census, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the shire town (county seat) of Chittenden County. The city is the hub of one of the nation's smaller metropolitan areas, and is also the smallest U.S. city to be the largest city in its state. The urbanized area consists of the cities of Burlington, South Burlington, and Winooski; the towns of Colchester, Essex, and Williston; and the village of Essex Junction.
http://wn.com/Burlington_Vermont
Canadian Maritimes
http://wn.com/Canadian_Maritimes
Cape Cod
Cape Cod, often referred to locally as simply the Cape, is an island and a cape in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States. It is coextensive with Barnstable County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, and Seconsett Island, are also in Barnstable County, being part of municipalities with land on the Cape. The Cape's small-town character and large beachfront attract heavy tourism during the summer months.
http://wn.com/Cape_Cod
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
http://wn.com/Columbia_University
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut
Connecticut Wildcats
The Connecticut Wildcats is an American amateur rugby league football team based in Norwalk, Connecticut. The team competes in the American National Rugby League (AMNRL).
http://wn.com/Connecticut_Wildcats
Danbury, Connecticut
Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It has an estimated population (as of July 1, 2009 ) of 79,743. Danbury is the fourth largest city in Fairfield County and is the seventh largest city in Connecticut.
http://wn.com/Danbury_Connecticut
District of Columbia
http://wn.com/District_of_Columbia
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic
Eastport, Maine
Eastport is a small city (consisting entirely of islands) in Washington County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,640 at the 2000 census. The principal island is Moose Island, which is connected to the mainland by causeway. Eastport is the easternmost city in the continental United States (although nearby Lubec is the easternmost municipality).
http://wn.com/Eastport_Maine
Green Mountains
The Green Mountains are a mountain range in the U.S. state of Vermont. The range extends approximately . The most notable mountains in the range include:
http://wn.com/Green_Mountains
Groton, Connecticut
Groton is a town located on the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 39,907 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Groton_Connecticut
Harvard
http://wn.com/Harvard
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
http://wn.com/Harvard_University
Huntington, Vermont
Huntington is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,861 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Huntington_Vermont
Insular area
An insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the fifty U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States. They are called "insular" from the Latin word insula ("island") and because they were once administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, now the Office of Insular Affairs at the Interior Department. The term insular possession is also sometimes used, but has fallen out of favor.
http://wn.com/Insular_area
Kennebunk River
The Kennebunk River is a short river, approximately 15 miles (24 km), in southwestern Maine in the United States. It drains a settled rural area southwest of Portland, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.
http://wn.com/Kennebunk_River
Kennebunk, Maine
:"Kennebunk" redirects here. For other uses, see Kennebunk (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Kennebunk_Maine
Kennebunkport, Maine
Kennebunkport is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,720 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/Kennebunkport_Maine
Kingdom of England
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_England
Lewiston, Maine
Lewiston is a city in Androscoggin County in the U.S. state of Maine and the second-largest city in the state. The population was 38,000 at the 2007 census. It is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan New England City and Town Area and the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area (which is part of the Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine Combined Statistical Area).
http://wn.com/Lewiston_Maine
Lime Rock Park
http://wn.com/Lime_Rock_Park
Limestone, Maine
Limestone is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,361 at the 2000 census. The town is best known for being the home of the Loring Commerce Center (formerly Loring Air Force Base). Tens of thousand of fans of Vermont-based jam-band Phish poured into the site to temporarily make Limestone the most populous town in Maine during individual weekends of the summers of 1997 (The Great Went), 1998 (Lemonwheel) and 2003 (It).
http://wn.com/Limestone_Maine
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound (colloquially referred to as the Sound) is an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and numerous rivers located in the United States between Connecticut to the north and Long Island, New York to the south. The mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook, Connecticut, empties into the sound. On its western end the sound is bounded to the north by Westchester County, New York and the Bronx, and connects to the East River. On its eastern end it opens to Block Island Sound.
http://wn.com/Long_Island_Sound
Maine
http://wn.com/Maine
Maple Heights, Ohio
Maple Heights is a suburban Cleveland city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 26,156 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Maple_Heights_Ohio
Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
http://wn.com/Maritimes
Martha's Vineyard
'''Martha's Vineyard''' (including the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an island off the south of Cape Cod in New England. The islands both form a part of the Outer Lands region.
http://wn.com/Martha's_Vineyard
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts
Massachusetts Bay
The Massachusetts Bay, also called Mass Bay, is one of the large bays of the Atlantic Ocean that form the distinctive shape of the coastline of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its waters extend 65 miles (105 km) into the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts Bay includes the Boston Harbor, Dorchester Bay, Quincy Bay (both part of the Outer Boston Harbor), and Hingham Bay. Massachusetts Bay is itself part of the Gulf of Maine, which reaches from Cape Cod up to Nova Scotia.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts_Bay
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan
MIT
http://wn.com/MIT
Mohegan Sun
http://wn.com/Mohegan_Sun
Montpelier, Vermont
Montpelier () is a city in the U.S. state of Vermont that serves as the state capital and the shire town (county seat) of Washington County. As the capital of Vermont, Montpelier is the site of the Vermont State House, seat of the legislative branch of Vermont government. The population was 8,035 at the 2000 census. A 2009 estimate was 7,705. By population, it is the smallest state capital in the United States. The Vermont History Museum and Vermont College of Fine Arts are located in Montpelier.
http://wn.com/Montpelier_Vermont
Mystic massacre
The Mystic massacre took place on May 26, 1637, during the Pequot War, when English settlers under Captain John Mason, and Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to a fortified Pequot village near the Mystic River. They shot any people who tried to escape the wooden palisade fortress and killed the entire village, consisting mostly of women and children, in retaliation for previous Pequot attacks. The only Pequot survivors were warriors who had been with their sachem Sassacus in a raiding party outside the village.
http://wn.com/Mystic_massacre
Nantucket
http://wn.com/Nantucket
Nantucket Island
http://wn.com/Nantucket_Island
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province (English and French) in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton, while Saint John is the most populous city. Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
http://wn.com/New_Brunswick
New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
http://wn.com/New_Hampshire
New Haven Green
The New Haven Green is a privately owned park and recreation area located in the downtown district of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. It comprises the central square of the nine-square settlement plan of the original Puritan colonists in New Haven, and was designed and surveyed by colonist John Brockett. Today the Green is bordered by the modern paved roads of College, Chapel, Church, and Elm streets. Temple Street bisects the Green into upper (northwest) and lower (southeast) halves. The green is host to numerous public events, such as the Festival of Arts and Ideas, summer jazz and classical music concerts that can draw hundreds of thousands of people, as well as typical daily park activities. As New Haven Green Historic District, it was designated a National Historic Landmark District on December 30, 1970.
http://wn.com/New_Haven_Green
New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_Jersey
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
http://wn.com/North_Carolina
Norwich, Connecticut
Norwich, known as "The Rose of New England," is a city in, and former county seat (when there were county seats in the state) of, New London County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 36,117 at the 2000 census. Three rivers, the Yantic, the Shetucket, and the Quinebaug, flow into the city and form its harbor, from which the Thames River flows south to Long Island Sound.
http://wn.com/Norwich_Connecticut
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
http://wn.com/Nova_Scotia
Oregon Country
The Oregon Country was a predominantly American term referring to a disputed ownership region of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The region was occupied by British and French Canadian fur traders from before 1810, and American settlers from the mid-1830s, with its coastal areas north from the Columbia River frequented by ships from all nations engaged in the maritime fur trade, most of these from the 1790s through 1810s being Boston-based. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ended disputed joint occupancy pursuant to the Treaty of 1818 and established the British-American boundary at the 49th parallel.
http://wn.com/Oregon_Country
Peacham, Vermont
Peacham is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. The population was 665 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Peacham_Vermont
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia
Popham Colony
The Popham Colony (also known as the Sagadahoc Colony) was a short-lived English colonial settlement in North America that was founded in 1607 and located in the present-day town of Phippsburg, Maine near the mouth of the Kennebec River by the proprietary Virginia Company of Plymouth. It was founded a few months later in the same year as its more successful rival, the Jamestown Settlement, which was established on June 14, 1607 by the Virginia Company of London in present-day James City County, Virginia, as the first permanent English settlement in the present United States.
http://wn.com/Popham_Colony
Portland, Maine
Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine and is the county seat of Cumberland County. It is considered Maine's cultural, social, and economic capital. The 2007 estimated city population was 62,875. Portland is the principal city of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area, with a population of 513,102, which includes Cumberland, York, and Sagadahoc counties.
http://wn.com/Portland_Maine
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
http://wn.com/Princeton_University
Providence, RI
http://wn.com/Providence_RI
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec
Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Rhode_Island
Rockland, Maine
Rockland is a city in Knox County, Maine, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,609. It is the county seat of Knox County. The city is a popular tourist destination. It is a departure point for the Maine State Ferry Service to the islands of Penobscot Bay: Vinalhaven, North Haven and Matinicus.
http://wn.com/Rockland_Maine
Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (usually referred to as Rutgers University or just Rutgers), is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey. It was originally chartered as ''Queen's College'' in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States. Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university. Rutgers is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities, the other being The College of William and Mary.
http://wn.com/Rutgers_University
Saco, Maine
Saco (pronounced , ) is a city in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 16,822 (estimated to be near or more than 18,214 in 2007) at the 2000 census. It is home to Ferry Beach State Park, Funtown Splashtown USA, Thornton Academy, as well as General Dynamics Armament Systems (also known by its former name, Saco Defense), a subsidiary of the defense contractor General Dynamics. Saco has two growing business parks and another one under development. Saco sees much tourism during summer months, due to its amusement parks, Ferry Beach State Park, and proximity to Old Orchard Beach.
http://wn.com/Saco_Maine
Salem, Massachusetts
Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 40,407 at the 2000 census. It and Lawrence are the county seats of Essex County. Home to Salem State University, the Salem Willows Park and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem is a residential and tourist area which includes the neighborhoods of Salem Neck, The Point, South Salem and North Salem, Witchcraft Heights, Pickering Wharf, and the McIntire Historic District (named after Salem's famous architect and carver, Samuel McIntire).
http://wn.com/Salem_Massachusetts
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland
Stowe, Vermont
Stowe is a town in Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. The population was 4,339 at the 2000 census. Tourism is a significant industry.
http://wn.com/Stowe_Vermont
T. F. Green Airport
T. F. Green Airport , also known as Theodore Francis Green State Airport, is a public airport located in Warwick, six miles (10 km) south of Providence, in Kent County, Rhode Island, USA. Dedicated in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore F. Green. Completely rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state-owned airport in the United States.
http://wn.com/T_F_Green_Airport
Taconic Mountains
The Taconic Mountains or Taconic Range are a physiographic section of the larger New England province and part of the Appalachian Mountains, running along the eastern border of New York State and adjacent New England from northwest Connecticut to western Massachusetts, north to central western Vermont in the town of Brandon, after which they lose prominence and dwindle into scattered hills and isolated peaks which continue north toward Burlington, Vermont. To the south, they fade into the Hudson Highlands range.
http://wn.com/Taconic_Mountains
Turners Falls
http://wn.com/Turners_Falls
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
Vergennes, Vermont
Vergennes () is a city located in the northwest quadrant of Addison County, Vermont, in the United States. Bordered by the towns of Ferrisburgh, Panton and Waltham, as of the 2000 census the city population was 2,741. It is the smallest of Vermont's nine cities in terms of population (though the city of Winooski covers a smaller area).
http://wn.com/Vergennes_Vermont
Vermont
http://wn.com/Vermont
Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
http://wn.com/Wall_Street
Washington (state)
http://wn.com/Washington_(state)
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/Yale_University
Yugoslavia
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia

Adam Sandler
Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, singer, screenwriter, musician, and film producer.
http://wn.com/Adam_Sandler
Aerosmith
Aerosmith is an American hard rock band, sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston" and "'''America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band'''". Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to also incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues, and has inspired many subsequent rock artists. The band was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. Guitarist Joe Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton, originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer Steven Tyler, drummer Joey Kramer, and guitarist Ray Tabano, and formed Aerosmith. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston.
http://wn.com/Aerosmith
Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
http://wn.com/Al_Gore
Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
http://wn.com/Algonquian_peoples
Amy Lowell
http://wn.com/Amy_Lowell
Amy Poehler
Amy Meredith Poehler (born September 18, 1971) is an American actress and comedian. She was a cast member on the NBC television entertainment show Saturday Night Live from 2001 to 2008. In 2004, she starred in the film Mean Girls with Tina Fey, with whom she worked again in Baby Mama in 2008. She is currently the lead star of an NBC show titled Parks and Recreation and is currently doing voice-acting for the upcoming film Megamind. She has been nominated twice for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance on Saturday Night Live, and once for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in Parks & Recreation.
http://wn.com/Amy_Poehler
Arthur Miller
Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include award-winning plays such as All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Miller
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama
Bernie Sanders
Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont, elected on November 7, 2006. Before becoming Senator, Sanders represented Vermont's at-large district in the United States House of Representatives for 16 years. Sanders also served as mayor of Burlington, Vermont from 1981 through 1989.
http://wn.com/Bernie_Sanders
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton
Black American
http://wn.com/Black_American
Bolivian American
http://wn.com/Bolivian_American
Charles Ives
Bolivian American is a compound term that applies to American citizens of Bolivian origin. Racially, Bolivian Americans are identified as Indigenous, European (mostly Spanish, German, or Croatian), Afro Bolivian, or a combination of any or all three races in varying degrees of admixture. Furthermore, there are Bolivian Americans of Japanese descent, albeit, in small numbers.
http://wn.com/Charles_Ives
Charles Simic
http://wn.com/Charles_Simic
Charles Sumner
http://wn.com/Charles_Sumner
Colombian American
Charles Sumner(January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and the counterpart to Thaddeus Stevens in the United States House of Representatives. He jumped from party to party, gaining fame as a Republican. One of the most learned statesmen of the era, he specialized in foreign affairs, working closely with Abraham Lincoln. He devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power, that is the scheme of slave owners to take control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. His severe beating in 1856 by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks on the floor of the United States Senate helped escalate the tensions that led to war. After years of therapy Sumner returned to the Senate to help lead the Civil War. Sumner was a leading proponent of abolishing slavery to weaken the Confederacy. Although he kept on good terms with Abraham Lincoln, he was a leader of the hard-line Radical Republicans.
http://wn.com/Colombian_American
Conan O'Brien
Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/Conan_O'Brien
Cormac McCarthy
'''Conan Christopher O'Brien''' (born April 18, 1963) is an American television host, comedian, and producer. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and raised in an Irish Catholic family. O'Brien landed his first comedy job as a writer for the sketch comedy series, Not Necessarily the News, after first serving as president of the Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University. After graduating, he moved to Los Angeles, where he wrote for several comedy shows, and later moved to New York City to work on the writing staff of Saturday Night Live and later for The Simpsons. O'Brien went on to host ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien from 1993 to 2009 before going on to host the short-lived The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien'' for seven months.
http://wn.com/Cormac_McCarthy
Cuban American
Cormac McCarthy (born Charles McCarthy; July 20, 1933) is an American novelist and playwright. He has written ten novels, ranging from the Southern Gothic, Western, and post-apocalyptic genres. He has also written plays and screenplays. He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road. His 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He received a National Book Award and National Book Critics Circle Award for his 1992 novel, All the Pretty Horses.
http://wn.com/Cuban_American
Dan Brown
A Cuban American () is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban parents or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the third-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry as a percentage within the group in the US.
http://wn.com/Dan_Brown
Dan Malloy
Dan Brown (born June 22, 1964) is an American author of thriller fiction, best known for the 2003 bestselling novel, The Da Vinci Code. Brown's novels, which are treasure hunts set in a 24-hour time period, feature the recurring themes of cryptography, keys, symbols, codes, and conspiracy theories. His books have been translated into over 40 languages, and as of 2009, sold over 80 million copies.
http://wn.com/Dan_Malloy
Dane Cook
Dannel "Dan" Malloy (born July 21, 1955) is the former mayor of Stamford, Connecticut and currently the Democratic nominee for governor of the state of Connecticut. He was endorsed by the Connecticut Democratic Party on May 22, 2010 over 2006 Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Ned Lamont, and won the Connecticut Democratic gubernatorial primary on August 10, 2010.
http://wn.com/Dane_Cook
Daniel Webster
Dane Jeffrey Cook (born March 18, 1972) is an American stand-up comedian and film actor. He has released five comedy albums: Harmful If Swallowed; Retaliation; '; '; and Isolated Incident. Retaliation became the highest charting comedy album in 28 years and went platinum. Cook performed an HBO special in the Fall of 2006, Vicious Circle, a straight-to-DVD special titled Rough Around The Edges (which is included in the album of the same name), and a Comedy Central special in 2009 titled Isolated Incident.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Webster
Dannel Malloy
http://wn.com/Dannel_Malloy
David Lindsay-Abaire
http://wn.com/David_Lindsay-Abaire
Denis Leary
David Lindsay-Abaire (born November 30, 1969) is an American playwright and lyricist. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2007 for his play Rabbit Hole, which also earned several Tony Award nominations.
http://wn.com/Denis_Leary
Dennis Lehane
Denis Colin Leary (born August 18, 1957) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and director. He is known for his often biting comedic style and his chain smoking. Leary is the star and co-creator of the television show Rescue Me, which began its sixth season in June 2010.
http://wn.com/Dennis_Lehane
Derek Walcott
Dennis Lehane (born August 4, 1965) is an American author. He has written several award-winning novels, including A Drink Before the War and the New York Times bestseller Mystic River, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning film. Another novel, Gone, Baby, Gone, was also adapted into an Academy Award-nominated film. His novel Shutter Island was adapted into a film by Martin Scorsese in 2010. Lehane is a graduate of Florida International University in Miami, Florida.
http://wn.com/Derek_Walcott
Donald Hall
The Hon. Derek Alton Walcott, OCC (born January 23, 1930) is a Caribbean poet, playwright, writer and visual artist. Born in Castries, Saint Lucia, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1992.
http://wn.com/Donald_Hall
Edgar Allan Poe
Donald Hall (born September 20, 1928) is an American poet. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (commonly known as the Poet Laureate of the United States) in 2006.
http://wn.com/Edgar_Allan_Poe
Edwin O'Connor
http://wn.com/Edwin_O'Connor
Eugene O'Neill
'''Edwin O'Connor' (July 29, 1918 – March 23, 1968) was an American radio personality, journalist, and novelist who won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1962 for The Edge of Sadness'' (1961). His novels focused on the Irish-American experience and often dealt with the lives of politicians and priests.
http://wn.com/Eugene_O'Neill
Four Corners
'''Eugene Gladstone O'Neill''' (16 October 1888 – 27 November 1953) was an American playwright, and Nobel laureate in Literature. His plays are among the first to introduce into American drama the techniques of realism, associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. His plays were among the first to include speeches in American vernacular and involve characters on the fringes of society, engaging in depraved behavior, where they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. O'Neill wrote only one well-known comedy (Ah, Wilderness!). Nearly all of his other plays involve some degree of tragedy and personal pessimism.
http://wn.com/Four_Corners
Frances Crowe
The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of the southwest corner of Colorado, northwest corner of New Mexico, northeast corner of Arizona and southeast corner of Utah. The Four Corners area is named after the quadripoint where the boundaries of the four states meet, where the Four Corners Monument resides. The majority of the Four Corners region is part of semi-autonomous indigenous American Indian nations, the largest of which is the Navajo Nation, followed by Hopi, Ute and Zuni Indian nations. The Four Corners region is mostly rural, rugged and arid. In addition to the monument, commonly visited areas within Four Corners include Monument Valley, Mesa Verde National Park and Canyon de Chelly National Monument. The most populous city in the Four Corners region is Farmington, New Mexico, followed by Durango, Colorado.
http://wn.com/Frances_Crowe
French American
Frances Crowe (b. Carthage, Missouri, 1919) is a prominent American peace activist and pacifist from the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/French_American
French Americans
French Americans or Franco-Americans are Americans of French descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French descent, and about 1.6 million speak French at home.
http://wn.com/French_Americans
French Canadian
#REDIRECTFrench American
http://wn.com/French_Canadian
French Canadians
http://wn.com/French_Canadians
Galway Kinnell
http://wn.com/Galway_Kinnell
George Bancroft
Galway Kinnell (born February 1, 1927 in Providence, Rhode Island) is one of the most influential American poets of the latter half of the 20th century. An admitted follower of Walt Whitman, Kinnell rejects the idea of seeking fulfillment by escaping into the imaginary world. His best-loved and most anthologized poems are "St. Francis and the Sow" and "After Making Love We Hear Footsteps".
http://wn.com/George_Bancroft
German American
George Bancroft (October 3, 1800 – January 17, 1891) was an American historian and statesman who was prominent in promoting secondary education both in his home state and at the national level. During his tenure as U.S. Secretary of the Navy, he established the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845. Among his best-known writings is the magisterial series, History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent.
http://wn.com/German_American
H. P. Lovecraft
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
http://wn.com/H_P_Lovecraft
Harvey Wasserman
http://wn.com/Harvey_Wasserman
Henry David Thoreau
Harvey Franklin Wasserman (born December 31, 1945) is an American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy. He has been a strategist and organizer in the anti-nuclear movement in the United States for over 30 years. He has been a featured speaker on Today, Nightline, National Public Radio, CNN Lou Dobbs Tonight and other major media outlets. Wasserman is senior advisor to Greenpeace USA and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, an investigative reporter, and senior editor of The Columbus Free Press where his coverage, with Bob Fitrakis, has prompted Rev. Jesse Jackson to call them "the Woodward and Bernstein of the 2004 election." He lives with his family in the Columbus, Ohio, area.
http://wn.com/Henry_David_Thoreau
Herman Melville
http://wn.com/Herman_Melville
Hillary Clinton
Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet, whose work is often classified as part of the genre of dark romanticism. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton
Indian American
http://wn.com/Indian_American
Irish American
Indian Americans are Americans who are of Asian descent and have ancestors who are born and are native to Republic of India. To make a clear distinction and difference bettwen Indians of Asian origin and Indians "named as" who are Indigenous peoples of the Americas, the U.S. Census Bureau popularized the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with "American Indian".
http://wn.com/Irish_American
Iroquois Confederacy
http://wn.com/Iroquois_Confederacy
Italian American
http://wn.com/Italian_American
James I of England
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/James_I_of_England
James II of England
http://wn.com/James_II_of_England
James Madison
James II & VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and the leaders called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.
http://wn.com/James_Madison
James Naismith
http://wn.com/James_Naismith
James Russell Lowell
http://wn.com/James_Russell_Lowell
Japanese American
http://wn.com/Japanese_American
Jay Leno
are Americans of Japanese heritage. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group at roughly 1,204,205, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity. In the 2000 census, the largest Japanese American communities were in California with 394,896, Hawaii with 296,674, Washington with 56,210, New York with 45,237, and Illinois with 27,702. Each year, about 7,000 new Japanese immigrants enter United States ports, making up about 4% of immigration from Asia.
http://wn.com/Jay_Leno
Jeanne Shaheen
James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno (; born April 28, 1950) is an American stand-up comedian and television host.
http://wn.com/Jeanne_Shaheen
Joe Lieberman
Jeanne Shaheen (born January 28, 1947), an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, is the junior United States Senator from New Hampshire. The first woman in U.S. history to be elected as both a Governor and U.S. Senator, she was the first woman to be elected Governor of New Hampshire, serving from 1997 to 2003. Shaheen ran for the United States Senate in 2002, but was narrowly defeated by Republican challenger John E. Sununu. She then served as Director of the Harvard Institute of Politics, before resigning to run again for the U.S. Senate in the 2008 election, defeating Sununu in a rematch. Shaheen is the first Democratic Senator from NH since John A. Durkin, who retired in 1980.
http://wn.com/Joe_Lieberman
John Cheever
Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. First elected to the Senate in 1988, Lieberman was elected to a fourth term on November 7, 2006. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President, running with presidential nominee Al Gore, becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket. The Gore–Lieberman ticket won the popular vote but ultimately failed to gain the electoral votes needed to win the controversial election. Lieberman ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate while he was also Gore's running mate, and he was re-elected by the voters of Connecticut. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.
http://wn.com/John_Cheever
John Irving
John William Cheever (May 27, 1912 – June 18, 1982) was an American novelist and short story writer. Sometimes called "the Chekhov of the suburbs," his fiction is mostly set in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, the Westchester suburbs, old New England villages based on various South Shore towns around Quincy, Massachusetts, where he was born, and Italy, especially Rome. He is "now recognized as one of the most important short fiction writers of the 20th century." While Cheever is perhaps best remembered for his short stories (including "The Enormous Radio," "Goodbye, My Brother," "The Five-Forty-Eight," "The Country Husband," and "The Swimmer"), he also wrote a number of novels, such as The Wapshot Chronicle (National Book Award, 1958), The Wapshot Scandal (William Dean Howells Medal, 1965), Bullet Park (1969), and Falconer (1977).
http://wn.com/John_Irving
John Kerry
John Winslow Irving (born John Wallace Blunt, Jr.; March 2, 1942) is an American novelist and Academy Award-winning screenwriter.
http://wn.com/John_Kerry
John McCain
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
http://wn.com/John_McCain
John P. Hale
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
http://wn.com/John_P_Hale
John P. Marquand
John Parker Hale (March 31, 1806 - November 19, 1873) was an American politician and lawyer from New Hampshire. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1845 and in the United States Senate from 1847 to 1853 and again from 1855 to 1865. Hale was a leading member of the Free Soil Party and was its presidential nominee in 1852.
http://wn.com/John_P_Marquand
John Quincy Adams
http://wn.com/John_Quincy_Adams
John Updike
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams. The name "Quincy" came from Abigail's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.
http://wn.com/John_Updike
Joseph Lieberman
John Hoyer Updike (March 18, 1932 – January 27, 2009) was an American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Lieberman
Kelly Ayotte
http://wn.com/Kelly_Ayotte
Korean War
Kelly A. Ayotte is a Republican New Hampshire politician and lawyer. Ayotte served as the Attorney General of New Hampshire from 2004 to 2009. Ayotte is currently the Republican nominee in the 2010 election for the Senate seat currently being held by Judd Gregg, who is not seeking re-election. Ayotte leads in aggregate general election polling to date against Paul Hodes.
http://wn.com/Korean_War
Lenny Clarke
http://wn.com/Lenny_Clarke
Lincoln Chafee
Lenny Clarke (born September 16, 1953) is an American comedian and actor, famous for his thick Boston accent. During the 1970s, as related in the Comedy Central roast of Clarke's friend Denis Leary, Clarke ran for mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts. When asked by Leary what his platform was, Clarke replied "Fuck the Kennedys". Clarke had buttons and bumper stickers made with this slogan on them. In an attempt to spark interest in his campaign, Clarke stole a Boston bus and began driving it around until he realized it was just him driving a bus. Clarke then began to pick up random people and drop them at their doors.
http://wn.com/Lincoln_Chafee
Lisa Lampanelli
Lincoln Davenport Chafee ( CHAY-fee; born March 26, 1953) is a former United States Senator from Rhode Island. Running as a Republican, he lost his re-election bid in 2006 to Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse. In the middle of 2007, he left the Republican Party and became an independent. He is currently a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies.
http://wn.com/Lisa_Lampanelli
Mark Twain
Lisa Lampanelli (born Lisa Lampugnale; July 19, 1961), often referred to as '''Comedy's Lovable Queen of Mean''', is an American stand-up comedian and insult comic. She is noted for her racy and raunchy style of comedy, which frequently includes taboo subjects such as race and homosexuality.
http://wn.com/Mark_Twain
Maurice Prendergast
http://wn.com/Maurice_Prendergast
Maxine Kumin
http://wn.com/Maxine_Kumin
Mexican American
Maxine Kumin (born June 6, 1925) is an American poet and author. She was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1981-1982.
http://wn.com/Mexican_American
Mohegans
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent or Mexicans who have obtained American citizenship. Mexican Americans account for more than 12.5% of the United States' population: 30.7 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006, forming about 64% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards. Mexican American settlement concentrations are in metropolitan and rural areas across the United States.
http://wn.com/Mohegans
Nathaniel Hawthorne
http://wn.com/Nathaniel_Hawthorne
Noah Webster
http://wn.com/Noah_Webster
Non-Hispanic Whites
Noah Webster (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education." His blue-backed speller books taught five generations of children in the United States how to spell and read, and made elementary education more secular and less religious. In the U.S. his name became synonymous with "dictionary," especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language.
http://wn.com/Non-Hispanic_Whites
Oliver La Farge
The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, South Asia,Canada, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white; like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race: white, black, Asian, etc, as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies, the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States (European Americans).
http://wn.com/Oliver_La_Farge
Olympia Snowe
Oliver Hazard Perry La Farge (December 19, 1901 - August 2, 1963) was an American writer and anthropologist, best known for his 1930 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Laughing Boy.
http://wn.com/Olympia_Snowe
Patrick Leahy
http://wn.com/Patrick_Leahy
Pequot
Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. He is a member of the Democratic Party, the first and only elected Democratic United States Senator in Vermont's history and the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Leahy is the second most senior U.S. Senator.
http://wn.com/Pequot
Pequot War
See ''Main articles:
http://wn.com/Pequot_War
Peter Monamy
The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.
http://wn.com/Peter_Monamy
Peter Shumlin
Peter Monamy was an English marine painter who lived between 1681 and 1749.
http://wn.com/Peter_Shumlin
Pocumtuck
Peter Shumlin (born March 24, 1956 in Brattleboro, Vermont) is an American politician from the State of Vermont, currently serving as President Pro Tempore of the Vermont Senate. He has represented the Windham Vermont Senate District for 8 terms (1992-2002, 2006-present). He is the 2010 Democratic nominee for Governor of Vermont.
http://wn.com/Pocumtuck
Polish American
http://wn.com/Polish_American
Portuguese American
http://wn.com/Portuguese_American
Pre-Columbian era
Portuguese Americans are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in the southwest European nation of Portugal, including the offshore island groups of the Azores and Madeira.
http://wn.com/Pre-Columbian_era
Puritan
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
http://wn.com/Puritan
Ralph Waldo Emerson
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms: historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of . T. D. Bozeman therefore uses instead the term precisianist in regard to the historical groups of England and New England.
http://wn.com/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson
Richard Blumenthal
http://wn.com/Richard_Blumenthal
Rick Moody
Richard M. Blumenthal (born February 13, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he has been Attorney General of Connecticut since 1991. He is a candidate in the 2010 U.S. Senate election for the seat currently held by Christopher Dodd.
http://wn.com/Rick_Moody
Rob Corddry
Rick Moody (born Hiram Frederick Moody III, October 18, 1961) is an American novelist and short story writer best known for the 1994 novel The Ice Storm, a chronicle of the dissolution of two suburban Connecticut families over Thanksgiving weekend in 1973, which brought widespread acclaim, became a bestseller, and was made into a feature film of the same title.
http://wn.com/Rob_Corddry
Robert Frost
Robert William "Rob" Corddry (born February 4, 1971) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work as a former correspondent on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and for his starring role in the comedy film Hot Tub Time Machine. He is also the creator and star of Childrens Hospital, which is currently airing new episodes on the Adult Swim network.
http://wn.com/Robert_Frost
Robert Lowell
Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.
http://wn.com/Robert_Lowell
Salvadoran American
http://wn.com/Salvadoran_American
Samuel Eliot Morison
Salvadoran Americans are citizens or residents of the United States of Salvadoran descent. As of 2008 there are roughly 1.6 million Salvadoran Americans in the United States, the fourth largest Hispanic community by nation of ancestry.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Eliot_Morison
Sarah Silverman
http://wn.com/Sarah_Silverman
Scott Brown
Sarah Kate Silverman (born December 1, 1970) is an American comedian, writer, actress, singer and musician. Although usually credited as Sarah Silverman, she is sometimes credited by her nickname, Big S. Her satirical comedy addresses social taboos and controversial topics such as racism, sexism, and religion.
http://wn.com/Scott_Brown
Scottish American
http://wn.com/Scottish_American
Seth MacFarlane
Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: Ameireaganaich Albannach) are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. According to American Community Survey in 2008 data, Americans reporting Scottish ancestry made up an estimated 1.9% of the total U.S. population. Scottish and Scotch-Irish ancestry represent 3.1% of the U.S. population in 2008.
http://wn.com/Seth_MacFarlane
Seth Meyers
Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (; born October 26, 1973) is an American animator, writer, producer, actor, singer, voice actor, and director best known for creating the animated sitcoms Family Guy, American Dad! and The Cleveland Show, for which he also voices many of the shows' various characters.
http://wn.com/Seth_Meyers
Sheldon Whitehouse
Seth Adam Meyers (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor and comedian, currently serving as head writer for Saturday Night Live and anchoring its news parody segment Weekend Update.
http://wn.com/Sheldon_Whitehouse
Sir Edmund Andros
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Stanley Kunitz
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Steve Carell
Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of contemporary horror, suspense, science fiction and fantasy fiction. His books have sold more than 500 million copies and have been made into many movies. He is known for novels such as Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, It, Misery, and the seven-novel series The Dark Tower, which King wrote over a period of 27 years. As of 2010, King has written and published 49 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, five non-fiction books, and nine collections of short stories including Night Shift, Skeleton Crew, and ''Everything's Eventual''. Many of his stories are set in his homestate of Maine. He has collaborated with authors Peter Straub and Stewart O'Nan. Some of his novels have been also been turned into comic books, such are The Stand, The Talisman, and The Dark Tower series.
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Steve Sweeney
Steven John "Steve" Carell (; born August 16, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, voice artist, producer, director and writer. Carell became famous for his roles in the television series The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 to 2004, and The Office from 2005 onwards. He has also starred in several Hollywood films, including , The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Little Miss Sunshine, Evan Almighty, Dan in Real Life, Get Smart, and Date Night; and voiced characters in the animated films Over the Hedge, Horton Hears a Who!, and Despicable Me.
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Steve Sweeney (born 10 November 1948) is an American comedian.
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Steven Millhauser (born August 3, 1943) is an American novelist and short story writer. He won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel . The prize brought many of his older books back into print.
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Steven Alexander Wright (born December 6, 1955) is an American comedian, actor and writer. He is known for his distinctly lethargic voice and slow, deadpan delivery of ironic, philosophical and sometimes nonsensical jokes and one-liners with contrived situations.
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Swamp Yankee
Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is the junior United States Senator from Maine and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the Senate in 1996, she is the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Collins and her fellow Senator from Maine, Olympia Snowe, are regarded as leading moderates within the Republican Party.
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Sylvia Plath
Swamp Yankee is a colloquialism that has a variety of meanings. Generally, it refers to Yankees or WASPs (northeasterners with colonial ancestry) from rural Rhode Island and nearby eastern Connecticut and southeastern Massachusetts. The term "Yankee" connotes urbane industriousness, while the term "Swamp Yankee" signifies a more countrified, stubborn, independent and less refined subtype.
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Vietnam War
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Wabanaki Confederacy
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Wampanoag people
The Wabanaki Confederacy, as it is known in English, is a historical confederation of five North American Algonquian language speaking Indian tribes.
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Wendell Phillips
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White American
Wendell Phillips (29 November 1811 – 2 February 1884) was an American abolitionist, advocate for Native Americans, and orator. He was an exceptional orator and agitator, advocate and lawyer, writer and debater.
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William G. Morgan
White American (often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American" and, within the United States, simply "white") is an umbrella term officially employed by some U.S. government agencies, per standards issued by the Office of Management and Budget, for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". Like all U.S. racial categories, White American has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans.
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William H. Prescott
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This article is about the region of the United States. For other uses, see New England (disambiguation).

New England
Regional statistics

Composition	Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont
Demonym	New Englander, New English, Yankee^[1]
Area - Total	71,991.8 sq mi (186,458.8 km²) (Slightly larger than Washington.)
Population - Total - Density	14,444,865 (2010 est.)^[2] 198.2/sq mi (87.7/km²)
Governors	Dannel Malloy (D-CT) Paul LePage (R-ME) Deval Patrick (D-MA) John Lynch (D-NH) Lincoln Chafee (I-RI) Peter Shumlin (D-VT)
Largest city	Boston (pop. 617,594)
GDP	$763.7 billion (2007)^[3]
HDI	5.7 (1st) (2011)
Largest Metropolitan Area	Boston-Cambridge-Quincy (pop. 4,522,858)

New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New England is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada (the Canadian Maritimes and Quebec) and the state of New York.

In one of the earliest English settlements in North America, Pilgrims from England first settled in New England in 1620, to form Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 130 years, New England fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The Boston Tea Party was a protest that angered Great Britain, which responded with the "Intolerable Acts", stripping the colonies of self-government. The confrontation led to open warfare in 1775, the expulsion of the British from New England in spring 1776, and the Declaration of Independence in July 1776.

The first movements of American literature, philosophy, and education originated in New England. The region played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery, and was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Today, New England is a major world center of education, high technology, insurance, and medicine. Boston is its cultural, financial, educational, medical and transportation center.

Each state is principally subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as New England towns, which are often governed by town meeting. The only unincorporated territory in New England exists in the sparse, northern regions of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Since 1970, voters have more often supported liberal candidates at the state and federal level than those of any other region in the United States.

New England has the only non-geographic regional name recognized by the federal government. It maintains a strong sense of cultural identity set apart from the rest of the country, although the terms of this identity are often contested, combining Puritanism with liberalism, agrarian life with industry, and isolation with immigration.

Autumn in New England, watercolor, Maurice Prendergast. Ca. 1910–1913

Fall foliage in the town of Stowe, Vermont

1 History
2 Geography
- 2.1 Topography
- 2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
- 3.1 Largest cities
4 Health
5 Economy
6 Government
- 6.1 Historical background
- 6.2 Town meetings
7 Elections
- 7.1 Political party strength
- 7.2 New Hampshire primary
8 Politics
- 8.1 Notable laws and movements
9 Education
10 Culture
11 Notable places
- 11.1 Historic
- 11.2 Recreational
12 Transportation
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
18 Related information

History [link]

Main article: History of New England

Eastern Algonquian peoples [link]

Main article: Algonquian peoples

The earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages.^[4] Prominent tribes included the Abenaki, Penobscot, Pequot, Mohegans, Pocumtuck, and Wampanoag.^[4] Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine.^[5] Their principal town was Norridgewock, in present-day Maine.^[6] The Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in the Connecticut region. The Connecticut River Valley, which includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connecticut, linked different indigenous communities culturally, linguistically, and politically.^[4]

As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders, exploring the New World, began to trade metal, glass, and cloth for local beaver pelts.^[4]^[7]

The Virginia Companies [link]

Main article: New England Colonies

On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued a charter for each of the Virginia Companies, London and Plymouth.^[8]^[9]^[10] These were privately-funded ventures, intended to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit.^[11]

The Virginia Company of Plymouth's charter included land extending as far as present-day northern Maine.^[12] It established the Popham Colony at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Maine in the fall of 1607. Unlike the Jamestown Settlement, it was not successful, and was abandoned the following spring.^[13] Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named it "New England"^[14] in his account of two voyages there, published as A Description of New England.

The next notable arrival in New England took place in the winter of 1616–1617 at Winter Harbor, afterwards called Biddeford Pool, by Captain Richard Vines.^[15] This location is in current-day Biddeford, Maine. Four years later, Plymouth in Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower, beginning the history of permanent European settlement in New England.^[16]

Plymouth Council for New England [link]

Main articles: Plymouth Council for New England, Connecticut Colony, and Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

An early English map of New England, c. 1670, depicts the area around modern Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620,^[17] when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region.^[18] As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact,^[19] their first governing document.^[20] The Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would come to dominate the area, was established by royal charter in 1629^[21]^[22] with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630.^[23]

Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut in as early as 1633.^[24] Roger Williams, banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence, in the area that later became the state of Rhode Island, in 1636.^[25]^[26] At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were claimed and governed by Massachusetts.^[27]

Colonial Wars [link]

New England's Siege of Louisbourg (1745) by Peter Monamy

Relationships between colonists and Native Americans alternated between peace and armed skirmishes, the bloodiest of which was the Pequot War in 1643, which resulted in the Mystic massacre. Six years later, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially "The United Colonies of New England"). The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense, but was never effective and soon collapsed.

In 1675, King Philip's War pitted the colonists and their native American allies against a widespread native American uprising, resulting in massacres and killings on both sides. The colonists won in the south decisively, however, they were forced to sign peace treaties in the North in present-day New Hampshire and Maine.

During the next seventy-four years, there were six colonial wars that took place primarily between New England and New France (see the French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War). Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy and New France was allied with the Wabanaki Confederacy. After the New England Conquest of Acadia in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of New England, but both present-day New Brunswick and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France. After the British won the war in 1763, the Connecticut River Valley was opened up for settlement into western New Hampshire and what is today Vermont.

The New England colonies were settled largely by farmers, who became relatively self-sufficient. Later, aided by the Puritan work ethic, New England's economy began to focus on crafts and trade, in contrast to the Southern colonies, which had to import many goods from England.^[28]

Dominion of New England [link]

Main articles: Dominion of New England, American War of Independence, American Revolution, and Boston campaign

File:New England combo flag.svg

The First Flag (and Ensign) of New England, used by colonial merchant ships sailing out of New England ports, 1686-c.1737^[29]^[30]

By 1686, King James II had become concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, their open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and their growing military power. He therefore established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies.^[31] In 1688, the former Dutch colonies of New York and New Jersey were added to the Dominion. The union, imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region, was highly unpopular among the colonists.^[32]

The Dominion significantly modified the charters of the colonies, including the appointment of Royal Governors to nearly all of them. There was an uneasy tension between the Royal Governors, their officers, and the elected governing bodies of the colonies. The governors wanted unlimited authority, and the different layers of locally elected officials would often resist them. In most cases, the local town governments continued operating as self-governing bodies, just as they had before the appointment of the governors.^[33] After the Glorious Revolution in 1689, Bostonians overthrew the royal governor, Sir Edmund Andros. They seized dominion officials and adherents to the Church of England during a popular and bloodless uprising.^[34] These tensions eventually culminated in the American Revolution, boiling over with the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1775. The first battles of the war were fought in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, later leading to the Siege of Boston by continental troops. In March of 1776, British forces were compelled to retreat from Boston.

New England and the early United States [link]

Boston College: The architecture style is Collegiate Gothic, a subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture, a 19th-century movement.

Postrevolutionary New England [link]

After the War of Independence, New England ceased to be a meaningful political unit, but remained a defined cultural region consisting of its now-sovereign constituent states. By 1784, all of the states in the region had taken steps towards the abolition of slavery, with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783, respectively.^[35]

During the War of 1812, there was a movement within New England for secession from the United States, as New England merchants, only beginning to recover, opposed war with their greatest trading partner—Great Britain.^[36] Delegates met in the Hartford Convention in the winter of 1814–15. The twenty-seven delegates met to discuss changes to the U.S. Constitution to protect the region's interests and maintain its political power, feeling used as pawns in the focus on trade restrictions.^[37]

After settling a dispute with New York, Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791, formally completing the defined area of New England. On March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, the territory of Maine, formerly a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a free state.^[38] Today, New England is defined as made up of the six states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.^[39]

For the rest of the period before the American Civil War, New England remained distinct from the rest of the U.S. Politically, it often disagreed with the rest of the country.^[40] Massachusetts and Connecticut were among the last refuges of the Federalist Party, and, when the Second Party System began in the 1830s, New England became the strongest bastion of the new Whig Party. The Whigs were usually dominant throughout New England, except in the more Democratic Maine and New Hampshire. Leading statesmen—including Daniel Webster—hailed from the region. New England was distinct in other ways. Many notable literary and intellectual figures produced by the United States before the American Civil War were New Englanders, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, George Bancroft, and William H. Prescott.^[41]

Industrial Revolution and abolitionist movement [link]

The Slater Mill Historic Site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

New England was key to the industrial revolution in the U.S.^[42] In 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the Beverly Cotton Manufactory, was founded in the North Shore seaport of Beverly, Massachusetts.^[43] The Manufactory was also considered the largest cotton mill of its time. Technological developments and achievements from the Manufactory led to the development of more advanced cotton mills, including Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The Blackstone Valley, running through Massachusetts and Rhode Island, has been called the birthplace of America's industrial revolution.^[44] Towns such as Lawrence and Lowell in Massachusetts, Woonsocket in Rhode Island, and Lewiston in Maine became centers of the textile industry following the innovations at Slater Mill and the Beverly Cotton Manufactory.

The rapid growth of textile manufacturing in New England caused a shortage of workers. Recruiters were hired by mill agents to bring young women and children from the countryside to work in the factories. Between 1830 and 1860, thousands of farm girls moved from rural areas to work in the mills. Farmers’ daughters left their homes to aid their families financially, save for marriage, and widen their horizons. Stagecoach and railroad services made it easier for large numbers of workers to travel from the country to the city. The majority of female workers came from farming towns in northern New England. As the textile industry grew, immigration also grew. As the number of Irish workers in the mills increased, the number of young women working in the mills decreased. Mill employment of women caused a population boom in urban centers.^[45] New England was, as a whole, the most industrialized part of the U.S.; by 1850, it accounted for well over a quarter of all manufacturing value in the country, and over a third of its industrial workforce.^[46] It was also the most literate and most educated region in the country.^[46]

New England and areas settled from New England, like Upstate New York, Ohio's Western Reserve and the upper midwestern states of Michigan and Wisconsin, proved to be the center of the strongest abolitionist sentiment in the country. Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were New Englanders, and the region was home to anti-slavery politicians like John Quincy Adams, Charles Sumner, and John P. Hale. When the anti-slavery Republican Party was formed in the 1850s, all of New England, including areas that had previously been strongholds for both the Whig and the Democratic Parties, became strongly Republican, as it would remain until the early 20th century, when immigration would begin to turn the formerly solidly Republican states of Lower New England towards the Democrats.

The region had problems transitioning from manufacturing to other industries. In 2000, New England had two of the ten poorest cities (by percentage living below the poverty line) in the U.S.: the state capital cities of Providence, Rhode Island and Hartford, Connecticut.^[47] They were no longer in the bottom ten by 2010.

Geography [link]

Main articles: Geography of Connecticut, Geography of Maine, Geography of Massachusetts, Geography of New Hampshire, Geography of Rhode Island, and Geography of Vermont

A political and geographical map of New England shows the coastal plains in the east and hills, mountains, and valleys in the west and the north.

The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 sq mi (186,458 km²), making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England.^[48]^[49] Maine alone constitutes nearly one-half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th-largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state, Rhode Island.

Topography [link]

New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are glacial landforms resulting from the retreat of ice sheets approximately 18,000 years ago, during the last glacial period.^[50]^[51]

New England is geologically a part of the New England province, an exotic terrane region consisting of the Appalachian Mountains, the New England highlands, and the seaboard lowlands.^[52] The Appalachian Mountains roughly follow the border between New England and New York. The Berkshires in Massachusetts and the Green Mountains in Vermont, as well as the Taconic Mountains, form a spine of Precambrian rock.^[53] The Appalachians extend northwards into New Hampshire as the White Mountains, and then into Maine and Canada. Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in the Northeast and the second-highest peak in the Appalachian Mountain system, at 6,288 ft (1,917 m).^[54] It is the site of the second highest recorded wind speed on Earth,^[55]^[56] and has the reputation of having the world's worst weather.^[54]^[57]

The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, swamps, and sandy beaches.^[51] Important valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley.^[51] The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km (407 mi), emptying into Long Island Sound, roughly bisecting the region. Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake in Maine and Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire.^[51]

Climate [link]

The White Mountains of New Hampshire are part of the Appalachian Mountains.

Weather patterns vary throughout the region. Most of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont have a humid continental short summer climate,^[58] with mild summers and cold winters. Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, southern coastal Maine, and southern New Hampshire and Vermont have a humid continental long summer climate,^[58] with warm summers and cold winters. Owing to thick deciduous forests, fall in New England brings bright and colorful foliage, which comes earlier than in other nearby regions, attracting tourism by "leaf peepers."^[59] In general, springs are wet and cloudy. Average rainfall ranges from 40 to 60 inches (1,000 to 1,500 mm) a year, although the northern parts of Vermont and Maine experience slightly less, from 20 to 40 inches (510 to 1,000 mm). Snowfall often exceeds 98 in (2,500 mm) annually. As a result, the mountains and ski resorts of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont are popular destinations in the winter.^[42]^[60]

The lowest recorded temperature in New England was −50 °F (−46 °C) at Bloomfield, Vermont, on December 30, 1933. This was tied by Big Black River, Maine in 2009.^[61] Rhode Island is the warmest state in New England, Maine the coolest; the former is the 27th warmest in the U.S., the latter, the 48th warmest (3rd coolest).^[62]

Demographics [link]

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1800	1,233,011	—
1850	2,728,115	—
1900	5,592,017	—
1950	9,314,453	—
2000	13,922,517	—
2010	14,444,865	3.8%
Source:^[2]^[63]

Boston is considered to be the cultural and historical capital of New England.^[64]^[65]

According to the 2006–08 American Community Survey, New England had a population of 14,265,187, of which 48.7% were male and 51.3% were female. Approximately 22.4% of the population were under 18 years of age; 13.5% were over 65 years of age.

In terms of race and ethnicity, White Americans made up 84.9% of New England's population, of which 81.2% were whites of non-Hispanic origin. Black Americans comprised 5.7% of the region's population, of which 5.3% were blacks of non-Hispanic origin. Native Americans made up 0.3% of the population, numbering 37,234. There were just over 500,000 Asian Americans residing in New England at the time of the survey, making up 3.5% of the region's population. There were 158,282 Chinese Americans, constituting 1.1% of the region's total population, and 119,140 Indian Americans (0.8%). Japanese Americans numbered 14,501 (0.1%).

Pacific Islander Americans numbered 4,194, 0.03% of the populace. There were 138 Samoan Americans residing in the region. Multiracial Americans made up 1.8% of New England's population. The largest mixed-race group comprised those of African and European descent; there were 84,143 people of black and white ancestry, making up 0.6% of the population. People of Native American and European American ancestry made up 0.4% of the population, and people of Asian and European heritage 0.3%.

Hispanic and Latino Americans are New England's largest minority, and they are the second-largest group in the region behind non-Hispanic European Americans. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 7.9% of New England's population, and there were over 1.1 million Hispanic and Latino individuals reported in the survey. Puerto Ricans were the most numerous of the Hispanic and Latino subgroups. Over half a million (507,000) Puerto Ricans live in New England, forming 3.6% of the population. There are also just over 100,000 Mexican Americans. The Dominican population is more than 70,000.^[66] Americans of Cuban descent are scant in number; there were roughly 20,000 Cuban Americans in the region. People of other Hispanic and Latino ancestries, for example Salvadoran, Colombian, and Bolivian, formed 3.5% of New England's population, and numbered over 492,000.^[67]

New England's European American population is ethnically diverse. The majority of the Euro-American population is of Irish, Italian, English, French, and German descent. Smaller but significant populations of Poles, French Canadians, and Portuguese exist as well.

According to the 2006–2008 survey, the top ten largest European ancestries were the following:

Irish: 21.1% (Over 3 million)
French and French Canadian: 15.3% (1.5 million French and roughly 700,000 French Canadian)
Italian: 14.4% (Over 2 million)
English: 13.7% (1.9 million)
German: 8.2% (1.2 million)
Polish: 5.6% (Roughly 800,000)
Portuguese: 3.5% (Over 500,000)
Scottish: 3.1% (Over 440,000)
Scotch-Irish: 2.1% (Over 290,000)

English is, by far, the most common language spoken at home. Approximately 82.7% of all residents (11.1 million people) over the age of five spoke only English at home. Roughly 885,000 people (6.6% of the population) spoke Spanish at home, and roughly 1,023,000 people (7.6% of the population) spoke other Indo-European languages at home. Over 313,000 people (2.3% of the population) spoke an Asian or Pacific Island language at home. Slightly fewer (about 2%) spoke French at home, although this figure is above 20% in northern New England, which borders francophone Québec.^[68] Roughly 99,000 people (0.7% of the population) spoke languages other than these at home.

The vast majority of New England's inhabitants, roughly 12.3 million people or 86.3% of the population, were born in the U.S. However, there is a significant foreign-born population in the region. 2.2% of the population (315,000 people) were born in Puerto Rico, in a U.S. territory, or abroad to American parents. Altogether, the native population totals roughly 12,630,000 people, or 88.5% of the population. The foreign-born population forms over ten percent (11.5%) of New England's total population. There are roughly 1.6 million foreigners residing in the region. Thirty-five percent of foreigners were born in Latin America, 27.9% were born in Europe, 24.5% were born in Asia, and 6.9% were born in Africa. People born in other parts of North America made up 5.3% of the foreign-born populace. Oceania-born residents formed 0.4% of the foreign population, just over 6,000. Of the 1.6 million foreigners, 47.7% were naturalized citizens of the U.S., and the majority (52.3%) were not U.S. citizens.^[69]

The six states of New England have the lowest birth rate in the U.S.^[70]

In 2005, the total population of New England was 14,239,724 people, roughly a 50% increase from its 1929 population of 9,813,000.^[71] The region's average population density is 221.66 inhabitants/sq mi (85.59/km²), although a great disparity exists between its northern and southern portions. The population density is much greater than that of the U.S. as a whole (79.56/sq mi) or even just the contiguous 48 states (94.48/sq mi).

Three-quarters of the population of New England, and most of the major cities, are in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Their combined population density is 786.83/sq mi, compared to northern New England's 63.56/sq mi (2000 census). The most populous state is Massachusetts, and the most populous city is Massachusetts' political and cultural capital, Boston.

Providence claims the largest contiguous area of National Register of Historic Places-listed buildings in the U.S.

The coastline is more urban than the western parts of the region, which are typically rural, even in urban states like Massachusetts. This is due mainly to historical factors; the original colonists settled mostly on the coastline of Massachusetts Bay. The only New England state without access to the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont, is also the least urbanized.^[72] After nearly 400 years, the region still maintains, for the most part, its historical population layout.

New England's coast is dotted with urban centers, such as Portland, Portsmouth, Boston, New Bedford, Fall River, Providence, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, as well as smaller cities such as Newburyport, Gloucester, Biddeford, Bath, Rockland, Newport, Westerly, and the small twin cities of Groton and New London in Connecticut.

Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the U.S.; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.

Greater Boston, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.4 million,^[73] while over half the population of New England falls inside Boston's Combined Statistical Area of over 7.4 million.^[74]

In 2009, two New England states were among the five highest in the U.S. in divorce rates. Maine was second highest with 13.6% of people over the age of 15 divorced; Vermont was fifth with 12.6% divorced.^[75] Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, on the other hand, have below-average divorce rates. Massachusetts is tied with Georgia with the lowest divorce rate in the U.S., at 2.4%.^[76]

Largest cities [link]

The most populous cities are as of the 2010 Census (metropolitan areas in parentheses):^[77]

Boston, Massachusetts: 617,594 (4,552,402)
Worcester, Massachusetts: 181,045 (798,552)
Providence, Rhode Island: 178,042 (1,600,852)
Springfield, Massachusetts: 153,060 (692,942)
Bridgeport, Connecticut: 144,229 (916,829)
New Haven, Connecticut: 129,779 (862,477)
Hartford, Connecticut: 124,775 (1,212,381)
Stamford, Connecticut: 122,643 (part of Bridgeport's MSA)
Waterbury, Connecticut: 110,366 (228,984)
Manchester, New Hampshire: 109,565 (400,721)
Lowell, Massachusetts: 106,519 (315,158)
Cambridge, Massachusetts: 105,162 (part of Greater Boston)

During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York Metropolitan Area. The U.S. Census Bureau groups Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City, and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area.^[78]

Health [link]

The six states of New England ranked within the top thirteen "healthiest states" of the U.S. in 2007.^[79] In 2008, they all placed within the top eleven states. New England also had the largest proportion of its population covered by health insurance.^[80]

For 2006, four states in the region, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, joined 12 others nationwide, where the number of deaths caused by drugs had overtaken traffic fatalities. This was due in part to declining traffic fatalities, and in part to increased deaths caused by prescription drugs.^[81]

In comparing national obesity rates by state, four of the six lowest obesity states were Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont and Rhode Island. New Hampshire and Maine had the 15th and 18th lowest obesity rates, making New England the least overweight part of the U.S.^[82]

In 2008, three of New England's states had the least number of uninsured motorists (out of the top five states); Massachusetts – 1%, Maine – 4%, and Vermont – 6%.^[83]

In 2006, Massachusetts adopted health care reform that requires nearly all state residents obtain health insurance,^[84] which served as an important model for the federal 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.^[85]

Nursing home care can be expensive in the region. A private room in Connecticut averaged $125,925 annually. A one-bedroom in an assisted living facility averaged $55,137 in Massachusetts. Both are national highs.^[86]

Economy [link]

Hartford, once known as the "Insurance Capital of the World"^[87]

Overview [link]

Several factors combine to make the New England economy unique. The region is geographically isolated from the rest of the U.S., and is relatively small. It is an important supplier of natural resources and products, such as granite, lobster, and codfish.

Its population is concentrated on the coast and in its southern states, and its residents have a strong regional identity.^[88] America's textile industry began along the Blackstone River with the Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island.^[89] This was soon duplicated at similar sources of water power such as Woonsocket, Rhode Island, Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and the manufacturing centers of Waltham, Massachusetts, Lowell, Lawrence, Massachusetts, Fall River, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire

In the early 20th century, the region underwent a long period of deindustrialization as traditional manufacturing companies relocated to the Midwest. In the mid-to-late 20th century, manufacturing was replaced by education, health services, finance, and high technology (including computer and electronic equipment manufacturing) as the region's most important economic motors.

As of 2007, the inflation-adjusted combined GSPs of the six states of New England was $763.7 billion, with Massachusetts ($365 billion) contributing the most, and Vermont ($25.4 billion) the least.^[90]

Exports [link]

Portland, Maine, the largest tonnage seaport city in New England^[91]

Exports consist mostly of industrial products, including specialized machines and weaponry (aircraft and missiles especially), built by the region's educated workforce. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. This, when combined with instruments, chemicals, and transportation equipment, makes up about three-quarters of the region's exports. Granite is quarried at Barre, Vermont,^[92] guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts and Saco, Maine, boats at Groton, Connecticut and Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts. Insurance is a driving force in and around Hartford, Connecticut.^[88]

Vermont Maple Syrup

New England exports food products, ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, Maine potatoes, and maple syrup. The service industry is important, including tourism, education, financial and insurance services, plus architectural, building, and construction services. The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire U.S. economy.^[88]

Manufacturing [link]

In 2010, a University of Connecticut study indicated that five of the six states rank 43rd or lower for manufacturing costs, meaning that manufacturing in New England is generally costlier than in other parts of the U.S. Only Maine was less costly. Vermont, Rhode Island and New Hampshire tied for last place.^[93] Historic manufacturing cities like Lowell, Massachusetts have attempted to reuse mill buildings for residential and commercial purposes.^[94]

Agriculture [link]

Agriculture is limited by the area's rocky soil and cooler climate. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production. Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture,^[95] and has abundant potato fields in its northeast part. Vermont is fifteenth for dairy products,^[96] and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco, respectively.^[97]^[98] Cranberries are grown in Massachusetts' Cape Cod-Plymouth-South Shore area, and blueberries in Maine.

Energy [link]

Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire

The region is mostly energy efficient compared to the U.S. at large, with every state but Maine ranking within the ten most energy-efficient states;^[99] every state in New England also ranks within the ten most expensive states for electricity prices.^[100]

Three of the six New England states are among the country's highest consumers of nuclear power: Vermont (first, 73.7%), Connecticut (fourth, 48.9%), and New Hampshire (sixth, 46%).^[101]

Employment [link]

Unemployment Rates in New England
Employment Area	October 2010	October 2011	Net change
United States	9.7	9.0	−0.7
New England	8.3	7.6	−0.7
Connecticut	9.1	8.7	−0.4
Maine	7.6	7.3	−0.3
Massachusetts	8.3	7.3	−1.0
New Hampshire	5.7	5.3	−0.4
Rhode Island	11.5	10.4	−1.1
Vermont	5.9	5.6	−0.3

As of October 2011, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with the lowest unemployment rate, 3.6%, was Burlington-South Burlington, Vermont; the MSA with the highest rate, 12.4%, was Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, in Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire.^[102]

Taxes [link]

In 2001, four of the six states, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire, were rated as having among the top ten highest annual median real estate taxes in the U.S., as a percentage of median homeowners' income.^[103] A study from 2005 to 2008 listed Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire among the five states with the highest average property taxes, in percent of home value.^[104] On the other hand, New Hampshire has neither a sales nor income tax.^[105] Massachusetts and New Hampshire have below-average per capita tax burdens; Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, and Vermont have above-average per capita tax burdens.^[106] In 2011, four of the top ten state governments with budget problems in the country were in New England: Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont.^[107]

In 2009, four of the six states, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, and Vermont, were within the top ten U.S. states in terms of overall tax burden. Despite its colloquial nickname of "Taxachusetts", Massachusetts was not in the top ten, while New Hampshire has the 2nd lowest overall tax burden.^[108] In terms of per capita income, however, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire are also three of the wealthiest states, with Connecticut being ranked first in the U.S.^[109]

Real estate [link]

In 2011, three of the six states, Connecticut, Maine and Vermont, were among the ten states with the greatest backlog of foreclosures needing court processing, ranging from an estimated 20 years for Connecticut to 16 years for Maine. The U.S. average was eight years.^[110]

Government [link]

Historical background [link]

The early European settlers of New England were English Protestants fleeing religious persecution. Despite this, religion was legislated to an extreme in the colonies they founded, and those who deviated from the established doctrine were persecuted greatly. The early history of much of New England is marked by religious intolerance and harsh laws. In the beginning, there was no separation of church and state, and the activities of the individual were severely restricted.^[111] This contrasts sharply with the strong principles of separation of church and state underlying the foundation of Rhode Island. Providence had no public burial ground and no Common until the year 1700 (64 years after its founding) because religious and government institutions were so rigorously kept distinct.^[112]

Town meetings [link]

Main articles: Town meeting and New England town

File:Huntington town meeting.jpg

A New England town meeting in Huntington, Vermont

A derivative of meetings held by church elders, town meetings were and are an integral part of governance of many New England towns. At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the U.S. today, and the form of dialogue has been adopted under certain circumstances elsewhere, most strongly in the states closest to the region, such as New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.^{[citation needed]} Such a strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in Democracy in America that in:

“

New England, where education and liberty are the daughters of morality and religion, where society has acquired age and stability enough to enable it to form principles and hold fixed habits, the common people are accustomed to respect intellectual and moral superiority and to submit to it without complaint, although they set at naught all those privileges which wealth and birth have introduced among mankind. In New England, consequently, the democracy makes a more judicious choice than it does elsewhere.^[113]

”

By contrast, James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 55 that, regardless of the assembly, "passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob."^[114] The use and effectiveness of town meetings, as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries, is still discussed by scholars.^[115]

Elections [link]

In the 2000 presidential election, Democratic candidate Al Gore carried all of the New England states except for New Hampshire, and in 2004, John Kerry, a New Englander himself, won all six New England states.^[116] In both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, every congressional district with the exception of New Hampshire's 1st district were won by Gore and Kerry respectively. During the 2008 Democratic primaries, Hillary Clinton won the three New England states containing Greater Boston (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire), while Barack Obama won the three that did not (Connecticut, Maine, and Vermont). In the 2008 presidential election, Obama carried all six states by 9 percentage points or more.^[117] He carried every county in New England except for Piscataquis County, Maine, which he lost by 4% to Senator John McCain (R-AZ). As of the 2010 census, New England will collectively have 33 electoral votes.

The six states of New England voted for the Democratic Presidential nominee in the 1992, 1996, 2004, and 2008 elections, and every state but New Hampshire voted for Al Gore in the presidential election of 2000. Currently, the House delegations from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont are all-Democratic, while New Hampshire's is all-Republican. New England is home to the only two independents currently serving in the U.S. Senate; Bernie Sanders, a self-described democratic socialist,^[118]^[119] representing Vermont; and Joseph Lieberman, representing Connecticut.

Political party strength [link]

New England today is one of the most liberal regions in the U.S.,^[120]^[121]^[122] with four of the six states considered to be the most solidly Democratic in the country; New Hampshire leans Republican and Maine is considered "competitive."^[123]

State	Governor	Senior U.S. Senator	Junior U.S. Senator	U.S. House Delegation	Upper House Majority	Lower House Majority
CT	D. Malloy	J. Lieberman	R. Blumenthal	Democratic 5–0	Democratic 22–14	Democratic 99–52
ME	P. LePage	O. Snowe	S. Collins	Democratic 2–0	Republican 20–14–1	Republican 78–72–1
MA	D. Patrick	J. Kerry	S. Brown	Democratic 10–0	Democratic 36–4	Democratic 128–31–1
NH	J. Lynch	J. Shaheen	K. Ayotte	Republican 2–0	Republican 19–5	Republican 294–103–3
RI	L. Chafee	J. Reed	S. Whitehouse	Democratic 2–0	Democratic 29–8–1	Democratic 65–10
VT	P. Shumlin	P. Leahy	B. Sanders	Democratic 1–0	Democratic 20–8–2	Democratic 96–46–8

New Hampshire primary [link]

Alumni Hall at Saint Anselm College has served as a backdrop for the media reports during the New Hampshire primary.

Historically, the New Hampshire primary has been the first in a series of nationwide political party primary elections held in the United States every four years. Held in the state of New Hampshire, it usually marks the beginning of the U.S. presidential election process. Even though few delegates are chosen from New Hampshire, the primary has always been pivotal to both New England and American politics. One college in particular, Saint Anselm College, has been home to numerous national presidential debates and visits by candidates to its campus.^[124] Local factories and diners are valuable photo opportunities for candidates, who hope to use this quintessential New England image to their advantage by portraying themselves as sympathetic to blue collar workers. Media coverage of the primary enables candidates low on funds to "rally back"; an example of this was President Bill Clinton who referred to himself as "The Comeback Kid" following the 1992 primary. National media outlets have converged on small New Hampshire towns, such as during the 2007 and 2008 national presidential debates held at Saint Anselm College in the town of Goffstown.^[125]^[126] Goffstown and other towns in New Hampshire have been experiencing this influx of national media since the 1950s.

Politics [link]

Notable laws and movements [link]

The New England states abolished the death penalty for robbery and burglary in the 19th century, before much of the rest of the U.S. As of 2012, New Hampshire is the only state in New England that has retained capital punishment.^[127] Although New Hampshire currently has one death row inmate, it has not held an execution since 1939.^[128]

Connecticut and Rhode Island were the only states in the union not to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, also known as prohibition.^[129] This was only a symbolic act, as Congress ratified it on January 16, 1919.^{[clarification needed]}

Same-sex marriage is permitted in four New England states. In 2010, it was being debated in the Rhode Island legislature. In Maine, it was legalized by the legislature in 2009, but defeated in a referendum (53% voted to ban it versus 47% who voted to legalize it) later the same year.

New Hampshire has no seatbelt law for persons over 18 years of age,^[130] no helmet law for motorcyclists,^[131] no mandatory auto-insurance law,^[132] and has neither an income tax nor a sales tax.^[133]

Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire allow open carrying of firearms in public places without a permit; Vermont also allows concealed carrying without a permit.^[134]^[135]

The national U.S. movement against nuclear power had its roots in New England in the 1970s. In 1974, activist Sam Lovejoy toppled a weather tower at the site of the proposed Montague Nuclear Power Plant in Western Massachusetts.^[136] The movement "reached critical mass" with the arrests at Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant on May 1, 1977, when 1,414 anti-nuclear activists from the Clamshell Alliance were arrested at the Seabrook site. Harvey Wasserman, a Clamshell spokesman at Seabrook, and Frances Crowe of Northampton, an American Friends Service Committee member, played key roles in the movement.^[136]

Education [link]

Colleges and universities [link]

New England is home to four of the eight Ivy League universities. Pictured here is Dartmouth Hall on the campus of Dartmouth College.

New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the U.S. The first such institution, subsequently named Harvard College, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers, in 1636. Yale University was founded in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1701, and awarded the nation's first doctoral (PhD) degree in 1861. Yale moved to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1718, where it has remained to the present day. Brown University, the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations, and the seventh-oldest U.S. institution of higher learning, was founded in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1764. Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover, New Hampshire, with the mission of educating the local American Indian population as well as English youth. The University of Vermont, the fifth oldest university in New England, was founded in 1791, the same year Vermont joined the Union.

In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools, New England also contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Little Three, four of the original seven sisters, the bulk of institutions identified as the Little Ivies, the Colleges of Worcester Consortium in central Massachusetts, and the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts.

Private and independent secondary schools [link]

At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of American independent schools (also known as private schools). The concept of the elite "New England prep school" (preparatory school) and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image.^[137] The region has several of the highest ranked high schools in the U.S., including the Maine School of Science and Mathematics located in Limestone, Maine.^[138]

See the list of private schools for each state:
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.

Public education [link]

New England is home to some of the oldest public schools in the nation. Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in America, and was attended by several signatories of the Declaration of Independence.^[139] Portland High School in Portland, Maine is the second oldest operating high school in the U.S.^[140]

As of 2005, the National Education Association ranked Connecticut as having the highest-paid teachers in the country. Massachusetts and Rhode Island ranked eighth and ninth, respectively.

Three New England states, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, have cooperated in developing a New England Common Assessment Program test under the No Child Left Behind guidelines. These states can compare the resultant scores with each other.

Maine's Maine Learning Technology Initiative program supplies all 7- and 8th-graders, and half of the state's high-schoolers, with Apple MacBook laptops.

Academic journals and press [link]

There are several academic journals and publishing companies in the region, including The New England Journal of Medicine, Harvard University Press, and Yale University Press. Some of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the New England Economic Review.^[141]

Culture [link]

Cushing house, Hingham, Massachusetts

Classic New England Congregationalist church in Peacham, Vermont

New England has a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe.^[142] In contrast to other American regions, many of New England's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England, contributing to New England's distinctive accents, foods, customs, and social structures.^[143] Within modern New England a cultural divide exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely-populated coastline, and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts, northwestern Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where population density is low.^[144]

Today, New England is the least religious part of the U.S. In 2009, less than half of those polled in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont claimed that religion was an important part of their daily lives. In Connecticut and Rhode Island, also among the ten least religious states, 55 and 53 percent, respectively, of those polled claimed that it was.^[145] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, 34 percent of Vermonters, a plurality, claimed to have no religion; on average, nearly one out of every four New Englanders identifies as having no religion, more than in any other part of the U.S.^[146] New England had one of the highest percentages of Catholics in the U.S. This number declined from 50% in 1990 to 36% in 2008.^[146]

Cultural roots [link]

For more details on this topic, see New England Puritan culture and recreation.

The first European colonists of New England were focused on maritime affairs such as whaling and fishing, rather than more continental inclinations such as surplus farming. One of the older American regions, New England has developed a distinct cuisine, dialect, architecture, and government. New England cuisine is known for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods.

Accents [link]

There are several American English accents spoken in the region including New England English and Boston Accent.

The often-parodied Boston accent is native to the region. Many of its most stereotypical features (such as r dropping and the so-called broad A) are believed to have originated in Boston from the influence of England's Received Pronunciation, which shares those features. While at one point Boston accents were most strongly associated with the so-called "Eastern Establishment" and Boston's upper class, today the accent is predominantly associated with blue-collar natives as exemplified by movies like Good Will Hunting and The Departed. The Boston accent and accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine.^[147]

Some Rhode Islanders speak with a non-rhotic accent that many^[who?] compare to a "Brooklyn" or a cross between a New York and Boston accent^{[citation needed]} ("water" becomes "wata"). Many Rhode Islanders distinguish the aw sound [ɔː], as one might hear in New Jersey; e.g., the word coffee is pronounced [ˈkɔːfiː] KAW-fee.^[148] This type of accent was brought to the region by early settlers from eastern England in the Puritan migration in the mid-seventeenth century.^[149]

Social activities and music [link]

In much of rural New England, particularly Maine, Acadian and Québécois culture are included in music and dance. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian, or other folk music.

Opera houses and theaters, like the Vergennes Opera House in Vergennes, Vermont, are popular in New England towns.

Traditional knitting, quilting and rug hooking circles in rural New England have become less common; church, sports, and town government are more typical social activities. These traditional gatherings are often hosted in individual homes or civic centers; larger groups regularly assemble at special-purpose ice cream parlors that dot the countryside. New England leads the U.S. in ice cream consumption per capita.^[150]^[151]

In the U.S., candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England, where it was invented in the 19th century.^[152]

New England was for some time an important center of American classical music. The Second New England School was instrumental in reinvigorating the tradition in the U.S. Prominent modernist composers also come from the region, including Charles Ives and John Adams. Boston is the site of the New England Conservatory and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In rock music, the region has produced bands as different as Aerosmith, the Pixies, and Boston. Dick Dale, a Quincy, Massachusetts native, helped popularize surf rock. The region is also home to prominent hardcore and punk scenes.

Media [link]

The leading U.S. cable TV sports broadcaster ESPN is headquartered in Bristol, Connecticut. New England has several regional cable networks, including New England Cable News (NECN) and the New England Sports Network (NESN). New England Cable News is the largest regional 24-hour cable news network in the U.S., broadcasting to more than 3.2 million homes in all of the New England states. Its studios are located in Newton, Massachusetts, outside of Boston, and it maintains bureaux in Manchester, New Hampshire; Hartford, Connecticut; Worcester, Massachusetts; Portland, Maine; and Burlington, Vermont.^[153] In Connecticut, Litchfield, Fairfield, and New Haven counties it also broadcasts New York based news programs—this is due in part to the immense influence New York has on this region's economy and culture, and also to give Connecticut broadcasters the ability to compete with overlapping media coverage from New York-area broadcasters.

NESN broadcasts the Boston Red Sox baseball and Boston Bruins hockey throughout the region, save for Fairfield County, Connecticut.^[154] Most of Connecticut, save for Tolland and Windham counties in the state's northeast corner, and even southern Rhode Island, receives the YES network, which broadcasts the games of the New York Yankees. For the most part, the same areas also carry SNY, Sports New York, which broadcasts New York Mets games.

Comcast SportsNet New England broadcasts the games of the Boston Celtics, New England Revolution and Boston Cannons.

While most New England cities have daily newspapers, The Boston Globe and The New York Times are distributed widely throughout the region. Major newspapers also include The Providence Journal, and Hartford Courant, the oldest continuously published newspaper in the U.S.^[155]

Comedy [link]

New Englanders are well represented in American comedy. Writers for The Simpsons often come by way of the Harvard Lampoon. Family Guy, an animated sitcom situated in Rhode Island, as well as American Dad and The Cleveland Show, were created by Connecticut native and Rhode Island School of Design graduate Seth MacFarlane. A number of Saturday Night Live (SNL) cast members have origins in New England, from Adam Sandler to Amy Poehler, who also stars in the NBC television series Parks and Recreation. Former Daily Show show correspondents Rob Corddry and Steve Carell are from Massachusetts, with the latter also being involved in film and the American adaptation of The Office. Late night television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien have origins in the Boston area. Notable stand-up comedians, including Dane Cook, Steve Sweeney, Steven Wright, Sarah Silverman, Lisa Lampanelli, Denis Leary, Lenny Clarke and Louis CK, are also from the region. SNL cast member Seth Meyers once attributed the region's imprint on American humor to its "sort of wry New England sense of pointing out anyone who's trying to make a big deal of himself", with the Boston Globe suggesting that irony and sarcasm, as well as Irish influences, are its trademarks.^[156]

Literature [link]

Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston and spent most of his literary career in Concord, Massachusetts.

The literature of New England has had an enduring influence on American literature in general, with themes such as religion, race, the individual versus society, social repression, and nature, emblematic of the larger concerns of American letters.^[157]

New England has been the birthplace of American authors and poets. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, where he famously lived, for some time, by Walden Pond, on Emerson's land. Nathaniel Hawthorne, romantic era writer, was born in historical Salem; later, he would live in Concord at the same time as Emerson and Thoreau. All three of these writers have strong connections to The Old Manse, a home in the Emerson family and a key center of the Transcendentalist movement. Emily Dickinson lived most of her life in Amherst, Massachusetts. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was from Portland, Maine, and Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston. According to reports, the famed Mother Goose, the author of fairy tales and nursery rhymes was originally a person named Elizabeth Foster Goose or Mary Goose who lived in Boston. Poets James Russell Lowell, Amy Lowell, and Robert Lowell, a Confessionalist poet and teacher of Sylvia Plath, were all New England natives. Anne Sexton, also taught by Lowell, was born and died in Massachusetts. Much of the work of Nobel Prize laureate Eugene O'Neill is associated with the city of New London, Connecticut where he spent many summers. The 14th U.S. Poet Laureate Donald Hall, a New Hampshire resident, continues the line of renowned New England poets. Noah Webster, the Father of American Scholarship and Education, was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. Pulitzer Prize winning poets Edwin Arlington Robinson, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Robert P. T. Coffin were born in Maine.

Poets Stanley Kunitz and Elizabeth Bishop were both born in Worcester, Massachusetts, and Pulitzer Prize winning poet Galway Kinnell was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Oliver La Farge, a New Englander of French and Narragansett descent, won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, the predecessor to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, in 1930 for his book Laughing Boy. John P. Marquand grew up in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Novelist Edwin O'Connor, who was also known as a radio personality and journalist, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel The Edge of Sadness. Pulitzer Prize winner John Cheever, a novelist and short story writer, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts and set most of his fiction in old New England villages based on various South Shore towns around there. E. Annie Proulx was born in Norwich, Connecticut. David Lindsay-Abaire, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2007 for his play Rabbit Hole, was raised in Boston.

Ethan Frome, written in 1911 by Edith Wharton, is set in turn-of-the-century New England, in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. Like much literature of the region, it plays off themes of isolation and hopelessness. New England is also the setting for most of the gothic horror stories of H. P. Lovecraft, who lived his life in Providence, Rhode Island. Real New England towns such as Ipswich, Newburyport, Rowley, and Marblehead featured often in his stories alongside fictional locations such as Dunwich, Arkham, Innsmouth and Kingsport. Lovecraft often expressed an appreciation for New England in his personal correspondence, and believed that returning to the area was the reason that his writing improved after he left New York City.

An illustration from Herman Melville's Moby-Dick

The region has also drawn the attention of authors and poets from other parts of the U.S. Mark Twain found Hartford to be the most beautiful city in the U.S., made it his home, and wrote his masterpieces there. He lived next door to Harriett Beecher Stowe, a local whose most famous work is Uncle Tom's Cabin. John Updike, originally from Pennsylvania, eventually moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts, which served as the model for the fictional New England town of Tarbox in his 1968 novel Couples. Robert Frost was born in California, but moved to Massachusetts during his teen years and published his first poem in Lawrence; his frequent use of New England settings and themes ensured that he would be associated with the region. Arthur Miller, a New York City native, used New England as the setting for some of his works, most notably The Crucible.

Herman Melville, originally from New York City, bought the house now known as Arrowhead in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and there wrote his greatest novel Moby-Dick. Poet Maxine Kumin was born in Philadelphia, and currently resides in Warner, New Hampshire. Pulitzer Prize winning poet Mary Oliver was born in Maple Heights, Ohio, and has lived in Provincetown, Massachusetts for the last forty years. Charles Simic, who was born in Belgrade, Serbia (at that time Yugoslavia) grew up in Chicago and lives in Strafford, New Hampshire, on the shore of Bow Lake. He is the professor emeritus of American literature and creative writing at the University of New Hampshire. Pulitzer Prize winning novelist and short story writer Steven Millhauser, whose short story "Eisenheim the Illusionist" was adapted into the 2006 film The Illusionist, was born in New York City and raised in Connecticut.

More recently, Stephen King, born in Portland, Maine, has used the small towns of his home state as the setting for much of his horror fiction, with several of his stories taking place in or near the fictional town of Castle Rock. Just to the south, Exeter, New Hampshire was the birthplace of best-selling novelist John Irving and Dan Brown, author of The Da Vinci Code. Rick Moody has set many of his works in southern New England, focusing on wealthy families of suburban Connecticut's Gold Coast and their battles with addiction and anomie. Derek Walcott, a playwright and poet who won the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature, teaches poetry at Boston University. Pulitzer Prize winner Cormac McCarthy, whose novel No Country for Old Men was made into the Academy Award for Best Picture winning film in 2007, was born in Providence, although he moved to Tennessee when he was a boy. New York Times Bestselling author Dennis Lehane, another native of the Boston area, who was born in Dorchester, wrote the novels that were adapted into the films Mystic River, Gone Baby Gone and Shutter Island.

Largely on the strength of its local writers, Boston was for some years the center of the U.S. publishing industry, before being overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education, and was the longtime home of literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly. Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts. Yankee, a magazine for New Englanders, is based in Dublin, New Hampshire.

Sports [link]

Main article: Sports in New England

Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Basketball was invented by James Naismith (a Canadian) in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891.^[158] Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895.^[159] Additionally, Walter Camp is credited with developing modern American football in New Haven, Connecticut in the 1870s and 1880s.^[160]

New Hampshire Motor Speedway is an oval racetrack that has hosted several NASCAR and American Championship Car Racing races, whereas Lime Rock Park is a traditional road racing venue home of sports car races. Events at these venues have had the "New England" moniker, such as the NASCAR New England 300 and New England 200, the IndyCar Series New England Indy 200, and the American Le Mans Series New England Grand Prix.

Professional and semi-professional sports teams [link]

Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, is the oldest operating ballpark in the U.S.

The major professional sports teams in New England are based in the Boston area: the Boston Red Sox, the New England Patriots (based in Foxborough, Massachusetts), the Boston Celtics, the Boston Bruins, the Boston Cannons, and the New England Revolution (also based in Foxborough). Hartford had a professional hockey team, the Hartford Whalers, from 1975 until they moved to North Carolina in 1997. Bridgeport had a professional lacrosse team, the Bridgeport Barrage, until they moved to Philadelphia and later ceased operation. A WNBA team, the Connecticut Sun, are based in southeastern Connecticut at the Mohegan Sun resort.

There are also minor league baseball and hockey teams based in larger cities such as the Pawtucket Red Sox (baseball), the Providence Bruins (hockey), the Worcester Tornadoes (baseball), the Brockton Rox (baseball) and the Worcester Sharks (hockey), the Lowell Spinners (baseball), the Portland Sea Dogs (baseball) and the Portland Pirates (hockey), the Bridgeport Bluefish (baseball) and the Bridgeport Sound Tigers (hockey), the Connecticut Tigers (baseball), the New Britain Rock Cats (baseball), the Vermont Lake Monsters (baseball), the New Hampshire Fisher Cats (baseball) and the Manchester Monarchs (hockey), the Brockton Rox (baseball), the Connecticut Whale (hockey), and the Springfield Falcons (hockey).

The NBA Development League fields two teams in New England: the Maine Red Claws, based in Portland, Maine, and the Springfield Armor in Springfield, Massachusetts. The Red Claws are affiliated with the Boston Celtics and the Charlotte Bobcats and the Armor are affiliated with the New Jersey Nets, New York Knicks, and Philadelphia 76ers. New England is also represented in the Premier Basketball League by the Vermont Frost Heaves of Barre, Vermont and, until recently, the Manchester Millrats from Manchester, New Hampshire.

Thanksgiving Day high school football rivalries date back to the 19th century, and the Harvard-Yale rivalry ("The Game") is the oldest active rivalry in college football. The Boston Marathon, run on Patriots' Day every year, is a New England cultural institution and the oldest annual marathon in the world. While the race offers far less prize money than many other marathons, the race's difficulty and long history make it one of the world's most prestigious marathons.^[161]

Notable places [link]

Boats on the Kennebunk River between Kennebunk and Kennebunkport, Maine

Historic [link]

New England features many of the oldest cities and towns in the country. The following places have historic buildings, parks, and streetscapes (following the coast from New Haven):

Recreational [link]

The New Haven Green was created in 1638, and is preserved as the heart of what could be the first planned city in the U.S.^[162]

The Appalachian Mountains run through northern New England, and provide for recreational hiking and sixteen ski areas that have least 2,000 feet (610 m) of vertical drop in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.

Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts are popular tourist destinations for their small-town charm and beaches. All have restrictive zoning laws to prevent sprawl and overdevelopment.

Acadia National Park, off the coast of Maine, preserves most of Mount Desert Island and includes mountains, an ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes.

In addition, the coastal New England states are home to many oceanfront beaches.

The financial magazine Money, in a 2006 survey entitled "Best Places to Live", ranked several New England towns and cities in the top one hundred. In Connecticut, Fairfield, part of the New York, New Jersey, Connecticut area, was ranked ninth, while Stamford was ranked forty-sixth. In Maine, Portland ranked eighty-ninth. In Massachusetts, Newton was ranked twenty-second. In New Hampshire, Nashua, a past number one, was ranked eighty-seventh. In Rhode Island, Cranston was ranked seventy-eighth, while Warwick was ranked eighty-third.^[163]

Transportation [link]

The MBTA Commuter Rail serves much of Massachusetts and parts of Rhode Island, with plans for expansion into New Hampshire.^[164]^[165]

Amtrak's Northeast Corridor connects southern New England to the Mid-Atlantic.

Six mainline Interstate highways cross New England, with at least one serving each state and its respective capital city:

Interstate 84 enters New England at Danbury, Connecticut, and crosses that state to the northeast, connecting the city of Waterbury and the state capital of Hartford before terminating at a junction with Interstate 90 in Massachusetts.

Interstate 90, also signed east-west, carries the Massachusetts Turnpike designation as it crosses the state. I-90 enters Massachusetts at West Stockbridge and travels eastward to its terminus in Boston; connecting the cities of Springfield and Worcester and intersecting many of New England's major north-south routes.

Interstate 89, signed north-south, begins at a junction with Interstate 93 just south of Concord, New Hampshire. I-89 travels to the northwest towards its terminus at the Canadian border, connecting Lebanon, the state capital of Montpelier, and Burlington (Vermont's largest city) along the way.

Interstate 91 begins in New Haven, Connecticut at a junction with Interstate 95, running north from there through Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont until it reaches the Canadian border. I-91 parallels U.S. Route 5 for its entire length, and much of the route also follows the Connecticut River, linking many of the major cities and towns along the river including Hartford, Springfield, and Brattleboro. I-91 is the only Interstate route within New England that intersects five of the others.^{[clarification needed]}

Interstate 93 begins in Canton, Massachusetts at a junction with Interstate 95, running northeastward from there through the city of Boston. I-93 travels north from Boston and into New Hampshire, where it serves as the main Interstate highway through that state and links many of the larger cities and towns (including the capital, Concord, and the largest city north of Boston—Manchester). I-93 eventually enters Vermont and reaches its northern terminus at a junction with Interstate 91 at St. Johnsbury.

Interstate 95, which runs along the East Coast, enters New England at Greenwich, Connecticut, and runs in a generally northeastern direction along the Atlantic Ocean, eventually heading through Maine's sparsely-populated north country to its northern terminus at the Canadian border. I-95 serves many of the coastline's cities, including the state capitals of Providence and Augusta, while serving as a partial beltway around Boston. I-95 travels through every New England state except Vermont, and is the only two-digit Interstate highway to enter the states of Rhode Island and Maine.

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) provides rail and subway service within the Boston metropolitan area, bus service in Greater Boston, and commuter rail service throughout Eastern Massachusetts and parts of Rhode Island. The New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Metro-North Commuter Railroad provides rail, serving many commuters in Southwestern Connecticut, while the Connecticut Department of Transportation operates the Shore Line East commuter rail service along the Connecticut coastline east of New Haven.

Amtrak provides interstate rail service throughout New England. Boston is the northern terminus of the Northeast Corridor line. The Vermonter connects Vermont to Massachusetts and Connecticut, while the Downeaster links Maine to Boston.

Almost all of New England scored "Best" on the 2011 American State Litter Scorecard, except Massachusetts. The fifty states were ranked for overall effectiveness and quality of their public space cleanliness—primarily roadway and adjacent litter—from state and related debris removal efforts.^[166]

Notes [link]

^ "Yankee". The American Heritage Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Yankee. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ ^a ^b "State & County QuickFacts". US Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "News Release: GDP by State". Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/regional/gsp/action.cfm. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bain, Angela Goebel; Manring, Lynne; and Mathews, Barbara. Native Peoples in New England. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.
^ "Abenaki History". abenakination.org. http://www.abenakination.org/history.html. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ Allen, William (1849). The History of Norridgewock. Norridgewock ME: Edward J. Peet. p. 10. http://books.google.com/?id=s6QZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Norridgewock+history#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ Wiseman, Fred M.. "The Voice of the Dawn: An Autohistory of the Abenaki Nation". p. 70. http://www.abenakination.org/history.html. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ Paullin, Charles O.; Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States; Edited by John K. Wright; New York City and Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932:Plate 42. ; Excellent section on International and interstate boundary disputes.
^ Swindler, William F.., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions 10 Volumes; Dobbs Ferry, New York; Oceana Publications, 1973–1979; Vol. 10; pp. 17–23; The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states.
^ Van Zandt, Franklin K.; Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.; Government Printing Office; 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.; Page 92.
^ "In addition to claiming land for England and bringing the faith of the Church of England to the native peoples, each of the Virginia Companies was also enjoined both by the crown and its members to make a tidy profit by whatever means it found expedient." NPS.gov
^ "The Virginia Company: Lecture Transcript One". Annenberg Media. http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/primarysources/virginia/transcript01.html. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
^ Woodard, Colin. The Lobster Coast. New York. Viking/Penguin, ISBN 0-670-03324-3, 2004, pp. 78–80
^ "New England". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055457. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
^ State Street Trust Company (1921). [nooks.google.com/books?id=IbJLAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA50&ots=NqatTBjODy&dq=richard%20vines%20landing%201616&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q=richard%20vines%20landing%201616&f=false "Towns of New England and Old England, vol. 2"]. Boston. nooks.google.com/books?id=IbJLAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA50&ots=NqatTBjODy&dq=richard%20vines%20landing%201616&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q=richard%20vines%20landing%201616&f=false.
^ "What are the oldest cities in America?". Glo-con.com. http://www.glo-con.com/article/article_no/3022/. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
^ Swindler, William F., ed; Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions 10 Volumes; Dobbs Ferry, New York; Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. Volume 5: pp. 16–26.
^ "...joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter from the British crown with authority to colonize and govern the area now known as New England." New England, Council for. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: Britannica.com
^ Haxtun, Anne Arnoux (1896). Signers of the Mayflower Compact, vol. 1. New York: The Mail and Express Publishing Company. http://books.google.com/?id=qLYVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mayflower+compact#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ Townsend, Edmund Waterman (1906). Our Constitution: How and Why It Was Made. New York: Moffat, Yard & Company. p. 42. http://books.google.com/?id=hj0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA42&dq=mayflower+compact#v=onepage&q=mayflower%20compact&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. "Public Records: The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". sec.state.ma.us. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/pre/presea/sealhis.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ Northend, William Dummer (1896). The Bay Colony: A Civil, Religious and Social History of the Massachusetts Colony. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. p. 305. http://books.google.com/?id=n5jgQNI1XW4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+massachusetts+bay+colony#v=onepage&q=charter&f=false.
^ City of Boston. "About Boston". cityofboston.gov. http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ State of Connecticut. "About Connecticut". CT.gov. http://www.ct.gov/ctportal/cwp/view.asp?a=843&q=246434. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ Peace, Nancy E. (November 1976). "Roger Williams—A Historiographical Essay". Rhode Island History. Providence RI: The Rhode Island Historical Society. pp. 103–115. http://www.rihs.org/assetts/files/publications/1976_Nov.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ "History & Famous Rhode Islanders". Rhode Island Tourism Division. http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/make-plans/facts-and-history/. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ Hall, Hiland (1868). The History of Vermont: From Its Discovery to Its Admission into the Union. Albany NY: Joel Munsell. p. 3. http://books.google.com/?id=XbYMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+vermont#v=onepage&q&f=false.
^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People. New York City: Mentor. p. 112. ISBN 0-451-62600-1.
^ Martucci, David B.. "The New England Flag". D. Martucci. http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "Flags of the Early North American Colonies and Explorers". Historical Flags of Our Ancestors. http://www.loeser.us/flags/colonies.html.
^ Stark, Bruce P.. "The Dominion of New england". Connecticut Humanities Council. http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ctto1763/dominionne.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ Palfrey, John Gorham (1865). History of New England, vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 561–590. http://books.google.com/?id=aggbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA545&dq=dominion+of+new+england+history#v=onepage&q=dominion%20of%20new%20england%20history&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ Palfrey, John Gorham (1873). A Compendious History of New England, vol. 3. Boston: H.C. Shepard. http://books.google.com/?id=zS0YAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22John+Gorham+Palfrey%22#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ Wesley Frank Craven, Colonies in Transition, 1660 – 1713 (1968). p. 224.
^ "Slavery in New Hempshire". Slavenorth.com. http://www.slavenorth.com/newhampshire.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ James Schouler, History of the United States vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1891; copyright expired).
^ Dwight, Theodore (1833). History of the Hartford Convention. New York: N. & J. White. http://books.google.com/?id=35YsAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22hartford+convention%22#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ Library of Congress. "Missouri Compromise: Primary Documents of American History". http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ "New England". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411409/New-England. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ Cooper, Thomas V. (1884). American Politics (Non-Partisan) from the Beginning to Date, Book III. Chicago: C. R. Brodix. pp. 64–69. http://books.google.com/?id=6pZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA64&dq=politics+of+new+england#v=onepage&q=politics%20of%20new%20england&f=false.
^ Cairns, William B. (1912). A History of American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. http://books.google.com/?id=7zBLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197&dq=new+england+literature#v=onepage&q=%22new%20england%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ ^a ^b "New England", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived 2006-10-13
^ Bagnall, William R. The Textile Industries of the United States: Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period. Vol. I. Pg 97. The Riverside Press, 1893.
^ "Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor – History & Culture (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 2009-06-11. http://www.nps.gov/blac/historyculture/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ Dublin, Thomas. "Lowell Millhands". Transforming Women's Work. Ithaca: Cornell UP. 77–118.
^ ^a ^b "Historical Census Data for 1850". University of Virginia. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/censusbin/census/cen.pl?year=850. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ "Poverty: 1999" (PDF). US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-19.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
^ "United States Summary: 2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
^ "The British Isles and all that ...". Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ "Topography of the Exotic Terrane Region 4". The Paleontological Research Institute. http://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo4.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Emerson, Philip (1922). The Geography of New England. New York: The Macmillan Company. http://books.google.com/?id=31QAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=geography+of+new+england#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S.". U.S. Geological Survey. http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
^ "Topography of the Appalachian/Piedmont Region 2". The Paleontological Research Institute. http://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo2.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
^ ^a ^b "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Mount Washington Observatory. http://www.mountwashington.org/about/faq.php. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ "The Story of the World Record Wind". Mount Washington Observatory. http://www.mountwashington.org/about/visitor/recordwind.php. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ "World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. January 22, 2010. http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/infonotes/info_58_en.html. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
^ Hrin, Eric (March 26, 2011). "Wolfe turns love of books into career; One-hundredth anniversary of library in Troy approaching". The Daily Review (Towanda, PA). http://thedailyreview.com/news/wolfe-turns-love-of-books-into-career-one-hundredth-anniversary-of-library-in-troy-approaching-1.1123858. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "city-data.com". http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/weather/12007d1198280484-best-climate-humans-us-climate-zones-map.png.
^ "New England's Fall Foliage". Discover New England. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070816025748/http://www.discovernewengland.org/foliage/index.shtml. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ New England Climate Initiative. Available at Unh.edu . Retrieved July 26, 2006.
^ Adams, Glenn (February 11, 2009). "Maine ties Vt. for record low temperature". Burlington Free Press.
^ Average Annual Temperatures by State. Current Results. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ U.S. Census Bureau & Rhode Island Statewide Planning. "New England Population by State 1800–2000". http://www.planning.ri.gov/census/pdf%20files/pdf/NE1800-2000.PDF. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
^ Steinbicker, Earl (2000). 50 one day adventures—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire.. Hastings House/Daytrips Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-8038-2008-9.
^ Philip Emerson, The geography of New England (1922) pp. 51–56; Laura Purdom and Robert Holmes, Traveler's Companion New England (3rd ed. 2002) p. 77
^ [1], Encountering American Fault Lines: Race, Class, and the Dominican Experience in Providence by Jose Itzigsohn.(2009)
^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "New England Division – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=03000US1&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=3308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "United States (In New England County Metropolitan Area) – QT-P16. Language Spoken at Home: 2000". http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP16&-gc_url=010:96%7C&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "New England Division – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=03000US1&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=3308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_01.pdf
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^ U.S. Census Bureau – Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006
^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2008-03-27. http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
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^ Stobbs (Associated Press), Mike (October 1, 2009). "Drug deaths overtake traffic fatals in 16 states". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 7A.
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^ staff, wire reports (January 23, 2009). Vt. has few uninsured motorists. Burlington Free Press.
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^ "Health care services". Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. May 1, 2009. pp. 10C.
^ "Hartford Is No Longer the Insurance Capital", New York Times, retrieved 2010-07-21^{[dead link]}
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^ U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Ag_Overview/AgOverview_CT.pdfPDF (34.3 KB)
^ U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Ag_Overview/AgOverview_MA.pdfPDF (34.5 KB)
^ U.S. Department of Energy. "State Energy Profiles: State Rankings". http://www.eia.doe.gov/state/state-energy-rankings.cfm?keyid=60&orderid=1. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ U.S. Department of Energy. "State Energy Profiles: State Rankings". http://www.eia.doe.gov/state/state-energy-rankings.cfm?keyid=18&orderid=1. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ Hemmingway, Sam (July 20, 2008). Nukes by the numbers. Burlington Free Press.
^ "New England — Labor Force Statistics". U.S. Department of Labor. http://www.bls.gov/xg_shells/ro1xg02.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
^ Michael B. Sauter; Douglas A. McIntyre (2011-04-05). "The Ten States With The Worst Property Taxes". 247Wallst.com. http://247wallst.com/2011/04/05/the-ten-states-with-the-worst-property-taxes/3/.
^ "Top 5 highest and lowest states for property taxes". realestate.aol.com. 2010-03-16. http://realestate.aol.com/tax-advice/highest-and-lowest-property-tax-states?icid=main%7Chtmlws-main-n%7Cdl4%7Clink3%7Chttp%3A%2F%2Frealestate.aol.com%2Ftax-advice%2Fhighest-and-lowest-property-tax-states.
^ "Taxes by State". http://retirementliving.com/RLtaxes.html. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
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^ The 10 States With the Most Trouble Paying Their Bills. DailyFinance. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ Tax Burden By State. E50plus.com. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ U.S. Census Bureau. "State Rankings—Statistical Abstract of the United States—Personal Income Per Capita". http://www.census.gov/statab/ranks/rank29.html. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ Schmit, Julie (April 1, 2011). "Foreclosures go nowhere fast". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): pp. 4A. http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/housing/story/2011-11-07/foreclosure-pipeline/51126600/1.
^ History of the United States of America, by Henry William Elson, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1904. Chapter VI p. 127–130. Available at: Usgennet.org . Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ Woodward, W^m McKenzie. Guide to Providence Architecture. 1st ed. 2003: United States. p135.
^ De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. Quotation attributed at [2] . Retrieved July 20, 2010.
^ Madison, James. Federalist No. 55. Quotation attributed at Ilsr.org . Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ See Harvard lecturer Robert I. Rotberg review Real Democracy: the New England town meeting and how it works at Democraciaparticipativa.net^{[dead link]} (Retrieved July 19, 2006) (Spanish), (English).
^ "2006 Political Party Breakdown by State". The Green Papers. http://www.thegreenpapers.com/G06/PPBDTraditional.phtml. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
^ "Election Center 2008". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
^ "Sanders Socialist Success". April 22, 2009. http://sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/news/?id=7b6eba9b-67f5-4d8f-bc75-ce63a07035d2. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ Lerer, Lisa (July 16, 2009). "Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses?". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0709/25000.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ Salzman, Avi (2005-12-18). "A Laboratory For Liberals?". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE2D61630F93BA25751C1A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
^ "New England grapples with first execution". Concord Monitor. 2005-05-13. http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/new-england-grapples-with-first-execution. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (2006-06-08). "Gregg cites states' rights in voting against amendment". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/06/08/gregg_cites_states_rights_in_voting_against_amendment/. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
^ {{cite web url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/146234/number-solidly-democratic-states-cut-half.aspx title=Number of Solidly Democratic States Cut in Half From '08 to '10 accessdate=2011-12-19|publisher=Gallup}}
^ "Mike Huckabee: Mike Huckabee's Weekly Schedule for Sept. 24". All American Patriots website. September 25, 2007. http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48733087_mike_huckabee_mike_huckabee_mike_huckabees_weekly_schedule_sept_24. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
^ "Candidates Face Off At St. Anselm's College". CBS News. 2008-01-07. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/07/politics/uwire/main3684304.shtml.
^ "Election Center 2008 - Election & Politics News from CNN.com". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/debates/democrats/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
^ "Death Penalty Information Center", Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ "Supreme Court Lifts Order Blocking Connecticut Execution", Fox News, January 29, 2005, Retrieved July 19, 2006, "New Hampshire has not executed anyone since 1939 and has no one on death row. Seven inmates are waiting to die in Connecticut, which conducted New England's last execution in 1960."
^ "CONNECTICUT BALKS AT PROHIBITION; Senate Rejects Federal Amendment—First State to Failto Ratify". The New York Times. 1919-02-05. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F60917F73B5D147A93C7A91789D85F4D8185F9.
^ State Seat Belt Laws. Ghsa.org. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ New Hampshire Motorcycle Helmet Law. Bikersrights.com. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ State Insurance Laws. Autoinsuranceremedy.com. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ Does NH have an Income Tax or Sales Tax? | Frequently Asked Questions | NH Department of Revenue Administration. Nh.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ State Information For New Hampshire. OpenCarry.org. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ State Information For Vermont. OpenCarry.org. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Michael Kenney. Tracking the protest movements that had roots in New England The Boston Globe, December 30, 2009.
^ "Prepping for a Party", Boston Globe. Retrieved at: http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/articles/2010/07/01/prepping_for_a_party/ . Retrieved 2010-07-21.
^ "The Maine School of Science and Mathematics: Best High Schools". USNews.com. http://www.usnews.com/listings/high-schools/maine/the_maine_school_of_science_and_mathematics. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ "She graduated from the elite Boston Latin School, the oldest high school in America, in 1999." Taken from the New York Post, available at Nypost.com . Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ "Portland High is the second oldest operating public high school in the United States" Taken from the Portland High School Website, available at [3] . Retrieved December 23, 2009.
^ "FRBB: New England Economic Review". Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/neer/neer.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ McWilliams, John P. New Endland's Crises and Cultural Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Available at: [4] . Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^ David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford University Press US, 1991) 30–50 [5]
^ "New England Population History". Brown University. http://www.brown.edu/Research/Earthlab/lulchistory/nepopulationgrowth.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ "State of the States: Importance of Religion". Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/114022/state-states-importance-religion.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
^ ^a ^b American Religious Identification Survey. "ARIS 2008 Report: Part IIIC – Geography". http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/part3c_geog.html. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
^ Metcalf, Allan. How We Talk: American Regional English Today.. Houghton Mifflin. http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/epub/how_we_talk.shtml.
^ "Guide to Rhode Island Language Stuff". Quahog.org. http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=43. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
^ David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford University Press, 1989), pg. 13–207 (ISBN 0195069056)
^ Nelson, Jennifer (2007-04-27). "New England's best ice cream". The Boston Globe. http://boston.com/travel/explorene/specials/summer/gallery/new_england_ice_cream/. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
^ "Surviving the New England Winter: You Scream, I Scream, Ice Cream!". The Harvard Harbus. http://www.harbus.org/2005/Surviving-the-New-England-3424/. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
^ "History of Candlepin Bowling". Massachusetts Bowling Association. http://www.masscandlepin.com/id14.html. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
^ New England Cable News. Available at Boston.com. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ New England Sports Network. Available at Boston.com . Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ The Hartford Courant-Older Than the Nation : Courant.com. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
^ What's So Funny?. Available at [6] . Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ "New England". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.salon.com/books/literary_guide/2006/06/29/new_england/. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
^ Mary Bellis. "History of Basketball". About.com. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbasketball.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
^ "History Of Volleyball". Volleyball World Wide. http://www.volleyball.org/history.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
^ "Ohio Tiger Trap" (PDF). http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/Camp_And_Followers.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ "In marathoning, it has a foothold – History means Boston can give any race in the world a run for its money" by John Powers, The Boston Globe, April 10, 2005
^ "New Haven Travel Guide". wcities. http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-149985-new_haven_introduction-i. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Money Magazine: Best places to live 2006: Top 100 1–25". Cable News Network. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/top100/. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ eagletribune.com.
^ eagletribune.com.
^ S. Spacek, 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populace.

References [link]

New York: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries; John H. Long, Editor; Compiled by Kathryn Ford Thorne; A Project of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for Family and Community History; The new Berry Library; Simon & Schuster; 1993.
U.S. Census Bureau. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"PDF (1.06 MB). Retrieved May 11, 2005

External links [link]

Find more about New England on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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Related information [link]

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Coordinates: 44°12′20.00″N 70°18′23.13″W / 44.20556°N 70.306425°W / 44.20556; -70.306425

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v t e The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For other uses, see England (disambiguation).

England

	Royal Banner of England
Flag	Royal Banner

Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French)
"God and my right"^[1]^[2]

Anthem: None (de jure)
God Save the Queen (de facto)

Location of England (dark green)

– in the European continent (light green & dark grey)
– in the United Kingdom (light green)

Capital
(and largest city) London
51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.5°N 0.117°W / 51.5; -0.117

Official language(s) English (de facto)^{[nb 1]}

Recognised regional languages Cornish

Ethnic groups (2009
^[3]^[4]) 87.5% White, 6.0% South Asian, 2.9% Black, 1.9% Mixed race, 0.8% Chinese, 0.8% Other

Demonym

English

Government Non-devolved constituent country within a constitutional monarchy

- Monarch Elizabeth II

- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron MP

Legislature Parliament of the United Kingdom

Area

- Total 130,395 km²
50,346 sq mi

Population

- 2010 estimate 52,234,000^[5]

- 2001 census 49,138,831

- Density 395/km²
1,023/sq mi

Currency Pound sterling (GBP)

Time zone GMT (UTC0)

- Summer (DST) BST (UTC+1)

Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

Drives on the left

ISO 3166 code

Internet TLD .uk^{[nb 2]}

Calling code 44

Patron saint

Saint George

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

England portal

England ⁱ/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.^[6]^[7]^[8] It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.

The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world.^[9] The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.^[10] The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.^[11] England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.^[12]

England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). The former capital city of England was Winchester until London took over in 1066. Today London is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures.^{[nb 3]} England's population is about 51 million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London, the South East and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Meadowlands and pastures are found beyond the major cities.

The Kingdom of England—which after 1284 included Wales—was a sovereign state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain.^[13]^[14] In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State was established as a separate dominion, but the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 reincorporated into the kingdom six Irish counties to officially create the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

[edit] Toponymy

History [link]

Main article: History of England

Prehistory and antiquity [link]

Main article: Prehistoric Britain

Sun shining through row of upright standing stones with other stones horizontally on the top.

Stonehenge, a Neolithic monument

The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.^[26] Modern humans are known to have first inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.^[27]^[28] After the last ice age only large mammals such as mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceros remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.^[29] The sea level was lower than now, and Britain was connected by land to both Ireland and Eurasia.^[30] As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later.

The Beaker culture arrived around 2500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.^[31] It was during this time that major Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, both of which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made bronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, with Celtic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons.^[32]

According to John T. Koch and others, England in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that included the whole of the British Isles and much of what we now regard as France together with the Iberian Peninsula. Celtic languages developed in those areas; Tartessian may have been the earliest written Celtic language.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Painting of woman, with outstretched arm, in white dress with red cloak and helmet, with other human figures to her right and below her to the left.

Boudica led an uprising against the Roman Empire.

During the Iron Age, Celtic culture, deriving from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia there were around 20 different tribes in the area. However, earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes.

The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province.^[36] The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street.^[37] This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, sewage systems, many agricultural items, and silk.^[38]^[39]^[40] In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (modern-day York), where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor.^[41]

There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, with probability lying much earlier. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in AD 180 to settle controverted points of differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials which were disturbing the church. There are, however, traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.^[42] By 410, as the Empire declined, Britain was left exposed by the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.^[43]

Middle Ages [link]

Main article: England in the Middle Ages

Studded and decorated metallic mask of human face.

Replica of a 7th century ceremonial helmet from the Kingdom of East Anglia, found at Sutton Hoo.

Roman military withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province and now began to settle, initially in the eastern part of the country.^[43] Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brythonic control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. The nature and progression of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is consequently subject to considerable disagreement. Christianity had in general disappeared from the conquered territories, but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 597 onwards and by Irish missionaries led by Aidan around the same time.^[44] Disputes between the varying influences represented by these missions ended in victory for the Roman tradition.

During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent and Sussex. Over the following centuries this process of political consolidation continued.^[45] The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.^[46] In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under Æthelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea empire that also included Denmark and Norway. However the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1042.

King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.

King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, fought on Saint Crispin's Day and concluded with an English victory against a larger French army in the Hundred Years' War.

A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066, accomplished by an army led by Duke William of Normandy.^[47] The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.^[48] This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language.^[49]

The House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine.^[50] They reigned for three centuries, proving noted monarchs such as Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V.^[50] The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of the Magna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century^[51] and the Lordship of Ireland was gifted to the English monarchy by the Pope.

During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and House of Valois both claimed to be legitimate claimants to House of Capet and with it France—the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War.^[52] The Black Death epidemic hit England, starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants.^[53]^[54] From 1453 to 1487 civil war between two branches of the royal family occurred—the Yorkists and Lancastrians—known as the Wars of the Roses.^[55] Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed.^[56]

Early Modern [link]

Painting of large bearded man with fur trimmed cloak, wearing a hat.

King Henry VIII became Supreme Head of the Church of England.

During the Tudor period, the Renaissance reached England through Italian courtiers, who reintroduced artistic, educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity.^[57] During this time England began to develop naval skills, and exploration to the West intensified.^[58]^[59]

Henry VIII broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to divorce, under the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the Church of England. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the roots of the split were more political than theological.^{[nb 4]} He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the 1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The former brought the country back to Catholicism, while the later broke from it again, more forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism.

An English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada during the Elizabethan period. Competing with Spain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony, after it was found abandoned on the return of the late arriving supply ship.^[61] With the East India Company, England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East. The political structure of the island was changed in 1603, when the Stuart James VI of Scotland, a kingdom which was a longtime rival, inherited the throne of England as James I—creating a personal union .^[62]^[63] He styled himself King of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.^[64] Under the auspices of King James VI and I the so called Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language, but also has been the standard version of the Bible most Christians have read for four hundred years.

Painting of seated male figure, with long black hair wearing a white cape and breeches.

The English Restoration restored the monarchy under King Charles II and peace after the English Civil War.

Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I, known as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced with the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653, a period of personal rule followed.^[65] After Cromwell's death, and his son Richard's resignation as Lord Protector, Charles II was invited to return as monarch in 1660 with the Restoration. It was now constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, and the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without prior approval by Parliament.^[66] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged.

The Great Fire of London in 1666 gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards.^[67] In Parliament two factions had emerged—the Tories and Whigs. The former were royalists while the latter were classical liberals. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs, deposed him in the Revolution of 1688 and invited Dutch prince William III to become monarch. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,^[68] the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.^[62] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national church of each remained separate.^[69]

Late Modern and contemporary [link]

A stone factory stands against a vivid blue sky, its reflection mirrored in the waters below.

Saltaire, West Yorkshire, is a model mill town from the Industrial Revolution, and a World Heritage Site.

Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering. This paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.^[70] The opening of Northwest England's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain.^[71]^[72] In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway—the Stockton and Darlington Railway—opened to the public.^[71]

During the Industrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at Manchester and Birmingham, dubbed "Warehouse City" and "Workshop of the World" respectively.^[73]^[74] England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh.^[75]

The Cenotaph, Whitehall is a memorial to members of the British Armed Forces who died during the two World Wars.

London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade within the British Empire—as well as the standing of the British military and navy—was prestigious.^[76] Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage.^[77] Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Allies.^{[nb 5]} Two decades later, in World War II, the United Kingdom was again one of the Allies. At the end of the Phoney War, Winston Churchill became the wartime Prime Minister. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation, and there was a speeding up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle's development of the jet engine led to wider air travel.^[79] Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. England's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century.^[80]^[81]

Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the British Isles, but also from the Commonwealth, particularly the Indian subcontinent.^[82] Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the service industry.^[83] As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a common market initiative called the European Economic Community which became the European Union. Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.^[84] England and Wales continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.^[85] Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.^[86]^[87] There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum.^[88]

Governance [link]

Politics [link]

Main article: Politics of England

Photograph of rectangular floodlight building, reflected in water. The building has multiple towers including one at each end. The tower on the right includes an illuminated clock face.

Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

As part of the United Kingdom, the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system.^[89] There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.^[68] Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments.^[90] In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster, there are 532 Members of Parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.^[91]

In the United Kingdom general election, 2010 the Conservative Party had won an absolute majority in England's 532 contested seats with 61 seats more than all other parties combined (the Speaker of the House not being counted as a Conservative). However, taking Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales into account this was not enough to secure an overall majority, resulting in a hung parliament.^[92] In order to achieve a majority the Conservative party, headed by David Cameron, entered into a coalition agreement with the third largest party, the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg. Subsequently the Labour Party leader, Gordon Brown was forced to step down as prime minister^[93] and leader of the Labour party, now led by Ed Miliband.

Lines of men wearing large black bearskin hats and red tunics.

Changing of the Queen's Guard at the royal residence, Buckingham Palace

As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, there are elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as Members of the European Parliament. The 2009 European Parliament election saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs: 23 Conservatives, ten Labour, nine UK Independence Party (UKIP), nine Liberal Democrats, two Greens and two British National Party (BNP).^[94]

Since devolution, in which other countries of the United Kingdom—Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland—each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the North East in a referendum, this has not been carried out.^[88]

One major issue is the West Lothian question, in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England, while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters.^[95] This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment, prescriptions, residential care for the elderly and free top-up university fees,^[96] has led to a steady rise in English nationalism.^[97] Some have suggested the creation of a devolved English parliament,^[98] while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only affects England to English MPs.^[99]

Law [link]

Main article: English law

The Royal Courts of Justice

The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law^[100] legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries^[101] and the United States (except Louisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent—stare decisis—to the facts before them.^[102]

The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice for civil cases, and the Crown Court for criminal cases.^[103] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords.^[104] A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.^[105]

Crime increased between 1981 and 1995, but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.^[106] The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.^[107] Her Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing over 80,000 convicts.^[107]

Regions, counties, and districts [link]

Main article: Subdivisions of England

The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. These were created in 1994 as Government Offices, used by the British Government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in 2011 the regional Government offices were abolished.^[108] The same boundaries remain in use for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis.

After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected regional assemblies as a counterweight. London accepted in 1998: the London Assembly was created two years later. However, when the proposal was rejected by the northern England devolution referendums, 2004 in the North East, further referendums were cancelled.^[88] The regional assemblies outside London were abolished in 2010, and their functions transferred to respective Regional Development Agencies and a new system of local authority leaders' boards.^[109]

Below the regional level, all of England is divided into 48 ceremonial counties.^[110] These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages, with some established as recently as 1974.^[111] Each has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff; these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally.^[110] Outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly, England is also divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government^[112] and may consist of a single district or be divided into several.

There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils.^[112] In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions, the metropolitan boroughs. Elsewhere, 27 non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council. They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties; they are known as unitary authorities. Greater London has a different system for local government, with 32 London boroughs, plus the City of London covering a small area at the core, governed by the City of London Corporation.^[113] At the most localised level, much of England is divided into civil parishes with councils; they do not exist in Greater London.^[114]

Geography [link]

Main article: Geography of England

Landscape and rivers [link]

Wastwater in the Lake District

Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom—to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from France by a 34-kilometre (21 mi)^[115] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone.^[116] England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.

The ports of London, Liverpool, and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne respectively. At 354 kilometres (220 mi), the Severn is the longest river flowing through England.^[117] It empties into the Bristol Channel and is notable for its Severn Bore tidal waves, which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.^[118] However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 346 kilometres (215 mi) in length.^[119] There are many lakes in England; the largest is Windermere, within the aptly named Lake District.^[120]

Green hills with trees in the foreground.

Terrain of Dartmoor, Devon

In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago.^[121] Their geological composition includes, among others, sandstone and limestone, and also coal. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain three national parks, the Yorkshire Dales, Northumberland, and the Peak District. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), is Scafell Pike in Cumbria.^[120] Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills.

The English Lowlands are to the south of the Pennines, consisting of green rolling hills, including the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs—where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover. The granite Southwest Peninsula in the West Country includes upland moorland, such as Dartmoor and Exmoor, and enjoys a mild climate; both are national parks.^[122]

Climate [link]

Main article: Climate of England

England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.^[123] The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.^[123] Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year.

Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream.^[123] Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the Lake District receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.^[123] Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale in Kent,^[124] while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire.^[125]

Climate data for England
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	7 (45)	7 (45)	9 (48)	12 (54)	15 (59)	18 (64)	21 (70)	21 (70)	18 (64)	14 (57)	10 (50)	7 (45)	13 (55)
Average low °C (°F)	1 (34)	1 (34)	2 (36)	4 (39)	6 (43)	9 (48)	11 (52)	11 (52)	9 (48)	7 (45)	4 (39)	2 (36)	6 (43)
Precipitation mm (inches)	84 (3.31)	60 (2.36)	67 (2.64)	57 (2.24)	56 (2.2)	63 (2.48)	54 (2.13)	67 (2.64)	73 (2.87)	84 (3.31)	84 (3.31)	90 (3.54)	838 (32.99)
Source: Met Office^[126]

Major conurbations [link]

Rank	Urban area	Population	Localities	Major localities
1	Greater London Urban Area	8,278,251	67	Greater London, divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs including Croydon, Barnet, Ealing, Bromley^[129]
2	West Midlands Urban Area	2,284,093	22	Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall, Aldridge
3	Greater Manchester Urban Area	2,240,230	57	Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham
4	West Yorkshire Urban Area	1,499,465	26	Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield
5	Tyneside	879,996	25	Newcastle, North Shields, South Shields, Gateshead, Jarrow
6	Liverpool Urban Area	816,216	8	Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-Roby
7	Nottingham Urban Area	666,358	15	Nottingham, Beeston and Stapleford, Carlton, Long Eaton
8	Sheffield Urban Area	640,720	7	Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough
9	Bristol Urban Area	551,066	7	Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford
10	Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton	461,181	10	Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, Lancing

Economy [link]

Main article: Economy of England

An aerial photograph of the City of London and its surrounding London boroughs.

The City of London is the world's largest financial centre.^[130]^[131]

England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £22,907.^[132] Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.^[133] The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe—as of 2009 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £37,400, and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.^[134]

The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy,^[132] which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world. England is a leader in the chemical^[135] and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry. London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre—100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations are based in London.^[136] London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and as of 2009^[update] is also the largest in the world.^[137]

The Bentley Mulsanne. Bentley is a well-known English car company.

The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank. Originally established as private banker to the Government of England, since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution.^[138] The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom. The government has devolved responsibility to the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.^[139]

England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.^[83] Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars—although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley—crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.^[140] Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.^[141] Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.^[142]

Science and technology [link]

Main articles: List of English inventions and discoveries and Royal Society

Torso of man with long white hair and dark coloured jacket

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most influential figures in the history of science.

Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, J. J. Thomson, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, Christopher Wren, Alan Turing, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Tim Berners-Lee, Paul Dirac, Andrew Wiles and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins, the first secretary of the Royal Society, in 1668.^[143] As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.^[144] Thomas Newcomen's steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution.^[145] The physician Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine is said to have "saved more lives [...] than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."^[146]^[147]^[148]

Inventions and discoveries of the English include: the jet engine, the first industrial spinning machine, the first computer and the first modern computer, the World Wide Web along with HTML, the first successful human blood transfusion, the motorised vacuum cleaner,^[149] the lawn mower, the seat belt, the hovercraft, the electric motor, steam engines, and theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, and infinitesimal calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road marker, joint development of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering.^[150]

Transport [link]

Main article: Transport in England

London Heathrow Airport has more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world.^[151]

The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle^[152] (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border.^[152] Other major routes include: the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.^[152]

Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include National Express, Arriva and Go-Ahead Group. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. There is a rapid rail network in two English cities: the London Underground; and the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland.^[153] There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London.^[153]

Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.^[154] Much of Britain's 16,116 kilometres (10,014 mi) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge (single, double or quadruple track) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994.

England has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is London Heathrow, which is the world's busiest airport measured by number of international passengers.^[155] Other large airports include Manchester Airport, London Stansted Airport, Luton Airport and Birmingham Airport.^[151] By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including to Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium.^[156] There are around 7,100 km (4,400 mi) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by British Waterways (Waterscape),^[156] however water transport is very limited. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury in the Thames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.^[156]

Healthcare [link]

Main article: Healthcare in England

Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, an NHS hospital.

The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report, prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge.^[157] The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments,^[158] and it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.^[159]

The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health, who sits in the British Cabinet. Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS—£98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.^[160] In recent years the private sector has been increasingly used to provide more NHS services despite opposition by doctors and trade unions.^[161] The average life expectancy of people in England is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom.^[162]

Demography [link]

Population [link]

Main articles: Demography of England, English people, and English diaspora

Map of England with regions shaded in different shades of blue.

The non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities of England, colour-coded to show population.

With over 51 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.^[163] England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world.^[164] With a density of 395 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta.^[165]^[166]

The English people are a British people.^[3] Some genetic evidence suggests that 75–95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and a significant Norse element.^[167]^[168]^[169] However, other geneticists place the Norse-Germanic estimate up to half.^[170]^[171]^[172] Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic,^[173] Roman, Anglo-Saxon,^[174] Norse Viking,^[175] Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand.^{[nb 6]} Since the late 1990s, many English people have migrated to Spain.^[180]^[181]

Pie chart with main body in blue and multiple smaller segments in other colours.

2009 estimates of ethnic groups in England and Wales.^[182]

At the time of the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086, more than 90% of the English population of about two million lived in the countryside.^[183] By 1801 the population had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5 million.^[184] Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.^[3] There has been significant Irish migration.^[185] The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50%, including Germans^[186] and Poles.^[3]

Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6% of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent, mostly India and Pakistan.^[3]^[186] 2.90% of the population are black, from both the Caribbean and countries in Africa itself, especially former British colonies.^[3]^[186] There is a significant number of Chinese and British Chinese.^[3]^[186] As of 2007^[update], 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families.^[187] About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration.^[188] Debate over immigration is politically prominent;^[189] according to a Home Office poll, 80% of people want to cap it.^[190] The ONS has projected that the population will grow by six million between 2004 and 2029.^[191]

Language [link]

Main articles: English language, English language in England, and History of the English language

The English-speaking world. Countries in dark blue have a majority of native speakers. Countries in light blue have English as an official language, de jure or de facto. English is also one of the official languages of the European Union.^[192]

As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today. It is an Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family.^[193] After the Norman conquest, the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by the aristocracy.

By the 15th century, English came back into fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins.^[194] Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility, when it comes to incorporating words from different languages. Thanks in large part to the British Empire, the English language is the world's unofficial lingua franca.^[195]

English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity, and includes language schooling, tourism spending, and publishing. There is no legislation mandating an official language for England,^[196] but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country.

Cornish, which died out as a community language in the 18th century, is being revived,^[197]^[198]^[199]^[200] and is now protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[201] It is spoken by 0.1% of people in Cornwall,^[202] and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools.^[203]^[204] State schools teach students a second language, usually French, German or Spanish.^[205] Due to immigration, it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home,^[187] the most common being Punjabi and Urdu.^[206]

Religion [link]

Main article: Religion in England

Large yellow stone ornate building with buttresses and square central tower.

Canterbury Cathedral, seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury

Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England, as it has been since the Early Middle Ages, although it was first introduced much earlier, in Gaelic and Roman times. It continued through Early Insular Christianity, and today about 72% of English people identify as Christians.^[207] The largest form practised in the present day is Anglicanism,^[208] dating from the 16th century Reformation period, with the 1536 split from Rome over Henry VIII wanting to divorce Catherine of Aragon, and the need for the Bible in the English tongue. The religion regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed.

There are High Church and Low Church traditions, and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo-Catholics, after the Tractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is a titular leader of the Church, acting as its Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are around 26 million adherents to the Church of England and they form part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as the symbolic worldwide head.^[209] Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral.

Icon of man in armour on white horse fighting black dragon to his left.

Saint George, the patron saint of England

The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, which traces its formal, corporate history in England to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion on the entire island for around a thousand years. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).^[210] There has been one Pope from England to date, Adrian IV; while saints Bede and Anselm are regarded as Doctors of the Church.

A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.^[211] It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and amongst tin miners in Cornwall.^[212] There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and The Salvation Army.^[213]

The patron saint of England is Saint George; he is represented in the national flag, as well as the Union Flag as part of a combination.^[214]^[214] There are many other English and associated saints; some of the best known include: Cuthbert, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward the Confessor, John Fisher, Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.^[215] They were expelled from England in 1290 following the Edict of Expulsion, only to be allowed back in 1656.^[215]

Especially since the 1950s, Eastern religions from the former British colonies have begun to appear, due to foreign immigration; Islam is the most common of these, accounting for around 3.1% of the population in England.^[207] Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism are next in number, adding up to 2% combined,^[207] introduced from India and South East Asia.^[207] Around 14.6% have no religion.^[207]

Education [link]

Main articles: Education in England and List of universities in England

Senate House of the University of London.

Senate House, the administrative centre of the University of London

The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.^[216] State-run and -funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.^[217] Of these, a minority are faith schools, primarily Church of England or Catholic. Between three and four is nursery school, 4 and 11 is primary school, and 11 to 16 is secondary school. After finishing compulsory education, pupils take a GCSE examination, following which they may decide to continue in further education for two years. Further education colleges, such as sixth form colleges are either separate or attached to the secondary school institution and prepare students to sit A-Level examinations, for higher education at universities.

Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools, to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven plus exam. Around 7.2% of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources.^[218] Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.^[219]

Large yellow stone building with an arched window and two towers at the end nearest the photographer. In the foreground is grass and water with people in a punt.

King's College, University of Cambridge

Students normally enter universities in the United Kingdom from 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities England, all but one of which are public. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England.^[220] Students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance.^{[nb 7]} The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree, a Master's degree, taking one year, or a Doctorate degree, which takes three.

England's universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world; the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Oxford and University College London are all ranked in the global top 10 in the 2010 QS World University Rankings.^[221] The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.^[222] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times.^[223] Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class).

The King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.^[224] Many of England's better-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's School, Rugby School, and Harrow School are fee-paying institutions.^[225]

Culture [link]

Main articles: Culture of England and English Renaissance

Architecture [link]

White stone building with tower topped with a dome. In the foreground are trees and a red rectangular vertical box with windows.

St Paul's Cathedral, English Baroque

Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period, amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg.^[226] With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts.^[227] It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England.^[227] Another well preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset.^[227]

Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno—Saxon monasticism,^[228]^[229] to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Some of the best known medieval castles include the Tower of London, Warwick Castle, Durham Castle and Windsor Castle amongst others.^[230]

Yellow stone tower with two circular turrets which run the height of the building.

The Broadway Tower is a folly, or mock tower, in Worcestershire.

Throughout the Plantagenet era an English Gothic architecture flourished—the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and York Minster are prime examples.^[230] Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity, synthesised with Christianity appeared—the English Baroque style, architect Christopher Wren was particularly championed.^[231]

Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched—in addition to this around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places.^{[nb 8]}

Folklore [link]

Main article: English folklore

Drawing depicting Robin Hood, wearing Lincoln green clothing, and Sir Guy of Gisbourne, wearing brown furs, in a forest preparing to shoot with bows and arrows.

Robin Hood illustrated in 1912 wearing Lincoln green

English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elfs, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for instance the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith,^[233] others date from after the Norman invasion; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being, perhaps, the best known.^[234]

During the High Middle Ages tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore—the Arthurian myth.^[235]^[236]^[237] These were derived from Anglo-Norman, French and Welsh sources,^[236] featuring King Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table such as Lancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.^{[nb 9]} Another early figure from British tradition, King Cole, may have been based on a real figure from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain, a collection of shared British folklore.

Men in bright red clothing holding sticks in the air.

Morris dance, an English folk dance

Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.^[239] On 5 November people make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred around Guy Fawkes. The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill.^[240] There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters.^[241]

Cuisine [link]

Main article: English cuisine

Fish and chips is a widely consumed part of English cuisine.

Since the Early Modern Period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.^[242] During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by the food critics with some good ratings in Restaurant's best restaurant in the world charts.^[243] An early book of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II.^[244]

An apple pie on a red table cloth, with green apples next to it.

Apple pie has been consumed in England since the Middle Ages.

Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint, usually beef, lamb or chicken, served with assorted boiled vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy.^[245] Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast—consisting of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie, cottage pie, Cornish pasty and pork pie, the last of which is eaten cold.^[245]

Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole. Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew. Some of the most popular cheeses are Cheddar and Wensleydale. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created such as chicken tikka masala and balti. Sweet English dishes include apple pie, mince pies, spotted dick, scones, Eccles cakes, custard and sticky toffee pudding. Common drinks include tea, whose popularity was increased by Catherine of Braganza,^[246] while alcoholic drinks include wines, ciders and English beers such as bitter, mild, stout, and brown ale.^[247]

Visual arts [link]

Main articles: English art and Arts Council England

A painting of a red haired woman, sitting in a boat, surrounded by trees.

The Lady of Shalott by John William Waterhouse in the Pre-Raphaelite style.

The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags.^[248] With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art utilising statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough.^[249] During the Early Middle Ages the style was sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009. Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter.^[250] Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.^[251]

The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein, natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this.^[251] Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include—Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson.^[251] The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the Royal Academy, a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed—Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds became two of England's most treasured artists.^[251]

The Norwich School continued the landscape tradition, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with their vivid and detailed style revived the Early Renaissance style—Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais were leaders.^[251] Prominent amongst 20th century artists was Henry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.^[252] Contemporary painters include Lucian Freud, whose work Benefits Supervisor Sleeping in 2008 set a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist.^[253]

Literature, poetry and philosophy [link]

Main article: English literature

A man dressed in grey with a beard, holding a rosary, depicted next to a coat of arms.

Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author, poet and philosopher, best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales.

Early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin.^[254] The period of Old English literature provided the epic poem Beowulf and the secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,^[255] along with Christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon's Hymn and hagiographies.^[254] Following the Norman conquest Latin continued amongst the educated classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature.

Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared. William Shakespeare, whose works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.^[256]

Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other established authors of the Elizabethan age.^[257] Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method and social contract.^[257] Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. Marvell was the best known poet of the Commonwealth,^[258] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration.

This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.

William Shakespeare.^[259]

Some of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Samuel Johnson and Jeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism.^[260] The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in romanticism: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake and William Wordsworth were major figures.^[261]

In response to the Industrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way between liberty and tradition; William Cobbett, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were main exponents, while the founder of guild socialism, Arthur Penty, and cooperative movement advocate G. D. H. Cole are somewhat related.^[262] Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell, while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics. Authors from around the Victorian era include Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells, Lewis Carroll and Evelyn Underhill.^[263] Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as C. S. Lewis, George Orwell, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Enid Blyton, Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Terry Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. Rowling.^[264]

Performing arts [link]

Main articles: Folk music of England and Music of the United Kingdom

	Traditional "Greensleeves" Elgar's "Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1" The Rolling Stones' "Paint It, Black" noicon The Beatles' "Get Back" noicon
Problems listening to these files? See media help.

The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Wynkyn de Worde printed ballads of Robin Hood from the 16th century are an important artefact, as are John Playford's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley's Roxburghe Ballads collections.^[265] Some of the best known songs are The Good Old Way, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roses are red, Jack and Jill, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush and Humpty Dumpty.^[266]

Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, followed up by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period. German-born George Frideric Handel became a British subject^[267] and spent most of his composing life in London, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, The Messiah, Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by Benjamin Britten, Frederick Delius, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams and others.^[268] Present-day composers from England include Michael Nyman, best known for The Piano.

In the field of popular music many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, Rod Stewart and The Rolling Stones are among the highest selling recording artists in the world.^[269] Many musical genres have origins or strong associations with England, such as British invasion, hard rock, glam rock, heavy metal, mod, britpop, drum and bass, progressive rock, punk rock, indie rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, UK garage, trip hop and dubstep.^[270]

Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals. The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.^[271] The Proms, a season of orchestral classical music concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall, is a major cultural event held annually.^[271] The Royal Ballet is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies, its reputation built on two prominent figures of 20th century dance, prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton.

Museums, libraries, and galleries [link]

Further information: Museums in England

The Natural History Museum in London

English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The charity National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty holds a contrasting role. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England.^[272] Some of the best known of these include; Hadrian's Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Studley Royal Park and various others.^[273]

There are many museums in England, but the most notable is London's British Museum. Its collection of more than seven million objects^[274] is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world,^[275] sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books.^[276] The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.^[277] The Tate galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the famously controversial Turner Prize.^[278]

Sports [link]

Main article: Sport in England

The interior of an empty stadium as viewed from its upper tier of seating. The seats are a vivid red and the pitch is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible through an opening in the ceiling above the pitch.

Inside Wembley Stadium, one of the most expensive stadiums ever built^[279]

England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football,^[280] cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis, badminton, squash,^[281] rounders,^[282] hockey, boxing, snooker, billiards, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball, thoroughbred horseracing and fox hunting. It has helped the development of sailing and Formula One. Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley Stadium, won the 1966 FIFA World Cup against the Germany national football team where they won it 4–2 in extra time helped by the fact that Geoff Hurst scored a hatrick.^[283] That was the year the country hosted the competition.

At club level England is recognised by FIFA as the birth-place of club football, due to Sheffield FC founded in 1857 being the oldest club.^[280] The Football Association is the oldest of its kind, FA Cup and The Football League were the first cup and league competitions respectively. In the modern day the Premier League is the world's most lucrative football league^[284] and amongst the elite.^[285] The European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) has been won by Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Chelsea, while Arsenal, and Leeds United have reached the final.^[286]

Men in cricket whites play upon a green grass cricket field amidst a stadium.

England on the way to victory against Australia in the 2009 Ashes series at Lord's Cricket Ground

Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald.^[287] The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia, contested since 1882. The finale of the 2009 Ashes was watched by nearly 2 million people, although the climax of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television.^[288] England are the current holders of the trophy and are ranked 1st in Test and 4th in One Day International cricket.^[289]

England has hosted four Cricket World Cups (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999) and the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009. There are several domestic level competitions, including the County Championship in which Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the competition 31 times.^[290] Lord's Cricket Ground situated in London is sometimes referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket".^[291] William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games. London hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1948, and will host them again in 2012. England competes in the Commonwealth Games, held every four years. Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. A Grand Prix is held at Silverstone.^[292]

White men in grey suits, pale blue shirts and red ties celebrate upon the top floor of an open-top bus. On man holds a golden trophy in the air with one hand.

The England rugby union team during their victory parade after winning the 2003 Rugby World Cup

The England rugby union team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, the country was one of the host nations of the competition in the 1991 Rugby World Cup and is set to host the 2015 Rugby World Cup.^[293] The top level of club participation is the English Premiership. Leicester Tigers, London Wasps, Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup. In another form of the sport—rugby league which was born in Huddersfield in 1895, the England national rugby league team are ranked third in the world and first in Europe.

Since 2008 England has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which won three World Cups but is now retired. Club sides play in Super League, the present-day embodiment of the Rugby Football League Championship. Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors, St Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously. The United Kingdom is to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup.^[294] In tennis, the Wimbledon Championships are the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely considered the most prestigious.^[295]^[296]

National symbols [link]

Main article: National symbols of England

The Royal Arms of England

The St George's Cross has been the national flag of England since the 13th century. Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards, so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with Saint George, along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner.^[297] Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the Union Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by King James I.^[214]

The Tudor rose, England's national floral emblem

There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's floral emblem, the White Dragon, and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace.^[298] It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians—cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the nation. It is also known as the Rose of England.^[299] The oak tree is a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The term Royal Oak alludes to the escape of King Charles II from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father's execution: he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile.

The Royal Arms of England, a national coat of arms featuring three lions, originated with its adoption by Richard the Lionheart in 1198. It is blazoned as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England; it is similar to the traditional arms of Normandy. England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the Queen. However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems: Jerusalem, Land of Hope and Glory (used for England during the 2002 Commonwealth Games),^[300] and I Vow to Thee, My Country. England's National Day is 23 April which is St George's Day: St George is the patron saint of England.^[301]

Notes [link]

^ English is established by de facto usage.
^ Assigned on a United Kingdom basis, not constituent country
^ According to the European Statistical Agency, London is the largest Larger Urban Zone which uses conurbations and areas of high population as its definition. A ranking of population within municipal boundaries places London first. However, the University of Avignon in France claims that Paris is first and London second when including the whole urban area and hinterland, that is the outlying cities as well.
^ As Roger Scruton explains, "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make substantial change in doctrine".^[60]
^ Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales^[78]
^ For instance, in 1980 around 50 million Americans claimed English ancestry.^[176] In Canada there are around 6.5 million Canadians who claim English ancestry.^[177] Around 70% of Australians in 1999 denoted their origins as Anglo-Celtic, a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland.^[178] Chileans of English descent are somewhat of an anomaly in that Chile itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there.^[179]
^ Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament.^[96]
^ While people such as Norman Foster and Richard Rogers represent the modernist movement, Prince Charles since the 1980s has voiced strong views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into practice at his Poundbury development in Dorset.^[232] Architects like Raymond Erith, Francis Johnson and Quinlan Terry continued to practice in the classical style.
^ These tales may have come to prominence, at least in part, as an attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British Isles, finding Anglo-Saxon history ill-suited to the task during an era when members of the deposed House of Wessex, especially Edgar the Ætheling and his nephews of the Scottish House of Dunkeld, were still active in the isles.^[236]^[238] Also Michael Wood explains; "Over the centuries the figure of Arthur became a symbol of British history—a way of explaining the matter of Britain, the relationship between the Saxons and the Celts, and a way of exorcising ghosts and healing the wounds of the past."^[235]

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^ "1966 World Cup Final". 3 January 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_Final. Retrieved date=3 January 2012.
^ "Premier League towers over world football, says Deloitte". sportbusiness.com. http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/161923/premier-league-towers-over-world-football-says-deloitte. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
^ "UEFA ranking of European leagues". UEFA. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/method3/trank2006.html. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
^ "UEFA Champions League Finals 1956–2008". RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec1stats.html. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
^ Underdown 2000, p. 6.
^ Cricinfo staff (26 August 2009). Ashes climax watched by a fraction of 2005 audience. Cricinfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/current/story/422272.html. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ ICC Test and ODI Championships / Official Team Rankings. Cricinfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ A brief history of Yorkshire. Cricinfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/yorkshire/content/current/story/261973.html. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ Fay, Stephen (21 June 1998). "Cricket: Flaw Lord's out of order". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
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^ "UK to host 2013 World Cup". Rugby Football League. 28 July 2009. http://www.therfl.co.uk/home/news_item_top.php?id=14835. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^{[dead link]}
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^ Kaufman & Macpherson 2005, p. 958.
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Billy Bragg
Bragg at a protest calling for electoral reform in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Stephen William Bragg
Born	(1957-12-20) 20 December 1957 (age 54) Barking, Essex, England
Genres	Folk punk,^[1] folk rock, alternative rock
Instruments	Vocals, guitar
Years active	1977–present
Associated acts	The Blokes Riff-Raff Wilco
Website	billybragg.co.uk

Stephen William Bragg (born 20 December 1957) – known as Billy Bragg – is an English alternative rock musician and left-wing activist.^[2]^[3] His music blends elements of folk music, punk rock and protest songs, and his lyrics mostly deal with political or romantic themes. His music career has lasted more than 30 years.

1 Early life
2 Career
3 Politics
4 Personal life
5 Discography
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Early life [link]

Bragg was born in 1957 in Barking, Essex,^[4] the son of Dennis Frederick Austin Bragg, an assistant sales manager to a Barking cap and hat maker, and his wife, Marie Victoria D'Urso.^[5] Bragg was educated at Barking Abbey Secondary School in Barking.^[6]

Career [link]

In 1977, Bragg formed the punk rock/pub rock band Riff Raff, and toured London's pubs and clubs. The band released a series of singles, which did not receive wide exposure. He also worked in Guy Norris Records in Barking. Bragg became disillusioned with his music career, and in May 1981 joined the British Army as a recruit destined for the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars of the Royal Armoured Corps. After three months, he bought his way out of the army for £175 and returned home, having attended basic training but having never served in a regiment as a soldier.^[7]

Bragg began performing frequent concerts and busking around London, playing solo with an electric guitar. His roadie at the time was Andy Kershaw, who became a BBC DJ (Bragg and Kershaw later, in 1989, appeared in an episode of the BBC TV programme, Great Journeys, in which they travelled the Silver Road from Potosí, Bolivia, to the Pacific coast at Arica, Chile).^[8]

Bragg performing at South by Southwest in 2008

Bragg's demo tape initially got no response from the record industry, but by pretending to be a television repair man, he got into the office of Charisma Records' A&R man Peter Jenner.^[9] Jenner liked the tape, but the company was near bankruptcy and had no budget to sign new artists. Bragg got an offer to record more demos for a music publisher, so Jenner agreed to release them as a record. Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy was released in July 1983 by Charisma's new imprint, Utility. Hearing DJ John Peel mention on-air that he was hungry, Bragg rushed to the BBC with a mushroom biryani, so Peel played a song from Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy although at the wrong speed (since the 12" LP was, unconventionally, cut to play at 45rpm).^[9] Peel insisted he would have played the song even without the biryani and later played it at the correct speed.

Within months, Charisma had been taken over by Virgin Records and Jenner, who had been laid off, became Bragg's manager. Stiff Records' press officer Andy Macdonald – who was setting up his own record label, Go! Discs – received a copy of Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy. He made Virgin an offer and the album was re-released on Go! Discs in November 1983.^{[citation needed]} In 1984, he released Brewing Up with Billy Bragg, a mixture of political songs (e.g., "It Says Here") and songs of unrequited love (e.g., "The Saturday Boy"). The following year he released Between the Wars, an EP of political songs that included a cover version of Leon Rosselson's "The World Turned Upside Down" – the EP made the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart and earned Bragg an appearance on Top of the Pops. Bragg later collaborated with Rosselson on the song, "Ballad of the Spycatcher". In 1985, his song "A New England", with an additional verse, became a Top 10 hit in the UK for Kirsty MacColl. After MacColl's early death, Bragg always sang the extra verse in her honour. In 1984–1985 he toured North America.

In 1986, Bragg released Talking with the Taxman about Poetry, which became his first Top 10 album. Its title is taken from a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky and a translated version of the poem was printed on the record's inner sleeve. Back to Basics is a 1987 collection of his first three releases: Life's A Riot With Spy Vs. Spy, Brewing Up with Billy Bragg, and the Between The Wars EP. Bragg released his fourth album, Workers Playtime, in September 1988. With this album, Bragg added a backing band and accompaniment.

In May 1990, Bragg released the political mini-LP, The Internationale. The songs were, in part, a return to his solo guitar style, but some songs featured more complicated arrangements and included a brass band. The album paid tribute to one of Bragg's influences with the song, "I Dreamed I Saw Phil Ochs Last Night", which is an adapted version of Earl Robinson's song, "I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night", itself an adaptation of a poem by Alfred Hayes.^{[citation needed]}

Performing with The Imagined Village at Camp Bestival, 20 July 2008

The album Don't Try This at Home was released in September 1991, and included the song, "Sexuality", which reached the UK Singles Chart. Bragg had been persuaded by Go! Discs' Andy and Juliet Macdonald to sign a four-album deal with a million pound advance, and a promise to promote the album with singles and videos.^{[citation needed]} This gamble was not rewarded with extra sales, and the situation put the company in financial difficulty. In exchange for ending the contract early and repaying a large amount of the advance, Bragg regained all rights to his back catalogue.^{[citation needed]} Bragg continued to promote the album with his backing band, The Red Stars, which included his Riff Raff colleague and long-time roadie, Wiggy.

Bragg released the album William Bloke in 1996 after taking time off to help raise his son. Around that time, Nora Guthrie (daughter of American folk artist Woody Guthrie) asked Bragg to set some of her father's unrecorded lyrics to music. The result was a collaboration with the band Wilco and Natalie Merchant (with whom Bragg had worked previously). They released the album Mermaid Avenue in 1998, and Mermaid Avenue Vol. II in 2000. A rift with Wilco over mixing and sequencing the album led to Bragg recruiting his own band, The Blokes, to promote the album. The Blokes included keyboardist Ian McLagan, who had been a member of Bragg's boyhood heroes The Faces. The documentary film Man in the Sand depicts the roles of Nora Guthrie, Bragg, and Wilco in the creation of the Mermaid Avenue albums.

In 2004, Bragg joined Florida ska-punk band Less Than Jake to perform a version of 'The Brightest Bulb Has Burned Out' for the Rock Against Bush compilation.

At the 2005 Beautiful Days Festival in Devon, Bragg teamed up with the Levellers to perform a short set of songs by or associated with The Clash in celebration of Joe Strummer's birthday. Bragg performed guitar and lead vocals on "Police and Thieves", and performed guitar and backing vocals on "English Civil War", and "Police on my Back".

In 2007, Bragg moved closer to his English folk music roots by joining the WOMAD-inspired collective The Imagined Village, who recorded an album of updated versions of traditional English songs and dances and toured through that autumn. Bragg released his album Mr. Love & Justice in March 2008.^[10] This was the second Bragg album to be named after a book by Colin MacInnes. In 2008, during the NME Awards ceremony, Bragg sang a duet with British solo act Kate Nash. They mixed up their two greatest hits, Nash playing "Foundations", and Bragg redoing his "A New England".^[11] Bragg also collaborated with the poet and playwright, Patrick Jones, who supported Bragg's Tour.

In 2008, Bragg played a small role in Stuart Bamforth's film "A13: Road Movie".^[12] Bragg is featured alongside union reps, vicars, burger van chefs and Members of Parliament^[12] in a film that explored "the overlooked, the hidden and the disregarded."^[12]

He was involved in the play Pressure Drop at the Wellcome Collection in London in April and May 2010. The production, written by Mick Gorden, and billed as "part play, part gig, part installation", featured new songs by Bragg. He performed during the play with his band, and acted as compere.^[13]

Bragg curated the Leftfield stage at Glastonbury Festival 2010.^[14]

He will also be partaking in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty Six where he has written a piece based upon a chapter of the King James Bible.^[15]

Politics [link]

Bragg has been involved with grassroots, broadly leftist, political movements,^[3] and this is often reflected in his lyrics. Bragg has recorded and performed cover versions of famous socialist anthems The Internationale and The Red Flag. Bragg said in an interview: "My theory is this; I'm not a political songwriter. I'm an honest songwriter. I try and write honestly about what I see around me now."^[16] In another interview, Bragg said: "I don't mind being labelled a political songwriter. The thing that troubles me is being dismissed as a political songwriter."^[17] In an interview with Bullz-Eye, Bragg said:

I would then say that I am Mr. Love and Justice, and to check out the love songs. That’s how I capture people. People do say to me, “I love your songs, but I just can’t stand your politics.” And I say, “Well, Republicans are always welcome. Come on over!” I would hate to stand at the door, saying to people, “Do you agree with these positions? If not, you can’t come in.”^[18]

Bragg expressed support for the 1984 miners' strike, and the following year he formed the musicians' alliance Red Wedge, which promoted the Labour Party and discouraged young people from voting for the Conservative Party in the 1987 general election. Following the defeat of the Labour Party and the repeated victory of Margaret Thatcher and her Conservative government, Bragg joined Charter88 to push for a reform of the British political system.

Also during the 1980s, Bragg travelled to the Soviet Union a few times, after Mikhail Gorbachev had started to promote the policies of perestroika and glasnost. During one trip, he was accompanied by MTV, and during another trip he was filmed for the 1998 mini-documentary Mr Bragg Goes to Moscow, by Hannu Puttonen.

On TV series After Dark in 1987

On 12 June 1987, the night after the UK General Election, he appeared on a memorable edition of After Dark. In 1999, Bragg appeared before a commission that debated possible reform of the House of Lords.^[19]

During the 2001 UK general election, Bragg attempted to combat voter apathy by promoting tactical voting in an attempt to unseat Conservative Party candidates in Dorset, particularly in South Dorset and West Dorset.

Bragg has developed an interest in English national identity, apparent in his 2002 album England, Half-English and his 2006 book The Progressive Patriot. The book expressed his view that English socialists can reclaim patriotism from the right wing. He draws on Victorian poet Rudyard Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness.^[20] Bragg has participated in a series of debates with members of the Socialist Workers Party who disagree with his argument. Bragg also supports Scottish independence and Welsh independence.^[21]

Supporting a demonstration against police misuse of anti-terrorism legislation; Trafalgar Square, London, 23 January 2010

Bragg has been an outspoken opponent of fascism, racism, bigotry, sexism and homophobia, and is a supporter of a multi-racial Britain. As a result, Bragg has come under attack from far right groups such as the British National Party. In a 2004 The Guardian article, Bragg was quoted as saying:

The British National Party would probably make it into a parliament elected by proportional representation, too. It would shine a torch into the dirty little corner where the BNP defecate on our democracy, and that would be much more powerful than duffing them up in the street – which I'm also in favour of.^[22]

Also in 2004, Bragg collaborated with American ska punk band Less Than Jake to record a song for the Rock Against Bush compilation album.

During the 2005 general election campaign in the Bethnal Green and Bow constituency, Bragg supported Oona King, the Labour Party's pro-Iraq war candidate, over George Galloway, the anti-war Respect Party's candidate, due to a belief that splitting the left-wing vote would allow the Conservatives to win the seat.^[23] Galloway overturned King's 10,000-strong majority to become his party's only MP.^[24]

In March 2006, journalist Garry Bushell (a former Trotskyist who ran as a candidate for the English Democrats in 2005) accused Bragg of "pontificating on a South London council estate when we all know he lives in a lovely big house in West Dorset".^[25]

In January 2010, Bragg announced that he would withhold his income tax as a protest against the Royal Bank of Scotland's plan to pay bonuses of approximately of £1.5 billion to staff in its investment banking business. Bragg set up a Facebook group, made appearances on radio and television news programmes, and made speech at Speakers' Corner in London's Hyde Park. Bragg said, “Millions are already facing stark choices: are they willing to work longer hours for less money, or would they rather be unemployed? I don’t see why the bankers at RBS shouldn’t be asked the same.”^[26]

On the eve of the 2010 general election, Bragg announced that he would be voting for the Liberal Democrats because "they've got the best manifesto".^[27] He also backed the Lib Dems for tactical voting reasons. Bragg later expressed disappointment with the party, stating that "the Lib Dems had failed democracy ".^[28]

Bragg was also very active in his hometown of Barking as part of Searchlight's magazine's Hope not Hate campaign, where the BNP's leader Nick Griffin was standing for election. At one point during the campaign Bragg squared up to BNP London Assembly Member Richard Barnbrook, calling him a "Fascist racist" and saying "when you're gone from this borough, we will rebuild this community". The BNP came third on election day.^[29]

Bragg is a board director and key spokesman for the Featured Artists Coalition, a body representing the rights of recording artists. Bragg founded the organisation Jail Guitar Doors, which supplies instruments to prisoners to encourage them to address problems in a non-confrontational way.^[30]

Bragg is a regular at the Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival, an annual event celebrating the memory of those transported to Australia for founding a union in the 1830s.^[31]

In January 2011, news sources reported that 20 to 30 residents of Bragg's Dorset hometown, Burton Bradstock, had received anonymous letters viciously attacking Bragg and his politics, and urging residents to oppose him in the village. Bragg claimed that a BNP supporter was behind the letters, which argued that Bragg is a hypocrite for advocating socialism while living a wealthy lifestyle, and referred to him as anti-British and pro-immigration.^[32]

In July 2011 Billy joined the growing protests over the News of the World phone hacking affair with the recording of "Never Buy the Sun" which references many of the scandals key points including the Milly Dowler case, police bribes and associated political fallout. It also draws on the 22 year Liverpool boycott of The Sun for their coverage of the Hillsborough Disaster.^[33]

In 2011 Bragg joined the Occupy Movement Protests.

Personal life [link]

Billy lives in Burton Bradstock, Dorset with his wife Juliet and son Jack.^[34] He is a supporter of West Ham United.

Discography [link]

Main article: Billy Bragg discography

Life's a Riot with Spy Vs Spy (1983)
Brewing Up with Billy Bragg (1984)
Talking with the Taxman about Poetry (1986)
Back to Basics (1987)
Workers Playtime (1988)
The Internationale (1990)
Don't Try This at Home (1991)
William Bloke (1996)
Bloke on Bloke (1997)
Mermaid Avenue (1998) (with Wilco)
Mermaid Avenue Vol. II (2000) (with Wilco)
England, Half-English (2002) (with the Blokes)
Mr Love & Justice (2008)
Fight Songs (2011)

References [link]

^ "Billy Bragg's 'Mao-ist Sing-Along' at SXSW". NPR. 14 March 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88411607. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ Collett-White, Mike (18 January 2010). "Singer Billy Bragg to stop paying taxes over bank bonuses". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H3JG20100118.
^ ^a ^b Walker, Kirsty (19 January 2010). "Billy Bragg in Facebook protest as he refuses to pay income tax unless RBS bonuses are curbed". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1244137/Billy-Bragg-Facebook-protest-refuses-pay-income-tax-unless-RBS-bonuses-curbed.html.
^ Deborah Ross (11 November 2002). "Billy Bragg: Rebel with a cause". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/billy-bragg-rebel-with-a-cause-603981.html. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
^ Nick Barratt Published: 12:01 am BST 31 Mar 2007 (31 March 2007). "Family Detective: Billy Bragg". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?xml=/portal/2007/03/31/nosplit/ftdet131.xml. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ Andrew Collins (2007). Still Suitable for Miners: Billy Bragg (revised and updated ed.). London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1245-6.
^ Andrew Collins (2007). Still Suitable for Miners: Billy Bragg (revised and updated ed.). London: Virgin Books. pp. 69–79. ISBN 978-0-7535-1245-6.
^ Billy Bragg, Still Suitable for Minors, Andrew Collins, 1998 ed, p. 204
^ ^a ^b "Radio 1 – Keeping It Peel – Billy Bragg". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/b/billybragg/. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Billy Bragg: Mr Love Justice". lovemusic.co.nz. http://lovemusic.co.nz/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=259&Itemid=53. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Billy Bragg and Kate Nash Mash at NME Awards". Anti.com. http://www.anti.com/news/index/447/Billy_Bragg_and_Kate_Nash_Mash_at_NME_Awards. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "A13 Road Movie". http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/latest_news/stories/roadmovie.htm. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Pressure Drop". April–May 2010. http://www.wellcomecollection.org/whats-on/the-identity-project/play-pressure-drop.aspx.
^ Glastonbury Festival announces return of Leftfield with. Billy Bragg. Retrieved on 23 July 2011.
^ Bush Theatre^{[dead link]}. Bush Theatre. Retrieved on 23 July 2011.
^ "LiP | Interview | Bill Bragg Interview: Preaching to the Unconverted". Lipmagazine.org. http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revitalvi_82.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ Gazette, The (16 June 2008). "Interview: Billy Bragg". Canada.com. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/story.html?id=a855dd81-39ba-4646-b1ae-ee720ad8a704. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ Harris, Will (20 October 2008). "A Chat with Billy Bragg, Billy Bragg interview, Mr. Love & Justice". Bullz-eye.com. http://www.bullz-eye.com/music/interviews/2008/billy_bragg.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "UK Politics | Ensuring the will of the people". BBC News. 22 July 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/400230.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ Rhyme and Reason, BBC Radio 4, 25 January 2011
^ "Take Down The Union Jack". Billybragg.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081006070343/http://www.billybragg.co.uk/releases/albums/england_half_english/take_down_the_union_jack.html. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
^ "Jonathan Freedland: End of the peer show | Politics | The Guardian". London: The Guardian<!. 18 February 2004. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2004/feb/18/constitution.lords. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Rockin' the vote: Billy Bragg for Blair? – Red Pepper". Red Pepper<!. http://www.redpepper.org.uk/article601.html. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Politics | Election 2005 | Galloway's East End street fight". BBC News. 6 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/frontpage/4519575.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Bushell On The Box". garry-bushell.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080716083210/http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/box/index.asp. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
^ Asthana, Anushka. "BraggRBS". The Times (UK). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article7010492.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=2015164. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
^ "General Election 2010: Billy Bragg pledges to support Liberal Democrats". The Daily Telegraph (London). 22 April 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/election-2010/7616323/General-Election-2010-Billy-Bragg-pledges-to-support-Liberal-Democrats.html.
^ Bragg, Billy (11 November 2010). The Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/11/11/billy-bragg-lib-dems-have-failed-democracy-not-students-115875-22708040/. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ "Bragg Vs Barnbrook in Barking & Dagenham". Searchlight. 19 April 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMA3-vVEXL4&feature=related. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
^ "Jail Guitar Doors". http://jailguitardoors.org.uk. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
^ Wilkes, David (6 January 2011). "Musician Billy Bragg victim of malicious 'hypocrite' hate mail attack in Dorset village". The Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1344406/Musician-Billy-Bragg-victim-malicious-hate-mail-attack-Dorset-village.html. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ Morris, Steven (6 January 2011). "Billy Bragg's neighbours urged to drive him out of village". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jan/06/billy-bragg-neighbours-hate-mail. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
^ "Never buy The Sun". http://www.billybragg.co.uk/sun.php. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
^ We Love Leftie Lord of the Manor Daily Mail, retrieved 22nd September 2011.

External links [link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Billy Bragg

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Billy Bragg

Official website
Braggtopia
Billy Bragg collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
Billy Bragg's Big Busk At Lincoln Center 27 July 2011

v t e Billy Bragg

Studio albums	Life's a Riot with Spy Vs Spy Brewing Up with Billy Bragg Talking with the Taxman about Poetry Workers Playtime The Internationale Don't Try This at Home William Bloke Mermaid Avenue (with Wilco) Mermaid Avenue Vol. II (with Wilco) England, Half-English Mr Love & Justice Mermaid Avenue: The Complete Sessions

Compilations, and boxsets	Back to Basics The Peel Sessions Album Victim of Geography Life's a Riot Between the Wars Bloke on Bloke Reaching to the Converted Must I Paint You a Picture? The Essential Billy Bragg Volume 1 Volume 2

Singles and EPs	"Between the Wars EP" "Days Like These" "Levi Stubbs' Tears" "Greetings to the New Brunette" "She's Leaving Home" "Waiting for the Great Leap Forwards" "She's Got a New Spell" "Won't Talk About It" "Sexuality" "You Woke Up My Neighbourhood" "Accident Waiting to Happen EP" "Upfield" "The Boy Done Good" / "Sugardaddy" "Way Over Yonder in the Minor Key" (with Wilco) "She Came Along to Me EP" (with Wilco) "England Half English" / "St Monday" (with The Blokes) "Take Down the Union Jack" (with The Blokes) "We Laughed" (Rosetta Life feat. Billy Bragg) "I Keep Faith" "The Beach Is Free" / "I Almost Killed You" "Never Buy The Sun"

Live albums	"Help Save the Youth of America" "No Pop, No Style, Strictly Roots" "Mermaid Avenue Tour" "Going to a Party Way Down South" "Live at the Barbican"

Related articles	Wilco Discography Red Wedge "A New England"

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Kirsty MacColl
Kirsty MacColl at the Double Door in Chicago
Background information
Birth name	Kirsty Anna MacColl
Born	(1959-10-10)10 October 1959 Croydon, England, United Kingdom
Died	18 December 2000(2000-12-18) (aged 41) Cozumel, Mexico
Genres	New Wave, Pop, Rock, Country, Folk, World Music
Occupations	Singer, songwriter
Years active	1979–2000
Labels	Stiff, Polydor, IRS, ZTT, V2
Website	KirstyMacColl.com

Kirsty Anna MacColl (10 October 1959 – 18 December 2000) was an English singer-songwriter.

MacColl scored several pop hits from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. During this era, she often sang on recordings produced by her husband Steve Lillywhite, notably those of The Smiths and the song "Fairytale of New York" by The Pogues.

MacColl was killed in a controversial boating incident in Mexico.

1 Life and career
2 TV work
3 Death and its aftermath
- 3.1 Death
- 3.2 Aftermath
  - 3.2.1 Justice for Kirsty campaign
  - 3.2.2 Legacy
4 Discography
5 Bibliography
6 References
7 External links

Life and career [link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Early career [link]

Kirsty MacColl was the daughter of folk singer Ewan MacColl and dancer Jean Newlove. She and her brother, Hamish MacColl, grew up with their mother in Croydon, where she attended Park Hill Primary School and Monks Hill High School, making appearances in school plays. At the time of MacColl's birth, her father had been in a relationship with folksinger, multi-instrumentalist and songwriter Peggy Seeger since 1956 (a relationship that would continue until his death in 1989), and already had a son with her.

She came to notice when Chiswick Records released an EP by local punk rock band the Drug Addix with MacColl on backing vocals under the pseudonym Mandy Doubt (1978). Stiff Records executives were not impressed with the band, but liked her and subsequently signed her to a solo deal.^{[citation needed]}

Debut single [link]

Her debut solo single "They Don't Know", released in 1979, peaked at number 2 in terms of airplay on the Music Week airplay chart.^[1]^[2] However, a distributors' strike prevented copies of the single getting into record stores, and the single consequently failed to appear on the UK Singles Chart.

MacColl recorded a follow-up single, "You Caught Me Out", but felt she lacked Stiff's full backing, and left the label shortly before the song was to be released. The single was pulled, and only a few "white label" promo copies of the single are known to exist.

MacColl moved to Polydor Records in 1981. She had a UK number 14 hit with "There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis", taken from her critically acclaimed debut album Desperate Character. In 1983, Polydor dropped her just as she had completed recording the songs for a planned second album (to be called Real) which used more synthesizers and had New Wave-styled tracks. She returned to Stiff, where pop singles such as "Terry" and "He's On the Beach" were unsuccessful but a cover of Billy Bragg's "A New England" in 1985 got to Number 7 in the UK charts. This included two extra verses specially written for her by Bragg. Also around this time, MacColl wrote and performed the theme song "London Girls" for Channel 4's short-lived sitcom Dream Stuffing (1984).

In the United States, MacColl was probably most recognisable as the writer of "They Don't Know". Tracey Ullman's version, helped by a video guest-starring Paul McCartney, reached Number 2 in the UK in 1983 and the Top Ten in North America. It was also played over the closing credits of Ullman's HBO show Tracey Takes On in 1996. Ullman also recorded three more of MacColl's songs, "You Broke My Heart In 17 Places" and "You Caught Me Out", as the title tracks of her first and second albums respectively, and "Terry" which was released as a single in 1985.

Chart re-emergence [link]

When Stiff went bankrupt in 1986, MacColl was left unable to record in her own right, as no record company bought her contract from the Official Receiver. However, she had regular session work as a backing vocalist, and she frequently sang on records produced or engineered by her husband, Steve Lillywhite, including tracks for Robert Plant, The Smiths, Talking Heads, Big Country, Crossfire Choir, Anni-Frid Lyngstad (of ABBA), and The Wonder Stuff among others. She appeared in the videos "Welcome to the Cheap Seats" for The Wonder Stuff and "(Nothing But) Flowers" for Talking Heads (along with ex-The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr).

MacColl re-emerged in the British charts in December 1987, reaching Number 2 with The Pogues on "Fairytale of New York", a duet with Shane MacGowan. This led to her accompanying The Pogues on their British and European tour in 1988, an experience which she said helped her temporarily overcome her stage fright.^[3] In March 1989, MacColl sang backing vocals on the Happy Mondays' Hallelujah EP.

After the contract issue was resolved, MacColl returned to recording as a solo artist and received critical acclaim upon the release of Kite (LP) in 1989. The album was widely praised by critics, and featured collaborations with David Gilmour and Johnny Marr. MacColl's lyrics addressed life in Margaret Thatcher's Britain on "Free World", ridiculed the vapidity of fame in "Fifteen Minutes", and addressed the vagaries of love in "Don't Come The Cowboy With Me Sonny Jim!" Although Kite contained many original compositions, MacColl's biggest chart success from the album would be the cover of The Kinks' song "Days", which gave her a UK Top 20 hit in July 1989. A bonus track on the CD version of Kite was a cover of the Smiths song "You Just Haven't Earned It Yet, Baby".

During this time, MacColl was also featured on the British sketch comedy French and Saunders, appearing as herself, singing songs including "15 Minutes" and "Don't Come The Cowboy With Me Sunny Jim!" (from Kite), "Still Life" (the B-side of the "Days" single), "Girls On Bikes" (a reworking of B-side "Am I Right?") and, with comedy duo Raw Sex, the Frank and Nancy Sinatra hit "Something Stupid". She continued to write and record, releasing the album Electric Landlady (coined by Johnny Marr, a play on the Jimi Hendrix album title Electric Ladyland), including her most successful chart hit in North America, "Walking Down Madison" (co-written with Marr and a Top 30 hit in the UK), in 1991. Despite the song's U.S. chart success, Landlady was not a hit for Virgin Records, and in 1992, when Virgin was sold to EMI, MacColl was dropped from the label.

Later work [link]

She released Titanic Days, informed by her failing marriage with Lillywhite,^[4] in 1993, but ZTT Records had agreed only to release the album as a "one-off" and declined to sign her to a contract. In 1995, she released two new singles on Virgin, "Caroline" and a cover of Lou Reed's "Perfect Day" (a duet with Evan Dando), together with the "best of" compilation Galore.

Galore became MacColl's only album to reach the top 10 in the UK Albums Chart, but neither of the new singles, nor a re-released "Days", made the Top 40. MacColl would not record again for several years; her frustration with the music business was exacerbated by a lengthy case of writer's block. MacColl herself admitted that she was ready to give up her music career and become an English teacher in South America.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, the album What Do Pretty Girls Do? was released, containing BBC Radio 1 live sessions (featuring Billy Bragg on two songs) that were broadcast between 1989 and 1995.

After several trips to Cuba and Brazil, MacColl recorded the world music-inspired (particularly Cuban and other Latin American forms) Tropical Brainstorm, which was released in 2000 to critical acclaim. It included the song "In These Shoes", which garnered airplay in the U.S., was covered by Bette Midler and featured in the HBO show Sex and the City. It would later (after MacColl's death) be adopted by Catherine Tate as the theme tune for her BBC TV show and feature on the soundtrack to British film Kinky Boots.

TV work [link]

MacColl featured regularly in the third series of the French and Saunders Show, a comedy show on the BBC. Unlike other guests on the show, she was not part of any of the sketches but would sing her songs whilst performing as in a music video. She also made regular appearances on Jools Holland's TV shows, also on the BBC, notably singing during the 1995 Hootenanny, an unusual rendition of "Miss Otis Regrets" with the Pipes and Drums of the Irish Guards.

Death and its aftermath [link]

Death [link]

In 2000, following her participation in the presentation of a radio programme she had done for the BBC on Cuba,^[5] MacColl took a holiday in Cozumel, Mexico, with her sons and her partner, musician James Knight. On 18 December 2000, she and her sons went diving in Cozumel, in a specific diving area that watercraft were restricted from entering. With the group was a local veteran divemaster, Iván Díaz. As the group was surfacing from a dive, a speeding powerboat entered the restricted area. MacColl saw the boat coming before her sons did; Louis was not in the boat's path, but Jamie was. She was able to push him out of the way (he sustained minor head and rib injuries) but in doing so, she was hit by the boat and killed instantly.^[6] MacColl's remains were repatriated to the United Kingdom and the subsequent funeral took place at Mortlake Crematorium in London.

The boat involved in the accident was owned by Mexican supermarket millionaire Guillermo González Nova, who was on board with several members of his family. An employee of González Nova's, boathand José Cen Yam, claimed to have been driving the boat at the time that the accident occurred.^[7] Several published reports have included accounts from eyewitnesses that have stated Cen Yam was not at the controls; eyewitnesses also indicate that the boat was travelling much faster than the speed of one knot that Nova had claimed.^[8] Cen Yam was found guilty of culpable homicide and was sentenced to 2 years 10 months in prison. He was allowed under Mexican law to pay a punitive fine of 1,034 pesos (about €63, £61, or US$90) in lieu of the prison sentence. He was also ordered to pay approximately US$2,150 in restitution to MacColl's family, an amount based on his wages. Published reports have included statements from people who spoke to Cen Yam after the accident, claiming Cen Yam had received money for taking the blame for the incident.^[7]^[9]

Aftermath [link]

Justice for Kirsty campaign [link]

MacColl's family launched the Justice for Kirsty campaign in response to the events surrounding her death. Among the group's efforts:

Lawyers for MacColl's family and the group campaigned for a judicial review into the events surrounding her death. They were in repeated contact with the Mexican government, and made an application to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
MacColl's friends and family were critical of what they perceived as a lack of cooperation from the Mexican authorities. In May 2006, Emilio Cortez Ramírez, a federal prosecutor in Cozumel, was found liable for breach of authority in conjunction with his handling of the MacColl case.^[10]
The BBC has featured a documentary by Olivia Lichtenstein, entitled Who Killed Kirsty MacColl?^[11]
U2 frontman Bono, who was a friend of MacColl's, spoke about the incident during a concert in Monterrey, Mexico, in February 2006. The Mexican government released a statement after the concert indicating they would take action.^[12]

In December 2009, it was announced that the Justice For Kirsty campaign was being ended since "the committee was successful in achieving most of its aims" and "it is unlikely that any more could be achieved." The campaign's remaining funds were to be divided between two charities, Casa Alianza Mexico and Cuba Music Solidarity, of which "Kirsty would have approved."^[13]

Legacy [link]

Kirsty MacColl memorial bench in Soho Square

A close-up of the engraved lyrics

Since MacColl's death, Billy Bragg has always included "her" extra verses when performing "A New England". She was honoured in 2002 with a memorial concert in London at the Royal Festival Hall, featuring a number of musicians that had worked with her or been influenced by her. A similar memorial concert was scheduled for her birthday (10 October 2010) at the O2 Shepherds Bush Empire, to support her favourite charity The Music Fund for Cuba.^[14]

In 2001, a bench was placed by the southern entrance to London's Soho Square as a memorial to her, after a lyric from one of her most poignant songs: "One day I'll be waiting there / No empty bench in Soho Square". Every year on the Sunday nearest to MacColl's birthday, 10 October, fans from all over the world hold a gathering at the bench to pay tribute to her and sing her songs.

MacColl continues to receive media exposure; in 2004, Kirsty MacColl:The One and Only, a biography of MacColl written by Karen O'Brien, was published. A retrospective three-CD set spanning her full career, From Croydon To Cuba, was released in 2005. Titanic Days was re-released in 2005 as a deluxe 2CD set, and Kite and Electric Landlady were also remastered and rereleased with additional tracks. Her first album, Desperate Character, remained out of print as of late June 2010, but some selections from that work were included in the box set. On 7 August 2005, The Best of Kirsty MacColl, a single-disc compilation that included a "new" single, "Sun on the Water," made its debut on the UK album charts at number 17, climbing to #12 a week later.

MacColl's collaboration with the Pogues, "Fairytale of New York," remains a perennial Christmas favourite. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, it was voted favourite Christmas song in a poll by music video channel VH1. ^[15] The song was re-released in the UK in December 2005, with proceeds being split between the Justice for Kirsty Campaign and charities for the homeless. The re-release reached number 3 on the UK charts, and spent five weeks in the top 75 over the Christmas and New Year period. It reached the top 10 for the third time in its history in 2006, peaking at number 6, and charted yet again in December 2007, when there was brief controversy over the use of the word 'faggot' in the lyrics, which BBC Radio 1 dubbed out "to avoid offence," 20 years after it had first passed over the airwaves without comment (or apparent offence, although the rhyme had been changed to "haggard" for a St Patrick's Day concert in 1998); following criticism from listeners and MacColl's mother, Radio 1 reversed their decision later in the day.^[16] The song has also made the Top 20 in the two subsequent years, and has now charted in eight separate years. With the exception of the 2005 re-release, the seasonal re-charting in the 21st century is due to download sales, and not due to further releases (download sales counting toward the singles chart since 2005).

Discography [link]

Albums [link]

Release Date	Album	UK Albums Chart
July 1981	Desperate Character	-
July 1989	Kite	34
June 1991	Electric Landlady	17
October 1993	Titanic Days	46
March 2000	Tropical Brainstorm	39

Compilation albums [link]

Release Date	Album	UK Albums Chart	Noted
March 1985	Kirsty MacColl	-	A re-worked version of Desperate Character
August 1993	The Essential Collection	-	A collection of Stiff-era tracks
March 1995	Galore	6	Best-of compilation, with 2 new tracks
July 1998	What Do Pretty Girls Do?	-	Compiled 'BBC Radio 1' sessions (live)
August 2001	The One and Only	-	Stiff-era tracks, and a few collaborations
May 2005	From Croydon To Cuba... An Anthology	-	3-disc box set of hits and rarities
July 2005	The Best of	12	Single-disc greatest hits

Singles [link]

Year	Song	UK Singles Chart^[17]	Irish Top 30	Album
June 1979	"They Don't Know"	-	-	-
February 1981	"Keep Your Hands Off My Baby"	-	-	-
May 1981	"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis"	14	9	Desperate Character
September 1981	"See That Girl"	-	-	Desperate Character
November 1981	"You Still Believe in Me"	-	-	-
1983	"I Want Out" (with Matchbox)	-	-
August 1983	"Berlin"	-	-
October 1983	"Terry"	81	-
December 1984	"A New England"	7	8
June 1985	"He's On the Beach"	-	-
November 1987	"Fairytale of New York" (with The Pogues)	2	1	If I Should Fall from Grace with God (Pogues album)
March 1989	"Free World"	43	-	Kite
June 1989	"Days"	12	9
September 1989	"Innocence"	80	-
April 1990	"Don't Come the Cowboy With Me Sonny Jim!"	82	-
November 1990	"Miss Otis Regrets"/"Just One of Those Things" (with The Pogues)	85	-	Red Hot + Blue (Produced by the Red Hot Organization)
May 1991	"Walking Down Madison"	23	12	Electric Landlady
July 1991	"My Affair"	56	-
September 1991	"All I Ever Wanted"	-	-
November 1991	"Fairytale of New York" (with The Pogues) (re-issue)	36	10	-
November 1993	"Angel"	-	-	Titanic Days
February 1995	"Caroline"	58	-	Galore
June 1995	"Perfect Day"	75	-	Galore
July 1995	"Days" (re-issue)	42	-	Kite
November 1999	"Mambo de la Luna"	119	-	Tropical Brainstorm
February 2000	"In These Shoes"	98	-	Tropical Brainstorm
July 2005	"Sun On the Water"	-	-	The Best of Kirsty MacColl
December 2005	"Fairytale of New York" (with The Pogues) (2nd re-issue)	3	4	The Best of Kirsty MacColl

[edit] Bibliography

MacColl, Jean (2008). Sun on the water: the brilliant life and tragic death of Kirsty MacColl. London: John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-549-0. OCLC 434559942.
O'Brien, Karen (2004). Kirsty MacColl: the one and only. London: Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-00070-4. OCLC 308622623.

References [link]

^ Gajarsky, Bob (1995-02-27), REVIEW: Kirsty MacColl, Galore (I.R.S.), Consumable on line, http://www.westnet.com/consumable/1995/Feb27.1995/revkirst.html, retrieved 2011-02-04
^ Soave, Daniela (1995). "NME or Melody Maker, 1981". The Kirsty MacColl web site. http://www.kirstymaccoll.com/information/articles/1979-1984/nme81/index.htm. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ Buckley, Jonathan (1999). Rock : the rough guide (2. ed., expanded and complety rev. ed.). London: Rough Guides. pp. 622–623. ISBN 978-1-85828-457-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fie47qSuTsoC&lpg=PA1715&dq=Kirsty%20MacColl%20stage%20fright&pg=PA1715#v=onepage&q=Kirsty%20MacColl%20stage%20fright&f=false. Retrieved 15 December 2011. "...she toured Ireland and suffered from stage fright..."
^ Time Entertainment: Elegy for a One-Woman Girl Group
^ "Singer Kirsty MacColl dies". news.bbc.co.uk (BBC News). 19 December 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1078192.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ Kirsta, Alix (31 July 2004). "The Telegraph: The day the music died". justiceforkirsty.org. Justice For Kirsty Campaign. http://justiceforkirsty.org/kirsta.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ ^a ^b Allan, Vicky (22 August 2004). "I Believe The Mexican Fined For Killing Kirsty Was A Fall Guy; Almost". The Sunday Herald (BNET Research Center). http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040822/ai_n12590334. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ Horowitz, Carl F. (6 November 2006). "Mexican Microcosm: The Unsolved Death Of Kirsty MacColl". VDARE.com. http://www.vdare.com/horowitz/061101_maccoll.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
^ Wynne-Jones, Ros (21 December 2005). "Kirsty MacColl Exclusive: Singer's Mum Fights for Justice". Mirror.co.uk. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16507630&method=full&siteid=94762&headline=kirsty-maccoll-exclusive--singer-s-mum-fights-for-justice-name_page.html. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Latest News: Federal Prosecutor in Cozumel found liable for breach of Authority". justiceforkirsty.org. Justice For Kirsty Campaign. 6 May 2006. http://www.justiceforkirsty.org/news.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Documentaries: Who Killed Kirsty MacColl?". bbc.co.uk. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/kirsty-maccoll.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Justice promised for singer Kirsty MacColl". divemagazine.co.uk (Dive Magazine). 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927132615/http://www.divemagazine.co.uk/news/article.asp?UAN=2637&v=2&sp=332676698283330323650. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Justice For Kirsty Campaign Announcement, 5 December 2009". justiceforkirsty.org. "Leni Gillman for the Justice For Kirsty Campaign". http://www.justiceforkirsty.org/JusticeForKirstyCampaignAnnouncement.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ Music Week – MacColl memorial gig to benefit Cuban artists
^ "Fairytale still the festive pick". BBC News (BBC Corp). 15 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4533030.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Radio 1 backs down in Pogues row". BBC News (BBC Corp). 18 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7150693.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
^ Chart Log UK: M – My Vitriol

External links [link]

Kirsty MacColl – official site
Kirsty MacColl discography at Discogs
BBC announcement of her death
Justice for Kirsty – in-depth information regarding MacColl's death
Kirsty MacColl at the Internet Movie Database
[1] Official Justice For Kirsty on Myspace
Kirsty MacColl at Find a Grave

v t e Kirsty MacColl

Studio albums	Desperate Character Kirsty MacColl Kite Electric Landlady Titanic Days Galore Tropical Brainstorm

Notable singles	"They Don't Know" "There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis" "Terry" "A New England" "He's On The Beach" "Free World" "Days" "Innocence" "Don't Come The Cowboy With Me Sonny Jim!" "Walking Down Madison" "My Affair" "All I Ever Wanted" "Soho Square" "Angel" "Titanic Days" "Caroline" "Perfect Day" "Mambo de la Luna" "In These Shoes" "Sun On The Water"

With The Pogues	"Fairytale of New York" "Miss Otis Regrets/Just One of Those Things"

Related articles	Ewan MacColl Steve Lillywhite Billy Bragg The Pogues

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http://fr.wn.com/Kirsty McColl

http://nl.wn.com/Kirsty MacColl

http://de.wn.com/Kirsty MacColl

http://it.wn.com/Kirsty MacColl

http://es.wn.com/Kirsty MacColl

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl

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Kate Nash
Kate Nash in 2010.
Background information
Birth name	Kate Marie Nash
Born	(1987-07-06) 6 July 1987 (age 24) Harrow, London, England^[1]
Genres	Indie pop, indie rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, synth, keyboard, bass, drums
Years active	2006–present
Labels	Fiction Island Def Jam Ireland Moshi Moshi Universal-Island
Associated acts	The Receeders Ryan Jarman SUPERCUTE!, Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players Jason Trachtenburg, Kano
Website	www.katenash.co.uk

Kate Marie Nash^[2] (born 6 July 1987) is an English^[3] singer, songwriter and musician.^[4] She had a UK number-2 hit "Foundations" in 2007, followed by the platinum-selling UK number-1 album Made of Bricks. She was named Best Female Artist at the 2008 BRIT Awards.

Her second studio album, entitled My Best Friend Is You, was released in the United Kingdom on 19 April 2010 and in the U.S. on 11 May 2010. It spawned her second biggest chart hit to date, the single "Do-Wah-Doo".^[5]

Nash is currently signed to The Island Def Jam Motown Ireland Group.

1 Early life
2 Music career
3 Personal life
4 Discography
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links

Early life [link]

Nash was born on 6 July 1987 in Harrow, London^[1]^[6] to an English father, Steven Nash, and an Irish mother, Marie (née Walsh). Marie is a nurse in a hospice.^[1]^[7]^[8]^[9] Nash learned to play the piano while at at Sandbach School. She was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended St. John Fisher School, Pinner, before moving onto the St Joan of Arc Catholic School, Rickmansworth. She was also taught guitar by Saskia van Berkel and studied Theatre at the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in South London. She auditioned at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, but was rejected. Soon afterward, she fell down a flight of stairs, breaking her foot. During her recovery, she was housebound and unable to move, so her mother bought her an electric guitar. Nash used this time to focus on her songwriting: she began to write some new songs, finish old ones and decided that she would book a gig at a local bar ("Trinity") in Harrow to showcase her songs.^{[citation needed]}

Music career [link]

Nash in 2006.

"Caroline's a Victim" (2005-2006)[link]

Nash started her career in 2005. After several gigs, she uploaded her music to MySpace, found a manager and then producers for her music.

Nash's debut was a single, "Caroline's a Victim"/"Birds", produced and recorded in Iceland by Valgeir Sigurðsson and released through Moshi Moshi Records in February 2007. The release was limited to 1,000 copies and available only on 7" vinyl. Due to demand, another 1,000 copies were made and these also sold out. CD-promo copies were produced for distribution to the press and DJs and are occasionally available for sale. The single is featured on the CD Moshi Moshi Singles Compilation. A video for the song, directed by Kinga Burza, was released and received airplay on MTV2. The single's B-side, "Birds", later featured on her début album Made of Bricks. Both tracks have also been released as MP3 downloads.

[edit] Made of Bricks (2007-2009)

In April 2007, Nash was signed to the Polydor offshoot Fiction Records.^[10] Her second single "Foundations", which she co-wrote with producer Paul Epworth, was released by Fiction on 18 June 2007 and reached number two in the official UK Singles Chart. Following this success, Fiction announced plans to bring forward the release of Nash's début album Made of Bricks to 6 August 2007. The album, also produced by Paul Epworth, included many of the tracks she had been performing during her two nationwide tours.

Made of Bricks was leaked to filesharing networks a few days before its official commercial release and subsequently received mixed reviews, with The Independent describing it as being in "pole position for worst album of the year."^[11] It proved, however, to be successful and reached number 1 in the UK album charts.^[12]

During mid-2007, Nash performed at numerous festivals, including the Wireless Festival, Bestival, Electric Gardens, Glastonbury, Latitude, Reading and Leeds, Oxegen and T in the Park. She made her official TV performance début on Later with Jools Holland.

Throughout late 2007 and early 2008, Nash released three more singles from the Made of Bricks. "Mouthwash" and "Pumpkin Soup" both made the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. Although her fifth single "Merry Happy" didn't chart well in the UK, the song enjoyed some success in other countries, including the USA and Canada. The album topped out at number 36 on the United States Billboard 200 chart on 26 January 2008.^[13] In 2010, Made of Bricks was certified Gold in Germany.^[14]

[edit] My Best Friend Is You (2009-2011)

Nash performing in May 2010

In late March 2009, Nash revealed that she was in the early stages of recording her second album. She was introduced by her boyfriend Ryan Jarman to Bernard Butler, the producer for Duffy's debut album Rockferry and a former guitarist for Suede. He began working with Nash, working in the studio with her over a period of months and producing her second album.^[15] In August 2009, the pair worked on eight songs at RAK Studios for the album.^[16]

On 14 January 2010, Nash revealed that the second album was complete. On 11 February, a song from the album, "I Just Love You More", was available to download free from her official website.^[17]

On 11 March 2010, Nash announced her nine-date North American tour that began on 26 April with the all-female travelling festival Lilith Fair to promote her new album My Best Friend Is You. Her opening act was Supercute!, a psychedelic pop teen girl trio from New York City.^[18]^[19]^[20] She is also scheduled to take part in the 2010 V Festival.^[21]

The first single from the album was called "Do-Wah-Doo", and was released on 12 April 2010. The album was released on 20 April. The sound was described as completely different from her debut album and having a "Girl Group" sound, taking influence from Motown stars such as Diana Ross and The Supremes. Nash explained that maturity is the reason for the change in musical style.^[22] The album has been described as having a wide variety of sounds from wall of sound, Motown to No Wave and Riot Grrrl.^[23]^[24]^[25] As of 11 May, the album was number 6 in Germany and number 16 in Europe.^[26] As of 27 May, the album was at number 62 in the United States.^[27]

On 24 February 2011, her concerts in Circo Voador, Rio de Janeiro and in HSBC Hall, São Paulo were the first contact with her Brazilian fans. It was so intense that Nash has said on stage "Here (Rio de Janeiro) was the happiest place I have ever been. You are beautiful, incredible" and promised a return soon.^[28] On her Twitter, she finally declared "Rio, you're just too good to be true. I must be dreaming. Thanks for giving me the best concert of my life".^[29]

Third studio album (2012-present)[link]

On 2 May 2012, Nash announced the "Faster Pussycat Run Run Tour", which will see her play 12 shows across the UK throughout June 2012.^[30] Her third studio album will be released later in the year.^[31] She will also star in two feature films this year, details of which are yet to be announced.^[31]

Other music career activities [link]

Nash performing in June 2007

Nash co-wrote a song titled "Almost Isn’t (Good Enough) Is It?" with Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players member Jason Trachtenburg for his 2009 album File Under Pop Male Vocal.^[32]

As a side project in late 2009, she joined a punk band called The Receders where she plays bass.^[22] On 17 December 2009, the band played a live gig on the stage of 93 Feet East.^[33] Nash likes to refer to the band as her "side project" as she says for 2010 she will be mainly focusing on her solo material. Her music was used as part of an exhibition at the British Library tracing the history of Cockney English. The exhibition, which runs from 12 November 2010 through 11 April 2011, uses Nash's music to demonstrate today's younger urban mode of Cockney English.^[34]

On 23 March 2010 Nash, a founding director of the Featured Artists Coalition, a musicians' lobbying group,^[35]^[36] launched the Kate Nash's Rock n Roll for Girls After-School Music Club as a platform to inspire teenage girls to get into songwriting and making their own music, due to the shortage of female artists in the UK- something that shocked and motivated Nash the previous year. On her UK tour of 2011, Nash visited schools such as City of Portsmouth Girls' School, Woodchurch High School, Avonbourne High School and John Madejski Academy.^[37]

Nash has worked with the teen indie pop band, SUPERCUTE!, producing their first album.^[38] Nash also appeared in the band's music video for their first single, "Dumb-Dumbs". Nash has also worked with indie act Brigitte Aphrodite (who has toured with Kate on many occasions) on Nash's label 'Have 10p Records', releasing Aphrodite's début single 'I Dream Myself Awake' in 2011.

Nash has recently recorded and written a song with the St. Pauls Cathedral Protesters with Sam Duckworth of Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.

Willow Smith tweeted in April 2012, "So cool meeting @katenash today. Can't wait to work together!" along with a photograph of the pair. Kate then tweeted back confirming the pair would be meeting again the following Friday.

Personal life [link]

In 2008, following intensive touring, Nash had what she described as a "proper breakdown", including a relapse of the mild obsessive-compulsive disorder which she had experienced as a child.^[1] She has railed against the "anaemic" model figure, noting in an interview with the Daily Telegraph that she herself is a "curvy size 12".^[39]

On 2 September 2009, Nash began using her MySpace and Facebook pages to help spread the word of a young girl called Tilly who lost her hands due to meningococcal disease. She used an auction on eBay to help donate money to the five-year-old girl's parents so that she can afford a pair of [prosthetic?] hands.^[40]

During the 2011 England riots, Nash volunteered to collect donations for those made homeless by riots in Tottenham, setting up her own public donation stand and delivering donations to Tottenham Leisure Centre in her car.^[41]

Nash has made appearances in two films due to be released in 2012, as well as a short horror film which has appeared on several websites online.

Discography [link]

Main article: Kate Nash discography

Made of Bricks (2007)
My Best Friend Is You (2010)

Awards and nominations [link]

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Kate Nash

On February 20, 2008, she received a BRIT Award for Best Female artist.^[42]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Day, Elizabeth (14 March 2010). "Kate Nash: 'I felt as if I was having a nervous breakdown'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/mar/14/kate-nash-interview-elizabeth-day.
^ ASCAP: American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers
^ . http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/why-kate-nash-is-the-sound-of-the-summer-13461806.html.
^ From nowhere to Number One: Why Kate Nash is the sound of the summer The Independent
^ Un. "Kate Nash | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's". Myspace.com. http://www.myspace.com/katenashmusic. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ http://www.timeoutdubai.com/nightlife/features/28487-kate-nash-interview
^ Pop goes the Brits: Take That, Leona Lewis and Mika lead nominations
^ Hot right now: (2007-01-29). "Gig tickets, tour dates for Kate Nash". Gigwise. http://www.gigwise.com/news/27307/Kate-Nash. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ "Moshi Moshi Records | Artists: Kate Nash". Moshimoshimusic.com. http://www.moshimoshimusic.com/artists/kate-nash. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ You couldn't make it up: Nash signs with Fiction
^ Gill, Andy (2007-08-17). "The Independent - Reviews: Album - Kate Nash". London. http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article2849635.ece. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
^ "The Sun: Nash names new album". London. 2007-07-25. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/online/article250094.ece. Retrieved 2008-04-08. ^{[dead link]}
^ Billboard Made of Bricks Page
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Kate Nash)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Kate+Nash&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked.
^ Kate Nash and Metronomy to release collaboration songs Kate Nash Plus Bernard Bulter is producing Nash's second album NME 19 June, 2009
^ Kate Nash begins work on new album with Bernard Butler NME 5 August, 2009
^ "Kate Nash announces new album release date and free download". NME.com. 11 Feb 2010
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "Kate Nash Talks "My Best Friend Is You," Announces Spring Tour". idiomag. http://www.idiomag.com/peek/107089/kate_nash. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
^ Norah Jones, Heart, Loretta Lynn Added To Lilith Fair Lineup Billboard 21 January, 2010
^ Kings of Leon and Kasabian to headline 2010 V Festival BBC 2 March 2010
^ ^a ^b In the Studio: Kate Nash Spin Magazine 28 January, 2008
^ Kate Nash: My Best Friend is You The Times 17 April 2010
^ Kate Nash My Best Friend Is You The Guardian 15 April 2010
^ My Best Friend is You Allmusic Review
^ Billboard My Best Friend is You Page
^ Kate Nash Chart History Billboard
^ EGO - Notícias (in Portuguese)
^ SRZD - Kate Nash diz que Rio de Janeiro é o melhor público (in Portuguese)
^ "Kate Nash announces June 2012 UK tour". http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a379564/kate-nash-announces-june-2012-uk-tour.html. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Kate Nash announces June UK tour - ticket details". http://www.nme.com/news/kate-nash/63576. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
^ Author: admin (2008-01-23). "Kate Nash". Mytopartists.com. http://www.mytopartists.com/kate-nash/. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ "Glasswerk National \\ The Receeders to Play Special London Show". Glasswerk.co.uk. http://glasswerk.co.uk/news/national/7273/Kate+Nash+and+the+Receeders+to+Play+Special+London+Show. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ Would you Adam ’n’ Eve it? Cockney history revealed London Evening Standard 11 November, 2010
^ Youngs, Ian (12 March 2009). "Music stars call for more power". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7936712.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
^ Kate Nash: chirpy, but definitely no Pussycat The Times 16 April 2010
^ Kate Nash launches scheme to get girls into songwriting The Independent
^ "Do you like candy and hula-hoops? « Rebel Grrrl Italiana". Lachristagreco.com. http://lachristagreco.com/2011/04/28/do-you-like-candy-and-hula-hoops/. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ Wilson, Sophie (7 April 2010). "Kate Nash interview: what Kate did next". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7559304/Kate-Nash-interview-what-Kate-did-next.html.
^ "'Give tilly a hand' & we're out of beans van Kate Nash op Myspace". Myspace.com. 2009-09-02. http://www.myspace.com/katenashmusic/blog/508418545. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ Curtis, Nick (12 August 2011). "Kate Nash: 'I am so proud to be a Londoner right now'". London Evening Standard. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23977893-kate-nash-i-am-so-proud-to-be-a-londoner-right-now.do. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^ "Brit Awards 2008: The winners". BBC News. February 20, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7187992.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-04.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kate Nash

External links [link]

v t e Kate Nash

Discography Awards and nominations

Studio albums	Made of Bricks My Best Friend Is You

Singles	"Caroline's a Victim" / "Birds" "Foundations" "Mouthwash" "Pumpkin Soup" "Merry Happy" "Do-Wah-Doo" "Kiss That Grrrl" "Later On" "I've Got a Secret"

Related articles	Fiction Records Moshi Moshi Records Kinga Burza

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Nash

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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Persondata
Name	Bragg, Billy
Alternative names	Bragg, Stephen William
Short description	Singer, Musician
Date of birth	20 December 1957
Place of birth	Essex, England
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	MacColl, Kirsty Anna
Alternative names
Short description	English pop singer-songwriter
Date of birth	10 October 1959
Place of birth
Date of death	18 December 2000
Place of death	Cozumel, Mexico

Persondata
Name	Nash, Kate
Alternative names
Short description	English pop singer
Date of birth	6 July 1987
Place of birth	London, England
Date of death
Place of death

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