Circassian dolmen near the Zhane river, Russia

Dolmen in Salvatierra, Spain

Poulnabrone dolmen in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland

Kilclooney dolmen near Ardara in County Donegal, Ireland

A dolmen, also known as a portal tomb, portal grave, or quoit, is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table). Most date from the early Neolithic period (4000 to 3000 BC). Dolmens were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in many cases that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.

It remains unclear when, why, and by whom the earliest dolmens were made. The oldest known dolmen are in Western Europe, where they were set in place around 7000 years ago, at the same time as the ancient civilisations of Egypt, India, and the Middle East.^{[citation needed]} Archaeologists still do not know who erected these dolmens, which makes it difficult to know why they did it. The most widely accepted theory^{[citation needed]} is that all dolmen are tombs or burial chambers. Human remains, sometimes accompanied by artefacts, have been found in or close to them, which allowed a scientific dating. There is however no firm evidence that even this theory is correct. It has been impossible to prove that these archeologic remains date back to the time when the stones were set in place.^[1]

Etymology[link]

The term dolmen originates from the expression taol maen, which means "stone table" in Breton, and was first used archaeologically in Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne's Origines gauloises.^[2] The etymology of the German Hünenbett or Hünengrab and Dutch Hunebed all evoke the image of giants building the structures. Of other Celtic languages, cromlech derives from Welsh and quoit is commonly used in Cornwall. Anta is the term used in Portugal and Galicia, Spain. Dös or dyss is used in Sweden. Since all the names come from languages used long after the dolmens were erected, they don't indicate the intentions of the civilisations that constructed them.^[3]

Dolmens are known by a variety of names in other languages including dolmain (Irish), cromlech (Welsh), anta (Portuguese and Galician), Hünengrab/Hünenbett (German), Adamra (Abkhazian), Ispun (Circassian), Hunebed (Dutch), dös (Swedish), and goindol (Korean).

Dolmen sites[link]

T-shaped Hunebed D27 in Borger-Odoorn, Netherlands.

Dólmen da Aboboreira, Baião, Portugal.

The dolmen Er-Roc'h-Feutet in Carnac, Brittany, France.

Crucuno dolmen in Plouharnel, Brittany, France.

Lancken-Granitz dolmen, Germany

Europe[link]

Megalithic tombs are found from the Baltic Sea and North Sea coasts south to Spain and Portugal. Hunebedden are chamber tombs similar to dolmens and date to the middle Neolithic (Funnelbeaker culture, 4th millennium BC). They consist of a kerb surrounding an oval mound, which covered a rectangular chamber of stones with the entrance on one of the long sides. Some have a more complex layout and include an entrance passage giving them a T-shape. It has been suggested that this means they are related to the passage graves found in Denmark and elsewhere.

Dolmen sites fringe the Irish Sea and are found in south-east Ireland, Wales, Devon and Cornwall. In Ireland, however, more dolmens are found on the west coast, particularly in the Burren—and Connemara, which includes some of the better-known examples, such as Poulnabrone dolmen. Examples have also been found in northern Ireland, where they may have co-existed with the court cairn tombs. Some believe the dolmens evolved from a simpler cist burial method.^{[citation needed]}

Many examples appear on the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey, such as La Pouquelaye de Faldouet, La Sergenté, and La Hougue des Géonnais. The term Houge derives from the Old Norse word haugr, meaning a mound or barrow. The most famous of these sites is La Hougue Bie, a 6,000 year old neolithic site that sits inside a large mound; later a chapel was built on the top of the mound.^[4]

Amongst the vast Neolithic collections of the Carnac stones in Brittany, France, several dozen dolmens are found. And all around the country, several dolmens still stand, such as the ones of Passebonneau and des Gorces near Saint-Benoît-du-Sault.

Various menhirs and dolmens are located around the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo. Pottery uncovered in these structures allowed the attribution of the monuments to the Tarxien cemetery culture of the Early Bronze Age.^[5] This later culture is not to be confused with the Neolithic inhabitants of Malta, who built the Tarxien Temples circa 3100 BC.

In France, important megalithic zones are situated in Brittany, Vendée, Quercy and in the south of France (Languedoc, Rouergue and Corsica). More than 10,000 dolmens and menhirs cover a large part of the country (west and south). Importants menhirs alignments in Brittany (Carnac's alignments count more than 1,000 menhirs)

In Spain dolmens can be found in Galicia (such as Axeitos, pictured below), Basque Country and Navarre (like the Sorgin Etxea) and the basque name for theme is Trikuharri or Jentiletxe, Catalonia (like Cova d'en Daina or Creu d'en Cobertella), Andalusia (like the Cueva de Menga) and Extremadura (like "Dolmen de Lácara").

Dolmens can be found across Portugal, from simple ones [1] to the more complex examples of megalithic architecture, such as the Almendres Cromlech or the Anta Grande do Zambujeiro.

In Mecklenburg and Pomerania/Pomorze in (Germany) and (Poland), Drenthe (Netherlands), large numbers of these graves were disturbed when harbours, towns, and cities were built. The boulders were used in construction and road building. There are still many thousands left today in Europe.

In Italy dolmens can be found in Apulia, Sardinia and in Sicily where they are located in Mura Pregne (Palermo), Sciacca (Agrigento), Monte Bubbonia (Caltanissetta), Butera (Caltanissetta), Cava Lazzaro (Siracusa), Cava dei Servi (Ragusa), Avola (Siracusa).^[6]

In Turkey, there are some dolmens in the Regions of Lalapasa and Suloglu in the Province of Edirne and the Regions of KOfcaz, Kirklareli and Demirkoy in the Province of Kirklareli, in the Eastern Thrace. They have been studied by Prof. Dr. Engin Beksaç, since 2004. And also, some of so-called monuments are in the different regions of Anatolia, in Turkey.

There are interesting dolmens in the regions related to the Sakar and Rhodope and Strandzha Mountains in Bulgaria.

The largest dolmen in Europe is the Brownshill Dolmen in County Carlow, Ireland. Its capstone weighs about 150 tonnes.^[7]

Lanyon Quoit is a dolmen in Cornwall, 2 miles southeast of Morvah. It stands next to the road leading from Madron to Morvah. The capstone rested at 7 feet high with dimensions of 9 feet by 17.5 feet weighing 13.5 tons.

Asia[link]

Dolmens of Marayoor, Kerala, South India

Dolmen at Marayoor, Kerala, India

Dolmen at Ganghwa, Republic of Korea.

Korea[link]

The largest concentration of dolmen in the world is found on the Korean peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35,000 dolmen Korea counts for nearly 40% of the world’s total. The largest distribution is on the west coast area of South Korea. The Korean word for dolmen is goindol' (hangul:고인돌). It took a long time before serious studies of the Korean megalithic monuments were made. After 1945 new researches were conducted mostly by Korean scholars. As a consequence, despite its importance, the awareness of Korean megalithism is underrated in the rest of the world. Moreover the dolmen of Korea have a different morphology than the more widely known European dolmen. There are 3 main types in Korea, namely the table type, the go-table type and the unsupported capstone type. The dolmen in Ganghwa is a northern-type, table-shaped dolmen and is the biggest stone of this kind in South Korea, measuring 2.6 by 7.1 by 5.5 metres. There are many sub-types and different styles, which makes the Korean dolmenism particularly interesting.^[8]

Due to the vast numbers and great variation in styles, it has not been possible yet to establish an absolute chronology of dolmens in Korea. It is generally accepted that the Korean megalithic culture emerged from the late Neolithic age, which brought agriculture to the peninsula, and existed throughout the Bronze Age. Thus, it is estimated that the Korean dolmens were built in the first millennium BC. Another important question remains unanswered. It cannot be said with certainty from where the megalithic culture of Korea originated, and therefore it is difficult to define its true cultural character. Similar dolmens can be found outside of Korea, in Manchuria, Shandong, and Kyushu.^{[citation needed]} Yet it is unclear why this culture only flourished so extensively on the Korean peninsula in the area of Northeastern Asia.

• 

  Gochang Dolmen, a table-style dolmen

• 

  Hongseong Dolmen, a dissection-style dolmen

India[link]

There are also dolmens in Kerala, South India, about 7 km from Marayoor near the small village of Pius Nagar, also known as Alinchuvad. These dolmens are set in clusters of two to five dolmens presumably for the burial of a family. There are hundreds of such dolmen clusters in the area. Apart from overground dolmens, underground burial chambers built with dressed stone slabs have also been discovered in Marayoor. All these dolmens are made from heavy granite slabs, mined using primitive technology. This was a burial ground for several centuries for a noble tribal dynasty known as Adi Cheras, the royal family, which rose as a paramount power in South India in the first century. The Adi Chera tribe traded with the Egyptian and Roman empires of the time. Most of the overground dolmens found in Alinchuvad were made before the Iron Age since no tools were used to dress the granite slabs. On a nearby hill tool-made granite dolmens are also seen. One is underground and the other is overground. The overground dolmen of this type was not used for burial. The length of the dolmens range from 11 feet (3.4 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m). There are scores of 4 feet (1.2 m) versions of underground type. They had two earthenware pots, one containing the ornaments and weapons of the individual and the other contained the cremation remains. Such underground dolmens are located in various places, including Chelamala, in Ernakulam District, Mattathipara, Muniyara and Panapilavu in the district of Idukki in Kerala State, where Marayoor also is located. It appears that the tribe continued to use this burial practice until the tribe was destroyed in the beginning of third century.

Middle East[link]

Dolmens are also found in Israel, Syria and Jordan. Numerous large dolmens can be viewed in the Israeli National park at Gamla.

There are many examples of flint dolmens in the historical villages of Johfiyeh and Natifah in northern Jordan. The greatest number of dolmens are around Madaba, like the ones at Al Faiha village, 10 km to the west of Madaba city see Madaba dolmens. Two dolmens are in Hisbone, and the most have been found at Zarqa Ma'in at Al-Murayghat, which are being destroyed by gravel quarries see where have all the dolmens gone? .

Eurasia (North Western Caucasus) Circassia[link]

Over 3,000 dolmens and other structures can be found in the North-Western Caucasus region in Russia, where more and more dolmens are discovered in the mountains each year.

See also[link]

	Brittany portal
	Celts portal

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Trifonov, V., 2006. Russia's megaliths: unearthing the lost prehistoric tombs of Caucasian warlords in the Zhane valley. St.Petersburg: The Institute for Study of Material Culture History, Russian Academy of Sciences. Available from [2]
• Kudin, M., 2001. Dolmeni i ritual. Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths. Available from [3]
• Knight, Peter. Ancient Stones of Dorset, 1996.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dolmen

Look up dolmen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Dolmens of Dorset
• Some monuments with QTVR panoramic views in Archeologia Sarda
• Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France in French and English
• Pictures of Hunebedden in the Netherlands (Dutch)
• Poulnabrone Dolmen in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland
• Dolmen (Goindol) sites in KoreaPDF on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
• Dolmen Pictures by Robert Triest.
• Russian Megaliths
• Jersey Heritage Trust
• Legananny Dolmen, Ireland
• World heritage site of dolmen in Korea
• The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map
• Goindol: Dolmen of Korea
• Research Centre of Dolmens in Northeast Asia

Meredith Jane Monk (born November 20, 1942 in New York) is an American composer, performer, director, vocalist, filmmaker, and choreographer. Since the 1960s, Monk has created multi-disciplinary works which combine music, theatre, and dance, recording extensively for ECM Records.^[1]

Life and work[link]

Meredith Monk is primarily known for her vocal innovations, including a wide range of extended techniques, which she first developed in her solo performances prior to forming her own ensemble. In December 1961, she appeared at the "Actor's Playhouse" in Greenwich Village (NYC) as a solo dancer in an Off Broadway children's musical theater adaptation of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol," entitled "Scrooge" (music and lyrics by Norman Curtis; directed and choreographed by Patricia Taylor Curtis). In 1964, Monk graduated from Sarah Lawrence College after studying with Beverly Schmidt Blossom, and in 1968 she founded The House, a company dedicated to an interdisciplinary approach to performance.

Monk's performances have influenced many artists, including Bruce Nauman, whom she met in San Francisco in 1968. In 1978 Monk formed Meredith Monk and Vocal Ensemble (modelled after similar ensembles of musical colleagues, such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass), to explore new and wider vocal textures and forms, which often were contrasted with minimal instrumental textures. Monk began a long-standing relationship with the Walker Art Center of Minneapolis, which continues to showcase her work to this day. Pieces from this time include Dolmen Music (1979), which also was recorded for her first album released at Manfred Eicher's record label ECM in 1981.

In the 1980s, Monk wrote and directed two films, Ellis Island (1981), and Book of Days (1988), which developed from a single idea; "One day during summer of 1984, as I was sweeping the floor of my house in the country, the image of a young girl (in black and white) and a medieval street in the Jewish community (also in black and white) came to me." Monk tells this account in the liner notes of the ECM-recording. Apart from the film, different versions exist of this piece. Two are for the concert hall, and an album, produced by Meredith Monk and Manfred Eicher, is "a film for the ears."

In the early 1990s, Monk composed an opera called Atlas, which premiered in Houston, Texas in 1991. She has also written pieces for instrumental ensembles and symphony orchestras. Her first symphonic work was Possible Sky (2003). It was followed by Stringsongs (2004) for string quartet, which was commissioned by the Kronos Quartet. In 2005, events were held all over the world in celebration of the 40th anniversary of her career, including a concert in Carnegie Hall featuring Björk, Terry Riley, DJ Spooky (who sampled Monk on his album Drums of Death), Ursula Oppens, Bruce Brubaker, John Zorn, and the new music ensembles Alarm Will Sound and Bang on a Can All-Stars, along with the Pacific Mozart Ensemble.

Honors and legacy[link]

Monk has won numerous awards, including a MacArthur Fellowship. She has been awarded honorary Doctor of Arts degrees from Bard College, the University of the Arts (Philadelphia), the Juilliard School, the San Francisco Art Institute and the Boston Conservatory. In 2007, she received in Italy the Demetrio Stratos International Award for musical experimentation.^[2][3]

Her music was used in films by the Coen Brothers (The Big Lebowski, 1998) and Jean-Luc Godard (Nouvelle Vague, 1990 and Notre musique, 2004).

French singer Camille paid an explicit homage to Meredith in her song The Monk (Music Hole, 2008) which beyond its obvious title also reminds in its construction the work of Monk.

In a recent interview, Monk said that her favourite music includes Brazilian music, especially Caetano Veloso's recordings, the music by Mildred Bailey ("the great jazz singer from the ‘30s and ‘40s"), and Bartók's cycle for piano Mikrokosmos.

Personal life[link]

Her partner was the Dutch-born choreographer Mieke van Hoek, who died in 2002.

Quotations[link]

"In most of my music, theater pieces and films, I try to express a sense of timelessness; of time as a recurring cycle."

--Liner notes of the album Book of Days, ECM New Series (1990)

"I work in between the cracks, where the voice starts dancing, where the body starts singing, where theater becomes cinema."

--Deborah Jowitt (ed.), Meredith Monk (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997)

"Björk did one of my songs, "Gotham Lullaby". I'd heard her sing that [...] on an MP3 file one of my [voice] students gave me, and I found it really interesting. Then we met six months ago, and liked each other very much. She's a lovely spirit."

--Interview by Tony Montague in The Globe and Mail, November 11, 2005

Works[link]

Instrumental works[link]

• Paris for solo piano (1973)
• Acts from under and above Ellis Island for two pianos (1986)
• Window in 7's for solo piano (1986)
• Parlour Games for two pianos (1988)
• Phantom Waltz for two pianos (1990)
• St. Petersburg Waltz for solo piano (1994)
• Steppe Music for solo piano (1997)
• Clarinet Study #4, for Solo Clarinet (1999)
• Cello Study #1 for Solo Cello and Voice (1999)
• Trumpet Study #1 for Solo Trumpet (1999)
• Possible Sky for orchestra and voices (commissioned by Michael Tilson Thomas for the New World Symphony, 2003)
• Stringsongs for string quartet (commissioned by the Kronos Quartet, 2004)

Vocal works[link]

• 16 Millimeter Earrings for voice, guitar and tapes (1966)
• Juice: A Theater Cantata for 85 voices, jaw harp and two violins (1969)
• Vessel: An Opera Epic for 75 voices, electronic organ, dulcimer and accordion (1971)
• Our Lady of Late for solo voice and wine glass (1972)
• Quarry: An Opera for 38 voices, 2 pump organs, 2 soprano recorders, tape (1976)
• Songs from the Hill for unaccompanied solo voice (1976)
• Tablet for four voices, piano four hands, two soprano recorders (1976)
• Dolmen Music for 6 voices, cello, percussion (1979)
• The Games for 16 voices, synthesizer, keyboards, Flemish Bagpipes, bagpipes, Chinese horn and rauschpfeife (1983)
• Astronaut Anthem for chorus a cappella (1983)
• Panda Chant II for chorus a cappella (1984)
• Book of Days for 25 voices, synthesizer, piano or 7 voices, synthesizer (Chamber Version) (1985) recorded for ECM
• Scared Song, song for solo voice, synthesizer and piano (1986)
• I Don't Know, song for solo voice and piano (1986)
• Atlas: An Opera in Three Parts for 18 voices and chamber orchestra (1991)
• Three Heavens and Hells for 4 voices (1992)
• Volcano Songs (Solo) for solo voice, voice with taped voices and piano (1994)
• Star Trek: Envoy for composing/directing/performing in the Den-Kai/Krikiki Ensemble (1995)
• The Politics of Quiet for 10 voices, 2 keyboards, horn, violin, bowed psaltery (1996)
• Magic Frequencies for 6 voices, 2 keyboards, percussion (1999)
• Eclipse Variations for 4 voices, esraj, sampler, recorded in surround sound, commissioned by Starkland
• Mercy for 6 voices, 2 keyboards, percussion, multiple woodwinds, violin (2001)
• When There Were Work Songs for vocal ensemble (2002, commissioned by the Western Wind Vocal Ensemble)
• Last Song for solo voice and piano (2003)
• Impermanence for eight voices, piano, keyboard, marimba, vibraphone, percussion, violin, multiple woodwinds, bicycle wheel (2005)
• Night for chorus and orchestra (1996/2005)
• Songs of Ascension for vocal ensemble and string quartet (2006, commissioned by the Kronos Quartet, with Ann Hamilton)
• Weave for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (2010, commissioned by Grand Center Inc and the Los Angeles Master Chorale)

Discography[link]

• Key (Increase Records, 1971 / Lovely Music, 1977 and 1995)
• Our Lady of Late (Minona Records, 1973 / wergo, 1986)
• Songs from the Hill / Tablet (wergo, 1979)
• Dolmen Music (ECM, 1981)
• Turtle Dreams (ECM, 1983)
• Do You Be (ECM, 1987)
• Book of Days (1990) (ECM, 1990)
• Facing North (ECM, 1992)
• Atlas: An Opera in Three Parts (ECM, 1993)
• Monk and the Abbess, Music of Hildegard von Bingen and Meredith Monk (RCA, 1995)
• Volcano Songs (ECM, 1997)
• Eclipse Variations (Starkland, 2000), recorded on surround sound DVD
• Mercy (ECM, 2002)
• Impermanence (ECM, 2008)
• Beginnings (Tzadik, 2009), compositions from 1966 to 1980
• Songs of Ascension (ECM, 2011)

Films[link]

• 1993 – The Sensual Nature of Sound: 4 Composers – Laurie Anderson, Tania León, Meredith Monk, Pauline Oliveros. Directed by Michael Blackwood.
• 1983 – Four American Composers "Meredith Monk." Directed by Peter Greenaway.
• 1996 – Speaking of Dance: Conversations With Contemporary Masters of American Modern Dance. No. 22: Meredith Monk. American Dance Festival. Directed by Douglas Rosenberg.

References[link]

See also Beverly Schmidt Blossom

External links[link]

• Meredith Monk's official site
• Meredith Monk on ECM Records
• Meredith Monk. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
• NNDb
• "Meredith Monk". Boosey & Hawkes. http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=4913. 
• Meredith Monk Archive, 1959-2006 Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
• Holland, Bernard (2005-11-08). "A Performance Art Pioneer, With Friends". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE7D7143EF93BA35752C1A9639C8B63. 
• Oteri, Frank J. (2000-04-01). "Meredith Monk: Composer First". NewMusicBox. http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=619. 
• Sandow, Greg (1984-10-30). "The Struggle for Form". The Village Voice. http://www.gregsandow.com/monk3.htm. 
• Service, Tom (2005-01-25). "Kronos Quartet". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/reviews/story/0,,1397617,00.html. 
• Sheridan, Molly (2005-11-15). "Our Lady of Late". New Music Box. http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=4422. 
• Turner, Bob (November 2005). "Meredith Monk: magician of the voice". Common Ground. http://www.commonground.ca/iss/0511172/cg172_monk.shtml. 
• Meredith Monk in the Video Data Bank
• Meredith Monk interview
• Meredith Monk performs Our Lady of Late, for solo voice, wine glass, and percussion, July 23rd, 1975, Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, Naropa Institute, Boulder, Colorado
• Archive film of Meredith Monk/The House performing Magic Frequencies in 1998 at Jacob's Pillow