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Kangxi Emperor
4th Qing Emperor of China
Reign	5 February 1661 – 20 December 1722 (&1000000000000006100000061 years, &10000000000000318000000318 days)
Coronation	1667
Predecessor	Shunzhi Emperor
Successor	Yongzheng Emperor
Regent	Sonin (1661–1667) Ebilun (1661–1667) Suksaha (1661–1669) Oboi (1661–1669)
Spouse	Empress Xiaochengren Empress Xiaozhaoren Empress Xiaoyiren Empress Xiaogongren
among others... Issue
Yinzhi, Prince Zhi Rongxian, Princess of Baarin Yinreng, Prince Li Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank Yinzhi, Prince Cheng Yinzhen, Yongzheng Emperor Kejing, Princess of the Khalkha Mongols Yinqi, Prince Heng Yinyou, Prince Chun Yinsi, Prince Lian State Princess Wenxian Yintang Yin'e State Princess Chunque Yintao, Prince Lü Yinxiang, 1st Prince Yi Princess Wenke of the Second Rank Yinti, Prince Xun Princess Quejing of the Second Rank Princess Dunke of the Second Rank Yinwu, Prince Yu Yinlu, Prince Zhuang Yinli, Prince Guo Yinyi, Beile Yinxi, Prince Shen Yinhu, Beile Yinqi, Beile Yinmi, Prince Xian
Full name
Chinese: Aixin-Jueluo Xuanye 愛新覺羅玄燁 Manchu: Aisin Gioro hala i Hiowan Yei
Era name and dates
Kāngxī (康熙): 1662–1723
Posthumous name
Emperor Hétiān Hóngyùn Wénwǔ Ruìzhé Gōngjiǎn Kuānyù Xiàojìng Chéngxìn Zhōnghé Gōngdé Dàchéng Rén 合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝[ Listen (help·info)]
Temple name
Shengzu (聖祖)
Father	Shunzhi Emperor
Mother	Empress Xiaokangzhang
Born	(1654-05-04)4 May 1654 Beijing, Qing Empire
Died	20 December 1722(1722-12-20) (aged 68) Beijing, Qing Empire
Burial	Eastern Qing Tombs, Zunhua

The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: 康熙帝; pinyin: Kāngxīdì; Wade–Giles: K'ang-hsi-ti; temple name: Qīng Shèngzǔ (清聖祖); Manchu: ᡝᠯᡥᡝ ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ elhe taifin hūwangdi; Mongolian: Enkh Amgalan Khaan; 4 May 1654 –20 December 1722) was the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty,^[1][2] the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Pass (Beijing) and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.

Kangxi's reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese emperor in history (although his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, had the longest period of de facto power) and one of the longest-reigning rulers in the world. However, having ascended the throne at the age of seven, he was not the effective ruler until later, with that role temporarily fulfilled for six years by four regents and his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang.

Kangxi is considered one of China's greatest emperors. He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan to submit to Qing rule, blocked Tzarist Russia on the Amur River and expanded the empire in the northwest. He also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary.

Kangxi's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong", which lasted for generations after his own lifetime. By the end of his reign, the Qing Empire controlled all of China proper, Taiwan, Manchuria, part of the Russian Far East (Outer Manchuria), both Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet proper, and Joseon Korea as a protectorate.

Early reign[link]

Portrait of Young Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress

Born on 4 May 1654 to the Shunzhi Emperor and Empress Xiaokangzhang, Kangxi was originally given the personal name Xuanye (Chinese: 玄燁 ; Manchu language: ᡥᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ ᠶᡝᡳ ; Möllendorff transliteration: hiowan yei). He was enthroned at the age of seven (or eight by East Asian age reckoning), on 7 February 1661, 12 days after his father's death, although his reign formally began on 18 February 1662, the first day of the following lunar year.

According to some accounts, Shunzhi gave up the throne to Kangxi and became a monk. Several alternative explanations are given for this: one is that it was due to the death of his favorite concubine; another is that he was under the influence of a Buddhist monk. The story goes that Shunzhi did indeed became a monk, but the empress dowager ordered the deletion of the incident from official history records, and replacement with the claim that he died from smallpox.

Before Kangxi came to the throne, Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang (in the name of Shunzhi Emperor) had appointed the powerful men Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as regents. Sonin died after his granddaughter became Empress Xiaochengren, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and seized absolute power as sole regent. Kangxi and the rest of the imperial court acquiesced in this arrangement.

In 1669, Kangxi had Oboi arrested with the help of Grand Dowager Empress Xiaozhuang, who had raised him^[3] and began taking personal control of the empire. He listed three issues of concern: flood control of the Yellow River; repair of the Grand Canal; the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in south China. The Grand Empress Dowager influenced him greatly and he took care of her himself in the months leading up to her death in 1688.^[3]

Military achievements[link]

Army[link]

The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his bodyguards.

The main army of the Qing Empire, the Eight Banners Army, was in decline under Kangxi. It was smaller than it had been at its peak under Hong Taiji and in the early reign of the Shunzhi Emperor; however, it was larger than in the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors' reigns. In addition, the Green Standard Army was still powerful with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Shun Shike and Wang Jingbao.

The Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguards

The main reason for this decline was a change in system between Kangxi and Qianlong's reigns. Kangxi continued using the traditional military system implemented by his predecessors, which was more efficient and stricter. According to the system, a commander who returned from a battle alone (with all his men dead) would be put to death, and likewise for a foot soldier. This was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike to fight valiantly in war because there was no benefit for the sole survivor in a battle.

By Qianlong's reign, military commanders had become lax and the training of the army was deemed less important as compared to during the previous emperors' reigns. This was because commanders' statuses had become hereditary; a general gained his position based on the contributions of his forefathers.

Revolt of the Three Feudatories[link]

In the spring of 1662, the regents ordered a Great Clearance in southern China to counter a resistance movement started by Ming loyalists under the leadership of Koxinga. This involved the forced migration of entire populations in the coastal regions of inland southern China.

In 1673, the Revolt of the Three Feudatories broke out. Wu Sangui's forces overran most of southwest China and he tried to ally himself with local generals such as Wang Fuchen. Kangxi employed generals such as Zhou Peigong and Tuhai to suppress the rebellion, and also granted clemency to the common people who were caught up in the war. He intended to personally lead the armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The revolt ended with victory for Qing forces in 1681.

Kingdom of Tungning[link]

In 1683, the Kingdom of Tungning was defeated by Qing naval forces under the command of admiral Shi Lang at the Battle of Penghu. Zheng Keshuang, ruler of Tungning, surrendered a few days later, and Taiwan was annexed by the Qing Empire. Soon afterwards, the coastal regions of southern China were ordered to be repopulated. In addition, to encourage settlers, the Qing government granted financial incentives to families that settled there.

Vietnam[link]

In 1673, Kangxi's government helped to mediate a truce in the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in Vietnam, which had been ongoing for 45 years since 1627. The peace treaty that was signed between the conflicting parties lasted for 101 years until 1774.^[4]

Russia[link]

European couple, Kangxi period

In the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the Russian Empire in a series of border conflicts along the Amur River region, which concluded with victory for the Qing side. After the Siege of Albazin, he gained control of the area.

The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in the 1680s. After a series of battles and negotiations, both sides signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, in which a border was fixed, and the Amur River valley given to the Qing Empire.

Mongols[link]

In 1675, Burni of the Chahar Mongols started a rebellion against the Qing Empire. The revolt was crushed within two months and the Chahars were incorporated in the Manchu Eight Banners.

The Khalkha Mongols had preserved their independence, and only paid tribute to the Qing Empire. However, a conflict between the houses of Tümen Jasagtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led to a dispute between the Khalkha and the Dzungars over the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688, as the Khalkhas were fighting wars with Russian Cossacks in the north of their territory, the Dzungar chief, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, attacked the Khalkha from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu crossed the Gobi Desert and sought help from the Qing Empire in return for submission to Qing authority. In 1690, the Dzungars and Qing forces clashed at the Battle of Ulaan Butun in Inner Mongolia, in which the Qing eventually emerged as the victor.

The Kangxi Emperor at the age of 45, painted in 1699

In 1696, Kangxi personally led three armies, totaling 80,000 in strength, in a campaign against the Dzungars. The western section of the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the Battle of Jao Modo and Galdan died in the following year.

The Dzungars continued to threaten the Qing Empire and invaded Tibet in 1717. In response to the deposition of the Dalai Lama and his replacement with Lha-bzang Khan in 1706, they took control of Lhasa with a 6,000 strong army and removed Lha-bzang from power. They held on to the city for two years and defeated a Qing army sent to the region in 1718. The Qing did not take control of Lhasa until 1720, when Kangxi sent a larger force there to defeat the Dzungars.

Economic achievements[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

The Kangxi Emperor returning to Beijing after a southern inspection tour in 1689

The contents of the national treasury during Kangxi's reign were:

1668 (7th year of Kangxi): 14,930,000 taels

1692: 27,385,631 taels

1702-1709: approximately 50,000,000 taels with little variation during this period

1710: 45,880,000 taels

1718: 44,319,033 taels

1720: 39,317,103 taels

1721 (60th year of Kangxi, second last of his reign): 32,622,421 taels^{[citation needed]}

The reasons for the declining trend in the later years of Kangxi's reign were a huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in corruption.^{[citation needed]} To fix the problem, Kangxi gave Prince Yong (the future Yongzheng Emperor) advice on how to make the economy more efficient.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural achievements[link]

A vase from the early Kangxi period (Musée Guimet)

During his reign, Kangxi ordered the compilation of a dictionary of Chinese characters, which became known as the Kangxi Dictionary. This was seen as an attempt by Kangxi to gain support from the Han Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, as many of them initially refused to serve him and remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty. However, by persuading the scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing imperial court, Kangxi led them to gradually taking on greater responsibilities until they were assuming the duties of state officials.

In 1705, on Kangxi's order, a compilation of Tang poetry, the Quantangshi, was produced.

Kangxi also was interested in Western technology and wanted to import them to China. This was done through Jesuit missionaries, such as Ferdinand Verbiest, whom Kangxi frequently summoned for meetings, or Karel Slavíček, who made the first precise map of Beijing on Kangxi's order.

From 1711 to 1723, Matteo Ripa, an Italian priest sent to China by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Qing court. In 1723, he returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to groom them to become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning of the Collegio dei Cinesi, sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to help the propagation of Christianity in China. This Chinese Institute was the first school of Sinology in Europe, which would later develop to become the Instituto Orientale and the present day Naples Eastern University.

Kangxi was also the first Chinese emperor to play a western musical instrument. He employed Karel Slavíček as court musician. Slavíček was playing Spinet; later Kangxi would play on it himself. He also invented a Chinese calendar.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity[link]

Jesuit astronomers of the Jesuit China missions, with the Kangxi Emperor (Beauvais, 1690-1705)

In the early decades of Kangxi's reign, Jesuits played a large role in the imperial court. With their knowledge of astronomy, they ran the imperial observatory. Jean-François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira served as translators for the negotiations of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Kangxi was grateful to the Jesuits for their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and the innovations they offered his military in gun manufacturing^[5] and artillery, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to conquer the Kingdom of Tungning.^[6]

Kangxi was also fond of the Jesuits' respectful and unobtrusive manner; they spoke the Chinese language well, and wore the silk robes of the elite.^[7] In 1692, when Fr. Thomas Pereira requested tolerance for Christianity, Kangxi was willing to oblige, and issued the Edict of Toleration,^[8] which recognized Catholicism, barred attacks on their churches, and legalized their missions and the practice of Christianity by the Chinese people.^[9]

However, controversy arose over whether Chinese Christians could still take part in traditional Confucian ceremonies and ancestor worship, with the Jesuits arguing for tolerance and the Dominicans taking a hard-line against foreign "idolatry". The Dominican position won the support of Pope Clement XI, who in 1705 sent Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon as his representative to Kangxi, to communicate the ban on Chinese rites.^[5][10] On 19 March 1715, Pope Clement XI issued the papal bull Ex illa die, which officially condemned Chinese rites.^[5]

In response, Kangxi officially forbade Christian missions in China, as they were "causing trouble".^[11]

Disputed succession[link]

The Kangxi Emperor on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a junk

The matter of Kangxi's will is one of the "Four Greatest Mysteries of the Qing Dynasty". To this day, whom Kangxi chose as his successor is still a topic of debate amongst historians: on the face of things, he chose Yinzhen, the fourth prince, who later became the Yongzheng Emperor, and indeed there is strong evidence that this is correct.^{[citation needed]} However many have claimed that Yinzhen forged the will, and that in reality the 14th prince Yinti, had been chosen as the successor.

Kangxi's first spouse, Empress Xiaochengren, gave birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who at the age of two was named crown prince, a Han Chinese custom, to ensure stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although Kangxi left the education of several of his sons to others, he personally oversaw the upbringing of Yinreng, intending to groom him into a perfect heir. Yinreng was tutored by the mandarin Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and spent the later years of his life trying to persuade Kangxi to restore Yinreng as the crown prince.

Yinreng did not prove himself to be worthy of the succession despite his father showing favoritism towards him. He was said to have beaten and killed his subordinates, and was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of his father's concubines, which was deemed as incest and a capital offence. Yinreng also purchased young children from Jiangsu to satisfy his pedophiliac pleasure. In addition, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, gradually formed a "Crown Prince Party" (太子黨), that aimed to help Yinreng get the throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods.

Over the years, Kangxi kept constant watch over Yinreng and became aware of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually deteriorated. In 1707, Kangxi decided that he could no longer tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which he partially mentioned in the imperial edict as "too embarrassing to be spoken of",^{[citation needed]} and decided to strip Yinreng off his position as crown prince. Kangxi placed his oldest surviving son, Yinzhi, in charge of overseeing Yinreng's house arrest. However, Yinzhi attempted to sabotage Yinreng numerous times and requested for his father to order Yinreng's execution. Kangxi was enraged and stripped Yinzhi of his titles. Kangxi advised his subjects to stop debating about the succession issue, and despite attempts to reduce rumours and speculation as to who the new crown prince might be, the imperial court's daily activities were disrupted. Apart from that, Yinzhi's actions also caused Kangxi to suspect that Yinreng might have been framed, hence Kangxi restored Yinreng as crown prince in 1709, with the support of the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse that Yinreng had previously acted under the influence of mental illness.

A turtle-based stele with the Kangxi Emperor's inscription, erected in 1699 at the Nanjing mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor, honouring the founder of the preceding Ming Dynasty as surpassing the founders of the Tang and Song dynasties.^[12]

In 1712, during Kangxi's last inspection tour to the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of state affairs during his father's absence, tried to vie for power again with his supporters. He allowed an attempt at forcing Kangxi to abdicate when his father returned to Beijing. However, Kangxi received news of the planned coup d'etat, and was so angry that he deposed Yinreng and placed him under house arrest again. After the incident, Kangxi announced that he would not appoint any of his sons as crown prince for the remainder of his reign. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, which will only be opened after his death.

Death and succession[link]

Following the deposition of the crown prince, Kangxi implemented groundbreaking changes in the political landscape. The 13th prince, Yinxiang, was placed under house arrest as well for cooperating with Yinreng. The eighth prince Yinsi was stripped off all his titles and only had them restored years later. The 14th prince Yinti, whom many considered to be the most likely candidate to succeed Kangxi, was sent on a military campaign during the political conflict. Yinsi, along with the ninth and tenth princes, Yintang and Yin'e, pledged their support to Yinti.

In the evening of 20 December 1722 before his death, Kangxi called seven of his sons to assemble at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eight, ninth, tenth, 16th and 17th princes. After Kangxi died, Longkodo announced that Kangxi had selected the fourth prince, Yinzhen, as the new emperor. Yinzhen ascended to the throne and became known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Kangxi was entombed at the Eastern Tombs in Zunhua, Hebei.

Personality and achievements[link]

Kangxi was the great consolidator of the Qing Dynasty. The transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the fall of the capital Beijing to the invading Manchus in 1644, and the installation of the five-year-old Shunzhi Emperor on their throne. By 1661, when Shunzhi died and was succeeded by Kangxi, the Qing conquest was almost complete and the leading Manchus were already adopting Chinese ways including Confucian ideology. Kangxi completed the conquest, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the ancient central government system with important modifications.

Kangxi was an inveterate workaholic, rising early and retiring late, reading and responding to numerous memorials every day, conferring with his councillors and giving audiences – and this was in normal times; in wartime, he might be reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or even, as with the Dzungar conflict, away on campaign in person.^[13]

Kangxi devised a system of communication that circumvented the scholar-bureaucrats, who had a tendency to usurp the power of the emperor. This Palace Memorial System involved the transfer of secret messages between him and trusted officials in the provinces, where the messages were contained in locked boxes that only he and the official had access to. This started as a system for receiving uncensored extreme-weather reports, which the emperor regarded as divine comments on his rule. However, it soon evolved into a general-purpose secret "news channel". Out of this emerged a Grand Council, which dealt with extraordinary, especially military, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated Han Chinese household staff. From this council, the mandarin civil servants were excluded – they were left only with routine administration.^[14]

Kangxi managed to seduce the Confucian intelligentsia into co-operating with the Qing government, despite their deep reservations about Manchu rule, by encouraging them to sit the traditional civil service examinations, become mandarins and subsequently to compose lavishly conceived works of literature such the History of Ming, the Kangxi Dictionary, a phrase-dictionary, a vast encyclopedia and an even vaster compilation of Chinese literature. On a personal level, Kangxi was a cultivated man, steeped in Confucian learning.^[15]

In the one military campaign in which he actively participated, against the Dzungar Mongols, Kangxi showed himself an effective military commander. According to Finer, Kangxi's own written reflections allow one to experience "how intimate and caring was his communion with the rank-and-file, how discriminating and yet masterful his relationship with his generals".^[16]

As a result of the scaling down of hostilities as peace returned to China after the Manchu conquest, and also as a result of the ensuing rapid increase of population, land cultivation and therefore tax revenues based on agriculture, Kangxi was able first to make tax remissions, then in 1712 to freeze the land tax and corvée altogether, without embarrassing the state treasury.^[17]

Family[link]

• Father: Shunzhi Emperor
• Mother: Empress Xiaokangzhang (1640–1663). Her family was of Jurchen origin but had lived among the Chinese for generations. It had a Chinese family name, Tong (佟), but converted to the Manchu clan name Tongiya later. She was instated as the Empress Dowager Cihe (慈和皇太后) in 1661 when Kangxi became emperor. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaokangzhang (Chinese: 孝康章皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Nesuken Eldembuhe Hūwanghu).

Consorts[link]

The total number is approximately 64.

1. Empress Xiaochengren (died 1674) from the Heseri clan – married in 1665.
2. Empress Xiaozhaoren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Genggiyen Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Niohuru clan.
3. Empress Xiaoyiren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Fujurangga Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Tunggiya clan.
4. Empress Xiaogongren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Gungnecuke Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Wuya clan.
5. Imperial Noble Consort Que Hui (1668–1743) from the Tunggiya clan, Empress Xiaoyiren's younger sister.
6. Imperial Noble Consort Dun Yi (1683–1768) from the Guwalgiya clan
7. Honored Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min (died 1699) from the Janggiya clan
8. Noble Consort Wen Xi (died 1695) from the Niuhuru clan, Empress Xiaozhaoren's younger sister.
9. Consort Shun Yi Mi (1668–1744) from the Wang clan was Han Chinese from origin.
10. Consort Chun Yu Qin (died 1754) from the Han Chinese Chen clan.
11. Consort Rong (died 1727) from the Magiya clan.
12. Consort Yi (died 1733) from the Gobulo clan.
13. Consort Hui (died 1732) from the Nala clan.
14. Consort Liang (died 1711) from the Wei clan.
15. Consort Cheng (died 1740) from the Daigiya clan.
16. Consort Xuan (died 1736) from the Mongol Borjigit clan.
17. Consort Ding (1661–1757) from the Wanliuha clan.
18. Consort Ping (died 1696) from the Heseri clan, Empress Xiaochengren's younger sister.
19. Consort Hui (died 1670) from the Borjigit clan.

Sons[link]

Having the longest reign in Chinese history, Kangxi also has the most children of all Qing emperors. He had officially 24 sons and 12 daughters. The actual number is higher, as most of his children died from illness.

• Notes: (1) The order by which the princes were referred to and recorded on official documents were dictated by the number they were assigned by the order of birth. This order was unofficial until 1677, when Kangxi decreed that all of his male descendants must adhere to a "generation code" as their middle character (see Chinese name). As a result of the new system, the former order was abolished, with Yinzhi, Prince Zhi becoming the First Prince, thus the current numerical order. (2) All of Kangxi's sons changed their names upon Yongzheng's accession in 1722 by modifying the first character from "胤" (yin) to "允" (yun) to avoid the nominal taboo of the emperor. Yinxiang was posthumously allowed to change his name back to Yinxiang. Yongzheng forced his two brothers to rename themselves, but his successor restored their names. There have been many studies on their meanings.^[18][19]

Daughters[link]

Popular culture[link]

Fiction[link]

• Kangxi Dadi (康熙大帝; literally: The Great Kangxi Emperor): a historical fiction novel by Er Yuehe, featuring a romanticized version of Kangxi's biography

• The Deer and the Cauldron (鹿鼎記): a wuxia novel by Louis Cha. In the story, by coincidence, Kangxi and the protagonist, Wei Xiaobao, become close friends since childhood. Wei helps the emperor consolidate power and strengthen his rule over the empire, playing an important role in affecting how the historical events during Kangxi's reign unfold.

• Qijian Xia Tianshan (七劍下天山; literally: Seven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven): a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng. In the story, Kangxi discovers that his father, the Shunzhi Emperor, has become a monk in a monastery on Mount Wutai. He orders a close aide to kill his father in order to consolidate power, and attempts to erase evidence of the murder later.

Film and television[link]

• Kangxi Dynasty (康熙王朝): a 2001 television series adaption of the above mentioned novel by Er Yuehe. Chen Daoming starred as Kangxi.

• Secret History of Kangxi (康熙秘史): fourth installment in a series of four television dramas about the early history of the Qing Dynasty. Xia Yu starred as Kangxi.

• Kangxi Weifu Sifang Ji (康熙微服私訪記; literally: Kangxi's Inspection Tours in Civilian Attire): a long-running television drama about Kangxi's inspection tours. During some of his tours, Kangxi dressed like an ordinary civilian to conceal his identity so that he can blend in with the commoners and understand their daily lives better. Zhang Guoli starred as Kangxi.

• The Life and Times of a Sentinel (紫禁驚雷): TVB series about Kangxi's brother's attempt to overthrow him.

• Palace (宫): a 2011 television drama set during Kangxi's rule. A girl from the 21st century accidentally travels through time and ends up in the 1700s, in the Forbidden City, shortly before Kangxi strips the crown prince Yinreng of his position.

• Scarlet Heart (步步惊心): another 2011 television drama set during Kangxi's rule. A girl from the 21st century accidentally travels through time and ends up in the 1700s, in the Forbidden City, way before Kangxi strips the crown prince Yinreng of his position.

Video games[link]

• Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties: Kangxi is featured as the Chinese leader in this real-time strategy game.

Notes[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2009)

1. ^ Schirokauer, Conrad (2006). A Brief History of Chinese Civilization, Thompson Wadswoth, pp. 234-235
2. ^ He can be viewed as the fourth emperor of the dynasty, depending on whether the dynasty's founder, Nurhaci, who used the title of Khan but was posthumously given imperial title, is to be treated as an emperor or not
3. ^ ^{a b} Bennet Peterson. p. 328. 
4. ^ SarDesai, D. R. (1988). Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation, p. 38
5. ^ ^{a b c} Mantienne, p. 180
6. '^ Les Missions Etrangeres, p. 83
7. ^ Manteigne, p. 178
8. ^ "In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomás Pereira, S.J. (1645-1708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Mission in China", An International Symposium in Commemoration of the 3rd Centenary of the death of Tomás Pereira, S.J., Lisbon, Portugal and Macau, China, 2008, http://www.viadeo.com/hub/affichefil/?hubId=0021blweg7pn3crr&forumId=002hj6ldao5cz20&threadId=00226fi31xx53g5d 
9. ^ Neill, S. (1964). A History of Christian Missions, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 189-l90
10. ^ Aldridge, Alfred Owen, Masayuki Akiyama, Yiu-Nam Leung. Crosscurrents in the Literatures of Asia and the West, p. 54 [1]
11. ^ Li, Dan J., trans. (1969). China in Transition, 1517-1911, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, p. 22
12. ^ 明孝陵两大“碑石之谜”被破解 (Solving the two great riddles of the Ming Xiaoling's stone tablets). People's Daily, 13 June 2003. Quote regarding the Kangxi's stele text and its meaning: "清朝皇帝躬祀明朝皇帝 ... 禦書“治隆唐宋”（意思是讚揚朱元璋的功績超過了唐太宗李世民、宋高祖趙匡胤）"
13. ^ Finer (1997), pp. 1134-5
14. ^ Finer (1997), pp. 1135-40
15. ^ Finer (1997), pp. 1140-1
16. ^ Finer (1997), p. 1142
17. ^ Finer (1997), pp. 1156-7
18. ^ 章曉文、陳捷先 (2001). 雍正寫真. 遠流出版公司
19. ^ 史松 (2009). 雍正研究/满族清代历史文化研究文库. 辽宁民族出版社

References[link]

• Finer, S. E. (1997). The History of Government from the Earliest Times. ISBN 0-19-822904-6 (three-volume set, hardback)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kangxi Emperor

Sources[link]

• Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 
• Spence, Jonathan (1974). Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi, Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-00940-0

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Lin Jun Jie 林俊傑
JJ Lin
Chinese name	林俊傑 (Traditional)
Chinese name	林俊杰 (Simplified)
Pinyin	Lín Jùnjié (Mandarin)
Origin	Singapore
Born	(1981-03-27) 27 March 1981 (age 31) Singapore
Other name(s)	Wayne Lin
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, composer, and actor
Genre(s)	Mandopop, R&B
Instrument(s)	Piano, drums, guitar
Label(s)	Ocean Butterflies (2003–2011) Warner Music Taiwan (2011–present)
Years active	2003–present
Official Website	JJ Lin official homepage
Awards Golden Melody Awards Best New Artist 2004 Music Voyager

JJ Lin (traditional Chinese: 林俊傑; simplified Chinese: 林俊杰; pinyin: Lin Jun Jie) is a Singaporean Mandopop Singer-songwriter, Composer and Actor based in Taiwan. JJ Lin was managed by Ocean Butterflies from 2003 to 2011^[1] . JJ is presently managed by Warner Music Taiwan^[2]. Lin won Best New Artist for his work on his debut album Music Voyager at the 15th Golden Melody Awards in 2004.^[3]

Biography[link]

Lin was born in Singapore and graduated from Anglo-Chinese School and Saint Andrew's Junior College before joining the Singapore Armed Forces.

He is of overseas Chinese descent. In addition to English, Mandarin and Hokkien, he is also able to speak Cantonese and has released several cover versions of his songs in Cantonese. He came to musical prominence and success in the Greater China region. In Taiwan, he was awarded the "Best New Artist" award in the Taiwan Golden Melody Awards.^[4]

Signed to Ocean Butterflies, he has written songs for various artists, notably "Remember" (記得 Jì Dé) for Taiwanese singer A-Mei, fellow label mate A-Do's "Let Go" (放手 Fàng Shǒu), Harlem Yu's "What's Wrong With You?" (幹嘛你看不爽我 Gàn Má Nǐ Kàn Bù Shuǎng Wǒ), Comic Boyz's "Heart of Superman" (超人心 Chāo Rén Xīn) and other songs. He writes all the melodies for all of his albums.

Back in Singapore, he was selected to perform the remixed version of "Home", the theme song of the National Day Parade in 2004. Lin's has sold 1 million copies in less than a week and is extremely successful throughout Asia.

Lin has appeared in various advertisements for companies such as Sprite, Lays and Cornetto Royale.

He is also the tourist ambassador for Singapore. Part of his work schedule involves him traveling around Asia making Singapore known as well as promoting his own works.

He was also involved in an anti-drugs events as an ambassador, in Taiwan 反毒大使 (The Anti-drug Ambassador). The theme song for this event is "Baby Baby", which is from his album, West Side (西界 Xī Jiè).

In July 2007, he broke a Guinness record by signing 3,052 CDs in 2 hours and 30 minutes. During the signing, he was not allowed to drink or eat. The average time for him to sign a CD was 2.7 seconds.

In May 2008, he performed at the CCTV charity event The Giving of Love, dedicated to helping victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Lin also donated a large sum of money to the rescue efforts and composed a song "Love and Hope" (愛與希望 Aì Yǚ Xī Wàng) commemorating the tragedy.

In Oct 2008, his sixth album, Sixology (陸 Liù) was released. 280,000 copies of the album were sold in seven days.

His own fashion line, SMUDGE,^[5] was opened in Singapore during 2008 Christmas with an unofficial launch. The store's official launch was on 13 March 2009.

In May 2009, Lin won three awards at the 14th annual Composers and Authors Society of Singapore (Compass) Awards Presentations,^[6] a ceremony that honors performers in the music scene. It was held at the Raffles City Convention Centre, Singapore. He was honored with the Top Local Artiste of the Year award, which is given out to Singaporean artistes who generated the highest royalty earnings for the year. In that same year, Lin won the Singapore Youth Award.^[7]

In May 2010, Lin performed in America for the first time at the Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Concert Tour (APAHM).^[8]

In June 2010, Lin performed together with the American singer, Sean Kingston at the opening concert of the Marina Bay Sands to thousands of invited VIPs guests. But both were absent at the inaugural YOG Opening Ceremony.

Lin's latest album, Lost N Found (學不會) is confirmed to be released on 31 December 2011, right before the end of the year. A preview of his 9th album will be on 12 December 2011 on various Chinese internet radio channels. ^[9]

Filmography[link]

• Hanazakarino Kimitachihe (GTV, 2006) Lin acts as Ella's brother, an intelligent young man majoring in cardiology at Harvard University.
• Lin does the voice-over for the dragon prince, Draco, in Singaporean animation Legend of the Sea.
• Lin stars in the 13-episode drama "So I'm Not Handsome" 原來我不帥. The plot is actually derived from a novel. Lin plays the role of a vain young man who is constantly praised for his looks by his parents, classmates, and pretty much everybody in his village. However, the truth about his looks is soon revealed to him when his good friends in college tell him that he is not good-looking at all. His friends featuring Fang Wei Kang (Michael Zhang) and Si Si (Nicky Lee). The ending song to each of the episodes was also Lin's well known Anticipating Your Love (期待你的愛 Qí Dài Nǐ De Ài). Lin admitted to feeling self-conscious during filming, having constantly looked in the mirror to tidy himself up only to be stopped by the director, who wanted Lin to be messy and in character.

Discography[link]

Lin Jun Jie has released 9 studio albums, 1 compilation album and 3 World Tour DVDs since his debut in 2003. He has released one album per year since his debut.

Studio album[link]

Compilation album[link]

DVD[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

World Tour[link]

Just JJ World Tour - 2006

• 10 June 2006 - Shanghai, People's Republic of China
• 24 June 2006 - Singapore
• 1 July 2006 - Genting Highlands, Malaysia
• 16 September 2006 - Wuhan, People's Republic of China
• 30 September 2006 - Tianjin, People's Republic of China
• 29 December 2006 - Taipei, Taiwan

Just JJ World Tour - 2007/8

• 14 October 2007 - Shanghai, People's Republic of China
• 28 March 2009- Singapore
• 20 June 2009 - Beijing, People's Republic of China

On 24 April 2010, he held his first concert in Australia in Melbourne, Victoria at the Melbourne Convention Centre.

"I AM" JJ Lin World Tour - 2010/11

1. 21 August - Beijing, China
2. 28 August - Shanghai, China
3. 17 September - Cheng Du, China
4. 25 September - Guang Zhou, China
5. 15 October - Chang Sha, China
6. 6 November - Wu Han, China
7. 13 November - Nan Jing, China
8. 12 December - Kung Ming, China
9. 5 March - Singapore
10. 1&2 April - Taipei Arena, Taiwan
11. Malaysia (unconfirmed)

US APAHM Tour, USA - 2010

1. 26 May - Washington DC - GW Lisner Auditorium
2. 27 May - San Francisco at Palace of Fine Arts
3. 29 May - Los Angeles Concert at Club Nokia

On 26 December 2010 he celebrated Christmas Day in US regarding to his concert in Jersey called "Atlantic City Christmas Show (US)"at 1AM

Brand of himself[link]

SMUDGE(Still Moving Under Gunfire)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: JJ Lin

• JFJ PRODUCTIONS
• JJ Lin Jun Jie's Official Website
• JJ Hundred Days
• JJ Lin on Twitter
• JJ Federation Overseas (JJFO)
• JJ Facebook Official Page - JJ Federation

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Stefanie Sun
Rehearsal at Kenting Peninsula Music Carnival, Taiwan (2010)
Chinese name	孫燕姿 (Traditional)
Chinese name	孙燕姿 (Simplified)
Pinyin	Sūn Yànzī (Mandarin)
Birth name	Sng Ee Tze
Ancestry	South China
Origin	Singapore
Born	(1978-07-23) 23 July 1978 (age 33) Singapore
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Genre(s)	Mandopop
Label(s)	Wonderful Music (2011–present) Capitol Music (2006–2008) Warner Music Taiwan (2000–2006)
Years active	2000–present
Associated acts	see Collaborations
Spouse(s)	Nadim Van Der Ros (m. 2011) «start: (2011-03-31)»"Marriage: Nadim Van Der Ros to Stefanie Sun" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Stefanie_Sun)
Official Website	Stefanie Sun's blog
Awards Golden Melody Awards Best Mandarin Female Singer 2005 Stefanie Best Newcomer 2001 Yan Zi MTV Asia Awards Favorite Artist, Singapore 2002-2005, 2008

Stefanie Sun (traditional Chinese: 孫燕姿; simplified Chinese: 孙燕姿; pinyin: Sūn Yan Zī), born Sng Ee Tze on 23 July 1978, and known to fans as 13姐 ("13th sister"), is a Singaporean singer-songwriter. She has sold over 30 million copies of her albums during the span of her career thus far.^[1] She does the majority of her recording and conducts most of her publicity events in Taiwan, which comprises her largest audience. She also visits mainland China, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore frequently for promotional rounds.

Biography[link]

Stefanie Sun has an older sister three years her senior Sng Yee-kia (simplified Chinese: 孙燕佳; traditional Chinese: 孫燕佳; pinyin: Sūn Yànjiā), and a younger sister six years her junior named Sng Ee-mei (simplified Chinese: 孙燕美; traditional Chinese: 孫燕美; pinyin: Sūn Yànměi).

Sun was educated at Nanyang Primary School, St. Margaret's Secondary School, Raffles Girls' School and went on to attend Saint Andrew's Junior College. She later attended Nanyang Technological University, where she obtained a degree in Marketing. Her voice talent was discovered by her music teacher Lee Wei Song.

In the Mandarin-speaking world, Sun is more popularly known by her Mandarin name, Sun Yan Zi or Sun Yanzi. Sun has sold over 10 million copies in Asia. With eleven albums to her name, she is arguably the most successful singer from Singapore, second to Kit Chan.^[1] Stefanie Sun is also known to be good friends with fellow Pop Princess of Taiwan, Jolin Tsai. They are often performing guests at each other's concerts.

On 8 May 2011, Stefanie Sun married Nadim Van Der Ros, 34, a Dutch-Indonesian and senior executive at Aviva. They had met through a mutual friend and dated for five years, but their relationship was revealed only when she was spotted supporting him at Aviva Singapore's Ironman Triathlon in 2009. They had earlier secretly registered their marriage on 31 March 2011.^[2][3][4]

Languages[link]

Most of her songs are sung in Mandarin Chinese, with a few in English. Sun's ability to speak various dialects is reflected in the songs she sings. io['uj In the song "Cloudy Day" (天黑黑), she sings in both Mandarin and Hokkien. It is an adaptation of a traditional Hokkien folk song that included the first six words in the original Hokkien- Thiⁿ-bo͘ho͘h, beh bo̍hō͘ - in the chorus.^[5]

The album Start contains 6 songs in English: covers of "Venus", "That I Will Be Good", "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough", "Silent All These Years", and "Hey Jude"; and the original song "Someone".

Music career[link]

2000–2002[link]

Her first album was released in June 2000, the self-titled Yan Zi (孙燕姿), published by Warner Music. "Yan Zi" album sold over 560 000 copies alone in Taiwan, and 3.8 million copies in Asia. This was a major success for Sun and the record company as a newcomer. This was followed in December of the same year as My Desired Happiness (我要的幸福), which sold over 800 000 copies in Taiwan alone, and 4 million copies in Asia.

Her third album was released in Early 2001, titled "Kite" (風筝). This album had sold successfully with 900 000 copies in Taiwan; also over 4.1 million copies in Asia.^[6]

January 2002 saw the release of Start (自選集), a collection of songs, many of which are cover versions. "Start" sold over 500 000 copies in Taiwan alone, and it also reached high commercial success in Asia with 3.5 million copies sold.

In 2002 and 2003 Sun sang the official theme songs for Singapore's National Day Parade: "We Will Get There" (一起走到) and "One United People" (全心全意). The former was included on the album Leave. Leave sold over 400 000 copies in Taiwan and 3.3 million copies in Asia.

2003–2006[link]

In early 2003, she released her sixth album titled, "To Be Continued..." which was also met with commercial success. It managed to sell over 300 000 copies in Taiwan and over 2.8 million copies in Asia. Few months later, she released her seventh album, her first compilation album, with six new songs and fifteen of her old songs; the album sold over 900 000 copies in Taiwan alone, and 4.3 million copies in Asia. By the end of 2003, Stefanie Sun had sold almost 26 million copies in Asia with just seven albums.

In late 2003, she decided to take a one-year hiatus from making music, believing that she needs to recover her lost sense of direction in her career. She returned in late 2004 with a new album titled Stefanie, intended to be a mirror of her debut album (self-titled as well, but in Chinese). This was to symbolise her return with a fresh attitude. This album was well received by the critics in the Chinese music industry. This album sold over 4 million copies in Asia; making it one of the most successful album from her.^{[citation needed]}

She also started her own artiste management company, Make Music, during this sabbatical.^[7]

A Perfect Day was released on 2005, almost one year later. Reviews of this new album have been mixed, but Sun had mentioned before that her priority is to make quality music, instead of over-commercialized products that sell well but have a lower level of artistic quality. Though this album did not reach the best commercial success, it had still managed to sell over 300 000 copies in Taiwan and 2.8 million copies in Asia.^{[citation needed]}

In 2006, Sun was in the midst of a regional concert tour. She has staged four full-house concerts at the renowned Hong Kong Coliseum. The performances have received positive reviews from the media as well as overwhelming support from fans. Sun also returned to Singapore in a much-anticipated homecoming concert. Yet, not all is smooth-sailing for her. At the Golden Melody Award 2006 in Taiwan, whilst performing renditions of other male singers' songs, she went off-key and was heavily lambasted in the Chinese pop media, which reported that she has shattered her image of a pop diva with great singing skills. She attributed it to factors like not enough rest due to the incident at the airport and inadequate time for sufficient practice with a concert in Mainland China on the day right before the ceremony etc.^{[citation needed]} She re-did the songs again at her concert at Taipei one month later to show her true skills and received very positive reviews for the rendition and the concert itself as well.

2007–2010[link]

Sun's first album under the Capitol brand is entitled Against The Light (逆光) and has been released on 22 March 2007. Her decision to leave Warner after 9 albums was partly due to music executive Sam Chen, who now works at EMI. He had collaborated with Sun on 8 of her 9 albums.

On 26 February 2007, Stefanie Sun returned from Cairo where she and her team were extorted by suspected local gangsters. Sun was in Egypt to shoot a music video for her new album. Two men disguised as government officials followed her and the crew and asked for money—at one point even showing a handgun. The crew tried calling the police, only for the two crooks to dismiss them with just a few words. The crew had to hand over a total of over 200,000 yuan in order to continue shooting. The extortion went on for four days. Finally, Sun and her team were able to leave the country with the help of the Singapore embassy. Upon returning home, the pop diva said nothing except that she was tired and needed some rest.^[8][9]

Stefanie Sun's 10th album, Against The Light, has been a major success in Asia. In Taiwan, it sold over 60,000 copies in the first 3 days it was released. In addition, over 500,000 copies were sold within a week in Mainland China.

In 2007, Stefanie Sun sang the official theme song for ASEAN's 40th anniversary celebrations: Rise Again.^[10]

In May 2009, Stefanie Sun starts her new world tour "The Answer is..." with her first stop being Taiwan. In this world tour, she works with William Chang, her concert image consultant. She also sang her new song "愚人的國度". Stefanie Sun has no artist management deal currently.

In November 2009, Stefanie Sun sings the theme song "木蘭情" for the featured film version of Mulan.

In May 2010, Stefanie Sun released the single "Every Touching Moment" for Shanghai Expo 2010 with Tanya Chua, JJ Lin and A-do.

2011–present[link]

On March 8, 2011, Stefanie Sun launched her comeback with a new album, named "It's Time" (是时候). It had been four years since her last album.^[11] HMV and CD Rama in various locations in Singapore have reportedly sold out her first batch of CDs. However it had been reported that HMV charged an extra $5 for the CDs. Despite the hike in price it still remains top on the chart for 3 consecutive weeks since the release of the album.

Collaborations[link]

Sun collaborated with Japanese singer Mai Kuraki on the last track of Sun's album To Be Continued..., "My Story, Your Song". They collaborated again on Mai Kuraki's If I Believe album, released in July 2003, with the song, "Tonight, I Feel Close To You".

Sun also sang with fellow Singaporean singer, Tanya Chua, the song "Original Point (simplified Chinese: 原点; traditional Chinese: 原點; pinyin: yuándiǎn)" in Tanya's album, "Amphibian".

In the song "First Day", from the album A Perfect Day, she sings with the popular Taiwanese musicians MayDay (Chinese: 五月天; pinyin: Wǔyuè tiān) and F.I.R., forming a one time band called First Day (same as the title of the song they sing), with FIR coming from F.I.R., ST coming from the first two letters in Sun Yan Zi's English name Stefanie and Day coming from MayDay. Sun had previously worked with MayDay on a song from their album "Time Machine".

She collaborated with singers Wang Leehom, Jane Zhang, and Wang Feng to record the theme song of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: Light the Passion, Share the Dream (simplified Chinese: 点燃激情，传递梦想; traditional Chinese: 點燃激情，傳遞夢想; pinyin: diǎnrán jīqíng，chuándì mèngxiǎng).

Discography[link]

Studio[link]

Cover album[link]

Live album[link]

Compilation album[link]

Awards and accolades[link]

Sun is regarded as one of the most accomplished local artists in her native homeland, Singapore, partly linked with her central role in two National Day theme songs.

She has won over 33 awards and other accolades for her music in the course of her career in Singapore, Taiwan, mainland China and Hong Kong.

Music related[link]

Non music related[link]

• NTU outstanding young alumni award in 2005.^[13]
• Her World Young Woman Achiever Award in 2001.^[14]
• Singapore Youth Award (Arts and Culture) in 2007 for her outstanding achievements in the music scene, and her contributions to the local and international community.^[15]
• Business China Young Achiever Award in 2011 for her recognised bilingual and bicultural role model for the young.^[16][17]

Movie[link]

She has just recently taken an offer to guest star in the movie "12 Lotus" (12莲花). She will be acting as Guan Yin, who sings hokkien songs and reads a poem in Hokkien as well.

In November 2009, Sun participated in the film Mu Lan by singing the theme song for the movie.

In 2007 her song Green Light was heard several times in the movie "Two Tigers".

Vocal teacher[link]

Stefanie's vocal teacher, Nicole Lai passed away on 6 September 2008. Both are also very good friends. Stefanie gave her a nickname Niguolai (你过来) that sounds like Nicole Lai. One of Nicole's wishes in life is to have a CD album of her own. After her death, Stefanie sponsored Nicole's CD album with the Mandarin song 'Freedom' that was both written and sung by Nicole Lai. Singapore's leading English newspaper publication Straits Times on 26 September 2008 reported news of Stefanie's sponsorship of Nicole's CD album.^[18][19]

World AIDS Day 2008 Concert[link]

Stefanie Sun performed in the Love Amplified Concert, a concert held in Singapore to commemorate World AIDS Day 2008. The concert was held at Fort Canning Park, Singapore on 29 November 2008.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stefanie Sun

• 百度孙燕姿吧 (Chinese)
• 孙燕姿 Pixnet blog
• Official EMI site
• Stefanie Sun's Songs
• 孫燕姿全球互動網 (Chinese)
• Stefanie Sun Yanzi Fans league(P.R.C) 燕窝-孙燕姿全国歌迷联盟 (Chinese)
• Stefanie Fans Club China SunyanziCC.Net: 姿迷城市 (Chinese)