Throngs before the Imperial Palace in Japan awaiting the appearance of the Crown Prince Hirohito for the recent proclamation of his official recognition as the heir apparent to the Japanese Imperial Throne -- New York Times, 1916.

A crown prince or crown princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess.

The term is now borne as a title only in Thailand and the Scandinavian monarchies;^{[citation needed]} but it may also be used generically to refer to the person or position of the heir apparent in other kingdoms. However, heirs apparent to non-imperial and non-royal monarchies (i.e., wherein the hereditary sovereign holds a title below that of king/queen, e.g., grand duke or prince), crown prince is not used as a title, although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent.

In Europe, where primogeniture governs succession to all monarchies except those of the Papacy and Andorra, the eldest son (Spain and United Kingdom) or eldest child (Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden) of the current monarch fills the role of crown prince or princess, depending upon whether females of the dynasty enjoy personal succession rights. The eldest living child of a monarch is sometimes not the heir apparent or crown prince, because that position can be held by a descendant of a deceased older child who, by "right of representation", inherits the same place in the line of succession that would be held by the ancestor if he or she were still living (e.g., Carl Gustaf, Duke of Jämtland, was de facto Crown Prince of Sweden from 1950 to 1973, as the senior grandson by male primogeniture of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, although the former Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland, was Gustaf VI's eldest living son, and Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, his eldest living dynastic son during those years).

In some monarchies, those of the Middle East for example, in which primogeniture is not the decisive factor in dynastic succession, a person may not possess the title or status of crown prince by right of birth, but may obtain (and lose) it as a result of an official designation made on some other legal or traditional basis, e.g., former Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan.

Compare heir apparent and heir presumptive. In Scandinavian kingdoms, the heir presumptive to the crown holds a different title than the heir apparent; Hereditary Prince (German: Erbprinz, French: prince héréditaire). That is also the title borne by the heirs apparent of Luxembourg and Liechtenstein, and by the heir or heiress presumptive of Monaco. In the Germanic monarchies abolished in 1918, hereditary prince, rather than crown prince, was also the title borne by the heirs apparent of the kingdoms of Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony and Württemberg, as well as those of grand duchies, of sovereign duchies and principalities, and of mediatized princely families.

Christian/Western traditional titles[link]

Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia

Many monarchies use or did use unique titles for their heirs apparent, often of historical origin:

• Dauphin (Kingdom of France); originally not unique but an alternative comital title in chief of the Dauphiné region
• Prince Royal (Kingdom of France, monarchy of 1789-91; and July Monarchy)
• Diadoch (Kingdom of Greece); translated as Crown Prince but literally successor (see also below)
• Prince Imperial (Empire of Brazil, Second French Empire, and Empire of Mexico)
• Rex iunior (Kingdom of Hungary); i.e., "Junior King", so called because he was crowned during the life of the incumbent (often his father)
• Tsesarevich (Imperial Russia); commonly but mistakenly confused with Tsarevich
• Prince Royal of Portugal (Príncipe Real de Portugal e dos Algarves) (Kingdom of Portugal); for the heir presumptive since 1815)
• Duke of Braganza (Kingdom of Portugal); when the House of Braganza inherited the throne (1640), this title passed to the royal heir and was used together with Prince of Brazil (until 1815), and Prince Royal of Portugal (after 1815)
  • Duke of Barcelos (Kingdom of Portugal); used in conjunction with Duke of Braganza by royal heirs of the House of Braganza
• Duke of Cornwall (former Kingdom of England); by letters patent of creation, the automatic title of the eldest son of the monarch, unlike the title Prince of Wales, which is bestowed by the monarch. Should the eldest son predecease his parent then the title does not transfer to the next in line to the throne, but reverts to the Crown. The title Prince of Wales can be bestowed by the monarch on somebody other than the eldest son, such as George II, who bestowed it on his grandson, later George III.
• Duke of Rothesay (former Kingdom of Scotland); now used in lieu of Prince of Wales
• Prince of Asturias, Kingdom of Spain; from the former Kingdom of Castile, retained as principal title after unification with Aragon and, later, Navarre
  • Prince of Gerona (former Crown of Aragon); this title was always used in conjunction with other three titles for the heir of the Crown of Aragon crown: Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, Lord of Balaguer; now the four titles are used in conjunction with Prince of Asturias.
  • Prince of Viana (former Kingdom of Navarre); now used in conjunction with Prince of Asturias

Some monarchies have used (although not always de jure) a territorial title for heirs apparent which, though often perceived as a crown princely title, is not automatically hereditary. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld.

Current and past titles in this category include:

• Duke of Brabant (Kingdom of Belgium); does not automatically descend by primogeniture, e.g., never held by Albert, Prince of Liège after his childless brother became king
• Duke of Estonia and Laland (Denmark; during, at least, reigns of Christopher II and Valdemar IV)
• HH the Crown Prince (Kuwait)
• Prince of Norway (Denmark-Norway); in 15th-19th centuries
• Prince of Orange (Netherlands)
• Prince of Wales (England, Great Britain, United Kingdom)
• King of the Romans (Holy Roman Empire) - an elective, rather than an inherited title, for the designated successor - usually the son, but sometimes the brother - of the Emperor
• Prince of Grão-Para (title of the eldest son of the Brazilian heir)
• King of Rome (First French Empire)
• Duke of Sparta, Kingdom of Greece; used briefly, within Greece, only by Prince Constantine, during reign of his father King George I
• Prince of Piedmont (title of the eldest son of the King of Sardinia, and then of the King of Italy, when it was alternated with Prince of Naples)
• Prince of Brazil (title of the Portuguese heir from 1645 to 1815)
• Prince of Beira (title of the eldest son of the Portuguese heir)
• Duke of Scania (Sweden during the time when Magnus IV of Sweden also was King of Terra Scania)
• Prince of Ani (Kingdom of West Armenia)
• Prince of Turnovo (Kingdom of Bulgaria)
• Prince of Alba Julia (Kingdom of Romania)
• Grand Duke of Grahavo (Kingdom of Montenegro)
• Prince of Venice (see Prince Eugène de Beauharnais); for the heir presumptive to Napoleon I in his Kingdom of Italy
• Duke of Calabria (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)

Other specific traditions[link]

Islamic cultures:

• In Egypt, Prince of the Sa'id, meaning Prince of Upper Egypt
• In Persia, Qajar dynasty, the full style was Vala Hazrat-i-Humayun Vali Ahad, Shahzada (given name) Mirza, i.e. His August Imperial Highness the Heir Apparent, Prince ...;
• the above component vali ahad meaning 'successor by virtue of a covenant' (or various forms and etymological derivations) was adopted by many oriental monarchies, even some non-Muslim, e.g. Walet as alternative title for the Nepali (Hindu) royal heir apparent; first used Crown Prince Trailokya in the middle of the nineteenth century, taken from the Mughal title 'Vali Ahad'

Hindu tradition (Indian subcontinent):

• Yuvaraja was part of the full title in many princely states of India, e.g.
  • in Jammu & Kashmir, the heir apparent was styled Maharaj Kumar Shri Yuvaraj (personal name) Singhji Bahadur
• Tika
• Nepal, where the King was styled Maharajadhiraja:
  • the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajadhiraj ('Young King of Kings', i.e. Crown Prince) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva;
  • the eldest son of the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Nava Yuvaraj ('Young Crown Prince') (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva

East Asian traditions:

• The cognates of Chinese Chinese Huang Taizi (皇太子, "Great Imperial Son"): Japanese Kōtaishi, Korean Hwangtaeja (황태자), Vietnamese Hoàng Thái Tử -- if a son of the reigning emperor. In case the heir is a grandson, the title Huang Taisun (皇太孫), Kōtaison, Hwangtaeson (황태손), and Hoàng Thái Tôn, literally "Great Imperial Grandson", are used
• During the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, the crown prince was referred as Dong-gung(동궁, 東宮) due to the location of his residence from the main palace; or wangseja (王世子 왕세자). He was not necessarily the first born son, wonja (元子 원자).

Southeast Asian traditions:

• Siam Makutrajakuman (สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร) in Thailand since 1886.
• Krom Phrarajawangboworn Sathanmongkol or Phra Maha Uparaja or commonly called Wang Na (or Front Palace) in Thailand prior to 1886.
• Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom in Yogyakarta sultanate and Surakarta, Indonesia.
• Raja Muda or Tengku Mahkota in the Malay sultanates of Malaysia.
• Pengiran Muda Mahkota in Brunei

Equivalents in other cultures:

• Jaguar Prince (Mesoamerica)
• Ka Haku O Hawaiʻi or

See also[link]

• Caesar (title) (since the tetrarchy) and Consors imperii
• Princeps iuventutis
• Prince of the blood
• "Crown Prince Party" of the People's Republic of China
• List of heirs apparent

Sources and references[link]

• RoyalArk- see each present country
• Heraldica.org- here napoleonic section

Rudolf
Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia
Spouse	Princess Stéphanie of Belgium
Issue
Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria
House	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Franz Joseph I of Austria
Mother	Elisabeth of Bavaria
Born	21 August 1858 Laxenburg, Austrian Empire
Died	30 January 1889(1889-01-30) (aged 30) Mayerling, Austria-Hungary
Burial	Imperial Crypt, Vienna

Rudolf (21 August 1858 – 30 January 1889), archduke of Austria and crown prince of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, was the son and heir-apparent of Franz Joseph I, emperor of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, and his wife and empress, Elisabeth. His death, apparently through suicide, along with that of his mistress, Baroness Mary Vetsera, at his Mayerling hunting lodge in 1889 made international headlines, fueled international conspiracy rumours and ultimately may have sealed the long-term fate of the Habsburg monarchy.^{[citation needed]}

Background[link]

The young crown prince Rudolf during his adolescence

Archduke Rudolf Franz Karl Joseph (later Crown Prince) was born on 21 August 1858 in Schloss Laxenburg,^[1] a castle near Vienna, as the son of Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth. Influenced by his tutor Ferdinand von Hochstetter (who later became the first manager of the Imperial Natural History Museum), Rudolf became very interested in natural sciences, starting a mineral collection at a very early age.^[1] (After his death, large portions of his mineral collection came into the possession of the University for Agriculture in Vienna.^[1]).

Crown Prince Rudolf was raised together with his older sister Gisela by their paternal grandmother Archduchess Sophie. His parents' oldest child, a daughter named Sophie, died at the age of two before Rudolf was born, while younger sister Marie-Valerie was born ten years after Rudolf. Hence, Gisela and Rudolf grew up together and were very close. At the age of six, he was separated from his sister as he began his education to become a future Emperor. This did not change their relationship and Gisela remained close to him until she left Vienna upon her marriage to Prince Leopold of Bavaria. The siblings' parting was said to be very emotional.^{[citation needed]}

In contrast with his deeply conservative father, Crown Prince Rudolf held distinctively liberal views that were closer to those of his mother.^{[citation needed]}

Nevertheless his relationship with her was strained and contained little warmth.^{[citation needed]} Rudolf even wrote critical pamphlets in a left wing liberal newspaper using a pseudonym. Later his daughter became known as "The Red Princess".^{[citation needed]}

Marriage[link]

Official engagement photo of Crown Prince Rudolf and Princess Stéphanie of Belgium (1881)

In Vienna, on 10 May 1881, he married Princess Stéphanie of Belgium, a daughter of King Leopold II of the Belgians, in a state wedding at the Augustinian's Church in Vienna.^{[citation needed]} Rudolf appeared to be genuinely in love,^{[citation needed]} but his mother regarded her new daughter-in-law as a "clumsy oaf."^{[citation needed]}

By the time their only child, the Archduchess Elisabeth, was born on 2 September 1883, the couple had drifted apart, and he found solace in drink and other female companionship.^{[citation needed]}

Affairs and suicide[link]

Mayerling lodge as it appeared when the crown prince killed himself there (before 1889)

The crown prince lying-in-state. His head had to be bandaged in order to cover the self-inflicted gunshot wounds.

Crown Prince Rudolf (right) lies entombed next to his parents in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.

Statue in memory of the crown prince in the City Park of Budapest

In 1887, Rudolf bought Mayerling and transformed it into a hunting lodge. In late 1888, the 30-year-old crown prince met the 17-year-old Baroness Marie Vetsera, known by the more fashionable Anglophile name Mary and began an affair with her.^{[citation needed]}

According to official reports the deaths were a result of Franz Joseph's demand that the couple end the relationship: the Crown Prince, as part of a suicide pact, first shot his mistress in the head and then himself. Rudolf was officially declared to have been in a state of "mental unbalance" in order to enable burial in the Imperial Crypt (Kapuzinergruft) of the Capuchin Church in Vienna. Mary's body was smuggled out of Mayerling in the middle of the night and secretly buried in the village cemetery at Heiligenkreuz.^{[citation needed]}

After the deaths, the Emperor had Mayerling converted into a penitential convent of Carmelite nuns. Today prayers are still said daily by the nuns for the repose of Rudolf's soul.^{[citation needed]}

Impact of Rudolf's death[link]

Following Rudolf's death, the marriage of his parents collapsed completely,^{[citation needed]} with his mother spending much of her time abroad up until her own murder nine years later.^{[citation needed]}

Next in the line of succession after Rudolf to the Austrian, Bohemian, and Hungarian thrones was Archduke Karl Ludwig, Franz Joseph's younger brother. Karl Ludwig renounced his succession rights a few days after Rudolf’s death, meaning his oldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive.^[2] Franz Ferdinand's assassination in 1914 sparked a chain of events that led directly to World War I.

Film and theatre[link]

• Crown Prince Rudolph, TV film directed by Robert Dornhelm (2006) in two parts. Historical adviser: Brigitte Hamann. Here, the love story and the conflict between father and son are embedded in the general political situation of the time in Central Europe.
• Frank Wildhorn's new musical Rudolf centers around Crown Prince Rudolf. It premiered at the Operetta Theatre in Budapest in 2006 and ran for three years. The Vienna production opened 26 February 2009 at the Raimund Theater.
• In The Illusionist (2006), a central character is the fictitious "Crown Prince Leopold," son of the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. In the film, "Leopold" commits suicide after a failing in a plot to overthrow his father and (apparently) murdering his fiancée. However, Prince Leopold is portrayed as right-wing and an autocratic absolutist who often complains of "mongrels."
• Kenneth MacMillan's 1978 ballet, Mayerling
• Miklós Jancsó's 1975 film Vizi Privati, Publiche Virtù (Private Vices, Public Virtues) is a daring reinterpretation of the Mayerling incident, in which the lovers and their friends are murdered by imperial authorities for plotting the Emperor's overthrow and for gross immorality and Mary Vetsera was portrayed as a hermaphrodite, which has no basis in history. The film was denounced by some critics as gratuitously graphic, but the director's point is how the decay and hypocrisy of the empire was reflected in the prince's desperately aberrant behavior.
• Requiem for a Crown Prince, fourth episode of the British documentary/drama series Fall of Eagles (1974), about the collapse of the Romanov, Habsburg and Hohenzollern dynasties. Directed by James Furman and written by David Turner, the 60-minute episode tracks in detail the events of Wednesday 30 January 1889, at Mayerling as well as the following few days - The discovery of the dead bodies, the breaking of news to Rudolf's family, the desperate attempts to cover up what really happened - even to the Emperor and Empress - and the secret smuggling of Marie Vetsera's body away from Mayerling before scandal can erupt.
• Mayerling (1968 film), starring Omar Sharif as Crown Prince Rudolf, Catherine Deneuve as Mary.
• The musical Marinka (1945), book by George Marion, Jr., and Karl Farkas, lyrics by George Marion, Jr., music by Emmerich Kalman
• The play Rudolf (2011) by David Logan dramatises the last few weeks of the life of Crown Prince Rudolf and features his relationship with his parents Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elisabeth as well as his wife Crown Princess Stephanie, his cousins Marie Larisch and Archduke Johan Salvator and his two loves Mary Vetsera and Mitzi Caspar.
• De Mayerling à Sarajevo (1940 film), director Max Ophuls. The film starts with Rudolf's death.
• Mayerling, is a black and white dramatization based on the novel by Claude Anet. It is directed by Anatole Litvak and stars Charles Boyer as Crown Prince Rudolf and Danielle Darrieux as Maria Vetsera.
• Japanese Takarazuka Revue's "Utakata no Koi"/"Ephemeral Love"(based on Mayerling) revolves around Rudolph and Marie Vetsera.
• Rudolf also appears as a character in the musical Elisabeth and in Lillie, Grenada TV's dramatisation of the life of Victorian society beauty, Lillie Langtry.
• Japanese manga by Higuri You named "Tenshi no Hitsugi"(Angel's Coffin) (2000 )Based on of his life and his mistress Mary Vetsera.

Ancestors[link]

Further reading[link]

Austrian Royalty House of Habsburg-Lorraine Francis I (Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor) Children include    Archduchess Marie Louise    Ferdinand I    Archduchess Maria Leopoldina    Archduchess Clementina    Archduke Franz Karl Grandchildren include    Franz Joseph I    Archduke Maximilian    Archduke Karl Ludwig    Archduke Ludwig Viktor Great-grandchildren include    Archduke Franz Ferdinand    Archduke Otto Franz Ferdinand I Franz Joseph I Children    Archduchess Sophie    Archduchess Gisela    Crown Prince Rudolf    Archduchess Marie Valerie Grandchildren include    Archduchess Elisabeth Marie Charles I Children include    Crown Prince Otto    Archduke Robert    Archduke Felix    Archduke Karl Ludwig    Archduke Rudolf Grandchildren include    Archduchess Andrea    Archduchess Monika    Archduchess Michaela    Archduchess Gabriela    Archduchess Walburga    Archduke Karl    Archduke Georg    Archduke Lorenz Great-Grandchildren include    Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir    Archduke Amedeo

• Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria. Majestät, ich warne Sie... Geheime und private Schriften. Edited by Brigitte Hamann. Wien: Amalthea, 1979, ISBN 3-85002-110-6 (reprinted München: Piper, 1998, ISBN 3-492-20824-X).
• Barkeley, Richard. The Road to Mayerling: Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria. London: Macmillan, 1958.
• Franzel, Emil. Crown Prince Rudolph and the Mayerling Tragedy: Fact and Fiction. Vienna : V. Herold, 1974.
• Hamann, Brigitte. Kronprinz Rudolf: Ein Leben. Wien: Amalthea, 2005, ISBN 3-85002-540-3.
• Listowel, Judith Márffy-Mantuano Hare, Countess of. A Habsburg Tragedy: Crown Prince Rudolf. London: Ascent Books, 1978.
• Lonyay, Károly. Rudolph: The Tragedy of Mayerling. New York: Scribner, 1949.
• Salvendy, John T. Royal Rebel: A Psychological Portrait of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria-Hungary. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988.
• Morton, Frederic. A Nervous Splendor: Vienna 1888/1889. Penguin 1979

See also[link]

• Baroness Mary Vetsera
• Lake Rudolf
• Alma V. Hayne
• Mayerling Incident
• Rudolf Island
• List of heirs to the Austrian throne

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Media related to Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria at Wikimedia Commons

• A profile of Marie Vetsera
• Crown Prince Rudolf's Coffin
• IMDB on various Mayerling Films
• Crown Prince Rudolfs death

Frederik
Crown Prince of Denmark
The Crown Prince at the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden on 19 June 2010
Spouse	Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark
Issue
Prince Christian Princess Isabella Prince Vincent Princess Josephine
Full name
Frederik André Henrik Christian
Father	Henri de Laborde de Monpezat
Mother	Margrethe II of Denmark
Born	(1968-05-26) 26 May 1968 (age 44) Copenhagen, Denmark
Religion	Church of Denmark

Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat, RE, SKmd (Danish: Frederik André Henrik Christian, Kronprins af Danmark, Greve af Monpezat; Danish pronunciation: [ˈfʁæðˀʁæɡ̊]; born 26 May 1968) is the heir apparent to the throne of Denmark. Frederik is the elder son of Queen Margrethe II and Henrik, the Prince Consort.

Name and christening[link]

His godparents include Prince Georg of Denmark, Baron Maximilien de Watteville-Berckheim, Count Etienne de Laborde de Monpezat, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg, and Mrs Birgitta Juel Hillingsø.

• Frederik is after his maternal grandfather, Frederick IX, continuing the Danish royal tradition of the heir apparent being named either Frederik or Christian.
• André is after his paternal grandfather, André de Laborde de Monpezat.
• Henrik is after his father, Prince Henrik.
• Christian is a common royal Danish name, as most Kings of Denmark are either Christian or Frederick

Education and career[link]

Danish Royal Family

HM The Queen HRH The Prince Consort HRH The Crown Prince HRH The Crown Princess HRH Prince Christian HRH Princess Isabella HRH Prince Vincent HRH Princess Josephine HRH Prince Joachim HRH Princess Marie HH Prince Nikolai HH Prince Felix HH Prince Henrik HH Princess Athena HRH Princess Benedikte HM The Queen of the Hellenes HH Princess Elisabeth Extended royal family HM The King of the Hellenes HRH The Crown Prince of Greece HRH The Crown Princess of Greece HRH Princess Maria-Olympia HRH Prince Constantine Alexios HRH Prince Achileas-Andreas HRH Prince Odysseas-Kimon HRH Prince Aristide Stavros HRH Princess Alexia, Mrs Morales HRH Prince Nikolaos HRH Princess Tatiana HRH Princess Theodora HRH Prince Philippos HM The Queen of Spain HRH Princess Irene HRH Prince Michael Marina, Consort of Prince Michael

v t e

On 14 January 1972 he became Crown Prince of Denmark when his mother succeeded to the throne as Margrethe II.

The Crown Prince attended elementary school at Krebs' Skole during the years 1974–1981, from 1974–1976 as a private pupil at Amalienborg Palace, and from the third form at Krebs' Skole. In the period 1982–1983, the Crown Prince was a boarder at École des Roches in Normandy, France. In 1986, Crown Prince Frederik graduated from the upper secondary school of Øregaard Gymnasium.

In 1989, the Crown Prince began to study for an academic degree, when he began a course in Political Science at University of Aarhus. This included a year at Harvard University (1992–1993) under the name of Frederik Henriksen, studying political science. He then took up a position for three months with the Danish UN mission in New York in 1994. In 1995 Crown Prince Frederik obtained his MA degree in Political Science from University of Aarhus. He completed the course in the prescribed number of years with an exam result above average. His final paper was an analysis on the foreign policy of the Baltic States, which he had visited several times during his studies.^[1][2] The Crown Prince was posted as First Secretary to the Danish Embassy in Paris from October 1998 to October 1999.

He has completed extensive military studies and training in all three services, notably completing education as a sailor in the naval elite special operations forces (members of this are known as frogmen or frømænd in Danish). His frogman nickname is "Pingo".^[3]

In the period 2001 and 2002, the Crown Prince completed further training for leaders at the Royal Danish Defence College. Crown Prince Frederik remains active in the defence, and in the period 2002–2003 served as a staff officer at Defence Command Denmark, and from 2003 as a senior lecturer with the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defence College.

Military service[link]

• The Royal Life Guard 1986.
• Lieutenant in the Reserve (Army) 1988.
• Reconnaissance Platoon Commander with the Royal Guard Hussars’ Regiment 1988.
• First Lieutenant in the Reserve (Army) 1989.
• Royal Danish Navy Frømandskorpset 1995 (equivalent to the Royal Navy Special Boat Service, or US Navy SEALs).
• First Lieutenant in the Reserve (Navy) 1995.
• Captain in the Reserve (Army) 1997.
• Lieutenant Commander in the Reserve (Navy) 1997.
• Royal Danish Air Force Flying School 2000
• Captain in the Reserve (Air Force) 2000.
• Command and General Staff Course, Royal Danish Defence College 2001-2002.
• Commander (Navy) and Major (Army, Air Force) 2002.
• Staff Officer, Defence Command Denmark 2002-2003.
• Senior lecturer with the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defence College, 2003-.
• Commander, senior grade (Navy), lieutenant colonel (Air force, Army) 2004.
• Captain (Navy), Colonel (Air Force, Army) 2010.

Languages[link]

The Crown Prince’s mother tongue is Danish. In addition, Crown Prince Frederik is fluent in French, English and German.

Marriage and children[link]

The Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark at the wedding of the Crown Princess of Sweden on 19 June 2010.

In the Council of State on 8 October 2003, Queen Margrethe gave her consent to the marriage of Crown Prince Frederik to Mary Elizabeth Donaldson, an Australian marketing consultant whom the prince met when he was attending the Sydney Olympics in 2000. The wedding took place on 14 May 2004 at Copenhagen Cathedral, Copenhagen.

On 25 April 2005 the Danish royal court announced that Crown Princess Mary was pregnant with the couple's first child, and on 15 October 2005 she gave birth to a Prince. As it is a tradition in the Royal House that kings are named Frederik or Christian in alternating order, the baby was baptised Prince Christian Valdemar Henri John on 21 January 2006.

On 26 October 2006, the Danish court announced that the Crown Princess was pregnant with her second child. On 21 April 2007, The Crown Princess gave birth to a baby daughter at Copenhagen University Hospital, the first Danish princess born since 1946. The Crown Prince was at his wife's side the entire time. Their daughter was christened Princess Isabella Henrietta Ingrid Margrethe on 1 July 2007.

The Crown Princess gave birth to Prince Vincent Frederik Minik Alexander at 10:30 am local time (weight 2.674 kg (5 lb 14 oz), length: 47 cm (18 in.), and Princess Josephine Sophia Ivalo Mathilda at 10:56 am (weight: 2.554 kg (5 lb 10 oz), length: 46 cm (18 in.) on 8 January 2011.^[4][5] The names were made public at their christening on Thursday, 14 April 2011, which took place at the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen.^[6]

Areas of interest[link]

Scientific research, climate change and sustainability[link]

Frederik has a special interest in scientific research, climate change and sustainability.^[7] The Prince was interviewed by Financial Times and CNN International, in the Future Cities program, for their commitment to sustainability.^[8][9] He participated in expeditions, forums and events on climate.^{[10][11][12][13][14]} The prince has represented Denmark as a promoter of sustainable Danish energy.^[15][16][17] The prince was one of the authors of the Polartokt Kongelig (Polar Cruise Royal), about the challenges of climate, published in 2009 with a preface written by Kofi Annan.^[18][19][20] In 2010, wrote the book's foreword Naturen og klimaændringerne i Nordøstgrønland (The nature and climate change in Greenland).^[21] Supports scientific research projects, as a patron, as expeditionary, with regular attendance at events and through his foundation, Kronprins Frederiks Fond.^{[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]}

Sports and Health[link]

The Prince encourages Danish participation in sports.^[35] He is a patron and honorary member of various sports organizations^[36][37][38] and a member of the International Olympic Committee.^[39] He also promotes an active lifestyle in society.^[40][41][42]

Frederik is an avid sportsman,^[43] running marathons in Copenhagen, New York and Paris, and completing the 42 kilometers with a respectable time of 3 hours, 22 minutes and 50 seconds in the Copenhagen Marathon.^[44][45] Frederik is a keen sailor, being a competitive Farr 40 skipper as well as an accomplished Dragon sailor.^[46] He won victories and was a leader in the steps championships.^{[47][48][49][50]} He finished in fourth place in the European Championship Dragon Class 2003 (with 51 boats participating),^[51] and at number 4 in the Farr 40 Worlds 2008 (with 33 boats participating).^[52][53] He was the first in his class boat in Fyn Cup 2010 in Denmark,^[54][55][56] and at number 2 in the Dragon DM 2011 (with 25 boats participating).^[57]

Crown Prince Frederik’s Foundation[link]

The purpose of the foundation is to provide financial assistance to students of social policy and sciences, for one year’s study at Harvard.^[58] and provide financial support for scientific expeditions, particularly to foreign parts of the world, including Greenland and the Faeroe Islands and sports purposes, including those with a particularly social aspect.^[59]

Patronages[link]

The Crown Prince in Vágur, Faroe Islands, on 21 June 2005.

• Aarhus University Male Choir
• Copenhagen International Furniture Fair
• Danish Deaf Association
• Danish Design Center
• Danish Railway Museum in Odense
• Juullip Nipitittagaa / The Greenlandic Christmas-Seal Foundation
• Odense International Film Festival
• Plant a Tree
• Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus
• Royal Awards for Sustainability
• Save the Children Fund
• The Anders Lassen Foundation
• The Association of Fine Arts (Kunstforeningen GL STRAND)
• The Associations of the Guard Hussars
• The Blood Donors in Denmark
• The Cabinetmakers’ Autumn Exhibition
• The Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland
• The Danish Association of the Hard of Hearing
• The Danish Dyslexia Organisation
• The Danish Military Sports Association
• The Danish National Committee of United World Colleges
• The Danish Naval Officers' Club
• The Danish Pleasure Crafts Safety Board
• The Danish Tennis Association
• The Foreign Policy Society
• The Georg Jensen Prize
• The Greenlandic Society
• The Naval-Lieutenant-Society
• The Soldiers’ Grant^[60]

Honorary tasks[link]

• President of The Royal Danish Geographical Society
• Honorary Vice-President of The Siam Society in Thailand
• Patron for Danish Red Cross
• Member of ISAF's (International Sailing Federation) Events Committee
• Member of IOC (International Olympic Committee)
• Member of Young Global Leaders

Participation in expeditions[link]

The Crown Prince participated in an expedition to Mongolia in 1986. In 2000, the Crown Prince participated in "Expedition Sirius 2000", which was a four-month and 2,795 km dog-sledge expedition in the northern part of Greenland. The expedition Sirius marked the 50 year anniversary of the Sirius Patrol. Prince Frederik was part of the polar expedition as was a film photographer, whose job was to ensure an optimal coverage of this event.^[61][62][63]

Member of International Olympic Committee[link]

Standard of Crown Prince Frederik.

On 9 October 2009, Crown Prince Frederik was elected as a member of the International Olympic Committee, replacing former Danish member Kaj Holm. The Crown Prince was elected with the votes 77 for and 9 against. The Crown Prince's candidature was met with some skepticism in Denmark, as it would mean that the Crown Prince would be sitting in a semi-political committee along with several people who are suspected or even convicted of criminal acts. Another concern was the doubts on whether the Crown Prince's loyalty would be towards his country and government, as the Danish constitution prescribes, or with the International Olympic Committee, as is sworn upon election to the committee. The Crown Prince denied that it would ever become an issue.

The Crown Prince has announced that his point of focus and reason for joining the International Olympic Committee is to promote an active lifestyle among youth. He is elected for an eight-year period, and made it clear that he would terminate his membership upon ascending the Danish throne.

Other information[link]

The Crown Prince couple currently reside at Frederik VIII's Palace, one of the four palaces that make up the Amalienborg Palace complex. From May 2004 to mid-December 2010, they resided at The Chancellery House, a side building at Fredensborg Palace.

The Crown Prince receives an allowance or appanage set by the Folketing of approximately DKK 14,500,000 or about €1,950,000, of which the Crown Princess is entitled to 10%.

As a descendant of Queen Victoria through her granddaughter, Princess Margaret of Connaught, daughter of her third son, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, Prince Frederik is on the Line of succession to the British Throne as well.

He also has had many years in the Danish Armed Forces and in April 2004, the Crown Prince was appointed commander, senior grade in the navy, lieutenant colonel in the army and lieutenant colonel in the air force.

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Styles of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark
Reference style	His Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Sir

Arms of Crown Prince Frederik

See also : List of honours of the Danish Royal Family by country

Titles and styles[link]

• 26 May 1968 – 14 January 1972: His Royal Highness Prince Frederik of Denmark
• 14 January 1972 – 29 April 2008: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
• 29 April 2008 – present: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat^[64]

His official title in Danish is Hans Kongelige Højhed Kronprins Frederik til Danmark, Greve af Monpezat. If he succeeds to the throne and uses his first given name as his regnal name, he would be known as Frederik X. But if he uses his last given name, he'll be known as Christian XI.

Danish honours and decorations[link]

He has a number of decorations, the most notable of which are:

• Knight of the Order of the Elephant (R.E.)
• Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (S.Kmd.)
• Silver Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog
• The Silver Jubilee Medal of Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark (accession to the Danish throne)
• Commemorative 70th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (Em.16.apr.2010.)

Foreign decorations[link]

He was awarded ^[65] :

•  Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
•  Brazil : Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
•  Brazil : Grand Cross of the Order of the Rio Branco
•  Bulgaria : Member 1st Class of the Order of Stara Planina
•  Estonia : Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
•  Finland : Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
•  Germany : Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
•  Greece : Grand Cross of the Order of Honour
•  Iceland : Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
•  Italy : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
•  Japan : Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
•  Jordan : Grand Cordon of the Order of the Renaissance
•  Latvia : Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars
•  Luxembourg : Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau ^[66]
•  Nepal : Knight of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
•  Norway : Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
•  Romania : Grand Cross rank of the Order of the Star of Romania
•  Sweden : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim
•  Thailand : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao

Ancestry[link]