- published: 26 May 2012
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- author: telessonne
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- Aisne
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Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
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Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
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Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
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Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes (French pronunciation: [alp.ma.ʁi.tim]; Occitan: Aups Maritims) is a department in the extreme southeast corner of France.
Alpes Maritimae was created by Octavian as a Roman military district in 14 BC, and became a full Roman province in the middle of the 1st century with its capital first at Cemenelum (today Cimiez, a neighbourghood in Nice) and subsequently at Embrun. At its greatest extent in AD 297, the province reached north to Digne and Briançon.
A first French département of Alpes-Maritimes existed in the same area from 1793 to 1814. Its boundaries differed from those of the modern department, however. In 1793 Alpes-Maritimes included Monaco and San Remo, but not Grasse which was then part of the départment of Var.
The department was reconstituted in 1860 when the county of Nice was annexed to France. It included the county of Nice as well as the previously (at least nominally) independent towns of Menton and Roquebrune, and the arrondissement of Grasse in the department of Var.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin (French pronunciation: [bɑ.ʁɛ̃]; Alsatian: Unterelsàss) is a department of France. The name means "Lower Rhine". It is the more populous and densely populated of the two departments of the Alsace region, with 1,079,013 inhabitants in 2006.
Bas-Rhin is one of the original 83 departments created on 4 March 1790, during the French Revolution.
In the mid-1790s, following the French occupation of the entire left bank of the Rhine, the northern boundary of the department was extended north beyond the Lauter to the Queich river to include the areas of Annweiler am Trifels, Landau in der Pfalz, Bad Bergzabern, and Wörth am Rhein. However, upon Napoleon's second defeat in 1815, the Congress of Vienna reassigned the areas north of the Lauter to Bavaria; and those territories are now presently located in the neighbouring German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
The department has twice been incorporated into Germany: from 1871 (after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War) until the end of World War I in 1918, and again briefly during World War II (from 1940 to 1945) during the German occupation of France.
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Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône (French pronunciation: [buʃ.dy.ʁon]; Occitan: Bocas de Ròse, lit. "Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in the south of France named after the mouth of the Rhône River. It is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its INSEE and postal code is 13.
Bouches-du-Rhône is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the western part of the former province of Provence and the principalities of Orange, Martigues, and Lambesc. It lost part of its territory in 1793, including Orange and Apt, when the Vaucluse department was created.
Following its creation, the department was immediately strongly and actively supportive of the French Revolution, containing 90 "Jacobin Clubs" by 1794. It was also noteworthy that more than 50% of the priests in the department accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy which in effect subordinated the church to the government. During the ascendancy of the Communist Party in the twentieth century election results indicated that support for left-wing politics remained relatively strong in the department, and especially in the northern suburbs of Marseille.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t ma.ʁi.tim]) is a department on the west coast of France named after the Charente River.
Previously a part of Saintonge, Charente-Inférieure was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. On 4 September 1941, it was renamed Charente-Maritime.
When first created, the commune of Saintes was assigned as the prefecture of the department (Saintes had previously been the capital of Saintonge). This changed in 1810 when Napoléon passed an imperial decree which moved the prefecture to La Rochelle.
During World War II, the department was invaded by the German army and became part of occupied France. To provide defence against a possible beach landing, the Organisation Todt constructed a number of sea defences in the area. Defences such as pillboxes are particularly noticeable on the beaches of the presqu'île d'Arvert and the island of Oléron.
At the end of the war there were only two pockets of German resistance: La Rochelle, in the north and Royan in the south. Despite being almost completely destroyed during an RAF bombing raid on 5 January 1945, the town of Royan wasn't liberated by the French resistance until April of the same year. La Rochelle was finally captured on 9 May 1945.
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Cher (department)
Cher (French pronunciation: [ʃɛʁ]; Berrichon: Char) is an administrative department located in the centre of France. It is named after the Cher River.
Cher is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. Most of it was created, along with the adjacent department of Indre from the former province of Berry. The south-eastern corner of the department was part of the Duchy of Bourbon, however.
The department is part of the current administrative region of Centre (Val de Loire). It is surrounded by the departments of Indre, Loir-et-Cher, Loiret, Nièvre, Allier, and Creuse.
The inhabitants of the department are called Berrichons from the former province of Berry.
The President of the General Council is Alain Rafesthain of the Socialist Party.
The Bourges Cathedral of St. Étienne is a major tourist attraction.
The historical languages are Berrichon and the northern version of Bourbonais. These are both dialects of French, or the Langues d'oïl. They are named respectively after the former Province of Berry and the former Duchy of Bourbon. Some 11 communes in the extreme South used to speak Occitan.
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Château de Courances
The Château de Courances (pronounced: [ʃɑto də kuʁɑ̃s]) at Courances (Essonne) is a French château built in approximately 1630.
In 1552, Côme Clausse, a notary and royal secretary to the King, acquired from the Lapite family the former seigneurial dwelling at Courances, at the western edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau. His heir conveyed it in 1622 to Claude Gallard, another royal secretary, who is doubtless the builder of the present château, of an H-plan laid out on a rectangular platform that is surrounded by moat.
The original château is known from the engravings of Israël Henriet and Israël Silvestre, about 1650. The evaluation of the property drawn up in 1638 mentions, apart from the manor house, four barns, a press-house, two wheat mills, and two mills "straddling the river". "Above and beyond this is a mill called the fulling mill, with the forecourt of said chateau on one side, and the stream of the pond on the other", it says.
In the 18th century the house was modernized by Anne-Catherine Gallard, widow of Nicolas Potier de Novion, who opened up a proper cour d'honneur by demolishing the wall and entryway that had enclosed the courtyard. Later her granddaughter Léontine-Philippine de Novion and her husband Aymar de Nicolay further modernized the château (1775–1777) by opening new bays and applying a large pedimented center to each façade.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Corse-du-Sud
Corse-du-Sud (French pronunciation: [kɔʁs.dy.syd]; Corsican: Corsica suttana) (English: South Corsica) is a French département composed of the southern part of the island of Corsica.
The department was formed on 15 September 1975, when the corsican department was divided into Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. Its boundaries correspond to the former department of Liamone, which existed from 1793 to 1811.
The department hit the head-lines at the end of the twentieth century with the assassination at Ajaccio of the prefect Claude Érignac on 6 February 1998.
The department is surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea and on the north by the department of Haute-Corse.
The entire island of Corsica is mountainous with many beautiful beaches.
The inhabitants of all of Corsica are called Corsicans.
Corsicans are a fiercely independent people. However, a 6 July 2003 referendum on increased autonomy was voted down by a very thin majority: 50.98 percent against to 49.02 percent for. This was a major setback for French Minister of the Interior Nicolas Sarkozy, who had hoped to use Corsica as the first step in his decentralization policies.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or (IPA: [kot dɔːʁ]; English: Golden Hillside) is a department in the eastern part of France.
Côte-d'Or is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was formed from part of the former province of Burgundy.
The department is part of the current region of Bourgogne. It is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Jura, Aube, and Haute-Marne.
A chain of hills called the Plateau de Langres runs from north-east to south-west through the department to the north of Dijon and continues south-westwards as the Côte d'Or escarpment, which is named from the department's name. It is the south-east facing slope of the escarpment which is the site of the celebrated Burgundy vineyards. To the west of the Plateau de Langres, towards Champagne, lies the densely wooded district of Châtillonais. To the south-east of the plateau and escarpment, the department lies in the broad, flat-bottomed valley of the middle course of the Saône.
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Côtes-d'Armor
Côtes-d'Armor (French pronunciation: [kot.daʁ.mɔʁ]; Breton: Aodoù-an-Arvor) is a department in the north of Brittany, in northwestern France.
Côtes-du-Nord was one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Brittany. Its name was changed in 1990 to Côtes-d'Armor (ar mor meaning the sea in Breton). The name also has a historical connotation recalling the Roman province of Armorica.
The present department corresponds to most of historical Trégor, part of Cornouaille, and most of Saint-Brieuc.
Côtes-d'Armor is part of the current administrative region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Morbihan, and Ille-et-Vilaine, with the English Channel to the north.
The inhabitants of the department are called Costarmoricains.
The Côtes-d'Armor has usually been a left-wing holdout in a historically strongly clerical and right-wing Brittany, due to the department's more anti-clerical nature, especially in the inland area around Guingamp, a former Communist stronghold.
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Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres (French pronunciation: [dø sɛvʁ]) is a French département. Deux-Sèvres literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department.
Deux-Sèvres was one of the 83 original départements created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790.
Departmental borders were changed in 1973 when the inhabitants of the little commune of Puy-Saint-Bonnet became formally associated with the rapidly growing adjacent commune of Cholet. Cholet is in the neighbouring department of Maine-et-Loire: in order to avoid the associated communes being administered in separate departments, Puy-Saint-Bonnet was transferred into Maine-et-Loire.
The climate is mild, the annual temperature averaging 11 degrees Celsius.
The département remains rural: three-quarters of the area consists of arable land. Wheat and oats are the main products grown, as well as potatoes, apples, and walnuts. Niort is the center for growing vegetables and angelica. Some beetroot is grown in the district of Melle. Vineyards are numerous in the north (Vins du Haut-Poitou), and there are some in the south. The département is also well known for the breeding of cattle, mules, and horses. The Parthenais breed of cattle is named after the town of Parthenay in the north of the département. Also, dairy products are produced in significant quantities (butter in Échiré and goats' cheese).
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir (French pronunciation: [œ.r‿e.lwaʁ]) is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers.
Eure-et-Loir is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790 pursuant to the Act of December 22, 1789. It was created from parts of provinces of Orléanais (Beauce), Maine (Perche), but also Île-de-France (Drouais, Thimerais, Valley Avre Hurepoix).
The current department corresponds to the central part of the land of the Carnutes who had their capital at Autricum (Chartres). The Carnutes are known for their commitment, real or imagined, to the ancient Druidic religion. A holy place in the "Forest of the Carnutes" used to host the annual Druidic assembly. In the north of the department another pre-Roman people, the little-known Durocasses, had their capital at Dreux.
Eure-et-Loir comprises the main part of the region of Beauce, politically it belongs to the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Loir-et-Cher, Loiret, Essonne, Yvelines, Eure, Orne, and Sarthe.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe (
/ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Haut-Rhin
Haut-Rhin (French pronunciation: [oʁɛ̃]; Alsatian: Owerelsàss) is a département of the Alsace region of France, named after the Rhine river. Its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less populated of the two departements of Alsace, although is still densely populated compared to the rest of France.
The department consists of the following arrondissements:
Haut-Rhin is one of the original 83 départements, created during the French Revolution, on 4 March 1790 through the application of the law of 22 December 1789 in respect of the southern half of the province of Alsace (Haute-Alsace).
Its boundaries have been modified many times:
Haut-Rhin is bordered by the Territoire de Belfort and Vosges départements and the Vosges Mountains to the west, the Bas-Rhin département to the North, Switzerland to the south and its eastern border with Germany is also the River Rhine. In the centre of the département lies a fertile plain. The climate is semi-continental.
Haut-Rhin is one of the richest French départements. Mulhouse is the home of a Peugeot automobile factory, manufacturing the 106 and 206 models. The lowest unemployment rate in France can be found in the Southern Sundgau region (approximately 2%). The countryside is marked by hills. Many Haut-Rhinois work in Switzerland, especially in the chemical industries of Basel, but prefer to commute from France where living cost are lower.
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Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse (French pronunciation: [ot.kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica suprana) (English: Upper Corsica) is a French department. It constitutes the northern part of the island of Corsica.
The department was formed on 15 September 1975, when the department of Corse was divided into Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. The department corresponds exactly to the former department of Golo which existed between 1793 and 1811.
The department is surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea and on the south by the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The inhabitants of the entire island of Corsica are called Corsicans.
The Corsicans are a fiercely independent people. However, a 6 July 2003 referendum on increased autonomy was voted down by a very thin majority: 50.98 percent against to 49.02 percent for. This was a major setback for French Minister of the Interior Nicolas Sarkozy, who had hoped to use Corsica as the first step in his decentralization policies.
The President of the General Council is Paul Giacobbi, who has held the office since 1998.
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Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne (French pronunciation: [ot ɡaʁɔn]; Occitan: Nauta Garona; English: Upper Garonne) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Garonne river. Its main city is Toulouse.
Haute-Garonne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The department was originally larger. The reduction in its area resulted from an imperial decree dated 21 November 1808 and which established the neighbouring department of Tarn-et-Garonne, to the north. The new department, created in response to the pleadings of various locally powerful politicians, took territory from five surrounding departments including Haute-Garonne. The districts lost to Tarn-et-Garonne in 1808 were those of Montech and Castelsarrasin.
Haute-Garonne is part of the current region of Midi-Pyrénées and is surrounded by the departments of Hautes-Pyrénées, Gers, Tarn-et-Garonne, Tarn, Aude, and Ariège. It also borders Spain in the south (province of Lleida and province of Huesca).
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Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire (French pronunciation: [ot lwaʁ]; Occitan: Naut Léger) is a department in south-central France named after the Loire River.
Haute-Loire is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne, Languedoc, and Lyonnais.
Haute-Loire is part of the current region of Auvergne and is surrounded by the departments of Loire, Ardèche, Lozère, Cantal, and Puy-de-Dôme.
The department covers the upper reaches of the Loire. Parts of the department belong to Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez.
The inhabitants of the department are called Altiligériens.
The de Polignac family has its historic seat there, and various descendants of Lafayette were senators for this region in the nineteenth century.
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Haute-Marne
Haute-Marne (French pronunciation: [ot.maʁn]) is a department in the northeast of France named after the Marne River.
Haute-Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Champagne, Burgundy, Lorraine and Franche-Comté
In March 1814 the departmental prefecture, Chaumont, was the unwitting witness to the end of the First Empire. On 1 March, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom and Austria signed an accord forbidding any individual peace deal with Napoleon I, and to fight until his final defeat.
During World War II, Haute-Marne was partitioned under German occupation. The canal which runs from the Marne to the Saône served as a border, dividing the department into east and west. The east was a "reserved zone", intended for the creation of a new German (Ripuarian) state, whereas to the west would be the traditional "occupied zone". Haute-Marne was finally liberated by the Allies, in the form of the division of General Leclerc, between August and September 1944.
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Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie ([ot savwa] ( listen); Arpitan : Savouè d’Amont / Hiôta-Savouè; English: Upper Savoy) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its capital is Annecy. To the north is Lake Geneva and Switzerland; to the south and southeast are the Mont Blanc and Aravis mountain ranges. The French entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel to Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the first Winter Olympic Games were held at Chamonix in 1924.
Before 1860, the territory occupied by modern Haute-Savoie and the adjoining department of Savoie was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia since the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Annexation of the region by France was formalized in the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860.
From November 1942 to September 1943, Haute-Savoie was subjected to military occupation by Italy. The Maquis des Glières (a band of Free French Resistance fighters who opposed the Nazi, Vichy and Milice regimes during World War II) operated from Haute-Savoie.
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Haute-Saône
Haute-Saône (French pronunciation: [ot.soːn]; Arpitan: Hiôta-Sona) is a French department of the Franche-Comté (Franche-Comtât) région, named after the Saône River.
The department was created in the early years of the French Revolution through the application of a law dated 22 December 1789, from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The frontiers of the new department corresponded approximately to those of the old Bailiwick of Amont.
Haute-Saône is part of the Franche-Comté region.
Neighbouring departments are Côte-d'Or to the west, Haute-Marne to the north-west, Vosges to the north, Territoire de Belfort to the east, Doubs to the south and east and Jura to south.
Haute-Saône is divided into 32 cantons
Te department can be presented as a transitional territory positioned between several of the more depressed departments of eastern France and the so called Blue Banana zone characterised, in recent decades by relatively powerful economic growth.
The department is overwhelmingly rural, despite the area having been at the forefront of industrialisation in the eighteenth century. The industrial tradition endures, but industrial businesses tend to be on a small scale. In 2006 employment by economic sector was reported as follows:
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Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne (French pronunciation: [ot vjɛn]) is a French department named after the Vienne River. It is one of three departments that together constitute the French region of Limousin.
The chief and largest city is Limoges. The other towns in the department each have fewer than 20,000 inhabitants.
The source of the Charente River is in the department, in the commune of Chéonnac, near Rochechouart.
The neighboring departments are: Creuse, Corrèze, Dordogne, Charente, Vienne and Indre.
The three arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department are:
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Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ot.z‿alp]; Occitan: Auts Aups) is a department in southeastern France named after the Alps mountain range.
Hautes-Alpes is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It consists of the southeast of the former province of Dauphiné and the north of Provence.
At the time when the department was created, the two mountain communes of La Grave and Villar-d'Arêne successfully campaigned to be included in Hautes-Alpes and not in the neighbouring department of Isère to which they had originally been assigned. This was because they hoped to benefit from the relative autonomy and certain fiscal privileges enjoyed by the region since the fourteenth century under the terms of the Statute of the Briançon Escartons.
Napoleon passed through Gap when he returned to reclaim France after his exile on Elba.
The department is surrounded by the following French departments: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Drôme, Isère, and Savoie. Italy borders it on the east.
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Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (French pronunciation: [ot pi.ʁe.ne]) (Gascon: Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus) is a department in southwestern France. It is part of the Midi-Pyrénées region.
Historically the area broadly covered by the département was known as Bigorre, a territory at times independent but later part of Gascony province. Large parts of the area were held by the English after the Treaty of Brétigny, 1360. In the 16th century, it was part of the Huguenot domain of the monarchs of Navarre, brought to France by Henri IV. For its early history, see Bigorre and Gascony.
The département of Hautes-Pyrénées was created at the time of the French Revolution, on 4 March 1790, through the influence of Tarbes politician Bertrand Barère, a member of the Convention.
Hautes-Pyrénées consists of several distinct geographical areas. The southern portion, along the border with Spain, consists of mountains such as the Vignemale, the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, and the Neouvielle and Arbizon ranges. A second area consists of low-altitude rolling hills. The Northern part of the département consists of largely flat agricultural land. Hautes-Pyrénées has two small territorial exclaves -a remnant from the Middle Ages- located within the neighboring département of Pyrenees-Atlantiques
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Hauts-de-Seine
Hauts-de-Seine (pronounced: [o.də.sɛn]; literally "Seine Heights") is designated number 92 of the 101 départements in France. It is part of the Île-de-France region, and covers the western inner suburbs of Paris. It is small and densely populated and contains the modern office, theatre and shopping complex known as La Défense.
Hauts-de-Seine and two other small départements, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, form a ring around Paris, known as the Petite Couronne (i.e. "little crown").
Hauts-de-Seine is made up of three departmental arrondissements and 36 communes:
The department of Hauts-de-Seine was created in 1968, from parts of the former départements of Seine and Seine-et-Oise. Its creation reflected the implementation of a law passed in 1964, and Nanterre had already been selected as the prefecture for the new department early in 1965.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Hauts-de-Seine received national attention as the result of a corruption scandal concerning the misuse of public funds provided for the department's housing projects. Implicated were former minister and former President of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine, Charles Pasqua, and other personalities of the RPR party. (See corruption scandals in the Paris region.)
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine (French pronunciation: [i.l‿e.vi.lɛn]; Breton: Il-ha-Gwilen) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country.
Ille-et-Vilaine is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Brittany.
Ille-et-Vilaine is a part of the current region of Brittany and is bordered by the departments of Manche to the north-east, Mayenne to the east, Maine-et-Loire to the south-east, Loire-Atlantique to the south, Morbihan to the south-west, and Côtes-d'Armor to the west and north-west. Also the English Channel (locally named la Manche in French) borders the department to the north.
The department is named after its two main rivers, the Ille and the Vilaine, whose confluence is in Rennes, the capital of the department and of the region. Other important rivers include :
The department is moderately elevated above the level of the sea, with many hills; however the central part has a dense network of many tributaries to the Ille or the Vilaine from all around the large basin of Rennes. The elevated hills bordering this basin are covered by several old forests now exploited by men for the production of wood. The basin itself is a rich agriculture area, as well as the north-west of the department near the Rance.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ‿e lwaʁ]) is a department in west-central France named after the Indre and the Loire rivers.
Indre-et-Loire is one of the original 83 départements created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Touraine.
Tours, the departmental prefecture, was a center of learning in the early Middle Ages.
After the creation of the department it remained politically conservative, as Honoré de Balzac recorded in several of his novels. Conservative Tours refused to welcome the railways which instead were obliged to route their lines by way of Saint-Pierre-des-Corps on the city's eastern edge. The moderate temper of the department's politics remained apparent after the trauma of 1870: sentiment remained pro-royalist during the early years of the Third Republic.
For most of the nineteenth century Indre-et-Loire was a rural department, but pockets of heavy-duty industrialisation began to appear towards century's end, accompanied by left-wing politics. 1920 saw the birth of the French Communist Party at the Congress of Tours. By 1920 Saint-Pierre-des-Corps had become a major railway junction and a centre of railway workshops: it had also acquired a reputation as a bastion of working class solidarity.
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Jura (department)
Jura (French pronunciation: [ʒyʁa]) is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains.
Historically, Jura belonged to the Free County of Burgundy, known in French as the Franche-Comté. Dole was the capital until the region was conquered by Louis XIV and it was moved to Besançon. It is now a sous-préfecture of Jura.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the southern 2/3 of Jura spoke a dialect of Arpitan language. It continued to be spoken in rural areas into the 20th century.
Jura is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The departments of Jura, Doubs, and Haute-Saône form the modern Franche-Comté region of France. The prefecture (capital) is Lons-le-Saunier.
Jura is one of four departments of the Franche-Comté region and is surrounded by the French departments of Doubs, Haute-Saône, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, and Ain, as well as the Swiss canton of Vaud on the east.
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Landes (department)
Landes (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃d]; Gascon : Lanas or Lanes) is a département in southern France.
Landes is one of the original 83 départements that were created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
During the first part of the nineteenth century large parts of the department were covered with poorly drained heathland (lande in French) which is the origin of its name. The vegetation covered rich soil and was periodically burned off, leaving excellent pasturage for sheep, which around 1850 are thought to have numbered between 900,000 and 1,000,000 in this area. The sheep were managed by shepherds who moved around on stilts and became proficient at covering long distances thus supported. Most of the sheep departed during the second half of the nineteenth century when systematic development of large pine plantations transformed the landscape and the local economy.
The Nobel Prize winning novelist François Mauriac set his novels in the Landes.
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Loir-et-Cher
Loir-et-Cher (French pronunciation: [lwa.ʁ‿e.ʃɛʁ]) is a département in north-central France named after the rivers Loir and Cher.
Loir-et-Cher is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Orléanais and Touraine.
Loir-et-Cher is part of the modern region of Centre. Adjacent departments are Eure-et-Loir to the north, Loiret to the north-east, Cher to the south-east, Indre to the south, Indre-et-Loire to the south-west, and Sarthe to the west.
The department comprises 6,314 km2, which makes it the 31st largest of the French departments in terms of area. The line of the river Loire traverses the land, ensuring easy communication between its own capital, Blois, and the vibrant cultural and commercial centres of Tours to the west and the fringes of the Seine-Paris basin at Orléans to the east.
Its main rivers are the Loire, on which its prefecture (capital) Blois is situated, the Loir and the Cher.
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Loire
Loire (French pronunciation: [lwaʁ]; Arpitan: Lêre; Occitan: Léger) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.
Loire was created in 1793 when after just 3½ years the young Rhône-et-Loire department was split into two. This was a response to counter-Revolutionary activities in Lyon which, by population, was the country's second largest city. By splitting Rhône-et-Loire the government sought to protect the French Revolution from the potential power and influence of counter revolutionary activity in the Lyon region.
The departmental capitals have been / are as follows:
Loire is part of the current administrative region of Rhône-Alpes and is surrounded by the departments of Rhône, Isère, Ardèche, Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, Allier, and Saône-et-Loire.
The River Loire traverses the department from south to north.
The Loire department is split into three arrondissements:
Parts of the department belong to Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez.
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Loire-Atlantique
Loire-Atlantique (French pronunciation: [lwa.ʁat.lɑ̃.tik]; formerly Loire-Inférieure) is a department on the west coast of France named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean.
Loire-Atlantique is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. Originally, it was named Loire-Inférieure, but its name was changed in 1957 to Loire-Atlantique.
The area is part of Brittany, and contains what many people still consider to be Brittany's capital, Nantes. There is a campaign to have it reintegrated in Brittany.
Loire-Atlantique is part of the current region of Pays-de-la-Loire and is surrounded by the department of Morbihan, Ille-et-Vilaine, Maine-et-Loire, and Vendée, with the Atlantic on the west.
Upper Brittany's indigenous language is Gallo, a romance language related to French. The number of Gallo language speakers has been in steady decline since the early 20th century. The language is neither official nor taught in primary or secondary education. The Breton language, a Celtic language, native to Lower Brittany, was historically spoken in the western area of Loire-Atlantique, and up to 1920 in Batz-sur-Mer. This area (Guérande, Le Croisic, and La Baule) has a rather Breton toponymy: for instance, Guérande originates from the Breton Gwenn Rann (white or pure place).
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Lot (department)
Lot (French pronunciation: [lɔt]; Occitan: Òlt) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot River.
Lot is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Languedoc. In 1808, some of the original southeastern cantons were separated from it to form the department of Tarn-et-Garonne. It originally extended much farther to the south and included the city of Montauban.
Lot is part of the region of Midi-Pyrénées and is surrounded by the departments of Corrèze, Cantal, Aveyron, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, and Dordogne.
For a full list, see Communes of the Lot department. Settlements in the Lot include:
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Lot-et-Garonne
Lot-et-Garonne (French: [lɔt‿e ɡaʁɔn], Occitan: Òlt e Garona) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot and Garonne rivers.
Lot-et-Garonne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
Several of the original southeastern cantons in the arrondissements of Agen and Villeneuve-sur-Lot were separated from it in 1808 to become a part of the newly ceated department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
Lot-et-Garonne is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne, Gers, Landes, Gironde, and Dordogne.
Food-processing, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals are all major industries of the department.
The inhabitants of the department are called Lot-et-Garonnais.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [mɛn.e.lwaʁ]) is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.
Maine-et-Loire is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. Originally it was called Mayenne-et-Loire, but its name was changed to Maine-et-Loire in 1791. It was created from part of the former province of Anjou. Its present name is drawn from the former province of Maine and the Loire River, which runs through it.
Maine-et-Loire is part of the current region of Pays-de-la-Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Ille-et-Vilaine, Mayenne, Sarthe, Indre-et-Loire, Vienne, Deux-Sèvres, Vendée, and Loire-Atlantique.
It has a varied landscape, with forested ranges of hills in the south and north separated by the valley of the Loire. The highest point is Colline des Gardes (689 feet/210m).
The area has many navigable rivers such as the Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, Loir, and Authion.
The inhabitants of Maine-et-Loire are called Angevins, from the former province of Anjou.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meurthe-et-Moselle (French pronunciation: [mœʁte mɔzɛl]) is a department in the Lorraine region of France, named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers.
Meurthe-et-Moselle was created in 1871 at the end of the Franco-Prussian War from the parts of the former departments of Moselle and Meurthe which remained French territory.
The current boundary between Meurthe-et-Moselle and Moselle was the border between France and Germany from 1871 to 1919 and again between 1940 and 1944. The only subsequent change took place in 1997 and involved the incorporation, for administrative reasons, of the little commune of Han-devant-Pierrepont which had previously fallen within the Meuse department.
Meurthe-et-Moselle is part of the region of Lorraine and is surrounded (counter-clockwise) by the departments of Meuse, Vosges, Bas-Rhin, and Moselle; and by the nations of Luxembourg and Belgium. Parts of Meurthe-et-Moselle belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
Its extends from north to south for 130 kilometers and between 7 and 103 kilometers from west to east.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais (French pronunciation: [pɑ d(ə) kalɛ]) is a department in northern France. Its name is the French equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.
Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Pas-de-Calais region was populated in turn by the Celtic Belgae, the Romans, the Germanic Franks and the Alemanni. During the fourth and fifth centuries, the Roman practice of coopting Germanic tribes to provide military and defense services along the route from Boulogne to Cologne created a Germanic-Romance linguistic border in the region that persisted until the eighth century.
Saxon colonization into the region from the fifth to the eighth centuries likely extended the linguistic border somewhat south and west so that by the ninth century most inhabitants north of the line between Béthune and Berck spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke Picard, a variety of Romance dialects.
This linguistic border is still evident today in the toponyms and patronyms of the region. Beginning in the ninth century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east, and by the end of the 15th century Romance dialects had completely displaced those of Dutch.
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Puy-de-Dôme
Puy-de-Dôme (French pronunciation: [pɥi də dom]; lo Puèi de Doma / lo Puèi Domat in the Auvergnat dialect of the Occitan language) is a department in the centre of France named after the famous dormant volcano, the Puy-de-Dôme.
Inhabitants were called Puydedomois until December 2005. With effect from Spring 2006, in response to a letter writing campaign, the name used for the inhabitants was change by the departmental General Council to Puydômois, and this is the name that has since then been used in all official documents and publications.
Puy-de-Dôme is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Auvergne. Originally, the department was to be called Mont-d'Or ("Golden Mountain"), but this was changed to Puy-de-Dôme following the intervention of Jean-François Gaultier de Biauzat, a local deputy, because of a concern that the name originally chosen risked attracting excessive unwelcome attention from the national taxation authorities.
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Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French pronunciation: [pi.ʁe.ne.at.lɑ̃.tik]; Gascon: Pirenèus-Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio-Atlantiarrak or Pirinio-Atlantikoak) is a department in the southwest of France which takes its name from the Pyrenees mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.
Basses-Pyrénées is one of the original 83 departments of France created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne, Béarn, and Gascony and included the three traditional provinces of the northern Basque Country: Labourd, Soule, and Basse-Navarre. It also included two tiny exclaves of Bigorre which were located within Béarn.
The previous history of the region, under the Ancien Régime, can be found at those individual articles.
On October 10, 1969, Basses-Pyrénées was renamed Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
Pyrénées-Atlantiques is part of the Aquitaine region of Southwest France. It is bordered by the Landes, Hautes-Pyrénées, Gers departments and the Bay of Biscay.
Principal settlements include Pau, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Orthez, Biarritz, Bayonne, Anglet, Urrugne, Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Hendaye.
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Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales (French pronunciation: [pi.ʁe.ne.ɔ.ʁjɑ̃.tal]; English: Eastern Pyrenees; Catalan: Pirineus Orientals; Occitan: Pirenèus Orientals) is a department of southern France adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish enclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain.
Prior to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, most of the present department was part of the former Principality of Catalonia, within the Kingdom of Spain, so the majority of it has historically been Catalan-speaking, and it is still sometimes referred to as Northern Catalonia.
The modern department was created early during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790, through the application of a law dated 22 December 1789. Pyrénées-Orientales corresponds almost exactly to the pre-Revolutionary province of Roussillon, but it also includes Fenolheda, a small piece of territory which had formerly been on the southern edge of Languedoc. See also: French Cerdagne.
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Rhône (department)
Rhône (French pronunciation: [ʁon]; Franco-Provençal : Rôno) is a French department located in the central Eastern region of Rhône-Alpes. It is named after the Rhône River.
The Rhône department was created on August 12, 1793 when the former département of Rhône-et-Loire was split into two departments: Rhône and Loire.
Originally, the eastern border of Rhône was the city of Lyon itself, so that the communes immediately east of Lyon belonged to neighboring department. With the growth of Lyon and the spilling of the urban area over the suburban communes of Lyon, the limits of the department were judged impractical as they left the suburbs of Lyon outside of Rhône . Thus, Rhône was enlarged several times to incorporate into it the suburbs of Lyon from neighboring department:
With these enlargements, the area of the Rhône department increased from 2,791 km² to the current 3,249 km² (16.4% larger). At the 1999 French census, the original Rhône department would have had only 1,071,288 inhabitants, which means that the population in the territories added in the last two centuries was 507,581 inhabitants in 1999.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Saône-et-Loire
Saône-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [soː.n‿e.lwaʁ]; Arpitan: Sona-et-Lêre) is a French department, named after the Saône and the Loire rivers between which it lies.
When it was formed during the French Revolution, as of March 4, 1790 in fulfillment of the law of December 22, 1789, the new department combined parts of the provinces of southern Burgundy and Bresse, uniting lands that had no previous common history nor political unity and which have no true geographical unity. Thus its history is that of Burgundy, and is especially to be found in the local histories of Autun, Mâcon, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charolles and Louhans.
Saône-et-Loire is the seventh largest department of France and the most densely populated in the region of Bourgogne. In the east the department is composed of the hills of the Autunois, the region around Autun, of the Charollais and of the Mâconnais. In the centre it is traversed from north to south by the Saône in its wide plain; the Saône is a tributary of the River Rhône that joins it at Lyon and thus is connected to the Mediterranean Sea. The Loire makes its way in the opposite direction, draining into the Atlantic Ocean. The Canal du Centre links the Saône to the Loire between Chalon-sur-Saône and Digoin, thereby linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic ocean. In the east the department occupies the northern part of the plain of Bresse. In the west its industrial heart is in Le Creusot and Montceau-les-Mines.
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Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne (French pronunciation: [sɛn e maʁn]) is a French department, named after the Seine and Marne rivers, and located in the Île-de-France region.
Seine-et-Marne is one of the original 83 departments, created on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution in application of the law of December 22, 1789. It had previously belonged to the former province of Île-de-France.
Seine-et-Marne forms a part of the Île-de-France region; the department covers 49% of the region's land area. It is bordered by Val-d'Oise, Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de-Marne, Essonne to the West; Loiret and Yonne to the South; Aube and Marne to the East; and Aisne and Oise to the North.
The department has many natural reserves, notably Brie and Gâtinais.
Principal Towns include: Chelles, Torcy, Pontault-Combault, Lagny-sur-Marne, Coulommiers, Champs-sur-Marne, Nemours, Meaux, Melun, Montereau-Fault-Yonne, Brie-Comte-Robert, Provins, Fontainebleau as well as the new towns of Marne-la-Vallée and Sénart.
The highest point of the département is Saint-George’s Hill (215 m).
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Seine-et-Oise
Seine-et-Oise was a département of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris. Its préfecture (capital) was Versailles and its official number was 78. Seine-et-Oise was abolished in 1968.
Seine-et-Oise was created on March 4, 1790. Its name comes from the two main rivers (Seine River and Oise River) flowing through it.
At its disappearance in 1968, Seine-et-Oise consisted of 688 suburban and rural communes completely surrounding the Seine département although it was at its narrowest just east of Seine between that département and the Seine-et-Marne département which still exists today. It had an area of 5,658 km² (2,184 sq. miles). The division of Seine-et-Oise into arrondissements changed many times. At its disappearance it had ten arrondissements: Argenteuil, Étampes, Mantes, Montmorency, Palaiseau, Pontoise, Le Raincy, Rambouillet, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and Versailles.
At the first French census in 1801, Seine-et-Oise had 421,535 inhabitants. With the growth of the Paris suburbs, the population of Seine-et-Oise increased markedly, and by 1968 it had reached 2,943,350 inhabitants. It was judged that Seine-et-Oise, along with several other departments in the Paris conurbation, was now too large and ungovernable. On January 1, 1968 it was split into (essentially) three smaller départements: Yvelines, Val-d'Oise, and Essonne. A small part of Seine-et-Oise was also merged with parts of the Seine département (also disbanded on the same date) to create the three new départements of Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, and Seine-Saint-Denis.
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Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime (French pronunciation: [sɛn.ma.ʁi.tim]) is a French department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure.
The department can be split into three main areas:
The département was created in 1790 as Seine-Inférieure, one of five departements that replaced the former province of Normandy. In 1800 five arrondissements were created within the département, namely Rouen, Le Havre, Dieppe, Neufchatel and Yvetot, although the latter two were disbanded in 1926. On 18 January 1955 the name of the département was changed to Seine-Maritime, in order to provide a more positive-sounding name and in-keeping with changes made in a number of other French departements.
In 1843 the railway from Paris reached the region. The département is connected to the adjacent Eure department via the Tancarville and Pont de Normandie bridge crossings of the Seine.
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Seine-Saint-Denis
Seine-Saint-Denis (French pronunciation: [sɛn.sɛ̃.də.ni]) is a French department located in the Île-de-France region. In local slang, it is known as "quatre-vingt treize" (i.e. "ninety-three") or "neuf trois" (i.e. "nine three"), after the official administrative number of the department, 93. The inhabitants are called Séquano-Dionysiens.
Seine-Saint-Denis is located to the northeast of Paris. It has a surface area of only 236 km², making it one of the smallest departments in France. Seine-Saint-Denis and two other small departments, Hauts-de-Seine and Val-de-Marne, form a ring around Paris, known as the Petite Couronne ("little crown"). They form, together with Paris and four other departments, the region of Île-de-France.
Seine-Saint-Denis is made up of 3 departmental arrondissements and 40 communes:
Seine-Saint-Denis was created in January 1968, through the implementation of a law passed in July 1964. It was formed from the part of the (hitherto larger) Seine department to the north and north-east of the Paris ring road (and the line of the old city walls), together with a small slice taken from Seine-et-Oise.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Tarn (department)
Tarn (French pronunciation: [taʁn]; Occitan: Tarn) is a department of 5,758 km2 in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France, named after the Tarn River. It was formed in 1790 of the three dioceses of Albi, Castres and Lavaur, belonging to the province of Languedoc. In 1906, the population was 330,533. In 1999, it stood at 343,402.
Of particular note in the department are Albi (the capital), Castres, Gaillac, Lavaur, Mazamet and Cordes.
Other places of interest are:
Tarn is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790, through application of the Law of 22 December 1789. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc, and comprised the dioceses of Albi and Castres (which found themselves merged in 1817).
By the law of 28 Pluviôse, Year 5, the departments of Hérault and of Tarn exchanged the canton of Anglès (which had been part of the diocese of Saint-Pons, but which has remained in Tarn) for that of Saint-Gervais-sur-Mare (which had been part of the diocese of Castres, but which today remains in Hérault ).
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Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne (French pronunciation: [taʁn‿e ɡa.ʁɔn]) is a French department in the southwest of France. It is traversed by the Rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name.
The department was created on November 4, 1808 during the First French Empire by a decision of Napoleon I. It was formed out of territories belonging to neighboring areas. More than half of the territory was taken from the Lot (including Montauban and Moissac), over one-third was taken from Haute-Garonne (including Castelsarrasin), and the rest from the departments of Lot-et-Garonne, Gers, and Aveyron.
Tarn-et-Garonne constitutes part of the Midi-Pyrénées region. It borders the departments of Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Haute-Garonne, Gers, and Lot-et-Garonne.
The highest point in the department, at 510 m, is the Pech Maurel, situated in the commune of Castanet.
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The Forest of Sénart
Located in Essonne, it covers 3,500 hectares in area, this forest is very important to the local population. The local government has kept roads and agricultural companies from cutting down parts of this forest. There are roughly 2-3 million visitors a year, and the government spends 1.2 million euros a year maintaining the forest.
The forest inspired the 1826 pasticcio La forêt de Sénart by Parisian Castil-Blaze, where he openly incorporated music from the opera Euryanthe against the protests of composer Carl Maria von Weber. The experience drove Weber to lobby German theaters and sovereigns to control distribution of his next opera, Oberon – an important incident in the creation of modern copyright law.
Coordinates: 48°40′N 2°29′E / 48.667°N 2.483°E / 48.667; 2.483
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Val-d'Oise
Val-d'Oise (French pronunciation: [val dwaz]) is a French department, created in 1968 after the split of the Seine-et-Oise department and located in the Île-de-France region. In local slang, it is known as "quatre-vingt quinze" (i.e. "ninety-five") or "neuf cinq" (i.e. "nine five"). It gets its name from the Oise River, a major tributary of the Seine, which crosses the region after having started in Belgium and flowed through north-eastern France. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, France's main international airport is partially located in Roissy-en-France, a commune of Val d'Oise.
Val-d'Oise was created when the former departments Seine and Seine-et-Oise were broken up into six departments in 1968.
In descending order, the largest communes (over 25,000 population as of the 1999 census) are: Argenteuil, Sarcelles, Cergy, Garges-lès-Gonesse, Franconville, Ermont, Pontoise, Goussainville, Bezons, Villiers-le-Bel, Taverny, and Sannois.
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Val-de-Marne
Val-de-Marne (French pronunciation: [val.də.maʁn]) is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region. The department is situated to the southeast of the city of Paris.
Val-de-Marne is, together with Seine-Saint-Denis and Hauts-de-Seine, one of three small departments in Île-de-France that form a ring around Paris, known as the Petite Couronne (i.e. "inner ring").
Val-de-Marne is made up of 3 departmental arrondissements and 47 communes:
Val-de-Marne was created in January 1968, through the implementation of a law passed in July 1964. Positioned to the south-east of the Paris ring road (and the line of the old city walls), it was formed from the southern-eastern part of the (previously much larger) Seine department, together with a small portion taken from the broken-up department of Seine-et-Oise.
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Var (department)
The Var (French pronunciation: [vaʁ]) is a French department in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in Provence, in southeast France. It takes its name from the river Var, which used to flow along its eastern boundary, but the boundary was moved in 1860. The Var is bordered on the east by the department of Alpes-Maritimes; to the west by Bouches-du-Rhône to the north of the Verdon River by the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea.
Toulon is the largest city and administrative capital of the Var. Other important towns in the Var include Fréjus, Saint-Raphael, Draguignan, Brignoles and Hyères.
The Var is known for the harbour of Toulon, the main port of the French Navy; for its seaside resorts, the most famous of which is Saint-Tropez; for some fine examples of Romanesque and medieval architecture, such as the Le Thoronet Abbey and Fréjus Cathedral; and for its wines, particularly the wines of Bandol.
The Department of the Var was created at the time of the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790, from a portion of the former Royal province of Provence. Its capital was originally Toulon, but this was moved to Grasse in 1793 to punish the Toulonnais for having handed the town to British in 1793. The capital was moved to Brignoles in 1795, then to Draguignan in 1797. It was not returned to Toulon until 1974.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Louis XI
Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called the Prudent (French: le Prudent), was the King of France from 1461 to 1483. He was the son of Charles VII of France and Mary of Anjou, a member of the House of Valois.
During his 22-year reign, Louis successfully expanded royal power at the expense of the dukes. Shrewd and often vicious, he spun webs of plot and conspiracy which earned him the nicknames the Cunning (Middle French: le rusé) and the Universal Spider (Middle French: l'universelle aragne ). His love for scheming and intrigue made him many enemies, including his father, his brother Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry, as well as his cousins Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Edward IV of England. Louis preferred men of humble origin, and among his advisers were Olivier Le Daim, Louis Tristan L'Hermite, and Cardinal Balue.
Louis was born at Bourges, Cher in 1423, when the English held northern France and his father Charles VII was restricted to the centre and south. Louis was the grandson of the strong-willed Yolande of Aragon, the princess who was the driving force in driving the English out of France. Louis despised his father, regarding him as a weakling.
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Rumeur de bavures: Des incidents en Essonne!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Incidents en Essonne après l'accident de moto qui a coûté la mort d'un jeune et blessé un autre, des personnes soupçonnent la police d'être à l'origine de ce drame Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Rumeur_de_bavures_Des_incidents_en_Essonne!
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Incidents en Essonne après l'accident de moto qui a coûté la mort d'un jeune et blessé un autre, des personnes soupçonnent la police d'être à l'origine de ce drame Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
RATP: Top 10 des incivilités (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . La RATP lance une nouvelle campagne face aux incivilités les plus communes dans les RER, bus et métros Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/RATP_Top_10_des_incivilités_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . La RATP lance une nouvelle campagne face aux incivilités les plus communes dans les RER, bus et métros Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 893
- author: telessonne
Meurtres Essonne : Le tueur frappe à Grigny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Le tueur de l'Essonne vient de faire une quatrième victime à Grigny, ue femme d'une quarantaine d'année Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Meurtres_Essonne_Le_tueur_frappe_à_Grigny
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Le tueur de l'Essonne vient de faire une quatrième victime à Grigny, ue femme d'une quarantaine d'année Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 08 Apr 2012
- views: 1464
- author: telessonne
Bilan morose de la délinquance en Essonne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . L'Essonne fait figure de mauvais élève en matière des statistiques de la délinquance Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Bilan_morose_de_la_délinquance_en_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . L'Essonne fait figure de mauvais élève en matière des statistiques de la délinquance Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 21 Jan 2012
- views: 889
- author: telessonne
91 essonne djo lindien mss l'hymne a la foi arpajon egly rap dz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
petit montage maison
http://wn.com/91_essonne_djo_lindien_mss_l'hymne_a_la_foi_arpajon_egly_rap_dz
Réussir en Banlieue, c'est possible ! (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Rencontre avec un duo de jeunes entrepreneurs qui sont venus présenter leur projet lors de la 5e édition de la convention « Réussir en Banlieue » dans l'espoir de trouver des financeurs potentiels. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Réussir_en_Banlieue,_c'est_possible_!_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Rencontre avec un duo de jeunes entrepreneurs qui sont venus présenter leur projet lors de la 5e édition de la convention « Réussir en Banlieue » dans l'espoir de trouver des financeurs potentiels. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 39
- author: telessonne
Europabus à LEUVILLE SUR ORGE dans l'Essonne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
www.pjtv.fr - L'entreprise Europabus est située à LEUVILLE SUR ORGE, dans l'Essonne. Elle vous propose ses services pour tout vos transports de voyageurs en autocars. Europabus
http://wn.com/Europabus_à_LEUVILLE_SUR_ORGE_dans_l'Essonne
www.pjtv.fr - L'entreprise Europabus est située à LEUVILLE SUR ORGE, dans l'Essonne. Elle vous propose ses services pour tout vos transports de voyageurs en autocars. Europabus
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 1
- author: PJB2BTransport
Corbeil-Essonnes - Manuel Valls inaugure la 64ème Foire - 050912.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Corbeil-Essonnes, le 5 septembre 2012. Manuel Valls, ministre de l'intérieur, a inauguré la 64ème Foire aux côtés de Serge Dassault et Jean-Pierre Bechter. Images de Bernard Gaudin - www.corbeil-infos.fr -
http://wn.com/Corbeil-Essonnes_Manuel_Valls_inaugure_la_64ème_Foire_050912avi
Corbeil-Essonnes, le 5 septembre 2012. Manuel Valls, ministre de l'intérieur, a inauguré la 64ème Foire aux côtés de Serge Dassault et Jean-Pierre Bechter. Images de Bernard Gaudin - www.corbeil-infos.fr -
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 27161
- author: CorbeilInfo
Essonne : deux suspects en garde à vue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Deux suspects ont été interpellés dans l'Essonne et à Paris. Ils pourraient être liés aux quatre meurtres perpétrés en l'espace de 5 mois avec la même arme, dans ce département francilien.
http://wn.com/Essonne_deux_suspects_en_garde_à_vue
Toute l'actualité sur www.bfmtv.com Deux suspects ont été interpellés dans l'Essonne et à Paris. Ils pourraient être liés aux quatre meurtres perpétrés en l'espace de 5 mois avec la même arme, dans ce département francilien.
- published: 14 Apr 2012
- views: 210
- author: BFMTV
La Ferté Sud Essonne Basket Club vs Mennecy 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:46
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
1ère journée championnat U15 minimes 2ème division - La Ferté Sud Essonne Basket Club vs Mennecy 2
http://wn.com/La_Ferté_Sud_Essonne_Basket_Club_vs_Mennecy_2
1ère journée championnat U15 minimes 2ème division - La Ferté Sud Essonne Basket Club vs Mennecy 2
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 212
- author: Fertevideo91
Le cimetière de Monnerville vandalisé (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Le cimetière de Monnerville a été vandalisé par des malfaiteurs. Plusieurs objets de valeur ont été dérobés. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Le_cimetière_de_Monnerville_vandalisé_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Le cimetière de Monnerville a été vandalisé par des malfaiteurs. Plusieurs objets de valeur ont été dérobés. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 87
- author: telessonne
Grand Stade: la FFR choisit Evry Centre-Essonne (Rugby)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Le futur grand stade de rugby verra finalement le jour à l'ancienne hippodrome de Ris-Orangis Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Grand_Stade_la_FFR_choisit_Evry_Centre-Essonne_Rugby
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Le futur grand stade de rugby verra finalement le jour à l'ancienne hippodrome de Ris-Orangis Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 862
- author: telessonne
La Ferté sud Essonne Basket Club vs Saintry seniors 24112012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:12
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Match séniors : La Ferté sud Essonne - Saintry
http://wn.com/La_Ferté_sud_Essonne_Basket_Club_vs_Saintry_seniors_24112012
Match séniors : La Ferté sud Essonne - Saintry
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 174
- author: Fertevideo91
Dourdan - La Ferté sud Essonne Basket Club (minimes) 24/11/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 79:30
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
2ème journée de championnat départemental D2 - Dourdan - La Ferté sud Essonne Basket Club (U15) - 24/11/2012
http://wn.com/Dourdan_La_Ferté_sud_Essonne_Basket_Club_minimes_24_11_2012
2ème journée de championnat départemental D2 - Dourdan - La Ferté sud Essonne Basket Club (U15) - 24/11/2012
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 125
- author: Fertevideo91
Meeting de Jean-François Copé en Essonne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . De passage en Essonne, Jean-François Copé a tenu un meeting où il a abordé le sujet de la burqa et du mariage homosexuel. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Meeting_de_Jean-François_Copé_en_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . De passage en Essonne, Jean-François Copé a tenu un meeting où il a abordé le sujet de la burqa et du mariage homosexuel. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 97
- author: telessonne
La Ferté-Boutigny sud Essonne vs Morigny-Etréchy - benjamins 01122012.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:14
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Journée de championnat benjamins: La Ferté-Boutigny sud Essonne contre Morigny-Etréchy
http://wn.com/La_Ferté-Boutigny_sud_Essonne_vs_Morigny-Etréchy_benjamins_01122012wmv
Journée de championnat benjamins: La Ferté-Boutigny sud Essonne contre Morigny-Etréchy
- published: 02 Dec 2012
- views: 51
- author: Fertevideo91
Osez le Féminisme : Qui va garder les enfants ? (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Stéphanie Caradec d'Osez le Féminisme vient nous expliquer en quoi consiste la nouvelle campagne de l'association. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Osez_le_Féminisme_Qui_va_garder_les_enfants_?_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Stéphanie Caradec d'Osez le Féminisme vient nous expliquer en quoi consiste la nouvelle campagne de l'association. Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 74
- author: telessonne
FCF Juvisy Essonne - OL féminin (samedi 2 juin 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:16
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
21EME JOURNEE DU CHAMPIONNAT DE FRANCE D1 DE FOOTBALL FEMININ SAMEDI 2 JUIN 2012 20H45 STADE DEPARTEMENTAL ROBERT BOBIN DE BONDOUFLE FCF JUVISY ESSONNE - OLYMPIQUE LYONNAIS 0 - 3 A L'ISSUE DE LA RENCONTRE, L'OL FEMININ EST SACRE CHAMPION DE FRANCE 2012 ET REALISE UN TRIPLE HISTORIQUE : COUPE DE FRANCE, CHAMPIONS LEAGUE ET CHAMPIONNAT DE FRANCE. BRAVO A L'OL FEMININ Photos et montage : Philippe Dantagnan Liens utiles : www.olweb.fr www.facebook.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/FCF_Juvisy_Essonne_OL_féminin_samedi_2_juin_2012
21EME JOURNEE DU CHAMPIONNAT DE FRANCE D1 DE FOOTBALL FEMININ SAMEDI 2 JUIN 2012 20H45 STADE DEPARTEMENTAL ROBERT BOBIN DE BONDOUFLE FCF JUVISY ESSONNE - OLYMPIQUE LYONNAIS 0 - 3 A L'ISSUE DE LA RENCONTRE, L'OL FEMININ EST SACRE CHAMPION DE FRANCE 2012 ET REALISE UN TRIPLE HISTORIQUE : COUPE DE FRANCE, CHAMPIONS LEAGUE ET CHAMPIONNAT DE FRANCE. BRAVO A L'OL FEMININ Photos et montage : Philippe Dantagnan Liens utiles : www.olweb.fr www.facebook.com twitter.com
- published: 03 Jun 2012
- views: 1614
- author: philippe065
Randonnée VTT Val Essonne 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:05
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Le 11/03/2012 départ de Cerny (91590), 45km et 718m D+
http://wn.com/Randonnée_VTT_Val_Essonne_2012
Le 11/03/2012 départ de Cerny (91590), 45km et 718m D+
- published: 14 Mar 2012
- views: 1770
- author: cgaby91
Législatives 2012: La réponse de Kosciusko-Morizet (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet candidat UMP réagit après sa victoire à la 4ème circonscription de l'Essonne Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Législatives_2012_La_réponse_de_Kosciusko-Morizet_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet candidat UMP réagit après sa victoire à la 4ème circonscription de l'Essonne Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 60
- author: telessonne
Grigny 2 et la Grande Borne bientôt en ZSP (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Grigny 2 et la Grande Borne devraient prochainement figurer dans la liste des Zones de Sécurité Prioritaires (ZSP). Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Grigny_2_et_la_Grande_Borne_bientôt_en_ZSP_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Grigny 2 et la Grande Borne devraient prochainement figurer dans la liste des Zones de Sécurité Prioritaires (ZSP). Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 1117
- author: telessonne
Contribuez-vous au respect de l'environnement? (Essonne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Avec le 20ème sommet de Rio, thermomètre de rue en Essonne sur le comportement des personnes face à l'environnement Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Contribuez-vous_au_respect_de_l'environnement?_Essonne
Sites webs/blogs, copiez cette vidéo avec le bouton "Intégrer" ! Si vous voulez télécharger, allez sur myreplay.tv . Avec le 20ème sommet de Rio, thermomètre de rue en Essonne sur le comportement des personnes face à l'environnement Plus sur wizdeo.com . Pour exploitation TV, droits réservés, nous contacter sur wizdeo.com
- published: 23 Jun 2012
- views: 20
- author: telessonne
Sinik - L'Essonne Gelesse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
SINIK NOUVEL ALBUM + BONUS 2012 EN EXCLU SUR ITUNES : itunes.apple.com COMMANDE A LA FNAC EN DIRECT musique.fnac.com EXCLU SINIK MEDINE LES 16 VÉRITÉS DISPO EN TELECHARGEMENT SUR ITUNES itunes.apple.com Sinik sur Facebook : www.facebook.com Sinik sur Twitter : twitter.com
http://wn.com/Sinik_L'Essonne_Gelesse
SINIK NOUVEL ALBUM + BONUS 2012 EN EXCLU SUR ITUNES : itunes.apple.com COMMANDE A LA FNAC EN DIRECT musique.fnac.com EXCLU SINIK MEDINE LES 16 VÉRITÉS DISPO EN TELECHARGEMENT SUR ITUNES itunes.apple.com Sinik sur Facebook : www.facebook.com Sinik sur Twitter : twitter.com
- published: 15 Dec 2011
- views: 12698
- author: SinikTV
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady
10 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta. This non-technological and stateless group, which mainly depends on hunting and gathering, had suffered several inexplicable deaths ... Therefore, they organized an atinga, or revenge group ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
12 Dec 2012
MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon
12 Dec 2012
North Korea defied international warnings and fired a long-range rocket on Wednesday, the second launch under its new leader and a clear sign Pyongyang is pushing forward with its quest to develop the technology needed to deliver a nuclear warhead ... But South Korea and Japan said they couldn’t immediately confirm that ... officials could determine whether a North Korean satellite was circling the Earth ... Kim said ... Keywords....(size: 2.7Kb)
BBC News
27 Nov 2012
Arsenal Ladies will face Italian side ASD Torres CF in the quarter-finals of the Women's Uefa Champions League ... Arsenal's record in Europe ... The current league champions last won the Women's Champions League in 2007 ... Quarter-finals ... FCF Juvisy Essonne (FRA) v Göteborg FC (SWE) ... Semi-finals ... print. ....(size: 3.4Kb)
noodls
23 Nov 2012
Recently, Wuhan and Kosice signed a friendship agreement that will promote the exchange of culture, tourism resources, commerce, and information between the two cities ... As the economic and cultural center of eastern Slovakia, Kosice is the regional administrative center for Kosice County ... Cities signed friendship agreements with Wuhan ... Essonne, France March 5, 2007 ... distributed by ... (noodl. 16706302) ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Huffington Post
12 Nov 2012
Armstrong resigned from the board of directors for Livestrong on Nov. 4 ... The U.S ... ___. Online. ... 25, 2012 ... This is a July 24, 2005, file photo showing overall leader Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, and the French capital ... ....(size: 15.5Kb)
Huffington Post
12 Nov 2012
His home decor has, apparently, not changed ... @lancearmstrong ... http.//t.co/s8TjKn94 ... What do you think? ... This is a July 24, 2005, file photo showing overall leader Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, and the French capital ... ....(size: 17.5Kb)
Stockhouse
08 Nov 2012
Regulatory News.. Sodexo (NYSE Euronext Paris FR 0000121220-OTC. SDXAY) (PARIS.SW) (OTCBB.SDXAY).. At the November 6, 2012 Board of Directors meeting chaired by Pierre Bellon, Michel Landel, Chief Executive Officer, presented the performance for Fiscal 2012. Fiscal 2012 financial performance millions of euro Year ended August 31 . Change ... 1 ... Mairie de Corbeil-Essonnes, France (3,200 students)....(size: 157.2Kb)
Sun Star
30 Oct 2012
of Evry-Corbeil-Essonnes, Bishop Francesco Biasin of Barra do Pirai-Volta Redonda, Brazil; Bishop Joseph Chusak Sirisut of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Bishop Sebastian Francis Shah O.F.M., auxiliary of Lahore, Pakistan; Bishop Michael Didi Adgum Mangoria, coadjutor of El-Obeid, Sudan; Bishop Tomo Vuksic, military ordinary of Bosnia Herzegovina, and Bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah of Sokoto, Nigeria ... Manila time) ... (HDT/Sunnex) ....(size: 3.1Kb)
noodls
29 Oct 2012
In 2017, the FFR will relocate to its new home in Evry-Essonne, south of Paris, as a new stadium is built to allow the federation to become financially independent. Sportcal. distributed by ... It was distributed, unedited and unaltered, by noodls on 2012-10-29 14.28.17 CET ... (noodl. 16401177) ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Huffington Post
27 Oct 2012
The U.S ... Armstrong denies doping but has not commented on the USADA report ... No backs. No re-dos ... The U.S ... This is a July 24, 2005, file photo showing overall leader Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, and the French capital....(size: 16.3Kb)
Huffington Post
24 Oct 2012
23, 2012 ... Postal Service team, and that he "couldn't bear the lie anymore." ... ___ ... Also on HuffPost ... This is a July 24, 2005, file photo showing overall leader Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, and the French capital ... Like....(size: 16.6Kb)
Signon San Diego
23 Oct 2012
22, 2012 ... McQuaid announced that the federation accepted the U.S ... 22, 2012 ... 22, 2012 ... 22, 2012 ... FILE - This is a July 24, 2005, file photo showing overall leader Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, and the French capital ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
Huffington Post
23 Oct 2012
Lance Armstrong’s doping scandal cost him millions in future earnings ... Also on HuffPost ... 25, 2012 ... This is a July 24, 2005, file photo showing overall leader Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, and the French capital ... ....(size: 14.9Kb)
Detroit news
22 Oct 2012
By Grahan Dunbar Associated Press Comments. Zoom. Lance Armstrong rides during the 21st stage of the 92nd Tour de France cycling race between Corbeil-Essonnes and the Champs-Elysees in Paris. (JACK GUEZ/AFP/Getty Images). Geneva â Cycling's governing body has agreed to strip Lance Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles and ban him for life. UCI President Pat McQuaid announced Monday that the federation accepted the U.S ... Tweet ... Next....(size: 7.9Kb)
Huffington Post
22 Oct 2012
Lance Armstrong, of Austin, Texas, surrounded by press photographers, signaling seven, for his seventh straight win in the Tour de France cycling race, prior to the start of the 21st and final stage of the race, between Corbeil-Essonnes, south of Paris, on July 24, 2005. GENEVA — Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life by cycling's governing body Monday following a report from the U.S....(size: 8.5Kb)
| Essonne | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Department — | |||
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| Coordinates: 48°30′N 02°17′E / 48.5°N 2.283°E / 48.5; 2.283Coordinates: 48°30′N 02°17′E / 48.5°N 2.283°E / 48.5; 2.283 | |||
| Country | France | ||
| Region | Île-de-France | ||
| Prefecture | Évry | ||
| Subprefectures | Étampes Palaiseau |
||
| Government | |||
| • President of the General Council | Jérome Guedj (PS) | ||
| Area1 | |||
| • Total | 1,804 km2 (697 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2007) | |||
| • Total | 1,201,994 | ||
| • Rank | 15th | ||
| • Density | 670/km2 (1,700/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Department number | 91 | ||
| Arrondissements | 3 | ||
| Cantons | 42 | ||
| Communes | 196 | ||
| ^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 | |||
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
Contents |
History[link]
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo,[1] the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Geography[link]
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
- Hauts-de-Seine and Val-de-Marne to the north,
- Seine-et-Marne to the east,
- Loiret to the south,
- Eure-et-Loir and Yvelines to the west.
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
In descending order, the cities over 25,000 population are: Évry, Corbeil-Essonnes, Massy, Savigny-sur-Orge, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Viry-Châtillon, Athis-Mons, Palaiseau, Draveil, Yerres, Les Ulis, and Vigneux-sur-Seine. Milly-la-Forêt is an example of its more rural communes.
Main sights[link]
- L'École Polytechnique. Founded in 1794, L'Ecole Polytechnique is one of the most prestigious engineering universities in France. This university was ranked 10th in the world by the Times Higher Education Supplement in 2005. Its campus is in the town of Palaiseau.
- Université de Paris-Sud. One of the best public schools in France, it is ranked 52nd by Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is best known for its physics department. Located in Orsay, Essonne, about 26,000 students are enrolled.
- The Headquarters of the Arianespace Company, a major commercial aerospace launcher, servicing companies who wish to launch satellites into space.
- Château de Montlhéry. Originally having been an ancient fort during Roman times, the first feudal lords began to inhabit the castle around 1000 AD. One major battle was fought in the castle during its lifetime. In 1465, Charles the Rash and French King Louis XI fought in the plains in front of the castle. In 1842, the reconstruction of the castle was started, and currently is being maintained by the local town of Montlhery
- Château de Courances
- The Forest of Sénart. Covering 3,500 hectares in area, this forest is very important to the local population. The local government has kept roads and agricultural companies from cutting down parts of this forest. The forest receives between two and three million visitors annually, and the government spends 1.2 million euros a year maintaining it.
- Telecom Sudparis. Situated in Évry, this is a grande ecole for engineers
Demographics[link]
Place of birth of residents[link]
|
|||||||||||||||||||
See also[link]
- Cantons of the Essonne department
- Communes of the Essonne department
- Arrondissements of the Essonne department
References[link]
External links[link]
- (French) Prefecture website
- (French) General council website
- Flickr Photography Group for Essonne region
- Anglo Essonne
http://wn.com/Essonne
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Essonne
http://cs.wn.com/Essonne
http://es.wn.com/Essonne
http://ru.wn.com/Эсон (департамент)
http://id.wn.com/Essonne
http://pl.wn.com/Essonne
http://fr.wn.com/Essonne (département)
http://de.wn.com/Département Essonne
http://pt.wn.com/Essonne
http://nl.wn.com/Essonne (departement)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article contains translated text and needs attention from someone approaching dual fluency. Please see this article's entry on Pages needing translation into English for discussion. If you have just labeled this page as needing such attention, please add {{subst:Duflu | pg= Manuel Valls | Language = | Comments = }} ~~~~to the bottom of the WP:PNTCU section on Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. |
| Manuel Valls | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
|
| Minister of the Interior | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 May 2012 |
|
| President | François Hollande |
| Prime Minister | Jean-Marc Ayrault |
| Preceded by | Claude Guéant |
| Mayor of Évry | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 18 March 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Christian Olivier |
| Member of the National Assembly from Essonne's 1st constituency |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 19 June 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Jacques Guyard |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-08-13) 13 August 1962 (age 49) Barcelona, Spain |
| Political party | Socialist Party |
| Alma mater | University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Website | Official website |
Manuel Valls (French: [manyɛl vals], Catalan: [mənuˈɛɫ ˈβaʎs], born August 13, 1962) is a French Socialist Party (PS) politician, deputy since 2002 and mayor of Évry. On May 16, 2012 he was appointed Minister of the Interior (Homeland security) in the French government of Jean-Marc Ayrault.
Valls was born in Barcelona, Spain, and became a naturalized French citizen in 1982. He is a prominent supporter of F.C. Barcelona, the famous club whose anthem was composed by a namesake of his, the cousin of his father. As reported on the Swiss Newspapers last week he is the son of a Spanish citizen, while his mother is a Ticinese, Swiss-Italian from Valle di Blenio, Canton Ticino.
After serving as an advisor on youth issues for Prime Minister Michel Rocard from 1988 to 1991, he was communications advisor to Prime Minister Lionel Jospin from 1997 to 2001.
He sought the PS nomination for President of France in the 2012 election. Finally ranked 5th of the first round of the PS primary, he called for a François Hollande vote in the second round. Valls is often considered in France as a representative of the social-liberal wing of the French Socialist Party, sharing common orientations with Scandinavian style Social Democracy and Blairism.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Origins, family[link]
Carlos Manuel Valls looks upon himself as "son of Catalonia" with a "Spanish spirit", as he was born in Barcelona, because his parents "were on vacation and wanted their eldest son to be born there". He got French nationality in 1982.
His paternal grandfather was editor-in-chief in a Catholic and republican newspaper in Spain. During the Spanish Civil War, he hides at his home some catholic church members persecuted by some trotskyists and anarchists. After Francisco Franco's victory, he had been forbidden to continue his job of editor. His father is the painter Xavier Valls (1923-2006)[1] · ,[2] also born in Barcelona, who emigrated to Paris by the late 1940s. There he met his future wife Luisangela Galfetti, sister of the Swiss architect Aurelio Galfetti. He is also cousin of Manuel Valls Gorina, who composed the Hymn of FC Barcelona.
Thanks to family melting pot Manuel Valls is fluent in French, Spanish, Catalan and Italian.[3] He was married in 1987 with Nathalie Soulié, they got 4 chidren before divorcing. He married 1 July 2010[4] with Anne Gravoin who is violonist awarded by the Conservatoire de Paris[5] · .[6]
Political involvement[link]
He joined in 1980 at 17 years old the French Socialist Party (PS) to support Michel Rocard. Within the PS, he defends the second left, Rocard, more pragmatic face of François Mitterrand. While studying history at the University of Paris I Tolbiac he was part of the progressist student union, the UNEF-ID.
Between 1983 and 1986 he was a member of the staff of the member of parliament Robert Chapuis, deputy for Ardeche, and in 1988 succeeded Henri Kaminska as head of PS Bezons Argenteuil. At 24 he was elected to the Regional Council of Ile de France, which becomes senior vice president in 1998. Between 1991 and 1993 is attached interministerial delegate of the Winter Olympics in Albertville 1992. He then became national secretary of the Socialist Party of communication and first secretary of the federation in Val d'Oise. Then handles the communication and media relations of the Cabinet of Lionel Jospin, Prime Minister of France between 1997 and 2002.
In March 2001 and in 2008, he was elected mayor of Evry and in 2002 deputy in the French National Assembly by the First District of Essonne, was reelected in 2007.
In the succession of François Hollande in front of PS in November 2008, takes sides in favor of Ségolène Royal. Following the results (considering controversial) claims the arbitration court against the suspicions of electoral fraud in the strongholds of North and Seine-Maritime, in favor of Martine Aubry.
2011 primaries and presidential campaign[link]
On June 13, 2009, Manuel Valls announced his intention to run for the Socialist primary in 2011 for the 2012 presidential election. June 30, 2009 he founded the club "Left needs optimism," "Legal and Financial Support" to present to the primary socialiste29. On 7 June 2011, he confirmed his candidacy for the Socialist primary.
On the evening of the first round, Oct. 9, 2011, Manuel Valls achieved a score of 6% of the vote, just behind Ségolène Royal, and was eliminated in the first round of the Socialist primary. On the night of his defeat, he endorsed Francois Hollande in the second round.
During the 2012 presidential election, he was the communications director of the PS nominee Francois Hollande, becoming one of the pillars of the campaign team.
Political orientations[link]
He is commonly classified in the "right wing" of the Socialist Party with a similar approach as the German and Scandinavian Social Democracies. He defined himself in the past as "Blairite" or "clintonien" and describes his position "is in the tradition of Pierre Mendes France, Lionel Jospin and Michel Rocard" (Socialist primary of 2011). It can be included to the third-way movement.
He preaches for an "economically realistic" political speech without any "demagoguery". He voices his dissent in the party by his vision of individual responsabilities ("The new proposal of the left must be the individual self-realization: to allow everyone to become what it is") and his positions againts a system wher some people live only from nationnal solidarity.
Describing himself as "reformist rather than revolutionary," he wants to "reconcile the left to the liberal approach."
Economic policy and European integration[link]
Among the desired economic reforms, it is particularly favorable to the establishment of "social VAT", designed primarily to increase the VAT number of consumer products called "non essential" in exchange for reducing contribution with on wages ("Fiscal policy will have to undergo an increase in VAT. This is the VAT or social protection-that I propose.")
It also calls for extending the contribution period to set the age of retirement and "alignment of the special [retirement] on the general scheme. "
In 2010, he expressed support for the control of the European Commission on national budgets, saying it is "definitely" necessary. "In the world as it is, who needs large sets, we need more integration of our economic policies, more coordination, it is true in monetary terms, this is true on the fiscal and this is true for taxes, "said he.
International issues[link]
Asked in July 2011 on his attendance at a meeting of the Bilderberg Group, he confirmed that he was invited to Washington two years ago, while considering that this group was too "Atlanticist" and was open to the world. Similarly, he considers that "it would have to be too large leftist organizations, political, social," in European and global level.
Social issues[link]
Immigration[link]
In his book "To finish with the old socialism ... and finally to be left", he expressed support for "quota" of immigration, approves the extension of the pension contribution to 41 years provided that they imagine starting a 'la carte, "according to the arduous career, and regrets the" fatwas non-GM "and antinuclear.
Safety[link]
Elected to a city with security problems, he advocates a policy of firmness and is favorable to the municipal police, armed if necessary (primary Socialists of 2011). It stigmatizes the other hand what he calls "the politics of numbers" Fillon government.
Secularism[link]
Secularism In opposite, he demanded an overhaul of the 1905 law separating church and state saying that "nobody wants to touch it, but it is bypassed at all times; everyone seeks a subterfuge to achieve its ends . [...] Our country can not escape even if the revision is not a review with a large R. The law has also been amended several times since its adoption. The Republic could thus offer a symbolic moment to breathe new life to secularism. It should be a public review of the application of secularism that goes through a parliamentary debate. What a beautiful way to restore the ideal layman in the heart of French society and make a shared value. "
In 2002, he opposed the store Franprix Evry who intends to sell only halal products.
Cannabis[link]
On 12 October 2009, Manuel Valls expressed "total disagreement" with the proposed decriminalization or legalization of cannabis made framed by Daniel Vaillant who did attempt to deprive traffickers including a source of income, arguing Valls risk of loss benchmarks, of late prohibited, and that "the drug, [...] source of the underground economy, can not be treated well."
Political strategies[link]
In the summer of 2011, he states that "men and women like Dominique de Villepin, Bayrou or Corinne Lepage, to name a few, may belong, if they wish, a majority with broad ". He advocates a political cooperation with the humanist center and center left on some issues.
Former mandates[link]
Minister of Interior : Since May 2012
Member of the National Assembly of France for Essonne (1st constituency) : 2002-2012 (Became minister in May). Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007.
Vice-president of the Regional Council of Ile-de-France : 1998-2002 (Resignation).
Regional councillor of Ile-de-France : 1986-2002 (Resignation).
Mayor of Évry : Since 2001. Reelected in 2008.
Municipal councillor of Évry : Since 2001. Reelected in 2008.
Deputy-mayor of Argenteuil : 1989-1998 (Resignation).
Municipal councillor of Argenteuil : 1989-1998 (Resignation).
Works[link]
- Les habits neufs de la gauche, éditions Robert Laffont, 2006
- La laïcité en face, a dialog with Virginie Malabard, Éditions Desclée de Brouwer, 2005
- Pour en finir avec le vieux socialisme... et être enfin de gauche, a dialog with Claude Askolovitch, Robert Laffont, 2008
References[link]
- ^ (French)Biographie de Xavier Valls on claude-bernard.com website
- ^ (Spanish) Ana María Preckler, Historia del arte universal de los siglos XIX y XX, Editorial Complutense, 2003, tome II, p. 509
.
This 8474917077 lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (June 2012) - ^ (French)Ce qu'il faut savoir de Manuel Valls », www.lejdd.fr, May 16, 2012.
- ^ (French)« Manuel Valls va se marier en juillet », Le Nouvel Observateur, January 10, 2010.
- ^ (French)« La table de chevet de... Manuel Valls », Les Échos, nb60, February 15, 2008, p.50.
- ^ (French)« Manuel Valls ouvre les fenêtres de la musique », Radio classique, May 16, 2008.
External links[link]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Claude Guéant |
Minister of the Interior 2012–present |
Incumbent |
|
|||||
|
|||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Valls, Manuel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | French politician |
| Date of birth | 1962-08-13 |
| Place of birth | Barcelona |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Manuel_Valls
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Manuel Valls
http://fr.wn.com/Manuel Valls
http://pl.wn.com/Manuel Valls
http://it.wn.com/Manuel Valls
http://es.wn.com/Manuel Valls (político)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jean-François Copé | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Secretary General of the Union for a Popular Movement | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 17 November 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | Xavier Bertrand |
| Mayor of Meaux | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 1 December 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Ange Anziani |
| In office 19 June 1995 – 20 June 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Jean Lion |
| Succeeded by | Ange Anziani |
| Minister of the Budget | |
| In office 31 May 2005 – 18 May 2007 |
|
| Prime Minister | Dominique de Villepin |
| Preceded by | Dominique Bussereau |
| Succeeded by | Éric Woerth |
| Member of the National Assembly for Seine-et-Marne's 6th constituency |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 26 June 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Nicole Bricq |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1964-05-05) 5 May 1964 (age 48) Boulogne-Billancourt, France |
| Political party | Rally for the Republic (Before 2002) Union for a Popular Movement (2002–present) |
| Alma mater | Institute of Political Studies, Paris National School of Administration, Strasbourg |
| Website | Official website |
Jean-François Copé (born 5 May 1964), is a French politician. He is currently Mayor of Meaux, Deputy (Député) for the 6th constituency of Seine-et-Marne, and acts as President of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Group in the French National Assembly. He was appointed Spokesperson for the French Government between 2002 and 2007, and assumed other tenures in the government—including Minister of the Budget—in the same time frame. In November 2010, he became General Secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement.
Contents |
Life[link]
Jean-François Copé, born in Boulogne-Billancourt (Hauts-de-Seine), is the son of Professor Roland Copé, a surgeon of Romanian Jewish origin, and Monique Ghanassia of Algerian Jewish origin. His father, Roland Copé, is the son of Marcu Hirs Copelovici, a physician born in Bessarabia, and Gisele Lazerovici. His mother, Monique Ghanassia, is the daughter of Ismael André Ghanassia, a lawyer in Algiers, son of Moïse Ghanassia and Djouhar Soussi from Miliana in Algeria, and Lise Boukhabza, granddaughter of a Tunisian rabbi.[1]
Raised in a French Jewish family, he describes himself as "a non-practicing Jew" ("Juif non pratiquant").[2] He studied at the École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel, and then at Lycée Victor Duruy, where he obtained his Baccalauréat. In 1985, he entered Science-Po for 2 years, before attending the Ecole nationale d'administration, from which he graduated in 1989. He followed training seminars on New Public Management in the United States, and he is a proponent of Benchmarking on budget matters. Divorced, he has 4 children, François-Xavier, Pierre-Alexis and Raphaëlla from his wedding, and Faustine, from his current union.
Career[link]
Following his graduation in 1989, he joined the Caisse des dépôts et consignations until 1991. He then worked as head of cabinet for the CEO at Dexia, while teaching Local Economy and Finance at Science-Po. He left those attributions in 1993, to get involved within RPR.
In 1997, he came back to teaching as an Associate Professor of Economy and Finance at Paris 8 University, up until 2002. He also returned to the Caisse des dépôts et consignations between 1997 and 1999, before joining the supervisory board of Dexia from 2000 to 2002.
Political functions[link]
After serving in various political roles in the RPR and the Balladur government, he became spokesperson for the government of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin in 2002. On 24 November 2004, he became Minister of the Budget and spokesperson for the government in the Raffarin III government; he was renewed in this function in the following Villepin government. Following the 2007 parliamentary election, he became leader of the UMP parliamentary group in the 13th Legislature.
In 1995, he became Mayor of Meaux at 35, and was reelected in 2001 and 2008. Because of his nomination in the government in 2002, he had to step down in favor of Ange Anziani. Nonetheless, he took back the office in 2005 after Anziani's resignation. He was also regional councillor of Ile-de-France from 1998 to 2007 and was list leader of the UMP-UDF in Ile-de-France in the 2004 regional elections.
He became deputy of the 5th constituency of Seine-et-Marne in 1995, following the nomination of the incumbent to the Juppé government. However, he was defeated in 1997 by a Socialist candidate in a difficult RPR-PS-FN three-way second round race. In 2002, he was elected in the 6th constituency. He was re-elected there by the first round in 2007, becoming President of the UMP Group in the French National Assembly at the same time.
In November 2010, he became General Secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement.
Political career[link]
Governmental functions
Secretary of State for Relationships with Parliament and Government's spokesman : 2002–2004.
Minister deleguated to Interior and Government's spokesman : March–November 2004.
Minister of Budget, Budget Reform and Government's spokesman : 2004–2005.
Minister of Budget, State Reform and Government's spokesman: 2005–2007.
Electoral mandates
National Assembly of France
President of the Union for a Popular Movement Group in the National Assembly : Since 2007–2010 (Resignation).
Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-et-Marne : 1995–1997 / Reelected in 2002, but he became secretary of State / Since 2007. Elected in 1995, reelected in 2002, 2007.
Regional Council
Regional councillor of Ile-de-France : 1998–2007 (Resignation). Reelected in 2004.
Municipal Council
Mayor of Meaux : 1995–2002 (Resignation) / Since 2005. Reelected in 2001, 2005, 2008.
Deputy-mayor of Meaux : 2002–2005.
Municipal councillor of Meaux : Since 1995. Reelected in 2001, 2008.
Agglomeration community Council
Président of the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Meaux : Since 2003. Reelected in 2008.
Member of the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Meaux : Since 2003. Reelected in 2008.
Political functions
General Secretary of the Union for a Popular Movement : Since 2010.
Deputy General secretary of the Rally for the Republic : 2001–2002.
Bibliography[link]
Books by Jean-François Copé[link]
- 1990 : Finances locales – Economica (Reissued in 1993 (ISBN 978-2717825688), and with François Werner in 1997 (ISBN 978-2717833034))
- 1999 : Ce que je n'ai pas appris à l'ENA. L'aventure d'un maire – Hachette Littératures. ISBN 978-2-01-235477-7.
- 2002 : Devoir d'inventaire. Le dépôt de bilan de Lionel Jospin – Éditions Albin Michel. ISBN 978-2-226-13314-4.
- 2006 : Promis, j'arrête la langue de bois – Hachette Littératures. ISBN 978-2-01-235943-7.
References[link]
- ^ Solenn de Royer, Copé, l'homme pressé, l'Archipel, 2010, pp. 118-127.
- ^ Tribune juive (France), 15 February 2002
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jean-François Copé |
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jean Lion |
Mayor of Meaux 1995–2002 |
Succeeded by Ange Anziani |
| Preceded by Dominique Bussereau |
Minister of the Budget 2005–2007 |
Succeeded by Éric Woerth |
| Preceded by Ange Anziani |
Mayor of Meaux 2005–present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Xavier Bertrand |
Secretary-General of the Union for a Popular Movement 2010–present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cope, Jean-Francois |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 5 May 1964 |
| Place of birth | Boulogne-Billancourt, Seine-et-Marne |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jean-François_Copé
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Jean-François Copé
http://de.wn.com/Jean-François Copé
http://pl.wn.com/Jean-François Copé
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-François_Copé
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
