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Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas -
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
http://wn.com/Antigua_and_Barbuda -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Aruba
http://wn.com/Aruba -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
http://wn.com/Barbados -
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
http://wn.com/Bermuda -
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma -
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
http://wn.com/Caribbean -
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( or ) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. It is considered a part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone. The territory is a major offshore financial centre in the Caribbean.
http://wn.com/Cayman_Islands -
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Curaçao
http://wn.com/Curaçao -
Diego Garcia
http://wn.com/Diego_Garcia -
Dominica
Dominica, ( ) officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
http://wn.com/Dominica -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
Easter Island
Easter Island (, ) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai (), created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a cautionary tale about the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists now argue that the introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and the slave raiding that devastated the population in the 1860s had a much greater social than environmental impact.
http://wn.com/Easter_Island -
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
http://wn.com/Grenada -
Guam
http://wn.com/Guam -
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
http://wn.com/Guyana -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. The population is about 62,000. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
http://wn.com/Marshall_Islands -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Montserrat -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
North Korea
http://wn.com/North_Korea -
Palau
Palau , officially the Republic of Palau (), is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800 km) east of the Philippines and 2,000 miles (3,200 km) south of Tokyo. Having emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States) in 1994, it is one of the world's youngest and smallest sovereign states. In English, the name is sometimes spelled Belau in accordance with the native pronunciation. It was formerly also spelled Pelew.
http://wn.com/Palau -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama -
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
http://wn.com/Saint_Lucia -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Suriname
http://wn.com/Suriname -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
http://wn.com/The_Bahamas -
Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga -
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
http://wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago -
Union of Burma
http://wn.com/Union_of_Burma -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
http://wn.com/Uruguay -
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam
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Alfred Vail
http://wn.com/Alfred_Vail -
Charles Wheatstone
http://wn.com/Charles_Wheatstone -
Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois and is considered by some writers to be the true inventor of the variable resistance telephone, despite losing out to Alexander Graham Bell for the telephone patent.
http://wn.com/Elisha_Gray -
Guglielmo Marconi
http://wn.com/Guglielmo_Marconi -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Johann Philipp Reis
Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a self-taught German scientist and inventor. In 1861, he constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone.
http://wn.com/Johann_Philipp_Reis -
John Logie Baird
http://wn.com/John_Logie_Baird -
Korean War
http://wn.com/Korean_War -
Lee De Forest
http://wn.com/Lee_De_Forest -
Nikola Tesla
http://wn.com/Nikola_Tesla -
Philo Farnsworth
http://wn.com/Philo_Farnsworth -
Reginald Fessenden
http://wn.com/Reginald_Fessenden -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as "TimBL"), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.
http://wn.com/Tim_Berners-Lee -
Vint Cerf
Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist who is recognized as one of
http://wn.com/Vint_Cerf -
Vladimir K. Zworykin
http://wn.com/Vladimir_K_Zworykin
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Digital Video Production : What Is NTSC Video?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Published: 24 Jan 2009
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
NTSC video is the standardized format in the United States for watching video on a television, and it was developed by the National Television System Committee in 1941. Discover the history of NTSC video and output with information from the executive producer of a video production company in this free video on digital video. Expert: Christopher Rokosz Contact: www.Wearehdtv.com Bio: Christopher Rokosz performed in the "Phantom of the Opera" in Orlando in 1993 through 1995. Filmmaker: Christopher Rokosz
http://wn.com/Digital_Video_Production_What_Is_NTSC_Video?
PAL VS NTSC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 16 Jan 2008
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
PAL region video games got Criticism for been slow.
http://wn.com/PAL_VS_NTSC
NTSC, SECAM, PAL Video Formats
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 07 Nov 2007
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
AskTheTechies explain the different video formats from different countries and how they may not be viewable on different format VCR players. Brought to you by Ask the Techies.
http://wn.com/NTSC,_SECAM,_PAL_Video_Formats
The Evolution of NTSC Color Bars: 1954-2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Published: 01 Feb 2009
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
For higher quality: www.youtube.com (NOTE: The colors may look different on some systems, based on such variables as different web browsers, ie Netscape / Firefox / Flock vs. Internet Explorer, or which Flash player, eg Version 9 vs. Version 10.) In view of the upcoming demise of the analogue-based NTSC color TV system which had been in effect since 1954, here are recreations of key major electronic color bar designs, going back to the earliest days of the NTSC color system in 1954 (note how the -I and +Q matrices are initially bunched together before the 100% white bar is placed in-between them), all through the development of EIA RS-189A color bars (with and without PLUGE) and the iconic SMPTE bars (originally classified ECR 1-1978, later renamed EG 1-1990). Also seen towards the end is the new generation of color bars for the digital-based HDTV system which will be the only means of transmission after June 12, 2009. The tones heard go from the lowest to the highest with each different color bar design: 400 Hz, 440 Hz, 480 Hz, 600 Hz, 750 Hz, 900 Hz and 1 kHz. Volume set at -12 dB.
http://wn.com/The_Evolution_of_NTSC_Color_Bars_1954-2009
Digital Video Production : What Is NTSC Output?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 24 Jan 2009
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
NTSC output, which stands for the national Television Systems Committee, is the agreed upon TV output format that is widely used in the United States. Use NTSC output to operate a television in the States with information from the executive producer of a video production company in this free video on digital video. Expert: Christopher Rokosz Contact: www.Wearehdtv.com Bio: Christopher Rokosz performed in the "Phantom of the Opera" in Orlando in 1993 through 1995. Filmmaker: Christopher Rokosz
http://wn.com/Digital_Video_Production_What_Is_NTSC_Output?
NTSC to PAL framerate conversion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Published: 26 Jun 2010
- Updated: 10 Mar 2012
Tutorial video on converting NTSC to PAL using VirtualDub, Avisynth and Mvtools2. NOT FOR BEGINNER. Anyone interested in framerate conversion can use this (also film to video conversion can benefit)
http://wn.com/NTSC_to_PAL_framerate_conversion
How To Play PAL Games on NTSC-U (United States) Nintendo Wii - Region Free
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Published: 01 Sep 2011
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
How To Play PAL Games on NTSC-U (United States) Wii - Vice Versa First off, you want to hack your Nintendo Wii using any tutorial of installing homebrew along with its applications Here is my tutorial of Hacking Nintendo Wii NTSC-U (Smash Stack): www.youtube.com For all loaders, I tell you how to play PAL Games through each USB loader and Neo Gamma Configurable USB Loader USB Loader GX WiiFlow Extra Tags: How To Play PAL Discs Games on NTSC-U NTSC United States American America Nintendo Wii European Europe ESRB Force USB Loader CFG GX WiiFlow NeoGamma Xenoblade Chronicles Just Dance Region Free "PAL Games On US Wii" "NTSC-U Wii" "US Wii" "Nintendo Wii" "How to Play Wii"
http://wn.com/How_To_Play_PAL_Games_on_NTSC-U_United_States_Nintendo_Wii_Region_Free
Orei XD-990 PAL to NTSC RCA/HDMI to HDMI DIGITAL Video Signal Converter 50/60HZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Published: 03 Dec 2011
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
www.bombayelectronics.com - Take your NTSC (American) HDTV to an overseas PAL country. Using the Orei XD-990, you can convert PAL HDTV signals to NTSC HDTV for viewing on your existing NTSC TV. Eliminating the need to buy a new multi-system TV set. Local PAL HDTV tuner like a Cable Box or Satellite Receiver is required. Uses the True Life enhancement technology to identify the detail of the image conversion, such as skin fine lines, spots or hair. The processing of these details makes the pictures look more clearly and lively.
http://wn.com/Orei_XD-990_PAL_to_NTSC_RCA_HDMI_to_HDMI_DIGITAL_Video_Signal_Converter_50_60HZ
How Convert PS2 NTSC Games To PAL Or PAL To NTSC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Published: 19 Feb 2011
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
PAL&NTSC - www.mediafire.com Winrar-www.rarlab.com
http://wn.com/How_Convert_PS2_NTSC_Games_To_PAL_Or_PAL_To_NTSC
PAL NES Games On An NTSC NES Problems
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 09 Jul 2009
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
I was really stoked when I got these games the other day from a great YouTuber by the name of: thepspgamer. I put them in and decided to give them a try and I had some very unexpected results. I've never owned any PAL games up until now and if they were played on a system at 50hz I'm sure that they would play awesome but sadly with my NTSC NES, these are the results. I'm very thankful for the games and I don't think negatively about PAL at all, I was just shocked at the problems I ran into. If anything, I wanted to make this video for anyone who was thinking of playing PAL on NTSC but without a 50mhz mod, it just isn't possible.
http://wn.com/PAL_NES_Games_On_An_NTSC_NES_Problems
Definicion de NTSC y PAL por Harry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:57
- Published: 06 Feb 2011
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
explico que es el sistema ntsc y pal, y cual es su diferencia con un completo informe.
http://wn.com/Definicion_de_NTSC_y_PAL_por_Harry
Digital Video Production : What Is the Difference Between NTSC & PAL?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 24 Jan 2009
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
The main difference between NTSC and PAL video languages is that the NTSC is the standardized format developed and used by the United States, while PAL was developed and used by European nations. Use NTSC video format to operate televisions and video players with information from the executive producer of a video production company in this free video on digital video. Expert: Christopher Rokosz Contact: www.Wearehdtv.com Bio: Christopher Rokosz performed in the "Phantom of the Opera" in Orlando in 1993 through 1995. Filmmaker: Christopher Rokosz
http://wn.com/Digital_Video_Production_What_Is_the_Difference_Between_NTSC_PAL?
Crash Twinsanity 100% bonus video (NTSC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Published: 29 Oct 2006
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
This is the bonus video from the Crash Twinsanity NTSC version!
http://wn.com/Crash_Twinsanity_100_bonus_video_NTSC
Famitracker - Drop Zone- Main Theme (NTSC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 22 Aug 2010
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Well, tonight me and MexicanSunflower (squarewave9) were bored so we both attempted to cover one of the hardest songs either of us have done to date. He did the PAL version of the song and I did the NTSC version. This song was incredibly difficult but was still manageable, and we both were able to finish our covers with about three hours of solid work. I hope you enjoy it.
http://wn.com/Famitracker_Drop_Zone_Main_Theme_NTSC
![Spyro 2 Ripto's Rage - 100% speedrun - 2h48m - [NTSC]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120920021438im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/69jOYaP-lNo/0.jpg "Spyro 2 Ripto's Rage - 100% speedrun - 2h48m - [NTSC]")
Spyro 2 Ripto's Rage - 100% speedrun - 2h48m - [NTSC]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 177:28
- Published: 04 Sep 2011
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Howdy everyone this is Crash41596 back again with another speed run. This time I am doing spyro 2 instead of spyro 1. This run was real good ,but it could use some improvement overall. I think it is possible to get a sub 2h35m run ,but only time can tell.
http://wn.com/Spyro_2_Ripto's_Rage_100_speedrun_2h48m_NTSC_
Metroid Prime - Flaahgra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Published: 13 Oct 2007
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Now here's a boss who's name I'm trying to figure out how to pronounce... XD Next up from Metroid Prime, it's the first boss that might actually kill you, Flaahgra! Unlike every single other thing you've been faced with thus far, Flaahgra actually takes some minor thinking to kill. XD Since the way in which you destroy isn't just shooting it continually, you instead must flip over the solar discs pointing at it so it'll fall over, then you have to go into one of the Morph Ball tunnels that you gain access to when Flaahgra's roots retreat inward. Drop a bomb in the slot and BAM! I smell burning flower monsters. This process gets harder after each hit since more solar discs will flip down to assist Flaahgra, and the big guy's smart enough to flip the discs you already flipped back over so you'll have to flip them again! The easiest way to prevent this? Stun Flaahgra with the Power Beam, then flip one or two discs, then stun, flip, etc... This strategy is made pretty obvious in the video towards the end. Enjoy!~
http://wn.com/Metroid_Prime_Flaahgra
Cong Chua Teen Va Ngu Ho Tuong 2010 NTSC DVD x264 SDvB vnMovie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 203:25
- Published: 28 Jul 2011
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
beeboo.vn
http://wn.com/Cong_Chua_Teen_Va_Ngu_Ho_Tuong_2010_NTSC_DVD_x264_SDvB_vnMovie
Perfect Dark - Deep Sea Special Agent 4:06 (NTSC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 07 May 2009
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Como instalar juegos wad NTSC (HOMEBREW CHANEL WII 4.0)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 16 Jul 2009
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Toda la informacion y archivos fueron sacados de la pagina wii.scenebeta.com GRACIAS scenebeta. **agrego ke este video ya tiene tiempo y ke lo ize para vercion 4.0 GRACIAS POR SUS REPRODUCCIONES KE BUENO KE LES GUSTO ! aki les dejo una pagina para ke se descargen los juegos NTSC: www.taringa.net Aki una nueva web ke acabo de dejar en esta encontraran de todas las regiones. Para ke se fijen bien.: wehackwii.pbworks.com Ojo: no eh probado todos los juegos asi ke no aseguro nada!... y aki les dejo el wad manager: wii.scenebeta.com NOTA: descargen la vercion mas reciente del wad manager ke es la 1.4 no olviden ke deven estar registrados en la pagina... si tienen algun problema con el registro deje un comentario... cualkier cosa dejen un comentario... NO ME AGO RESPONSABLE DE CUALKIER COSA A SU CONSOLA !!! TODO VA BAJO "SU" RESPONSABILIDAD Y SI CRES KE ALGO PUEDE SALIR MAL MEJOR NI LO INTENTES!!! ¡¡¡CUIDADO CON LO KE HACES OK?!!! NOTA IMPORTANTE!!: si isite mi tuto anterior de como instalar homebrew y ahora vas por este... necesitaras otros archivos para ke a la hora de ke instales juegos no te marke ERROR miren encontre un tuto bien explicado para ke hagan esta parte faltante espero disculpen las molestias: En la raíz de tu tarjeta SD pon una carpeta llamada: apps en la cual pondremos las aplicaciones que queremos que corra el canal homebrew. Pon dentro de la carpeta apps la carpeta: WAD_Mannager_v1.4 Y la carpeta: cIOSreV13 Despues has una carpeta en la raíz de la tarjeta SD <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Como_instalar_juegos_wad_NTSC_HOMEBREW_CHANEL_WII_40
Canon 5DII w\Canon 16-35 2.8 @30fps Ntsc full HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Updated: 21 Jul 2012
compressed in Adobe Aftereffect with little slowmotion at end + Frameblending
http://wn.com/Canon_5DII_w\Canon_16-35_28_@30fps_Ntsc_full_HD
Дух времени: Следующий шаг (русскоязычный NTSC-релиз)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 161:25
- Published: 07 Apr 2012
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
Официальный русскоязычный релиз фильма "Дух времени: Следующий шаг" NTSC версия: - решение проблемы вертикальных черных полос при просмотре на широкоформатных мониторах в полноэкранном режиме. - незначительные корректировки русскоязычной фонограммы * Представляемый вашему вниманию материал является официальным русским релизом, который всё-таки был сделан, пускай и с большим опозданием. «Дух времени: Следующий шаг» (англ. Zeitgeist: Moving Forward) — третий фильм Питера Джозефа в серии документальных фильмов «Дух времени». В фильме принимают участие специалисты в области общественного здравоохранения, антропологии, нейропсихологии, энергетики, технологий, социальных наук и других соответствующих направлений, относящихся к общественной деятельности и культуре. Три центральные темы фильма — человеческое поведение, денежная экономика и прикладная наука. В фильме делается попытка осознания текущей социальной парадигмы. Предлагается радикальный подход к решению глобальных проблем современности: вооруженных конфликтов, низкого уровня жизни, коррупции, преступности, безнравственного поведения, экологического кризиса и других регрессивных процессов. Интересно: 15-го января 2011 года состоялся мировой релиз фильма в кинотеатрах. За 10 дней успешно прошли показы в 60-ти странах, 291-ом городе и 341-ом кинотеатре. Фильм был переведён активистами движения на 31 язык. Это событие стало крупнейшим некоммерческим релизом документального кино в истории. Дополнительно: Официальный сайт <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Дух_времени_Следующий_шаг_русскоязычный_NTSC-релиз
F 191 0001 NTSC SD 24 fps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:05
- Published: 19 Sep 2012
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
From the archives of the San Diego Air and Space Museum www.sandiegoairandspace.org Please do not use for commercial purposes without permission.
http://wn.com/F_191_0001_NTSC_SD_24_fps
Conhecendo... - Resoluções de video(hd,sd) e Ntsc x Pal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 19 Feb 2012
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Explico as diferenças entre videos hd e sd, em questao de resolucao, e explico o que é ntsc e pal.
http://wn.com/Conhecendo_Resoluções_de_videohd,sd_e_Ntsc_x_Pal
AP Photo / Damian Dovarganes
StreetInsider
NTSC Hot Sheet EPS Growth %: -266.7% Financial Fact: Interest expense, net: -287K Today's EPS Names: NTSC, IMKTA, HOLX, More National...(size: 0.9Kb)
National Technical Systems (NTSC) CFO Lorentzian
11 Apr 2012
StreetInsider
National Technical Systems, Inc. (Nasdaq: NTSC) (NTS) announced that Raffy Lorentzian, Chief Financial Officer, will be leaving during the Company's second...(size: 1.0Kb)
Tuesday 1/10 Insider Buying Report: ONP, NTSC
10 Jan 2012
Forbes
As the saying goes, there are many possible reasons for an insider to sell a stock, but only one reason to buy — they expect to make money. So...(size: 1.0Kb)
Former NTSC Director Joins NBC News
05 Jan 2012
mediabistro
NBC News has brought on former National Counterterrorism Center director Michael Leiter as a...(size: 0.7Kb)
PR Newswire
My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about NTSC ...(size: 3.6Kb)
Leading Proxy Advisory Firm ISS Recommends Voting "FOR" Shareholder Proposal for NTSC to Hire an ...
20 Sep 2011
Stockhouse
LOS ANGELES, Sept. 19, 2011 /PRNewswire via COMTEX News Network/ -- Luis Hernandez, Sidney Meltzner CAS Foundation and Dr. Jack Lin, shareholders of National Technical Systems Inc. (NASDAQ: NTSC) who are contesting the election of directors and asking shareholders to adopt other proposals, announced...(size: 2.5Kb)
StreetInsider
National Technical Systems Inc....(size: 0.3Kb)
PR Newswire
The EOS-2000 is specifically designed for high computing power and multi-camera imaging applications...(size: 4.4Kb)
This article is about the television system. For the Indonesian government agency, see National Transportation Safety Committee.
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) |
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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve this article to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2011) |
NTSC, named for the National Television System Committee,[1] is the analog television system that is used in most of North America, parts of South America (except Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and French Guiana), Burma, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, and some Pacific island nations and territories (see map).
Most countries using the NTSC standard, as well as those using other analog television standards, are switching to newer digital television standards, of which at least four different ones are in use around the world. North America, parts of Central America, and South Korea are adopting the ATSC standards, while other countries are adopting or have adopted other standards.
The first NTSC standard was developed in 1941 and had no provision for color television. In 1953 a second modified version of the NTSC standard was adopted, which allowed color television broadcasting compatible with the existing stock of black-and-white receivers. NTSC was the first widely adopted broadcast color system and remained dominant where it had been adopted until the first decade of the 21st century, when it was replaced with digital ATSC. After nearly 70 years of use, the vast majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the United States were turned off on June 12, 2009 and August 31, 2011 in Canada and most other NTSC markets[citation needed]. Digital broadcasting permits higher-resolution television, but digital standard definition television in these countries continues to use the frame rate and number of lines of resolution established by the analog NTSC standard; systems using the NTSC framerate and resolution (such as DVDs) are still referred to informally as "NTSC". NTSC baseband video signals are also still often used in video playback (typically of recordings from existing libraries using existing equipment) and in CCTV and surveillance video systems.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: History of television
The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to resolve the conflicts that arose between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States. In March 1941, the committee issued a technical standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA). Technical advancements of the vestigial sideband technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution. The NTSC selected 525 scan lines as a compromise between RCA's 441-scan line standard (already being used by RCA's NBC TV network) and Philco's and DuMont's desire to increase the number of scan lines to between 605 and 800. The standard recommended a frame rate of 30 frames (images) per second, consisting of two interlaced fields per frame at 262.5 lines per field and 60 fields per second. Other standards in the final recommendation were an aspect ratio of 4:3, and frequency modulation (FM) for the sound signal (which was quite new at the time).
In January 1950, the Committee was reconstituted to standardize color television. In December 1953, it unanimously approved what is now called the NTSC color television standard (later defined as RS-170a). The "compatible color" standard retained full backward compatibility with existing black-and-white television sets. Color information was added to the black-and-white image by adding a color subcarrier of 4.5 × 455/572 = 315/88 MHz (approximately 3.58 MHz) to the video signal. To reduce the visibility of interference between the chrominance signal and FM sound carrier required a slight reduction of the frame rate from 30 frames per second to 30/1.001 (approximately 29.97) frames per second, and changing the line frequency from 15,750 Hz to 15,750/1.001 Hz (approximately 15,734.26 Hz).
The FCC had briefly approved a different color television standard, starting in October 1950, which was developed by CBS.[2] However, this standard was incompatible with black-and-white broadcasts. It used a rotating color wheel, reduced the number of scan lines from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144, but had an effective frame rate of only 24 frames per second. Legal action by rival RCA kept commercial use of the system off the air until June 1951, and regular broadcasts only lasted a few months before manufacture of all color television sets was banned by the Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM) in October, ostensibly due to the Korean War.[3] CBS rescinded its system in March 1953,[4] and the FCC replaced it on December 17, 1953 with the NTSC color standard, which was cooperatively developed by several companies, including RCA and Philco.[5] The first publicly announced network television broadcast of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters.[6] The first nationwide view of NTSC color came on the following January 1 with the coast-to-coast broadcast of the Tournament of Roses Parade, viewable on prototype color receivers at special presentations across the country.
The first color NTSC television camera was the RCA TK-40, used for experimental broadcasts in 1953; an improved version, the TK-40A, introduced in March 1954, was the first commercially available color television camera. Later that year, the improved TK-41 became the standard camera used throughout much of the 1960s.
The NTSC standard has been adopted by other countries, including most of the Americas and Japan. With the advent of digital television, analog broadcasts are being phased out. Most U.S. NTSC broadcasters were required by the FCC to shut down their analog transmitters in 2009. Low-power stations, Class A stations and translators were not immediately affected. An analog cut-off date for those stations was not set.
Technical details[link]
Lines and refresh rate[link]
NTSC color encoding is used with the system M television signal, which consists of 29.97 interlaced frames of video per second. Each frame is composed of two fields, each consisting of 262.5 scan lines, for a total of 525 scan lines. 483 scan lines make up the visible raster. The remainder (the vertical blanking interval) are used for synchronization and vertical retrace. This blanking interval was originally designed to simply blank the receiver's CRT to allow for the simple analog circuits and slow vertical retrace of early TV receivers. However, some of these lines may now contain other data such as closed captioning and vertical interval timecode (VITC). In the complete raster (disregarding half lines due to interlacing) the even-numbered scan lines (every other line that would be even if counted in the video signal, e.g. {2,4,6,...,524}) are drawn in the first field, and the odd-numbered (every other line that would be odd if counted in the video signal, e.g. {1,3,5,...,525}) are drawn in the second field, to yield a flicker-free image at the field refresh frequency of approximately 59.94 Hertz (actually 60 Hz/1.001). For comparison, 576i systems such as PAL-B/G and SECAM use 625 lines (576 visible), and so have a higher vertical resolution, but a lower temporal resolution of 25 frames or 50 fields per second.
The NTSC field refresh frequency in the black-and-white system originally exactly matched the nominal 60 Hz frequency of alternating current power used in the United States. Matching the field refresh rate to the power source avoided intermodulation (also called beating), which produces rolling bars on the screen. When color was added to the system, the refresh frequency was shifted slightly downward to 59.94 Hz to eliminate stationary dot patterns in the difference frequency between the sound and color carriers, as explained below in "Color encoding". Synchronization of the refresh rate to the power incidentally helped kinescope cameras record early live television broadcasts, as it was very simple to synchronize a film camera to capture one frame of video on each film frame by using the alternating current frequency to set the speed of the synchronous AC motor-drive camera. By the time the frame rate changed to 29.97 Hz for color, it was nearly as easy to trigger the camera shutter from the video signal itself.
The actual figure of 525 lines was chosen as a consequence of the limitations of the vacuum-tube-based technologies of the day. In early TV systems, a master voltage-controlled oscillator was run at twice the horizontal line frequency, and this frequency was divided down by the number of lines used (in this case 525) to give the field frequency (60 Hz in this case). This frequency was then compared with the 60 Hz power-line frequency and any discrepancy corrected by adjusting the frequency of the master oscillator. For interlaced scanning, an odd number of lines per frame was required in order to make the vertical retrace distance identical for the odd and even fields, which meant the master oscillator frequency had to be divided down by an odd number. At the time, the only practical method of frequency division was the use of a chain of vacuum tube multivibrators, the overall division ratio being the mathematical product of the division ratios of the chain. Since all the factors of an odd number also have to be odd numbers, it follows that all the dividers in the chain also had to divide by odd numbers, and these had to be relatively small due the problems of thermal drift with vacuum tube devices. The closest practical sequence to 500 that meets these criteria was 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 = 525. (For the same reason, 625-line PAL-B/G and SECAM uses 5 × 5 × 5 × 5, the old British 405-line system used 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5, the French 819-line system used 3 × 3 × 7 × 13 etc.).
Colorimetry[link]
The original 1953 color NTSC specification, still part of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, defined the colorimetric values of the system as follows:[7]
| Original NTSC colorimetry (1953) | CIE 1931 x | CIE 1931 y |
|---|---|---|
| primary red | 0.67 | 0.33 |
| primary green | 0.21 | 0.71 |
| primary blue | 0.14 | 0.08 |
| white point (CIE Standard illuminant C) | 0.310 | 0.316 |
Early color television receivers, such as the RCA CT-100, were faithful to this specification, having a larger gamut than most of today's monitors. Their low-efficiency phosphors however were dark and long-persistent, leaving trails after moving objects. Starting in the late 1950s, picture tube phosphors would sacrifice saturation for increased brightness; this deviation from the standard both at the receiver and broadcaster ends was the source of considerable color variation.[8]
Color correction in studio monitors and home receivers[link]
To ensure more uniform color reproduction, receivers started to incorporate color correction circuits that converted the received signal — encoded for the colorimetric values listed above — into signals encoded for the phosphors actually used within the receiver.[8] Since such color correction can not be performed accurately on the nonlinear (gamma-corrected) signals transmitted, the adjustment can only be approximated,[9] introducing both hue and luminance errors for highly saturated colors.
Similarly at the broadcaster stage, in 1968-69 the Conrac Corp., working with RCA, defined a set of controlled phosphors for use in broadcast color picture video monitors.[8] This specification survives today as the SMPTE "C" phosphor specification:
| SMPTE "C" colorimetry | CIE 1931 x | CIE 1931 y |
|---|---|---|
| primary red | 0.630 | 0.340 |
| primary green | 0.310 | 0.595 |
| primary blue | 0.155 | 0.070 |
| white point (CIE illuminant D65) | 0.3127 | 0.3290 |
As with home receivers, it was further recommended[10] that studio monitors incorporate similar color correction circuits so that broadcasters would transmit pictures encoded for the original 1953 colorimetric values, in accordance with FCC standards.
In 1987, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) Committee on Television Technology, Working Group on Studio Monitor Colorimetry, adopted the SMPTE C (Conrac) phosphors for general use in Recommended Practice 145,[11] prompting many manufacturers to modify their camera designs to directly encode for SMPTE "C" colorimetry without color correction.,[12] as approved in SMPTE standard 170M, "Composite Analog Video Signal — NTSC for Studio Applications" (1994). As a consequence, the ATSC digital television standard states that for 480i signals, SMPTE "C" colorimetry should be assumed unless colorimetric data is included in the transport stream.[13]
Variations[link]
Japanese NTSC uses the same colorimetric values for red, blue, and green, but employs a different white point of CIE Illuminant D93 (x=0.285, y=0.293).[10] Both the PAL and SECAM systems used the original 1953 NTSC colorimetry as well until 1970;[10] unlike NTSC, however, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) eschewed color correction in receivers and studio monitors that year and instead explicitly called for all equipment to directly encode signals for the "EBU" colorimetric values,[14] further improving the color fidelity of those systems.
Color encoding[link]
For backward compatibility with black-and-white television, NTSC uses a luminance-chrominance encoding system invented in 1938 by Georges Valensi. Luminance (derived mathematically from the composite color signal) takes the place of the original monochrome signal. Chrominance carries color information. This allows black-and-white receivers to display NTSC signals simply by filtering out the chrominance. If it were not removed, the picture would be covered with dots (a result of chroma being interpreted as luminance). All black-and-white TVs sold in the US after the introduction of color broadcasting in 1953 were designed to filter chroma out, but the early B&W sets did not do this and chroma dots would show up in the picture.
In NTSC, chrominance is encoded using two 3.579545 MHz signals that are 90 degrees out of phase, known as I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) QAM. These two signals are each amplitude modulated and then added together. The carrier is suppressed. Mathematically, the result can be viewed as a single sine wave with varying phase relative to a reference and varying amplitude. The phase represents the instantaneous color hue captured by a TV camera, and the amplitude represents the instantaneous color saturation.
For a TV to recover hue information from the I/Q phase, it must have a zero phase reference to replace the suppressed carrier. It also needs a reference for amplitude to recover the saturation information. So, the NTSC signal includes a short sample of this reference signal, known as the color burst, located on the 'back porch' of each horizontal line (the time between the end of the horizontal synchronization pulse and the end of the blanking pulse.) The color burst consists of a minimum of eight cycles of the unmodulated (fixed phase and amplitude) color subcarrier. The TV receiver has a "local oscillator", which it synchronizes to the color bursts and then uses as a reference for decoding the chrominance. By comparing the reference signal derived from color burst to the chrominance signal's amplitude and phase at a particular point in the raster scan, the device determines what chrominance to display at that point. Combining that with the amplitude of the luminance signal, the receiver calculates what color to make the point, i.e. the point at the instantaneous position of the continuously scanning beam. Note that analog TV is discrete in the vertical dimension (there are distinct lines) but continuous in the horizontal dimension (every point blends into the next with no boundaries), hence there are no pixels in analog TV. In CRT televisions, the NTSC signal is turned into RGB, which is then used to control the electron guns. Digital TV sets receiving analog signals instead convert the picture into discrete pixels. This process of discretization necessarily degrades the picture information somewhat, though with small enough pixels the effect may be imperceptible. Digital sets include all sets with a matrix of discrete pixels built into the display device, such as LCD, plasma, and DLP screens, but not CRTs, which do not have fixed pixels. This should not be confused with digital (ATSC) television signals, which are a form of MPEG video, but which still have to be converted into a format the TV can use.
When a transmitter broadcasts an NTSC signal, it amplitude-modulates a radio-frequency carrier with the NTSC signal just described, while it frequency-modulates a carrier 4.5 MHz higher with the audio signal. If non-linear distortion happens to the broadcast signal, the 3.579545 MHz color carrier may beat with the sound carrier to produce a dot pattern on the screen. To make the resulting pattern less noticeable, designers adjusted the original 60 Hz field rate down by a factor of 1.001 (0.1%), to approximately 59.94 fields per second. This adjustment ensures that the sums and differences of the sound carrier and the color subcarrier and their multiples (i.e., the intermodulation products of the two carriers) are not exact multiples of the frame rate, which is the necessary condition for the dots to remain stationary on the screen, making them most noticeable.
The 59.94 rate is derived from the following calculations. Designers chose to make the chrominance subcarrier frequency an n + 0.5 multiple of the line frequency to minimize interference between the luminance signal and the chrominance signal. (Another way this is often stated is that the color subcarrier frequency is an odd multiple of half the line frequency.) They then chose to make the audio subcarrier frequency an integer multiple of the line frequency to minimize visible (intermodulation) interference between the audio signal and the chrominance signal. The original black-and-white standard, with its 15750 Hz line frequency and 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier, does not meet these requirements, so designers had either to raise the audio subcarrier frequency or lower the line frequency. Raising the audio subcarrier frequency would prevent existing (black and white) receivers from properly tuning in the audio signal. Lowering the line frequency is comparatively innocuous, because the horizontal and vertical synchronization information in the NTSC signal allows a receiver to tolerate a substantial amount of variation in the line frequency. So the engineers chose the line frequency to be changed for the color standard. In the black-and-white standard, the ratio of audio subcarrier frequency to line frequency is 4.5 MHz / 15,750 = 285.71. In the color standard, this becomes rounded to the integer 286, which means the color standard's line rate is 4.5 MHz / 286 = approximately 15,734 lines per second. Maintaining the same number of scan lines per field (and frame), the lower line rate must yield a lower field rate. Dividing (4,500,000 / 286) lines per second by 262.5 lines per field gives approximately 59.94 fields per second.
Transmission modulation scheme[link]
An NTSC television channel as transmitted occupies a total bandwidth of 6 MHz. The actual video signal, which is amplitude-modulated, is transmitted between 500 kHz and 5.45 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. The video carrier is 1.25 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. Like most AM signals, the video carrier generates two sidebands, one above the carrier and one below. The sidebands are each 4.2 MHz wide. The entire upper sideband is transmitted, but only 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband, known as a vestigial sideband, is transmitted. The color subcarrier, as noted above, is 3.579545 MHz above the video carrier, and is quadrature-amplitude-modulated with a suppressed carrier. The audio signal is frequency-modulated, like the audio signals broadcast by FM radio stations in the 88–108 MHz band, but with a ±25 kHz maximum frequency swing, as opposed to ±75 kHz as is used on the FM band. The main audio carrier is 4.5 MHz above the video carrier, making it 250 kHz below the top of the channel. Sometimes a channel may contain an MTS signal, which offers more than one audio signal by adding one or two subcarriers on the audio signal, each synchronized to a multiple of the line frequency. This is normally the case when stereo audio and/or second audio program signals are used. The same extensions are used in ATSC, where the ATSC digital carrier is broadcast at 1.31 MHz above the lower bound of the channel.
The Cvbs (Composite vertical blanking signal) (sometimes called "setup") is a voltage offset between the "black" and "blanking" levels. Cvbs is unique to NTSC. Cvbs has the advantage of making NTSC video more easily separated from its primary sync signals.
Framerate conversion[link]
See also: Telecine
There is a large difference in framerate between film, which runs at approximately 24.0 frames per second, and the NTSC standard, which runs at approximately 29.97 frames per second.
Unlike the 576i video formats, this difference cannot be overcome by a simple speed-up.
A complex process called "3:2 pulldown" is used. One film frame is transmitted for three video fields (1½ video frame times), and the next frame is transmitted for two video fields (one video frame time). Two film frames are therefore transmitted in five video fields, for an average of 2½ video fields per film frame. The average frame rate is thus 60 / 2.5 = 24 frame/s, so the average film speed is exactly what it should be. There are drawbacks, however. Still-framing on playback can display a video frame with fields from two different film frames, so any motion between the frames will appear as a rapid back-and-forth flicker. There can also be noticeable jitter/"stutter" during slow camera pans (telecine judder).
To avoid 3:2 pulldown, film shot specifically for NTSC television is often taken at 30 frame/s.[citation needed]
For viewing native 576i material (such as European television series and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, a standards conversion has to take place. There are basically two ways to accomplish this:
- The framerate can be slowed from 25 to 23.976 frames per second (a slowdown of about 4%) to subsequently apply 3:2 pulldown.
- Interpolation of the contents of adjacent frames in order to produce new intermediate frames; unless highly sophisticated motion-sensing computer algorithms are applied, this introduces artifacts, and even the most modestly trained of eyes can quickly spot video that has been converted between formats.
Modulation for analog satellite transmission[link]
Because satellite power is severely limited, analog video transmission through satellites differs from terrestrial TV transmission. AM is a linear modulation method, so a given demodulated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requires an equally high received RF SNR. The SNR of studio quality video is over 50 dB, so AM would require prohibitively high powers and/or large antennas.
Wideband FM is used instead to trade RF bandwidth for reduced power. Increasing the channel bandwidth from 6 to 36 MHz allows a RF SNR of only 10 dB or less. The wider noise bandwidth reduces this 40 dB power saving by 36 MHz / 6 MHz = 8 dB for a substantial net reduction of 32 dB.
Sound is on a FM subcarrier as in terrestrial transmission, but frequencies above 4.5 MHz are used to reduce aural/visual interference. 6.8, 5.8 and 6.2 MHz are commonly used. Stereo can be multiplex or discrete, and unrelated audio and data signals may be placed on additional subcarriers.
A triangular 60 Hz energy dispersal waveform is added to the composite baseband signal (video plus audio and data subcarriers) before modulation. This limits the satellite downlink power spectral density in case the video signal is lost. Otherwise the satellite might transmit all of its power on a single frequency, interfering with terrestrial microwave links in the same frequency band.
In half transponder mode, the frequency deviation of the composite baseband signal is reduced to 18 MHz to allow another signal in the other half of the 36 MHz transponder. This reduces the FM benefit somewhat, and the recovered SNRs are further reduced because the combined signal power must be "backed off" to avoid intermodulation distortion in the satellite transponder. A single FM signal is constant amplitude, so it can saturate a transponder without distortion.
Field order[link]
[15] An NTSC "frame" consists of an "even" field followed by an "odd" field. As far as the reception of an analog signal is concerned, this is purely a matter of convention and, it makes no difference. It's rather like the broken lines running down the middle of a road, it doesn't matter whether it is a line/space pair or a space/line pair; the effect to a driver is exactly the same.
The introduction of digital television formats has changed things somewhat. Most digital TV formats, including the popular DVD format, record NTSC originated video with the even field first in the recorded frame (the development of DVD took place in regions that traditionally utilize NTSC). However, this frame sequence has migrated through to the so-called PAL format (actually a technically incorrect description) of digital video with the result that the even field is often recorded first in the frame (the European 625 line system is specified as odd frame first). This is no longer a matter of convention because a frame of digital video is a distinct entity on the recorded medium. This means that when reproducing many non NTSC based digital formats (including DVD) it is necessary to reverse the field order otherwise an unacceptable shuddering "comb" effect occurs on moving objects as they are shown ahead in one field and then jump back in the next.
This has also become a hazard where non NTSC progressive video is transcoded to interlaced and vice versa. Systems that recover progressive frames or transcode video should ensure that the "Field Order" is obeyed, otherwise the recovered frame will consist of a field from one frame and a field from an adjacent frame, resulting in "comb" interlacing artifacts. This can often be observed in PC based video playing utilities if an inappropriate choice of de-interlacing algorithm is made.
Comparative quality[link]
Reception problems can degrade an NTSC picture by changing the phase of the color signal (actually differential phase distortion), so the color balance of the picture will be altered unless a compensation is made in the receiver. The vacuum-tube electronics used in televisions through the 1960s led to various technical problems. Among other things, the color burst phase would often drift when channels were changed, which is why NTSC televisions were equipped with a tint control. PAL and SECAM televisions had no need of one, and although it is still found on NTSC TVs, color drifting generally ceased to be a problem once solid-state electronics were adopted in the 1970s. When compared to PAL in particular, NTSC color accuracy and consistency is sometimes considered inferior, leading to video professionals and television engineers jokingly referring to NTSC as Never The Same Color, Never Twice the Same Color, or No True Skin Colors,[16] while for the more expensive PAL system it was necessary to Pay for Additional Luxury. PAL has also been referred to as Peace At Last or Perfection At Last in the color war. This mostly applied to vacuum tube-based TVs, however, and later-model solid state sets using Vertical Interval Reference signals have less of a difference in quality between NTSC and PAL. This color phase, "tint", or "hue" control allows for anyone skilled in the art to easily calibrate a monitor with SMPTE color bars, even with a set that has drifted in its color representation, allowing the proper colors to be displayed. Older PAL television sets did not come with a user accessible "hue" control (it was set at the factory), which contributed to its reputation for reproducible colors.
The use of NTSC coded color in S-Video systems completely eliminates the phase distortions. As a consequence, the use of NTSC color encoding gives the highest resolution picture quality (on the horizontal axis & frame rate) of the three color systems when used with this scheme. (The NTSC resolution on the vertical axis is lower than the European standards, 525 lines against 625) However, it uses too much bandwidth for over-the-air transmission. Some home computers in the 1980s generated S-video, but only for specially designed monitors as no TV at the time supported it. In 1987, a standardized 4-pin DIN plug was introduced for S-video input with the introduction of S-VHS players, which were the first device produced to use the 4-pin plugs. However, S-VHS never became very popular. Video game consoles in the 1990s began offering S-video output as well.
With the advent of DVD players in the 1990s, component video also began appearing. This provides separate lines for the luminance, red shift, and blue shift. Thus, component produces near-RGB quality video. It also allows 480p progressive-scan video due to the greater bandwidth offered.
The mismatch between NTSC's 30 frames per second and film's 24 frames is overcome by a process that capitalizes on the field rate of the interlaced NTSC signal, thus avoiding the film playback speedup used for 576i systems at 25 frames per second (which causes the accompanying audio to increase in pitch slightly, sometimes rectified with the use of a pitch shifter) at the price of some jerkiness in the video. See Framerate conversion above.
Variants[link]
NTSC-M[link]
Unlike PAL, with its many varied underlying broadcast television systems in use throughout the world, NTSC color encoding is invariably used with broadcast system M, giving NTSC-M.
NTSC-J[link]
Only Japan's variant "NTSC-J" is slightly different: in Japan, black level and blanking level of the signal are identical (at 0 IRE), as they are in PAL, while in American NTSC, black level is slightly higher (7.5 IRE) than blanking level. Since the difference is quite small, a slight turn of the brightness knob is all that is required to correctly show the "other" variant of NTSC on any set as it is supposed to be; most watchers might not even notice the difference in the first place. The channel encoding on NTSC-J differs slightly from NTSC-M. In particular, the Japanese VHF band runs from channels 1-12 (located on frequencies directly above the 76-90 MHz Japanese FM radio band) while the North American VHF TV band uses channels 2-13 (54-72MHz, 76-88MHz and 174-216MHz) with 88-108 MHz allocated to FM radio broadcasting. Japan's UHF TV channels are therefore numbered from 13 up and not 14 up.
PAL-M (Brazil)[link]
The Brazilian PAL-M system, introduced in 1972, uses the same lines/field as NTSC (525/60), and almost the same broadcast bandwidth and scan frequency (15.750 vs. 15.734 kHz). Prior to the introduction of color, Brazil broadcast in standard black-and-white NTSC. As a result, PAL-M signals are near identical to North American NTSC signals, except for the encoding of the colour subcarrier (3.575611 MHz for PAL-M and 3.579545 MHz for NTSC). As a consequence of these close specs, PAL-M will display in monochrome with sound on NTSC sets and vice versa.
- PAL-M (PAL=Phase Alternating Line) specs are:
- Transmission Band UHF/VHF,
- Frame Rate 29.97
- Lines/Field 525/60
- Horizontal Freq. 15.750 kHz
- Vertical Freq. 60 Hz
- Color Sub Carrier 3.575611 MHz
- Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz
- Sound Carrier Frequency 4.5 MHz
- Channel Bandwidth 6 MHz
- NTSC (National Television System Committee) specs are:
- Transmission Band UHF/VHF
- Lines/Field 525/60
- Horizontal Frequency 15.734 kHz
- Vertical Frequency 60 Hz
- Color Subcarrier Frequency 3.579545 MHz
- Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz
- Sound Carrier Frequency 4.5 MHz
PAL-N[link]
Main article: PAL#PAL-N
This is used in Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. This is very similar to PAL-M (used in Brazil).
The similarities of NTSC-M and NTSC-N can be seen on the ITU identification scheme table, which is reproduced here:
| System | Lines | Frame rate | Channel b/w | Visual b/w | Sound offset | Vestigial sideband | Vision mod. | Sound mod. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | 525 | 29.97 | 6 | 4.2 | +4.5 | 0.75 | Neg. | FM | Most of the Americas and Caribbean, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines (all NTSC-M) and Brazil (PAL-M). |
| N | 625 | 25 | 6 | 4.2 | +4.5 | 0.75 | Neg. | FM | Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay (all PAL-N). Greater number of lines results in higher quality. |
As it is shown, aside from the number of lines and frames per second, the systems are identical. NTSC-N/PAL-N are compatible with sources such as game consoles, VHS/Betamax VCRs, and DVD players. However, they are not compatible with broadband broadcasts (which are received over an antenna), though some newer sets come with baseband NTSC 3.58 support (NTSC 3.58 being the frequency for color modulation in NTSC: 3.58 MHz).
NTSC 4.43[link]
In what can be considered an opposite of PAL-60, NTSC 4.43 is a pseudo color system that transmits NTSC encoding (525/29.97) with a color subcarrier of 4.43 MHz instead of 3.58 MHz. The resulting output is only viewable by TVs that support the resulting pseudo-system (usually multi-standard TVs). Using a native NTSC TV to decode the signal yields no color, while using a PAL TV to decode the system yields erratic colors (observed to be lacking red and flickering randomly). The format is apparently limited to few early laserdisc players and some game consoles sold in markets where the PAL system is used.
The NTSC 4.43 system, while not a broadcast format, appears most often as a playback function of PAL cassette format VCRs, beginning with the Sony 3/4" U-Matic format and then following onto Betamax and VHS format machines. As Hollywood has the claim of providing the most cassette software (movies and television series) for VCRs for the world's viewers, and as not all cassette releases were made available in PAL formats, a means of playing NTSC format cassettes was highly desired.
Multi-standard video monitors were already in use in Europe to accommodate broadcast sources in PAL, SECAM, and NTSC video formats. The heterodyne color-under process of U-Matic, Betamax & VHS lent itself to minor modification of VCR players to accommodate NTSC format cassettes. The color-under format of VHS uses a 629 kHz subcarrier while U-Matic & Betamax use a 688 kHz subcarrier to carry an amplitude modulated chroma signal for both NTSC and PAL formats. Since the VCR was ready to play the color portion of the NTSC recording using PAL color mode, the PAL scanner and capstan speeds had to be adjusted from PAL's 50 Hz field rate to NTSC's 59.94 Hz field rate, and faster linear tape speed.
The changes to the PAL VCR are minor thanks to the existing VCR recording formats. The output of the VCR when playing an NTSC cassette in NTSC 4.43 mode is 525 lines/29.97 frames per second with PAL compatible heterodyned color. The multi-standard receiver is already set to support the NTSC H & V frequencies; it just needs to do so while receiving PAL color.
The existence of those multi-standard receivers was probably part of the drive for region coding of DVDs. As the color signals are component on disc for all display formats, almost no changes would be required for PAL DVD players to play NTSC (525/29.97) discs as long as the display was frame-rate compatible.
NTSC-movie[link]
NTSC with a frame rate of 23.976 frame/s is described in the NTSC-movie standard.[citation needed]
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This section requires expansion. |
Canada/U.S. video game region[link]
Sometimes NTSC-US or NTSC-U/C is used to describe the video gaming region of North America (the U/C refers to U.S. + Canada), as regional lockout usually restricts games released within a region to that region.
Vertical interval reference[link]
The standard NTSC video image contains some lines (lines 1–21 of each field) that are not visible (this is known as the Vertical Blanking Interval, or VBI); all are beyond the edge of the viewable image, but only lines 1–9 are used for the vertical-sync and equalizing pulses. The remaining lines were deliberately blanked in the original NTSC specification to provide time for the electron beam in CRT-based screens to return to the top of the display.
VIR (or Vertical interval reference), widely adopted in the 1980s, attempts to correct some of the color problems with NTSC video by adding studio-inserted reference data for luminance and chrominance levels on line 19.[17] Suitably equipped television sets could then employ these data in order to adjust the display to a closer match of the original studio image. The actual VIR signal contains three sections, the first having 70 percent luminance and the same chrominance as the color burst signal, and the other two having 50 percent and 7.5 percent luminance respectively.[18]
A less-used successor to VIR, GCR, also added ghost (multipath interference) removal capabilities.
The remaining vertical blanking interval lines are typically used for datacasting or ancillary data such as video editing timestamps (vertical interval timecodes or SMPTE timecodes on lines 12–14[19][20]), test data on lines 17–18, a network source code on line 20 and closed captioning, XDS, and V-chip data on line 21. Early teletext applications also used vertical blanking interval lines 14–18 and 20, but teletext over NTSC was never widely adopted by viewers.[21]
Many stations transmit TV Guide On Screen (TVGOS) data for an electronic program guide on VBI lines. The primary station in a market will broadcast 4 lines of data, and backup stations will broadcast 1 line. In most markets the PBS station is the primary host. TVGOS data can occupy any line from 10-25, but in practice its limited to 11-18, 20 and line 22. Line 22 is only used for 2 broadcast, DirecTV and CFPL-TV.
TiVo data is also transmitted on some commercials and program advertisements so customers can autorecord the program being advertised, and is also used in weekly half-hour paid programs on Ion Television and the Discovery Channel which highlight TiVo promotions and advertisers.
Countries and territories using NTSC[link]
North America[link]
Bermuda
Canada, Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting in major cities abandoned by August 2011, replaced with ATSC. Some one-station markets or markets served only by full-power repeaters remain analogue.[22]
Mexico, Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting is still active but scheduled to be abandoned by December 31, 2015. Simulcasts in ATSC were phased-in starting with the largest markets first.[23]
United States, Full-power over-the-air NTSC broadcasting was switched off on June 12, 2009[24][25] in favor of ATSC. Low-power stations, Class A stations and translators are not immediately affected, nor are remaining analog cable television systems. NTSC also remains in use as an interconnect standard for A/V devices such as televisions and DVD players. A small number of US viewers remain able to receive full-service Canadian or Mexican analogue broadcast TV over the air, depending on geographic location.
Central America[link]
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Caribbean islands[link]
South America[link]
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Asia[link]
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Oceania[link]
U.S. territories[link]
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands- Midway Atoll (a U.S. military base)
Chilean territories[link]
Easter Island, NTSC-M broadcast to be abandoned by December 31, 2017, simulcasting ISDB-T/b
Other Pacific island nations[link]
Marshall Islands (in Compact of Free Association with U.S.; U.S. aid funded NTSC adoption)
Micronesia (in Compact of Free Association with U.S.)
Palau (in Compact of Free Association with U.S.; adopted NTSC before independence)
Tonga (U.S. aid funded NTSC adoption)
Indian Ocean[link]
Europe[link]
Historic (used NTSC experimentally before adopting PAL)[link]
United Kingdom (tests using 405-line 50 Hz system in the late 1950s before the introduction of PAL Color and 625/50 Hz in the 1960s).
Ireland (Same as above)[dubious – discuss].
See also[link]
- Broadcast television systems
- List of video connectors
- Moving image formats
- Oldest television station
- Television channel frequencies
- Broadcast-safe
- DTV transition in the United States
Notes[link]
- ^ National Television System Committee (1951–1953), [Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12-19, with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports, and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission, n.p., 1953], 17 v. illus., diagrs., tables. 28 cm. LC Control No.:54021386 Library of Congress Online Catalog
- ^ A third "line sequential" system from Color Television Inc. (CTI) was also considered. The CBS and final NTSC systems were called "field sequential" and "dot sequential" systems, respectively.
- ^ "Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step", The New York Times, October 20, 1951, p. 1. "Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry", The New York Times, October 22, 1951, p. 23. "TV Research Curb on Color Avoided", The New York Times, October 26, 1951. Ed Reitan, CBS Field Sequential Color System, 1997. A variant of the CBS system was later used by NASA to broadcast pictures of astronauts from space.
- ^ "CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV," Washington Post, March 26, 1953, p. 39.
- ^ "F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once", The New York Times, December 19, 1953, p. 1.
- ^ "NBC Launches First Publicly-Announced Color Television Show", Wall Street Journal, August 31, 1953, p. 4.
- ^ 47 CFR § 73.682 (20) (iv)
- ^ a b c DeMarsh, Leroy (1993): TV Display Phosphors/Primaries — Some History. SMPTE Journal, December 1993: 1095–1098.
- ^ Parker, N.W. (1966): An Analysis of the Necessary Receiver Decoder Corrections for Color Receiver Operation with Non-Standard Primaries. IEEE transactions on broadcast and television receivers, vol. BTR-12, no. 1, pp. 23—32.
- ^ a b c International Telecommunications Union Recommendation ITU-R 470-6 (1970-1998): Conventional Television Systems, Annex 2.
- ^ Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1987-2004): Recommended Practice RP 145-2004. Color Monitor Colorimetry.
- ^ Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1994, 2004): Engineering Guideline EG 27-2004. Supplemental Information for SMPTE 170M and Background on the Development of NTSC Color Standards, pp. 9
- ^ Advanced Television Systems Committee (2003): ATSC Direct-to-Home Satellite Broadcast Standard Doc. A/81, pp.18
- ^ European Broadcasting Union (1975) Tech. 3213-E.: E.B.U. Standard for Chromaticity Tolerances for Studio Monitors.
- ^ CCIR Report 308-2 Part 2 Chapter XII — Characteristics of Monochrome Television Systems (1970 edition).
- ^ Jain, Anal K., Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989, p. 82.
- ^ http://sipi.usc.edu/~weber/ee459/datasheets/LM1881.pdf
- ^ http://danalee.ca/ttt/waveform_monitors_and_vectorscopes.htm
- ^ http://www.philrees.co.uk/articles/timecode.htm
- ^ http://poynton.com/notes/video/Timecode/
- ^ http://experimentaltvcenter.org/history/tools/ttext.php3?id=16
- ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) Press release May 2007
- ^ Transicion a TDT (Transition to DT) (Spanish)
- ^ http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_Id=84452e41-ca68-4aef-b15f-bbca7bab2973
- ^ "ATSC SALUTES THE ‘PASSING’ OF NTSC". NTSC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. http://www.atsc.org/communications/press/2009-06-12-NTSC_End_Final.php. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
References[link]
- A standard defining the NTSC system was published by the International Telecommunication Union in 1998 under the title "Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-7, Conventional Analog Television Systems". It isn't publicly available on the Internet, but it can be purchased from the ITU.
- Ed Reitan (1997). CBS Field Sequential Color System.
External links[link]
- U.S. cable television channel frequencies
- TVTower.com - Commercial Television Frequencies
- Representation of the NTSC refresh rate on a television and on a DVD
- Understanding & Measuring Video TV-RF Signals by Glen Kropuenske, CET, Sencore Application Engineer
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
