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![Euro 2004 **The Ultimate Underdogs** [Greece's Amazing Journey]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120914131656im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OVU6XYJPLw8/0.jpg "A Highlight package I made in late 2009 about Greece's Amazing Journey at the Euro 2004 championships. Song: Somebody Told Me Artist: The Killers This video was originally on EMVTEAM account until i recently closed it. Prior to being deleted it had 51000 views. Results- Greece 2 v Portugal 1 Greece 1 v Spain 1 Greece 1 v Russia 2 Quarter Final- Greece 1 France 0 Semi Final- Greece 1 v Czech Republic 0 Final- Greece 1 v Portugal 0")
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Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi ( , literally Father of deer) is the capital and the second largest city in the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper, making up an area of
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Al Hoceima
Al Hoceima is a city and port in the north of Morocco and in the center of the Rif Mountains. The Al Hoceima city region has a population of 395.644 (2004 census) and is the capital of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region. It is situated in the territory of the Bucoya tribe of the Rif, who speak Tarifit.
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Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
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Ao Nang
Ao Nang is a central point of the coastal province of Krabi, Thailand. The town consists chiefly of a main street, which is dominated by restaurants, pubs, shops and other commerce aimed at tourists. The main beach is used by sunbathers to a certain extent, but there are hundreds of longtail boats which offer access to other beaches on the mainland and on nearby islands.
http://wn.com/Ao_Nang -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Ashdod, Israel
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Asunción
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Atlantic Canada
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Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the fifteenth most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 786,382 (2009 U.S. Census estimate). The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area, with a population of 1,750,224 (2009 U.S. Census estimate), making it the 35th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bahamas
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Bangladesh
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Beer Sheva
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Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
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Berkshire
Berkshire ( or , abbreviated Berks) is a historic county in the South East of England. It is also often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1958, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.
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Beslan
Beslan (; ; ) is a town located in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It lies about north of Vladikavkaz and is the administrative center of Pravoberezhny District. Beslan is the third largest town in the republic behind Vladikavkaz and Mozdok. Population:
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Buenos Aires
http://wn.com/Buenos_Aires -
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa ( "Khalifa Tower"), known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and the tallest man-made structure ever built, at . Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010, and is part of the new flagship development called Downtown Dubai at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.
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Busan
Busan (Officially Busan Metropolitan City), formerly spelled Pusan () is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world. The city is located on the southeasternmost tip of the Korean peninsula and faces the Korea Strait. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and Suyeong River, with mountains separating some of the districts. Administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county.
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Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
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Chad
http://wn.com/Chad -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Cheshire
Cheshire ( ); also known, archaically, as the County of Chester) is a ceremonial county and former principality in North West England. The traditional county town is the city of Chester, although Cheshire's largest town is Warrington. Other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Widnes, Runcorn, Macclesfield, Winsford, Northwich, and Wilmslow. The county is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales to the west.
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Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Czech Republic
http://wn.com/Czech_Republic -
Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of (; ), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which was 15,366,672 in 1998, was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.
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Dhaka
http://wn.com/Dhaka -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
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Dublin
http://wn.com/Dublin -
Dublin Port Tunnel
http://wn.com/Dublin_Port_Tunnel -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Estádio da Luz
http://wn.com/Estádio_da_Luz -
Fallujah
:For other meanings see Fallujah (disambiguation).
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Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands (, ) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Great Britain and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland.
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Freedom Tower
http://wn.com/Freedom_Tower -
Gaza City
http://wn.com/Gaza_City -
Gaza Strip
http://wn.com/Gaza_Strip -
Georgia (country)
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Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Granby, Colorado
The Town of Granby is a Statutory Town that is the most populous town in Grand County, Colorado, United States. Granby is situated along U.S. Highway 40 in Middle Park about 85 miles (136.8 km) west of Denver, Colorado, southwest of Rocky Mountain National Park. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1525.
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Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
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Grozny
Grozny (; , ) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2002 Census, the city had a population of 210,720 people (a little more than half of the population a decade before) and in 2008 the city had a population of 230,100 people.
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Gulf Shores
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Gush Katif
Gush Katif (, lit. Harvest Bloc) was a bloc of 17 Israeli settlements in the southern Gaza strip. In August 2005, the Israeli army was ordered to expel 8,000 residents of Gush Katif. They were evicted from the area and their homes demolished as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan.
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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House of Lords
The House of Lords (commonly referred to as "the Lords" and also known as House of Peers for ceremonial purposes) is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. Parliament comprises the Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as "the Commons"), and the Lords. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
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Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent; on the west by East Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). It is the only ocean to be named after a country, i.e., India.
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Ingushetia
http://wn.com/Ingushetia -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
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Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
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Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Jeddah
Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; Jidda) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at over 3.4 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Konya
Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 1,003,373 in 2009 while the provincial population (including the other urban centers in the Konya Province) was 1,959,082 in the same year.
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Kosovo
http://wn.com/Kosovo -
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Libya
http://wn.com/Libya -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Madrid
http://wn.com/Madrid -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives -
Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Massif Central
http://wn.com/Massif_Central -
Maui
http://wn.com/Maui -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Millau bridge
http://wn.com/Millau_bridge -
Mina, Saudi Arabia
Mina is a desert location situated some 5 kilometres to the east of the Islamic holy city of Mecca (Makkah) in Saudi Arabia. It stands on the road from Mecca's city centre to the Hill of Arafat.
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Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
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Mojave, California
Mojave (formerly, Mohave) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, United States. Mojave is located east of Bakersfield, at an elevation of 2762 feet (842 m). The town is located at the southwestern region of the Mojave Desert, below and east of Oak Creek Pass and the Tehachapi Mountains.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
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Morocco
http://wn.com/Morocco -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Mosul
http://wn.com/Mosul -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Korea
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Northern Ossetia
http://wn.com/Northern_Ossetia -
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Oklahoma
http://wn.com/Oklahoma -
Oslo
http://wn.com/Oslo -
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay -
Peterborough
Peterborough ( or ) is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of as of June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. The Town Hall is north of Charing Cross, London. The city stands athwart the River Nene, which flows into the North Sea approximately to the north-east, and the East Coast Main Line railway.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Prague
http://wn.com/Prague -
RAF Brize Norton
RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, about 65 miles west north-west of London, England, United Kingdom, is the largest airbase of the Royal Air Force.
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Republic Of India
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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República Cromagnon
http://wn.com/República_Cromagnon -
Rif
http://wn.com/Rif -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Antonio
The City of San Antonio () is the second-largest city in the American state of Texas and the seventh-largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million. The city is the seat of Bexar County. Located in the and the northern part of , San Antonio is the center of Tejano culture and Texas tourism. The city is characteristic of other Southwest urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city. It was the fourth-fastest growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006 and the fifth-fastest-growing from 2007 to 2008. The metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.1 million based on the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 28th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S and third in Texas.
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Santiago de Chile
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Chile -
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Sea Island, Georgia
Sea Island is an affluent resort island located in the barrier islands just off the Atlantic coast of southern Georgia in the United States. The resort complex is located in an unincorporated Glynn County.
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Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Slovakia
http://wn.com/Slovakia -
Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi (, short form Sulsel) is a province of Indonesia, located on the western southern peninsula of Sulawesi Island. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi province to the north, South East Sulawesi province to the east and West Sulawesi province to the west (West Sulawesi province was split from South Sulawesi in 2004). The capital of South Sulawesi is Makassar.
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Taba (Egypt)
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Tainan City
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Taipei 101
Taipei 101 (), also known as the Taipei Financial Center, is a landmark skyscraper located in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. The building ranked officially as the world's tallest from 2004 until the opening of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2010. Taipei 101, designed by C.Y. Lee & partners and constructed primarily by KTRT Joint Venture and numerous subcontractors including Samsung C&T; received the 2004 Emporis Skyscraper Award. The tower has served as an icon of modern Taiwan ever since its opening. Fireworks launched from Taipei 101 feature prominently in international New Year's Eve broadcasts and the structure appears frequently in travel literature and international media.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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Transvaal Park
Transvaal Park was a popular waterpark in Yasenevo, a south district of Moscow, Russia. With several large, heated pools, including a wave pool and twisting "river" for tubing, it became one of the most popular attractions in the Moscow area and a symbol of the country's bloom of private enterprise. It was based on an African theme, and its name came from the South African province of Transvaal. It also included a sauna.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
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Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela -
Wakefield Prison
http://wn.com/Wakefield_Prison -
Washington, DC
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
West Sulawesi
West Sulawesi (, short form Sulbar) is a province of Indonesia, created in 2004. It is on the island of Sulawesi (formerly, Celebes) and includes the regencies (kabupaten) of Polewali Mandar, Mamasa, Majene, Mamuju, and Mamuju Utara, which were formerly part of South Sulawesi. The area of the province is 16,796.19 km2. Its economy consists mainly of mining, agriculture and fishing. Its capital is Mamuju.
http://wn.com/West_Sulawesi
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Aaron Ciechanover
http://wn.com/Aaron_Ciechanover -
Abdullahi Yusuf
http://wn.com/Abdullahi_Yusuf -
Abu Abbas
http://wn.com/Abu_Abbas -
Adolf Ehrnrooth
Adolf Erik Ehrnrooth (February 9, 1905, Helsinki – February 26, 2004) was a Finnish general.
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Ahmed Kuftaro
Ahmed Muhammad Amin Kuftaro (December 1915 - September 1, 2004) was the Grand Mufti of Syria, the highest Sunni Muslim religious official in that nation.
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Ahmed Yassin
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Yassin -
Akhmad Kadyrov
http://wn.com/Akhmad_Kadyrov -
Alicia Markova
http://wn.com/Alicia_Markova -
Ann Miller
http://wn.com/Ann_Miller -
Annette Lu
http://wn.com/Annette_Lu -
Anthony Hecht
http://wn.com/Anthony_Hecht -
Anthony Sampson
Anthony Terrell Seward Sampson (3 August 1926 – 18 December 2004) was a British writer and journalist. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford and served with the Royal Navy from 1944-47. During the 1950s he edited the magazine Drum in Johannesburg, South Africa. On returning to the United Kingdom he joined the editorial staff of The Observer, where he worked from 1955-66.
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Antoinette Millard
Antoinette Millard (b. 1964?) was a name United States impostor Lisa Walker used when she pretended to be a Saudi princess. She was born Lisa Antoinette Millard, her married name was Walker.
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Antonio Saca
http://wn.com/Antonio_Saca -
Archibald Cox
Archibald Cox, Jr., (May 17, 1912 – May 29, 2004) was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy. He became known as the first special prosecutor for the Watergate scandal. During his career, he was a pioneering expert on labor law and also an authority on constitutional law.
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Artie Shaw
Arthur Jacob Arshawsky (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004), better known as Artie Shaw, was an American jazz clarinetist, composer, and bandleader. He is also the author of both fiction and non-fiction writings.
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Augusto Pinochet
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet -
Australian Aborigine
http://wn.com/Australian_Aborigine -
Avram Hershko
Avram Hershko () (born 31 December 1937) is a Hungarian-born Israeli biochemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
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Betty Oliphant
Nancy Elizabeth "Betty" Oliphant, CC, O.Ont (August 5, 1918 – July 12, 2004) was a co-founder of the National Ballet School of Canada.
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Boniface Alexandre
http://wn.com/Boniface_Alexandre -
Boris Trajkovski
http://wn.com/Boris_Trajkovski -
Brian Clough
http://wn.com/Brian_Clough -
Brock Adams
Brockman "Brock" Adams (January 13, 1927 – September 10, 2004) was an American politician and member of Congress. Adams was a Democrat from Washington and served as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and United States Secretary of Transportation before retiring in January 1993.
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Carrie Snodgress
http://wn.com/Carrie_Snodgress -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Chen Shui-bian
http://wn.com/Chen_Shui-bian -
Christopher Reeve
http://wn.com/Christopher_Reeve -
Claude Nougaro
Claude Nougaro (9 September 1929–4 March 2004) was a French songwriter and singer.
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Colin Powell
http://wn.com/Colin_Powell -
Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927 January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader. The widow of Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King helped lead the African-American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
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Czesław Miłosz
http://wn.com/Czesław_Miłosz -
Daniel J. Boorstin
http://wn.com/Daniel_J_Boorstin -
Davíð Oddsson
http://wn.com/Davíð_Oddsson -
Deaths in 2004
The following is a list of notable deaths in 2004. Names are listed under the date of death, not the date it was announced. Names under each date are listed in alphabetical order by family name.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under George W. Bush. He briefly served as Acting President of the United States on two occasions during which Bush underwent medical procedures.
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Dick Durrance
Richard "Dick" Henry Durrance, Jr. (October 14, 1914 – June 13, 2004) was a 17-time national championship skier and one of the first American skiers to compete successfully with European skiers.
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Dimebag Darrell
Darrell Lance Abbott, also known as "Diamond Darrell", and "Dimebag Darrell" (August 20, 1966 – December 8, 2004) was an American guitarist, best known as a founding member of the heavy metal bands Pantera and Damageplan. He also performed in the southern rock band Rebel Meets Rebel.
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Eddie Charlton
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Edmond Pidoux
Edmond Pidoux (October 25, 1908-April 17, 2004) was a Swiss author who wrote numerous poems, novels, and essays. He was particularly renowned for Biblical pieces such as ''L'histoire de Jonas.'' In 1982, he won the Prix du livre vaudois.
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Edvard Munch
Edvard Munch (, 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art. His best-known composition, The Scream, is part of a series The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, melancholia, and anxiety.
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Edward B. Lewis
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Edward C. Prescott
Edward Christian Prescott (born December 26, 1940) is an American economist. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2004, sharing the award with Finn E. Kydland, "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles". This research was primarily conducted while both Kydland and Prescott were affiliated with the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (now Tepper School of Business) at Carnegie Mellon University.
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Egon von Furstenberg
http://wn.com/Egon_von_Furstenberg -
Eleanor Holm
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Holm -
Elfriede Jelinek
http://wn.com/Elfriede_Jelinek -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Elmer Bernstein
Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions. His most popular works include the scores to The Magnificent Seven, The Ten Commandments, The Great Escape, and To Kill a Mockingbird.
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Emlyn Hughes
Emlyn Walter Hughes, OBE (28 August 1947 – 9 November 2004) was an English footballer who captained both the English national side and the much-decorated Liverpool F.C. side of the 1970s.
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Etta Moten Barnett
Etta Moten Barnett (November 5, 1901 – January 2, 2004) was an American actress and contralto vocalist, who was identified with her signature role of "Bess" in Porgy and Bess. She created new roles for African-American women on stage and screen. After her performing career, Barnett was active in Chicago as a major philanthropist and civic activist, raising funds for and supporting cultural, social and church institutions.
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Ezzedine Salim
http://wn.com/Ezzedine_Salim -
Fay Wray
Fay Wray (born Vina Fay Wray; September 15, 1907 – August 8, 2004) was a Canadian-American actress. Through an acting career that spanned 57 years, Wray attained international stardom as an actress in horror film roles, leading to many considering her as the first "scream queen".
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Finn E. Kydland
Finn Erling Kydland (born 1 December 1943) is a Norwegian economist. He is currently the Henley Professor of Economics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He also holds the Richard P. Simmons Distinguished Professorship at the Tepper School of Business of Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned his Ph.D., and a Professor II position at NHH. Kydland was a co-recipient of the 2004 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (shared with Edward C. Prescott), "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles".
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Francis Crick
http://wn.com/Francis_Crick -
Frank Wilczek
Frank Anthony Wilczek (born May 15, 1951) is a theoretical physicist from the United States and a Nobel laureate. He is currently the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Françoise Sagan
http://wn.com/Françoise_Sagan -
Frederick Fennell
http://wn.com/Frederick_Fennell -
George Patton IV
military person
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George Tenet
http://wn.com/George_Tenet -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Godfrey Hounsfield
http://wn.com/Godfrey_Hounsfield -
Goh Chok Tong
Goh Chok Tong (; born 20 May 1941) is the Senior Minister of Singapore and the chairman of the central bank of Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He also served as the second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore from 28 November, 1990 to 12 August, 2004, succeeding to Lee Kuan Yew, the former Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore
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Gordon Cooper
http://wn.com/Gordon_Cooper -
Greek Cypriots
http://wn.com/Greek_Cypriots -
Gérard Debreu
http://wn.com/Gérard_Debreu -
Gérard Souzay
http://wn.com/Gérard_Souzay -
Halldór Ásgrímsson
http://wn.com/Halldór_Ásgrímsson -
Hamid Karzai
http://wn.com/Hamid_Karzai -
Hank Garland
Walter Louis Garland (November 11, 1930 – December 27, 2004), better known as Hank Garland, was a Nashville studio musician who performed with Elvis Presley, Patsy Cline, Roy Orbison and many others.
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Harold Shipman
Harold Frederick "Fred" Shipman (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was a convicted English serial killer. A doctor by profession, he is among the most prolific serial killers in recorded history with 218 murders being positively ascribed to him, although the real number is likely to be higher than this.
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Heorhiy Kirpa
Heorhiy Kirpa () (July 20, 1946 in Klubivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast - December 27, 2004 in Bortnychi, near Kiev) was a Ukrainian railway manager, statesman and politician, best known as the head of the Ukrzaliznytsia national railway company and Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications.
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Herbert C. Brown
Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was a chemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate for his work with organoboranes.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Howard Keel
Howard Keel (April 13, 1919November 7, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He starred in many film musicals of the 1950s.
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Hubert Selby, Jr.
http://wn.com/Hubert_Selby_Jr -
Idriss Déby
http://wn.com/Idriss_Déby -
Ingrid Thulin
Ingrid Thulin (; 27 January 1926 – 7 January 2004) was a Swedish film actress.
http://wn.com/Ingrid_Thulin -
Ingushetia
http://wn.com/Ingushetia -
Iona Brown
Iona Brown OBE (born Elizabeth Iona Brown, 7 January 1941 - 5 June 2004) was a British violinist and conductor. Born in Salisbury, her parents Antony and Fiona were both musicians. In addition, her brother Timothy is principal horn player with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, her other brother Ian is a pianist, and her sister Sally plays viola with the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.
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Irwin Rose
Irwin A. Rose (born July 16, 1926) is an American biologist. Along with Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
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Jack Paar
http://wn.com/Jack_Paar -
Jack Rosenthal
Jack Morris Rosenthal CBE (8 September 1931 - 29 May 2004) was an English playwright, who wrote 129 early episodes of the ITV soap opera Coronation Street and over 150 screenplays, including original TV plays, feature films, and adaptations.
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Jack Tunney
John "Jack" Tunney (1935 – January 24, 2004) was a Canadian wrestling promoter. Tunney was known worldwide for his appearances on World Wrestling Federation television as the promotion's figurehead president, suspending wrestlers, stripping them of titles, and ordering matches. Tunney's tenure was during the company's initial worldwide popularity boom in the 1980s, the peaking days of "Hulkamania".
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Jacques Chirac
http://wn.com/Jacques_Chirac -
Jamal Abro
Jamaluddin Abro, (), () also known as Jamal Abro (2 May 1924 - 30 June 2004, Larkana, Pakistan) was a Sindhi writer. He was born in May 1924 at Sangi, a small village in Mehar Taluka, then part of Dadu District.
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James Chace
James Clarke Chace (October 16, 1931 - October 8, 2004) was an eminent historian, writing on American diplomacy and statecraft. His 12 books include the critically acclaimed Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (1998), the definitive biography of former Secretary of State Dean Acheson. In a debate during the 2000 presidential primary, George W. Bush referred to Chace's Acheson as one of the books he was reading at the time.[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/13/acheson/index.html]
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James McGreevey
http://wn.com/James_McGreevey -
Janet Leigh
Janet Leigh (July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004) was an American actress.
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Jean-Marie Auberson
Jean-Marie Auberson (May 2, 1920, Chavornay, Vaud – July 4, 2004) was a Swiss conductor and violinist, student of Ernest Ansermet and Carl Schuricht.
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Jerry Goldsmith
http://wn.com/Jerry_Goldsmith -
Jim Bacon
http://wn.com/Jim_Bacon -
Jimmy McLarnin
http://wn.com/Jimmy_McLarnin -
Joan Aiken
http://wn.com/Joan_Aiken -
John Cerutti
John Joseph Cerutti (April 28, 1960 - October 3, 2004) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, and later a broadcaster for the Toronto Blue Jays.
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John Charles
William John Charles, CBE (27 December 1931 – 21 February 2004), commonly known as John Charles, was a Welsh international footballer best remembered for spells with Leeds United and Juventus. Rated by many as the greatest all-round footballer ever to come from Wales, he was equally adept at centre-forward or centre-back. He has since been included in the Football League 100 Legends and was inducted into the Football Hall of Fame.
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John Cullen Murphy
http://wn.com/John_Cullen_Murphy -
John Drew Barrymore
http://wn.com/John_Drew_Barrymore -
John E. McLaughlin
John Edward McLaughlin (born June 15, 1942 in McKeesport, Pennsylvania) is the former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and former Acting Director of Central Intelligence. He was sworn in as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence on October 19, 2000, to serve under DCI George Tenet. After Tenet's resignation on June 3, 2004, the Bush Administration announced that McLaughlin would serve as Acting Director after Tenet's departure on July 11, 2004. McLaughlin himself stepped down as Acting Director on September 22, 2004, after Porter J. Goss was confirmed by the Senate to serve as the new director. He then returned to his position as Deputy Director, and announced his retirement on November 12, 2004.
http://wn.com/John_E_McLaughlin -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
John Maynard Smith
John Maynard Smith, F.R.S. (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he then took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J.B.S. Haldane. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorized on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.
http://wn.com/John_Maynard_Smith -
John Peel
http://wn.com/John_Peel -
John Pople
http://wn.com/John_Pople -
John Robert Vane
http://wn.com/John_Robert_Vane -
Johnny Oates
http://wn.com/Johnny_Oates -
José López Portillo
http://wn.com/José_López_Portillo -
José María Aznar
http://wn.com/José_María_Aznar -
Julia Child
http://wn.com/Julia_Child -
Junichiro Koizumi
is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. He retired from politics when his term in parliament ended.
http://wn.com/Junichiro_Koizumi -
Jóannes Eidesgaard
http://wn.com/Jóannes_Eidesgaard -
Kamisese Mara
Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, GCMG, KBE, CF, (May 6, 1920 – April 18, 2004) is considered the founding father of the modern nation of Fiji. He was Chief Minister from 1967 to 1970, when Fiji gained its independence from the United Kingdom, and, apart from one brief interruption in 1987, the first Prime Minister from 1970 to 1992. He subsequently served as President from 1993 to 2000.
http://wn.com/Kamisese_Mara -
Kathryn Eames
Kathryn Eames (July 25, 1908 - December 12, 2004) was an American cinema, television and stage actress. She worked for more than 50 years as an actress.
http://wn.com/Kathryn_Eames -
Katy de la Cruz
Katy de la Cruz (born Catalina de la Cruz; February 13, 1907 – November 10, 2004) was a leading Filipino singer who specialized in jazz vocals and torch songs in a performing career that lasted eight decades. Hailed as "The Queen of Filipino Jazz" and as "The Queen of Bodabil", she was, by the age of 18, the highest paid entertainer in the Philippines. De la Cruz also appeared in films and received a FAMAS Best Supporting Actress Award in 1953.
http://wn.com/Katy_de_la_Cruz -
Khin Nyunt
General Khin Nyunt (; ; born 11 October 1939 in Kyauktan, Yangon Division) is an officer and politician in Myanmar. Khin Nyunt is an ethnic Chinese. He held the office of Chief of Intelligence and was Prime Minister from August 25, 2003 until October 18, 2004. He is married to Khin Win Shwe, a medical doctor, and father to a daughter, Thin Le Le Win, and two sons, Lieutenant Colonel Zaw Naing Oo and Dr. Ye Naing Win, who owns Bagan Cybertech, one of the few internet service providers available in Myanmar.
http://wn.com/Khin_Nyunt -
Kurdish people
http://wn.com/Kurdish_people -
Lance Armstrong
Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American professional road racing cyclist who is best known for winning the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times, after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He rides for UCI ProTour team .
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong -
Laura Branigan
http://wn.com/Laura_Branigan -
Lee Hsien Loong
Lee Hsien Loong (; POJ: Li Hian-liong; born 10 February 1952) is the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore. Lee Hsien Loong is married to Ho Ching, who is the Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of the government-owned Temasek Holdings. He is the eldest son of former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.
http://wn.com/Lee_Hsien_Loong -
Lenovo
Lenovo Group Limited (, ) is a Chinese-based multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures and markets desktops and notebook personal computers, workstations, servers, storage drives, IT management software, and related services. Incorporated as Legend in Hong Kong in 1988, Lenovo's principal operations are currently located in Beijing, China, Morrisville, North Carolina in the United States, and Singapore, with research centers in those locations, as well as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Chengdu in China, and Yamato in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
http://wn.com/Lenovo -
Lien Chan
Lien Chan () (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an, China) is a politician in Taiwan. He was Vice President of the Republic of China from 1996 to 2000, and was the Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 2000 to 2005. In August 2005, he left that post after not running for re-election and was succeeded by Ma Ying-jeou. Lien is Chairman Emeritus of the Kuomintang.
http://wn.com/Lien_Chan -
Linda B. Buck
Linda B. Buck, Ph.D., (born January 29, 1947) is an American biologist best known for her work on the olfactory system. She was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Richard Axel, for their work on olfactory receptors.
http://wn.com/Linda_B_Buck -
Lorrie Wilmot
Anthony Lorraine Wilmot (June 1, 1943 — February 29, 2004) was a South African first class cricketer from Cape Province who played from 1960/61 to 1988/89, during their isolation era.
http://wn.com/Lorrie_Wilmot -
Louis XVII of France
http://wn.com/Louis_XVII_of_France -
Loyd Sigmon
Loyd C. Sigmon (May 6, 1909 - June 2, 2004) was born in Stigler, Oklahoma to a cattle-ranching family. He soon became interested in radio, earning his amateur ("ham") radio license at age 14. His broadcasting career began in 1932 at the Boston Short Wave and Television Laboratories. In 1941 he was hired as an engineer for MacMillan Petroleum Company's flagship radio station, KMPC, in Los Angeles, California. That job was interrupted by World War II; he served in the United States Army Signal Corps on General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff.
http://wn.com/Loyd_Sigmon -
Luis E. Miramontes
http://wn.com/Luis_E_Miramontes -
Lynn Cartwright
http://wn.com/Lynn_Cartwright -
M. M. Kaye
'''Mary Margaret ('Mollie') Kaye' (21 August 1908 - 29 January 2004) was a British writer. Her most famous book was The Far Pavilions'' (1978).
http://wn.com/M_M_Kaye -
Marco Pantani
Cyclist
http://wn.com/Marco_Pantani -
Margaret Hassan
Margaret Hassan (also known as Madam Margaret) (April 18, 1945–November, 2004) was an Irish aid worker who had worked in Iraq for many years until she was abducted and murdered by unidentified kidnappers in Iraq in 2004, at the age of 59.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Hassan -
Marge Schott
Margaret Unnewehr Schott (August 18, 1928 – March 2, 2004) was the managing general partner, president and CEO of the National League's Cincinnati Reds franchise from 1984 to 1999. She was the second woman to own a North American major-league team without inheriting it (the first being New York Mets founder Joan Whitney Payson), and the first woman to buy an existing team rather than inheriting it. She is perhaps most well known for her controversial behavior during her tenure as owner of the Reds, which included slurs towards African-Americans, Jews, the Japanese and homosexuals. She was banned from managing the team by the MLB from 1996 through 1998 due to statements in support of German domestic policies of Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler; shortly afterwards, she sold the majority of her share in the team.
http://wn.com/Marge_Schott -
Maria Sharapova
http://wn.com/Maria_Sharapova -
Marlon Brando
http://wn.com/Marlon_Brando -
Marvin Heemeyer
http://wn.com/Marvin_Heemeyer -
Maurice Wilkins
http://wn.com/Maurice_Wilkins -
Mercedes McCambridge
Carlotta Mercedes McCambridge (March 16, 1916 – March 2, 2004) was an American actress. Orson Welles called her "the world's greatest living radio actress."
http://wn.com/Mercedes_McCambridge -
Michael Buonauro
http://wn.com/Michael_Buonauro -
Michael Schumacher
http://wn.com/Michael_Schumacher -
Mikhail Saakashvili
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Saakashvili -
Mikhail Voronin
Mikhail Jakovlievitch Voronin (; 26 March 1945 in Moscow - 22 May 2004) was one of the world's strongest Russian gymnasts, who competed for the USSR in the late 1960s-early 1970s.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Voronin -
Miklos Feher
http://wn.com/Miklos_Feher -
Mohammed Bouyeri
http://wn.com/Mohammed_Bouyeri -
Mona Van Duyn
http://wn.com/Mona_Van_Duyn -
Mordechai Vanunu
Mordechai Vanunu (; born 14 October 1954) is a former Israeli nuclear technician who, citing his opposition to weapons of mass destruction, revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986. He was subsequently lured to Italy by a Mossad spy, where he was drugged and kidnapped by Israeli intelligence agents. He was transported to Israel and ultimately convicted in a trial that was held behind closed doors. Regarded by peace activists as a hero for taking a stand against weapons proliferation, Vanunu has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize many times.
http://wn.com/Mordechai_Vanunu -
Muammar al-Gaddafi
Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 ( '; also known simply as Colonel Gaddafi'''; born 7 June 1942) has been the de facto leader of Libya since a coup in 1969.
http://wn.com/Muammar_al-Gaddafi -
Naomi Shemer
Naomi Shemer (; July 13, 1930 - June 26, 2004) was a leading Israeli songwriter hailed as the "first lady of Israeli song."
http://wn.com/Naomi_Shemer -
Nestor de Villa
http://wn.com/Nestor_de_Villa -
Norberto Bobbio
Norberto Bobbio (October 18, 1909 – January 9, 2004) was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and a historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa.
http://wn.com/Norberto_Bobbio -
Norman Cantor
Norman F. Cantor (19 November 1929 – 18 September 2004) was a historian who specialized in the medieval period. Known for his accessible writing and engaging narrative style, Cantor's books were among the most widely-read treatments of medieval history in English. His textbook The Civilization of the Middle Ages, first published in 1964, remains one of the all-time bestsellers in the field.
http://wn.com/Norman_Cantor -
Norodom Sihamoni
Norodom Sihamoni (, born 14 May 1953) is the King of Cambodia. He is the eldest son of Norodom Sihanouk and Norodom Monineath Sihanouk. Previously Cambodia's ambassador to UNESCO, he was named by a nine-member throne council to become the next king after his father Norodom Sihanouk abdicated in 2004. Before ascending the throne, Sihamoni was best known for his work as a cultural ambassador in Europe and as a classical dance instructor.
http://wn.com/Norodom_Sihamoni -
Norris McWhirter
http://wn.com/Norris_McWhirter -
Ove Sprogøe
http://wn.com/Ove_Sprogøe -
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (; 28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) who was commonly known as P. V. Narasimha Rao, served as the 10th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. He led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj. Rao, also called the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms," is best remembered for launching India's free market reforms that rescued the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse. He was also commonly referred to as the Chanakya of modern India for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.
http://wn.com/P_V_Narasimha_Rao -
Palestinian people
http://wn.com/Palestinian_people -
Pat Roach
http://wn.com/Pat_Roach -
Paul Martin
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin, PC (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin, Jr., is a Canadian politician who was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada, as well as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
http://wn.com/Paul_Martin -
Paul Sweezy
http://wn.com/Paul_Sweezy -
Peggy Ryan
'''Margaret O'Rene "Peggy" Ryan''' (August 28, 1924; Long Beach, California – October 30, 2004; Las Vegas, Nevada) was an American dancer who starred in a series of movie musicals at Universal Studios, tapping and clowning with Donald O'Connor.
http://wn.com/Peggy_Ryan -
Percy Wickman
Percy Dwight Wickman (June 10, 1941-July 3, 2004) was a Canadian politician and well-known activist for people with disabilities. He was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.
http://wn.com/Percy_Wickman -
Pervez Musharraf
http://wn.com/Pervez_Musharraf -
Peter Twinn
Peter Frank George Twinn (9 January 1916 – 29 October 2004) was a British mathematician, World War II codebreaker and entomologist.
http://wn.com/Peter_Twinn -
Philip Abelson
http://wn.com/Philip_Abelson -
Pierre Charles
Pierre Charles (June 30, 1954 – January 6, 2004) was Prime Minister of Dominica from 2000 to 2004 as well as Member of Parliament for Grand Bay, Dominica from 1985 until his death. He was born in Grand Bay in Saint Patrick parish. He began his high school education at the Dominica Grammar School and completed it at the St. Mary's Academy before pursuing studies at the local teachers college. He served as a teacher and community organizer before entering elective office.
http://wn.com/Pierre_Charles -
Pierre Salinger
Pierre Emil George Salinger (June 14, 1925 – October 16, 2004) was a White House Press Secretary to U.S. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He later became known for his work as an ABC News correspondent, and in particular for his stories on the American hostage crisis in Iran, the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie Scotland, and his claims as to the cause of the explosion of TWA flight 800.
http://wn.com/Pierre_Salinger -
Priscilla Paris
http://wn.com/Priscilla_Paris -
Quorthon
http://wn.com/Quorthon -
Rafael Eitan
Rafael "Raful" Eitan (, born 11 January 1929 - 23 November 2004) was an Israeli general, former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces and later a politician, a Knesset member government minister. Born in Afula during the Mandate era, Eitan was raised in Tel Adashim, where he spent most of his life.
http://wn.com/Rafael_Eitan -
Ray Charles
Ray Charles Robinson (September 23, 1930June 10, 2004), better known by his shortened stage name Ray Charles, was an American musician. Ray was a pioneer in the genre of soul music during the 1950s by fusing rhythm & blues, gospel, and blues styles into his early recordings with Atlantic Records. He also helped racially integrate country and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his Modern Sounds albums. While with ABC, Charles became one of the first African-American musicians to be given artistic control by a mainstream record company.
http://wn.com/Ray_Charles -
Reggie White
Reginald Howard "Reggie" White, nicknamed "The Minister of Defense" (December 19, 1961 – December 26, 2004) was a professional American football player who played defensive end for 15 seasons in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers and Carolina Panthers becoming one of the most decorated players in NFL history. He also played for two seasons in the United States Football League for the Memphis Showboats. The 2-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year, 13-time Pro Bowl and 12-time All-Pro selection holds 2nd place all-time amongst career sack leaders with 198.5 (behind Bruce Smith's 200 career sacks) and was selected to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 1990s All-Decade Team and the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. During his professional career, he became famous not only for his outstanding play, but also for his Christian ministry as an ordained Evangelical minister. This led to his aforementioned nickname, "The Minister of Defense". White was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006, two years after his death.
http://wn.com/Reggie_White -
Renata Tebaldi
http://wn.com/Renata_Tebaldi -
Ricardo Lagos
http://wn.com/Ricardo_Lagos -
Richard Avedon
Richard Avedon (May 15, 1923 – October 1, 2004) was an American photographer. An obituary, published in The New York Times following Avedon's death said that, "his fashion and portrait photographs helped define America's image of style, beauty and culture for the last half-century."
http://wn.com/Richard_Avedon -
Richard Axel
Richard Axel (born July 2, 1946, New York City) is an American neuroscientist whose work on the olfactory system won him and Linda B. Buck, a former post-doctoral scientist in his research group, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004.
http://wn.com/Richard_Axel -
Richard Biggs
http://wn.com/Richard_Biggs -
Rick James
Rick James (February 1, 1948August 6, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. James was a popular R&B; and funk singer in the late 1970s and 1980s, scoring four #1 hits on the U.S. R&B; charts. Among his well known songs are "Super Freak" and "You and I". In addition to his music James gained notoriety for his wild lifestyle, which led to widely publicized legal problems.
http://wn.com/Rick_James -
Robert Merrill
Robert Merrill (June 4, 1917 – October 23, 2004) was an American operatic baritone.
http://wn.com/Robert_Merrill -
Rodger Ward
Rodger M. Ward (January 10, 1921 – July 5, 2004) was an American racecar driver who won the 1959 and 1962 Indianapolis 500. He also was the 1959 and 1962 USAC Championship Car champion.
http://wn.com/Rodger_Ward -
Ron Artest
http://wn.com/Ron_Artest -
Ron Ashman
Ronald George Ashman (19 May 1926 – 21 June 2004) was an English professional footballer and football manager. Born in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, he spent his entire playing career with Norwich City F.C. and was later their manager. He went on to manage Scunthorpe United and Grimsby Town.
http://wn.com/Ron_Ashman -
Ronald Reagan
http://wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Ronald Smith
Ronald Bertram Smith (3 January 192227 May 2004) was an English classical pianist, composer and teacher, born in London. He entered the Royal Academy of Music at the age of 16 with the Sir Michael Costa Scholarship for composition. After leaving the academy he studied privately in Paris with Marguerite Long, while also taking an external BMus degree from Durham University.
http://wn.com/Ronald_Smith -
Sacha Distel
Sacha Distel (January 29, 1933 – July 22, 2004) was a French singer who had hits such as a cover version of the Academy Award winning "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head" (originally recorded by B.J. Thomas), "Scoubidou" and "The Good Life". He was born in Paris.
http://wn.com/Sacha_Distel -
Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Sam Edwards
Sam Edwards (May 26, 1915 - July 28, 2004) was an American actor. His most famous role on TV was as the banker in the TV series Little House on the Prairie.
http://wn.com/Sam_Edwards -
Samuel Dash
Samuel Dash (February 27, 1925 – May 29, 2004), a native of Camden, New Jersey, a co-chief counsel along with Fred Thompson for the Senate Watergate Committee during the Watergate scandal. Dash became famous for his televised interrogations during the Congressional hearings on Watergate.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Dash -
Scandal
A scandal is a widely publicized allegation or set of allegations that damages the reputation of an institution, individual or creed. A scandal may be based on true or false allegations or a mixture of both.
http://wn.com/Scandal -
Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Celtic Picts (east) and the Gaels (west), incorporating neighbouring Britons as well as Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse.
http://wn.com/Scottish_people -
Seymour Ginsburg
http://wn.com/Seymour_Ginsburg -
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
http://wn.com/Sheikh_Ahmed_Yassin -
Simón Trinidad
http://wn.com/Simón_Trinidad -
Soe Win
http://wn.com/Soe_Win -
Stephen Sprouse
Stephen Sprouse (September 12, 1953 - March 4, 2004) was a fashion designer and artist credited with pioneering the 1980s mix of "uptown sophistication in clothing with a downtown punk and pop sensibility" [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/05/nyregion/05SPRO.html?ex=1079473370&ei;=1&en;=74207fc16a1eef36].
http://wn.com/Stephen_Sprouse -
Sune Bergström
http://wn.com/Sune_Bergström -
Susan Sontag
http://wn.com/Susan_Sontag -
Syreeta Wright
http://wn.com/Syreeta_Wright -
Tabaré Vázquez
http://wn.com/Tabaré_Vázquez -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Taiwanese people
Taiwanese people () may refer to individuals who either claim or are imputed cultural identity focused on the island of Taiwan and/or Taiwan Area which have been governed by the Republic of China since 1945. At least three competing (occasionally overlapping) paradigms are used to identify someone as a Taiwanese person: a nationalist criteria, self-identification (including the concept of "New Taiwanese") criteria, and socio-cultural criteria. These standards are fluid, in keeping with an evolving social and political milieu. The complexity resulting from competing and evolving standards is compounded by a larger dispute regarding Taiwan's identity crisis, the political status of Taiwan, and its potential de jure Taiwan independence or political integration with the People's Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwanese_people -
Terry Nichols
http://wn.com/Terry_Nichols -
Thanom Kittikachorn
http://wn.com/Thanom_Kittikachorn -
The Ramones
http://wn.com/The_Ramones -
Thea Astley
http://wn.com/Thea_Astley -
Thomas Klestil
http://wn.com/Thomas_Klestil -
Timothy McVeigh
http://wn.com/Timothy_McVeigh -
Todor Skalovski
Todor Skalovski () (born 21 January 1909, Tetovo, Ottoman Empire – died 1 July 2004, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia) was a famous Macedonian composer, chorus and orchestra conductor.
http://wn.com/Todor_Skalovski -
Tommy Farrell
Tommy Farrell (October 7, 1921 - May 9, 2004) was an American supporting actor who appeared in over 80 films between 1944 and 1979, according to the Internet Movie Database. Sometimes he is credited as Tommie Farrell or Tom Farrell.
http://wn.com/Tommy_Farrell -
Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.
http://wn.com/Tony_Blair -
Tony Randall
http://wn.com/Tony_Randall -
Tug McGraw
http://wn.com/Tug_McGraw -
Turkish Cypriots
Turkish Cypriots ( ) are the ethnic Turks and members of the Turkish-speaking ethnolinguistic community of the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The term is used to refer explicitly to the indigenous Turkish Cypriots, whose Ottoman Turkish forbears colonised the island in 1571. About 30,000 Turkish soldiers were given land once they settled in Cyprus, which bequeathed a significant Turkish community; today's Turkish Cypriots.
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Umberto Agnelli
http://wn.com/Umberto_Agnelli -
Uta Hagen
Uta Thyra Hagen (12 June 1919 – 14 January 2004) was a German-born American actress. She originated the role of Martha in the 1963 Broadway premiere of ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf'' by Edward Albee (who called her "a profoundly truthful actress"). Hagen was on the Hollywood blacklist, in part because of her association with Paul Robeson, and this curtailed film opportunities, focusing her to perform in New York theaters. She won the Tony Award three times. She later became a highly influential acting teacher at New York's Herbert Berghof Studio and authored a best-selling acting texts, Respect for Acting and A Challenge for the Actor. She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981.
http://wn.com/Uta_Hagen -
Valfar
http://wn.com/Valfar -
Vassal Gadoengin
Vassal Abago Bagobagan Gadoengin (May 1, 1943 - December 15, 2004) was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Nauru.
http://wn.com/Vassal_Gadoengin -
Viktor Yanukovych
Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ukrainian: ) (born July 9, 1950) is a Ukrainian politician who has been the President of Ukraine since February 2010.
http://wn.com/Viktor_Yanukovych -
Viktor Yushchenko
http://wn.com/Viktor_Yushchenko -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Putin -
Wangari Maathai
http://wn.com/Wangari_Maathai -
Xenophon Zolotas
http://wn.com/Xenophon_Zolotas -
Yasser Arafat
http://wn.com/Yasser_Arafat -
Yinka Dare
Yinka Dare (born October 10, 1972 – January 9, 2004) was a Nigerian professional basketball player. A 7'0", 265 pound (120.2 kg) center, he played four seasons in the National Basketball Association, and died at only 31 years of age, after suffering a heart attack.
http://wn.com/Yinka_Dare -
Yoshihiko Amino
was a Japanese Marxist historian and public intellectual, perhaps most singularly known for his novel examination of medieval Japanese history. Although little of the work by Amino has been published in the West, Japanese writers and historians of Japan regard Amino as one of the most important Japanese historians of the twentieth century.
http://wn.com/Yoshihiko_Amino -
Zeno Vendler
http://wn.com/Zeno_Vendler -
Árpád Bogsch
http://wn.com/Árpád_Bogsch
karaoke
That's what I felt
During that
Amazing year
2004
Life made us fall in love
With the present
Not the future
Not the past
And I can't tell
Well what you gave us
While we were all around
In 2004
We brought ourselves into the dream
That we kept locked for so long
Breathe the universe
And Feel you're stronger than pain
That's what that year gave us
Breathe the Universe
And Feel you're able to change
Love yourself again
Us
The van
And then
The streets again
To dream one more day
In 2004
We let our souls
Try to believe
We're better together
And I can't tell well
What You gave us while
We were all around
In 2004
You gave us strength
And Brought us love
The dream we dreamt for so long
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2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Published: 18 Mar 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
OMG: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/2004_Boxing_Day_Tsunami
Billy Crystal Oscars Opening -- 2004 Academy Awards
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:55
- Published: 19 Dec 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Billy Crystal's Oscars opening monologue at the 76thAcademy Awards® in 2004.
http://wn.com/Billy_Crystal_Oscars_Opening_-_2004_Academy_Awards
Ruben Studdard - Sorry For 2004
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 12 Oct 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
music video
http://wn.com/Ruben_Studdard_Sorry_For_2004
Barack Obama 2004 DNC Speech Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 07 Jan 2008
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Part 1 of Barack Obama's keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. Part 2 is under video responses. www.the-seraphim.com
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama_2004_DNC_Speech_Part_1
I, Robot (Trailer 2004)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 16 Jan 2008
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
It's the year 2035, and the community now has the help of robots. These robots have three laws integrated into their system. One, they cannot harm a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Two, they must do whatever they're told by a human being as long as such orders don't conflict with law one. Three, they have to defend themselves as long as such defense doesn't conflict with laws one or two. One day, the writer of the three laws, Alfred Lanning, apparently jumps out of the tenth-floor window of US Robotics. The majority of the Chicago Police Department believe that he committed suicide, but Detective Del Spooner (Smith), who hates robots, thinks he was murdered, and the number one suspect is a Nestor Class-5 robot who calls himself Sonny. However, if it was Sonny, then that means he would've had to have broken the three laws. With the help of Dr. Susan Calvin, Spooner must now discover the truth before it's too late.
http://wn.com/I,_Robot_Trailer_2004
C-SPAN: Barack Obama Speech at 2004 DNC Convention
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:47
- Published: 18 Aug 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Then-Illinois State Senator Barack Obama (D) delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention, in Boston, Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/C-SPAN_Barack_Obama_Speech_at_2004_DNC_Convention
Euro 2004 **The Ultimate Underdogs** [Greece's Amazing Journey]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 29 Jul 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
A Highlight package I made in late 2009 about Greece's Amazing Journey at the Euro 2004 championships. Song: Somebody Told Me Artist: The Killers This video was originally on EMVTEAM account until i recently closed it. Prior to being deleted it had 51000 views. Results- Greece 2 v Portugal 1 Greece 1 v Spain 1 Greece 1 v Russia 2 Quarter Final- Greece 1 France 0 Semi Final- Greece 1 v Czech Republic 0 Final- Greece 1 v Portugal 0
http://wn.com/Euro_2004_**The_Ultimate_Underdogs**_Greece's_Amazing_Journey_
Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out (2004)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 24 Feb 2010
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out Directed By Jonas OdellDomino Recording Company is an independent record label founded in 1993. Subscribe to Domino: goo.gl dominorecordco.com http twitter.com open.spotify.com
http://wn.com/Franz_Ferdinand_Take_Me_Out_2004
Athena - For Real (Eurovision 2004 - Turkey)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 28 Jun 2009
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Ruslana - Wild Dances (Ukraine) - Performance Video - 2004 Eurovision Song Contest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 19 Oct 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
We are already counting down to the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest in Baku. We do that by looking back to recent editions of Europe's favorite TV show. We start with 2004, when the contest was held in Istanbul, Turkey. Ruslana represented Ukraine at the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest with the song 'Wild Dances'. She won, and brought the contest to Kiev the year after.
http://wn.com/Ruslana_Wild_Dances_Ukraine_Performance_Video_2004_Eurovision_Song_Contest
Ukraine - Eurovision 2004 - Ruslana - Wild Dance (LIVE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 30 May 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Ruslana - Wild dance - winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2004 (after a great battle with Serbia and Montenegro). Istanbul 15 May 2004.
http://wn.com/Ukraine_Eurovision_2004_Ruslana_Wild_Dance_LIVE
Halo 2 - E3 2004: Real Time Demo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Published: 09 Jan 2010
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Google+: plus.google.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Name: Halo 2 Release date: November 9, 2004 Platform(s): PC and Xbox Publisher(s): Microsoft Game Studios Developer(s): Bungie Studios and Microsoft Game Studios
http://wn.com/Halo_2_E3_2004_Real_Time_Demo
Jon Stewart on The O'Reilly Factor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Published: 08 Feb 2007
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
From episode dated 17 September 2004 promoting his book "America: A Citizen's Guide To Democracy Inaction". If you want to get in touch, leave a message on my profile page. I don't keep track of the comments on this video simply because they're too many. EDIT: Wow, a million views. Thanks everyone!
http://wn.com/Jon_Stewart_on_The_O'Reilly_Factor
Raw Tsunami Video Phuket Thailand 2004
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Published: 05 Jul 2009
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Raw Tsunami Video Phuket Thailand 2004
http://wn.com/Raw_Tsunami_Video_Phuket_Thailand_2004
Zeljko Joksimovic - Lane Moje (Serbia & Montenegro) 2004 Eurovision Song Contest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 19 Oct 2011
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
We are already counting down to the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest in Baku. We do that by looking back to recent editions of Europe's favorite TV show. We start with 2004, when the contest was held in Istanbul, Turkey. Zeljko Joksimovic represented Serbia and Montenegro in the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest with the song 'Lane Moje'. He came in 2nd position in the grand final.
http://wn.com/Zeljko_Joksimovic_Lane_Moje_Serbia_Montenegro_2004_Eurovision_Song_Contest
Zelda E3 2004 reaction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Published: 20 Aug 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
My favourtite moment in nintendo history. I know this video might be here on youtube but I'm posting it anyway because I think there's nothing wrong with it being here more than once. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Zelda_E3_2004_reaction
One World Trade Center 2004-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 30 Apr 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
In honor of One World Trade Center becoming the tallest building in New York, EarthCam has released an exciting time-lapse movie showcasing the construction progress from 2004-2012. Watch years of construction in just two minutes!
http://wn.com/One_World_Trade_Center_2004-2012
Michelle Kwan 2004 Nationals Long Program - "Tosca"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:54
- Published: 08 Jan 2006
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
This is Michelle Kwan's performance of "Tosca" at the 2004 US Figure Skating Championships.
http://wn.com/Michelle_Kwan_2004_Nationals_Long_Program_Tosca
NOAA Titanic Expedition 2004: Breathtaking Wreck Footage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Published: 18 Dec 2007
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Breathtaking... Nearly 20 years after first finding the sunken remains of the RMS Titanic, marine explorer Robert Ballard returned in June 2004 helped by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Office of Ocean Exploration to study the ship's rapid deterioration. The RMS Titanic team worked aboard the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown from May 30 through June 9 spending 11 days at the wreck site, mapping the ship and conducting scientific analysis of its deterioration. Using the Institute for Exploration (IFE) remotely operated vehicles (ROV's) Hercules and Argus, to conduct a sophisticated documentation of the state of Titanic was not possible in the 1980's. This "Look, don't touch" mission utilized high-definition video and stereoscopic still images to provide an updated assessment of the wreck site at an enormous depth of 3840 meters (12600 feet). As the nation's ocean agency, NOAA has a vested interest in the scientific and cultural aspects of the Titanic, and in its appropriate treatment and preservation. NOAA's focus is to build a baseline of scientific information from which we can measure the shipwreck's processes and deterioration, and then apply the knowledge we gain to other deep-water shipwrecks and submerged cultural resources. Video courtesy of the RMS Titanic Expedition Team 2004, ROI, IFE, NOAA-OER. Please visit source: oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Google Map of wreck site location for the RMS Titanic: go.usa.gov
http://wn.com/NOAA_Titanic_Expedition_2004_Breathtaking_Wreck_Footage
Linkin Park - Live @ Rock am Ring 06.06.2004 - 11 - Numb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 08 Sep 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
~ALL Copyright Reserved to: Linkin Park ~ Linkin Park - Live @ Rock am Ring 06.06.2004 - 11 - Numb [LP] rulzz!!! lyrics: I'm tired of being what you want me to be Feeling so faithless lost under the surface Don't know what you're expecting of me Put under the pressure of walking in your shoes (Caught in the undertow just caught in the undertow) Every step that I take is another mistake to you (Caught in the undertow just caught in the undertow) [Chorus] I've become so numb I can't feel you there I've become so tired so much more aware I'm becoming this all I want to do Is be more like me and be less like you Can't you see that you're smothering me Holding too tightly afraid to lose control Cause everything that you thought I would be Has fallen apart right in front of you (Caught in the undertow just caught in the undertow) Every step that I take is another mistake to you (Caught in the undertow just caught in the undertow) And every second I waste is more than I can take [Chorus] I've become so numb I can't feel you there I've become so tired so much more aware I'm becoming this all I want to do Is be more like me and be less like you And I know I may end up failing too But I know You were just like me with someone disappointed in you [Chorus] I've become so numb I can't feel you there I've become so tired so much more aware I'm becoming this all I want to do Is be more like me and be less like you [Chorus] I've become so numb I can't feel you there I'm tired of being <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Linkin_Park_Live_@_Rock_am_Ring_06062004_11_Numb
The 100 best songs of 2004
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Published: 25 Sep 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
81. Shapeshifters - Lola's Theme 82. Jay-Z ft Pharrell - Change Clothes 83. N*E*R*D - Maybe 84. Lucie Silvas - What You're Made Of 85. Anastacia - Welcome To My Truth 86. Justin Timberlake - I'm Lovin It 87. Kevin Lyttle - Turn Me On 88. Special D - Home Alone 89. Armand van Helden - My My My 90. Sugababes - In The Middle 91. Hilary Duff - Come Clean 92. Snow Patrol - Chocolate 93. Avril Lavigne - Don't Tell Me 94. Girls Aloud - Love Machine 95. Special D - Nothing I Won't Do 96. Kanye West - Jesus Walks 97. DJ Tiesto - Love Comes Again 98. Soul Control - Chocolate 99. Blue - Breathe Easy 100. DJ Tiesto - Just Be
http://wn.com/The_100_best_songs_of_2004
UEFAEuro2004 Final HD 1080 Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece Otto Rehhagel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 05 Sep 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Queen - I Was Born To Love You (2004 video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 30 Aug 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
This is the new video of "I Was Born To Love You", it's a footage of wembley concert and the original clip with the queen version of the track.
http://wn.com/Queen_I_Was_Born_To_Love_You_2004_video
Public Domain
Creative Commons / Jared Stump
AP / M. Spencer Green
AP / Aziz Karimov
Creative Commons / Helene C. Stikkel
Creative Commons / Meniscus
Creative Commons / Paul2
Creative Commons / Havang
Creative Commons / Natif
Public Domain / Mgiganteus1 (talk | contribs)
AP / Jose Luis Magana
Creative Commons
AP / Keystone/Olivier Maire
Creative Commons / WPPilot
Creative Commons / Bull-Doser
AP / Jose Luis Magana
Creative Commons / OSX
Creative Commons / Leonard J. DeFrancisci
Creative Commons / Elisabeth Ann Saccotelli
Creative Commons / Mickey W. Sanborn
Creative Commons / Fosnez
Creative Commons / Stefan Kühn
Creative Commons / Stefan Kühn
Creative Commons / Joostik
Creative Commons / Onehandclapping
Creative Commons / Colin
Creative Commons / Popie
Creative Commons / XJamRastafire
Creative Commons / Mandy Coombes
Creative Commons / Rita Sugihardiyah
Photo: AP / Rahimullah Yousafzai
11 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Osama bin Laden, former leader of al Qaeda and master mind behind the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, wrote in 2004, "Our actions are but a reaction to...
Photo: AP / Mohammed Abu Zaid
12 Sep 2012
September 12, 2012 -- Updated 0415 GMT (1215 HKT) An armed man waves his rifle as buildings and cars are engulfed in flames after being set on fire inside the U.S. Consulate compound in Benghazi,...
Photo: AP / U.S. Dept of Justice
12 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Five years before 9-11 and after shopping at several technology and communication stores in and around New York's Long Island, one of Osama bin Laden's...
Photo: US Navy / Scott Pittman
14 Sep 2012
Washington: One of the Americans who was killed in a recent attack on a US diplomatic mission in Libya, was working with the State Department on an intelligence mission to round up dangerous weapons...
Photo: WN / Aaron Gilbert
13 Sep 2012
The Davis Cup semifinal between the visiting United States and reigning champion Spain will get underway Friday when Sam Querrey faces the hosts' David Ferrer in the opening singles rubber. The...
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
13 Sep 2012
TOKYO (AP) — Two-time Olympic judo champion Masato Uchishiba has pleaded innocent to raping a teenager at his trial in Tokyo. Media quoted the 34-year-old Uchishiba as saying he had consensual...
Funeral Costs Surge 71% in Britain Since 2004
14 Sep 2012
CNBC
A new report finds that the cost of funerals his risen by 71 percent in the past eight years in the United Kingdom, leaving 17 percent of people struggling to afford a funeral. The average cost of dying is 7,114 pounds ($11,453) in 2012. Costs...(size: 1.6Kb)
Newsvine
As a computer user you might be realized that lots of programs cannot be removed...(size: 0.5Kb)
Illinois man convicted in 2004 shotgun killing
13 Sep 2012
San Francisco Chronicle
EDWARDSVILLE, Ill. (AP) — A man who successfully appealed his 20-year prison sentence on the grounds that the punishment...(size: 0.8Kb)
Goal
London Mayor has apologised for comments he made, in which he claimed Liverpool fans were "mindless" during the disaster in 1989, after the release of previously unseen documents...(size: 1.2Kb)
Funeral costs up 71% since 2004
13 Sep 2012
The Guardian
The basic cost of a funeral has risen to £3,284 from £3,091 in the past year alone, acccording to the Cost of Dying report...(size: 4.7Kb)
No. 23 Tennessee tries to end 7-game skid to No. 18 Florida, Gators’ domination since 2004
12 Sep 2012
The Washington Post
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. — Tennessee hasn’t beaten Florida in so long that even the Volunteers who grew up near campus can’t quite recall what they were doing the last time it happened. Their hazy memories are understandable. Most of them were in elementary school or middle school at the...(size: 5.7Kb)
Huffington Post
This presidential election, citizens will confront an array of voting challenges that harken back to the debacles of 2000 in Florida and 2004 in Ohio. Instead of increasing access to voting and providing safeguards to ensure every person has their vote counted, we are well on the way to repeating...(size: 7.1Kb)
Houston Chronicle
Tuesday, September 11, 2012 | Updated: Tuesday, September 11, 2012 11:12am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 12.6Kb)
"MMIV" redirects here. For the Modest Mouse album with these characters on its cover, see Baron von Bullshit Rides Again.
This article is about the year 2004.
| 2004 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2001 2002 2003 – 2004 – 2005 2006 2007 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2004 MMIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2757 |
| Armenian calendar | 1453 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6754 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 160–161 |
| Bengali calendar | 1411 |
| Berber calendar | 2954 |
| British Regnal year | 52 Eliz. 2 – 53 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2548 |
| Burmese calendar | 1366 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7512–7513 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸未年十二月初十日 (4640/4700-12-10) — to —
甲申年十一月二十日(4641/4701-11-20) |
| Coptic calendar | 1720–1721 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1996–1997 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5764–5765 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2060–2061 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1926–1927 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5105–5106 |
| Holocene calendar | 12004 |
| Iranian calendar | 1382–1383 |
| Islamic calendar | 1424–1425 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 16 (平成16年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4337 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 93 民國93年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2547 |
| Unix time | 1072915200–1104537599 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2004 |
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year that started on a Thursday. In the Gregorian calendar, the year 2004 was the 2004th year of Anno Domini or the Common Era designation, the 4th year in the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century, and the 5th in the 2000s decade.
The year 2004 was designated the:
- International Year of Rice (by the United Nations)
- International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO)
- 2004 World Health Day topic was Road Safety (by World Health Organization)
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Pervez Musharraf wins a vote of confidence from an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the provincial assemblies, confirming him as President of Pakistan and de facto dictator until 2007.
- January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt, killing all 148 aboard.
- January 4
- Mikhail Saakashvili wins the presidential elections in Georgia.
- NASA's MER-A (Spirit) lands on Mars at 04:35 UTC.
- January 8 – Queen Elizabeth II christens the RMS Queen Mary 2 cruise liner, the largest passenger ship afloat. The ship sets sail on her maiden voyage four days later.
- January 13 – Serial killer Harold Shipman is found hanged in his cell at Wakefield Prison, four years after being convicted of murdering 15 patients in Cheshire, England.
- January 24 – NASA's MER-B (Opportunity) lands on Mars at 05:05 UTC.
- January 26 – A whale explodes in Tainan City, Taiwan, while being transported through the town to a university for a necropsy.[1]
- January 28 – The findings of the Hutton Inquiry are published in London. The British Government is found not to have falsified information in the "sexed up dossier." The report criticizes the BBC's role in the death of David Kelly, a weapons expert on Iraq.
February[link]
- February 1
- A hajj stampede in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills 251 pilgrims.
- The New England Patriots win Super Bowl XXXVIII.
- February 2 – An 11-story apartment building collapses in Konya, Turkey, killing more than 90 residents.
- February 3
- The CIA admits that there was no imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
- Jóannes Eidesgaard becomes prime minister of the Faroe Islands.
- February 6 – A suicide bomber kills 41 people on a metro car in Moscow.
- February 7 – Several leaders of Abnaa el-Balad are arrested in Israel.
- February 10
- At least 50 people are killed in a car bomb attack on a police recruitment centre south of Baghdad.
- The French National Assembly votes to pass a law banning religious items and clothing from schools.
- February 12 – San Francisco, California, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in an act of civil disobedience.
- February 13
- Athens gets hit by a major blizzard which blankets the entire city for days, causing widespread havoc.
- Scientists in South Korea announce the cloning of 30 human embryos.
- February 14
- Riots break out between New South Wales Police and Aboriginal residents of Redfern, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
- The roof of the Transvaal water park in Moscow collapses, killing 25 and injuring more than 100.
- February 17–February 20 – A nor'easter blizzard devastates Atlantic Canada, dumping more than 37.4 in. (95 cm.) on some areas.
- February 18 – A train carrying a convoy of petrol, fertiliser, and sulphur derails and explodes in Iran, killing 320 people.
- February 20 – Conservatives win a majority in the Iranian parliament election.
- February 24 – A 6.5 Richter scale earthquake in Northern Morocco hits in the Rif mountains near the city of Al Hoceima, killing 400. Ait Kamara is destroyed; 517 are killed.
- February 26
- The United States lifts a 23-year travel ban against Libya.
- Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski is killed in a plane crash near Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- February 27 – 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing: The Abu Sayyaf guerrilla group is blamed for the deadliest terrorist attack at sea in world history, which kills 116 in the Philippines.
- February 28 – Over 1 million Taiwanese participating in the 228 Hand-in-Hand Rally form a 500-kilometre (310 mi) long human chain to commemorate the 228 Incident in 1947.
- February 29 – 2004 Haiti rebellion: Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti. The chief justice of the Haitian Supreme Court, Boniface Alexandre, is sworn in as interim president.
March[link]
- March 2 – NASA announces that the Mars rover MER-B (Opportunity) has confirmed that its landing area was once drenched in water.
- March 10 – Five British men are released from detention at Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay. After they land at RAF Brize Norton, 4 of them are immediately arrested for questioning.
- March 11 – Terrorists execute simultaneous attacks, with bombs in 4 rush-hour trains in Madrid, killing 191 people.
- March 12 – Following the terrorist attacks in Madrid the previous day, millions of protesters against terrorism take to the streets of Spanish cities.
- March 14
- Two suicide bombers kill 11 Israeli civilians in Ashdod, Israel.
- Spanish legislative election, 2004: The incumbent government led by José María Aznar is defeated by the Socialist José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
- Russian presidential election, 2004: Vladimir Putin easily wins a second term.
- March 15 – The new Spanish Government announces that it will withdraw Spain's 1,300 troops in Iraq.
- March 16 - Fifteen-year-old Scottish boy Kriss Donald abducted, tortured and murdered by Pakistani gang in racially motivated attack in Glasgow.
- March 17 – A pogrom-like organized violence breaks out over 2 days in Kosovo; 19 people are killed, 8000 Serbian homes burned, schools and businesses vandalized, and over 300 Orthodox monasteries and churches burned and destroyed.
- March 19 – The United Nations launches a political corruption investigation due to the scandal over its Iraqi Oil for Food program.
- March 20 – President Chen Shui-bian wins the Taiwanese presidential election by 0.2% of the vote. The day before, he and Vice President Annette Lu were shot. Lien Chan refuses to concede and demands a recount. A controversial peace referendum opposed by the People's Republic of China is invalidated.
- March 21 – Salvadoran presidential election, 2004: Antonio Saca is elected President of El Salvador.
- March 22 – Palestinians protest in the streets after an Israeli helicopter gunship fires a missile at the entourage of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in Gaza City, killing him and 7 others.
- March 25 – British prime minister Tony Blair visits Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, in return for the dismantling of Libya's weapons of mass destruction programme in December 2003 (the first time a major western leader had visited the nation in several decades).
- March 28
- In France, the government of prime minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin suffers a stunning and unprecedented defeat in regional elections.
- The first ever reported South Atlantic hurricane makes landfall in South Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina – the hurricane is dubbed Hurricane Catarina.
- March 29
- March 31 – Four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA are killed, and their bodies mutilated, after being ambushed in Fallujah, Iraq.
April[link]
- April 5 – Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom begins a state visit to France to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Entente Cordiale.
- April 8 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and 2 rebel groups.
- April 17 – Israeli helicopters fire missiles at a convoy of vehicles in the Gaza Strip, killing the Gaza leader of Hamas, Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi.
- April 20 – In Iraq, 12 mortars are fired on Abu Ghraib Prison by insurgents; 22 detainees are killed and 92 wounded. [1]
- April 21 – Mordechai Vanunu, who revealed an Israeli nuclear weapons program in the 1980s, is released from prison in Israel after serving 18 years for treason.
- April 22
- Ryongchon disaster: Two trains carrying explosives and fuel collide in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing 161 people, injuring 1,300 and destroying thousands of homes.
- The last coal mine in France closes, ending nearly 300 years of coal mining.
- April 24 – Referendums on the Annan Plan for Cyprus, which proposes to re-unite the island, take place in both the Greek-controlled and the Turkish-controlled parts. Although the Turkish Cypriots vote in favour, the Greek Cypriots reject the proposal.
- April 28 – Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse in Iraq is revealed on the television show 60 Minutes II.
- April 29 – The last Oldsmobile rolls off of the assembly line.
May[link]
- May 1 – The largest expansion to date of the European Union takes place, extending the Union by 10 member-states: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Malta and Cyprus.
- May 4 – the Toronto Maple Leafs played their last NHL playoff game.
- May 6 – The series finale of Friends airs on NBC.
- May 8 – Would-be "Saudi Princess" "Antoinette Millard" surfaces in New York City, claiming that muggers had stolen jewels worth of $262,000 from her (she later proves to be an impostor).
- May 9 – Chechen president Akhmad Kadyrov is killed by a landmine placed under a VIP stage during a World War II memorial parade in Grozny.
- May 10 – Philippine general election, 2004: Incumbent president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is elected for a 6-year term.
- May 12 – An American civilian contractor in Iraq, Nick Berg, is shown being decapitated by a group allegedly linked to al-Qaida on a web-distributed video.
- May 14 – Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, marries Australian Mary Donaldson in Copenhagen.
- May 15 – South Africa is awarded the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
- May 16 – A coup d'état in Chad against President Idriss Déby fails.
- May 17
- Ezzedine Salim, holder of the rotating leadership of the Iraq Interim Governing Council, is killed in a bomb blast in Baghdad.
- Massachusetts legalizes same-sex marriage, in compliance with a ruling from the state's Supreme Judicial Court (Goodridge v. Department of Public Health).
- May 19 – Jeremy Sivits pleads guilty in a court-martial in connection with alleged abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad.
- May 22 – Dr. Manmohan Singh assumes office as the 17th and first Sikh Prime Minister of the Republic Of India.
- May 23
- A section of the ceiling in Terminal 2E at Paris's Charles de Gaulle International Airport collapses, claiming at least 6 lives.
- Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi visits North Korea, to secure the release of the families of the 9 abducted Japanese citizens returned earlier.
- May 24 – North Korea bans mobile phones (see Communications in North Korea).
- May 26
- Terry Nichols is convicted by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
- F.C. Porto wins the European Champion Clubs Cup, defeating A.S. Monaco 3–0.
- May 29 – The National World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, DC.
- May 30 – Thousands of people in Hong Kong take to the streets to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre.
June[link]
- June 1
- Sasebo slashing: Satomi Mitarai, a 12-year-old Japanese schoolgirl attending Okubo Elementary School in Sasebo, Japan, is murdered. Her killer is an 11-year-old classmate identified by Japanese authorities as "Girl A".
- Salvadoran presidential election, 2004: Antonio Saca is inaugurated as the President of El Salvador
- June 3
- All outgoing flights from the UK are temporarily grounded following an air traffic control computer failure. BBC NEWS
- Central Intelligence Agency director George Tenet tenders his resignation, citing "personal reasons". John E. McLaughlin, CIA Deputy Director, becomes the acting Director until a permanent Director is chosen and confirmed by Congress.
- June 4 – Marvin Heemeyer destroys many local buildings with a home-made tank in Granby, Colorado.
- June 8
- The first transit of Venus since 1882 occurs; the next one will occur in 2012.
- The 30th G8 summit takes place over the next 2 days on Sea Island, in Georgia, USA.
- The pickled heart of Louis XVII of France is buried in the royal crypt at Saint-Denis.
- June 11 – Terry Nichols is spared the death penalty by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. The decision comes on the third anniversary of the execution of his co-defendant, Timothy McVeigh, in Terre Haute, Indiana.
- June 12 – A 1.3 kg chondrite type meteorite strikes a house in Ellerslie, New Zealand, causing serious damage but no injuries.
- June 16 – The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (or "9/11 Commission") issues an initial report of its findings.
- June 21 – In Mojave, California, SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.
- June 28–29 – The 2004 Istanbul Summit is held.
- June 28
- Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe trains collide in a rural area outside of San Antonio, Texas; 40 cars are derailed, including one chlorine car. Three people die, another 50 people are hospitalized because of exposure to the gas.
- The U.S.-led coalition occupying Iraq transfers sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government.
- Canadian federal election, 2004: The Liberal Party, led by Paul Martin, is reduced to a minority government, after holding a majority since November 1993.
- June 30 – Preliminary hearings begin in Iraq in the trial of former president Saddam Hussein, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
July[link]
- July 1
- The Cassini–Huygens spacecraft arrives at Saturn.
- The Vatican gains full membership rights in the United Nations except voting.
- July 3 – At just 17 years and 75 days of age, Maria Sharapova becomes the second youngest tennis player to win Wimbledon, defeating Serena Williams in the final.
- July 4 – Groundbreaking for the Freedom Tower begins at Ground Zero in New York City.
- July 4 – Greece wins UEFA Euro 2004 at Estádio da Luz in Portugal.
- July 22 – The Old Bridge of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina is reconstructed and reopened after being destroyed by Bosnian Croat forces on November 9, 1993.
- July 25
- Over 100,000 opponents of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 participate in a human chain from Gush Katif, to the Western Wall, Jerusalem (90 kilometers).
- Lance Armstrong of Austin, Texas wins an unprecedented 6th consecutive Tour de France cycling title.
August[link]
- August 1
- August 2 – Monday demonstrations against social cutbacks began in Germany.
- August 3
- The Statue of Liberty reopens after security improvements.
- NASA's MESSENGER is launched (it was captured into Mercury's orbit on March 18, 2011).
- August 6 – A United Nations report blaming the government of Sudan for crimes against humanity in Darfur is released.
- August 9 – At the Mihama Nuclear Power Plant, a pipe leaking hot water and steam kills 5 and injures 6 others, in the 2nd worst nuclear disaster in Japan.
- August 12
- Singapore's prime minister Goh Chok Tong hands over his position to Lee Hsien Loong.
- New Jersey Governor James McGreevey announces that he is "a gay American" and will resign effective November 15, 2004.
- August 13–August 29 – The 2004 Summer Olympics are held in Athens.
- August 13 – Hurricane Charley kills 27 people in Florida, after killing 4 in Cuba and 1 in Jamaica. Charley makes landfall near Cayo Costa, Florida, as a Category 4 hurricane. Charley is the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
- August 16 – Severe flooding occurs in the village of Boscastle in Cornwall.
- August 18 – In Dublin, Ireland, the Dublin Port Tunnel excavation works are completed and the final tunnel boring machine breakthrough ceremony takes place.
- August 20 – Elbegdorj Tsakhia, the peaceful democratic revolutionary leader of Mongolia, becomes Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time.
- August 21 – A series of blasts rocks an opposition party rally in Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing at least 13 people.
- August 22 – Armed robbers steal Edvard Munch's The Scream, Madonna, and other paintings from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway.
- August 24 – Two airliners in Russia, carrying a total of 89 passengers, crash within minutes of each other after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, leaving no survivors. Authorities suspect suicide attacks by rebels from Chechnya to be the cause of the crashes.
- August 29 – Around 200,000 protesters demonstrate in New York City against U.S. President George W. Bush and his government, ahead of the 2004 Republican National Convention.
- August 30–September 2 – U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney are renominated at the Republican National Convention in New York City.
- August 31
- Two suicide attacks on buses in Beer Sheva, Israel, kill at least 16 people and injure at least 60. Hamas claims responsibility for the attacks.
- A woman commits a suicide attack near a subway station in northern Moscow, Russia, killing at least 10 people and injuring at least 50. Authorities hold Chechen rebels responsible.
September[link]
- September – The Great Laxey Mine Railway of the Isle of Man is re-opened.
- September 1 – Chechen terrorists take between 1,000 and 1,500 people hostage, mostly children, in a school in the Beslan school hostage crisis. The hostage-takers demand the release of Chechen rebels imprisoned in neighbouring Ingushetia and the independence of Chechnya from Russia.
- September 2
- The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 1559, calling for the removal of all foreign troops from Lebanon. This measure is largely aimed at Syrian troops.
- Hurricane Ivan forms.
- September 3
- Russian forces end the siege at a school in Beslan, Northern Ossetia. At least 335 people (among which are 32 of the approximately 40 hostage-takers) are killed and at least 700 people injured.
- Hurricane Frances makes landfall in Florida. After killing 2 people in the Bahamas, Hurricane Frances kills 10 people in Florida, 2 in Georgia, USA and 1 in South Carolina.
- September 7 – Hurricane Ivan passes directly over Grenada, killing 37 people. It passes over other Caribbean islands over the next 2 days, killing 5 people in Venezuela, 4 in the Dominican Republic, 1 in Tobago and 20 in Jamaica.
- September 8 – In the "Rathergate" affair, the first Internet posts appear, pointing out that documents claimed by CBS News to be typewritten memos from the early 1970s appear instead to have been produced using modern word processing systems.
- September 9
- September 13 – The U.S. Assault Weapons Ban expires.
- September 15
- Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland, steps down after serving as prime minister since April 30, 1991. Oddson trades posts with his foreign minister Halldór Ásgrímsson, who then becomes Prime Minister.
- Security at the Palace of Westminster is compromised, when the House of Commons is stormed by a small group of protestors during a debate about fox hunting.
- "Girl A", who committed the Sasebo slashing, is sentenced to be institutionalized.
- September 16 – Hurricane Ivan strikes Gulf Shores, Alabama, as a Category 3 storm, killing 25 in Alabama and Florida, becoming the 3rd costliest hurricane in American history (currently the 4th following the destruction of 2005's Hurricane Katrina).
- September 17
- Hurricane Jeanne causes mudslides in Haiti, killing 3006.
- The 2004 Summer Paralympics commences in Athens, Greece.
- Mexico and Japan finish 2-year-long negotiations and sign a Free Trade Agreement in Mexico City.
- September 21 – Construction of the Burj Khalifa begins.
- September 22 – The TV series lost airs its pilot.
- September 23
- Mount St. Helens becomes active again.
- Tropical Storm Ivan, having come around and reformed in the Gulf of Mexico, makes its final landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, to little effect. In total, the storm kills 92 people.
- September 24 – Major League Baseball announces that the Montreal Expos will move to Washington D.C. in 2005.
- September 25 – Hurricane Jeanne makes landfall near Port Saint Lucie, Florida, near the location Hurricane Frances hit 2 weeks earlier. Jeanne kills over 3,030, mostly in Haiti.
- September 29 – In Mojave, California, the first Ansari X-Prize flight takes place of SpaceShipOne, which is competing with a number of spacecraft (including Canada's Da Vinci Project, claimed to be its closest rival) and goes on to win the prize on October 4.
October[link]
- October 4 – Two car bombs kill at least 16 people and injure dozens more in Baghdad.
- October 5
- A fire breaks out on the Canadian submarine HMCS Chicoutimi, leaving it stranded without power in the North Atlantic ocean, off the north coast of Ireland; 1 crewmember is killed.
- West Sulawesi officially becomes a province in Indonesia after the expansion of South Sulawesi.
- October 8 – Suicide bombers detonate 2 bombs at the Red Sea resort of Taba, Egypt, killing 34 people, mainly Israeli tourists and Egyptian workers.
- October 9 – Direct elections for president are held for the first time in Afghanistan. Interim president Hamid Karzai is eventually declared the winner.
- October 10 – Abdullahi Yusuf is chosen as the new transitional president of Somalia.
- October 14 – Prince Norodom Sihamoni is chosen as the new king of Cambodia.
- October 16
- The New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox 19–8 in Game 3 of Major League Baseball's American League Championship Series. The game, which pushes the Yankees to a 3 games to 0 series lead, sets a record for longest 9 inning baseball game.
- Arsenal lose for the first time in 49 league games, a national record, going down 2–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford.
- October 17 – A referendum in Belarus approves the lifting of constitutional term limits for the presidency.
- October 19
- General Khin Nyunt is replaced by Lieutenant-General Soe Win as Prime Minister of Myanmar.
- A team of explorers reaches the bottom of the world's deepest cave, located in Krubera. The depth reached is 2,080 meters (6,824 feet), setting a world record ( National Geographic).
- October 20
- The Ubuntu operating system is first released.
- Corporate Airlines Flight 5966 crashes in Missouri, killing 13 people and injuring 2.
- Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono becomes the first directly elected President of Indonesia.
- October 21
- The Ministry of Defence approves the deployment of the Black Watch regiment of the British Army to Baghdad, Iraq, after a request for assistance by the U.S. government.
- Typhoon Tokage kill 98, injured 552 in western Japan.
- October 23 – A Magnitude 6.7 earthquake and aftershocks of similar scale occur in the Tokamachi area. A huge landslide occurs on the outskirts of Nagaoka. According to Japanese officials, 68 people are killed, 4,085 are injured, and 103,000 are rendered homeless.
- October 24
- Brazil successfully launches its first rocket into space.
- Michael Schumacher wins his 7th Formula One World Drivers Championship (5th consecutive), making him the most successful driver in the history of Formula One.
- October 25 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King receive the Congressional Gold Medal.
- October 26 – The Cassini probe passes within 1,200 km of Titan.
- October 27
- The Boston Red Sox win the World Series for the first time since 1918.
- Details of the discovery of a new, recent species of fossil hominid, Homo floresiensis, from the island of Flores, Indonesia, are published.
- October 29 – European heads of state sign in Rome the Treaty and Final Act, establishing the first European Constitution.
- October 30 – A 163-metre-high radio mast in Peterborough, UK collapses at a fire.
- October 31 – Leftist candidate Tabaré Vázquez is elected President of Uruguay.
November[link]
- November 2
- Eleven American states ban gay marriage.
- Dutch film maker Theo van Gogh is assassinated in Amsterdam, Netherlands by Mohammed Bouyeri.
- Incumbent President George W. Bush is reelected as President of the United States of America.
- November 6
- The Ufton Nervet rail crash in Berkshire, England kills 7 people.
- In Côte d'Ivoire, National Army bombings kill 9 people, including French UN soldiers. French UN forces retaliate by destroying the National Army's air force.
- November 7 – U.S. forces launch a major assault on the Iraqi town of Fallujah, in an effort to rid the area of insurgents before the Iraqi elections in January.
- November 8 – The Irish High Court rules that Katherine Zappone and Ann Louise Gilligan can sue the Revenue Commissioner to have their Vancouver, British Columbia Same-sex marriage recognized for tax purposes.
- November 13 – After six days of intense battles, the Iraqi town of Fallujah is fully occupied by U.S. forces.
- November 14 – United States Secretary of State Colin Powell submits his resignation. He is replaced by Condoleezza Rice after her confirmation by the United States Congress.
- November 16
- The European Space Agency probe Smart 1 passes from Earth orbit into the orbit of the Moon.
- A train crash near Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia, injures 150 people.
- The People's Republic of China agrees to invest $20 billion dollars in Argentina, a deal signed days before the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum to be held in Santiago, Chile.
- NASA's hypersonic Scramjet breaks a record by reaching a velocity of about 7,000 mph in an unmanned experimental flight. It obtains a speed of Mach 9.6, almost 10 times the speed of sound.
- November 17–November 21 – The APEC Summit is held in Santiago, Chile.
- November 19 – The NBA's Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons engage in a brawl that involves fans and players. The incident gets (then) Pacer Ron Artest suspended for the remainder of the season.
- November 21 – Ukrainian presidential election, 2004: Viktor Yanukovych is declared the winner in the final round. International election observers express severe criticism, and large crowds gather in a protest rally in Kiev; 12 days later, the Supreme Court annuls the result, and a new poll is scheduled.
- November 25 – The Indian political party Congress Jananayaka Peravai merges into the Indian National Congress.
- November 26 – A group of Iraqi political leaders, primarily from Sunni and Kurdish parties, advocate a 6-month delay in popular elections scheduled for January 2005.
- November 28
- A coal mine explosion in China kills over 150.
- Ricardo Lagos, President of Chile, promises economic compensation to 28,000 torture victims of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship.
- A male Po'o-uli dies of avian malaria at the Maui Bird Conservation Center in Olinda before it can breed, making the species in all probability extinct.
December[link]
- December 3 – The Colombian government extradites Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, one of the most powerful drug dealers in the world, arrested in 1995 and 2003, to the United States.
- December 6 – Terrorists attack the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing several people.
- December 8 – The biggest Chinese PC producer Lenovo announces its plan to purchase IBM's global PC business, making it the third largest world PC maker after Dell and Hewlett-Packard.
- December 10 – New Zealand bans smoking in all public places, including bars.
- December 11 – Tests show that Ukrainian opposition presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned with a large dose of dioxin.
- December 13 – Software giants Oracle Corporation and PeopleSoft agree to merge in a $10.3 billion deal, creating the second largest maker of business applications software.
- December 14 – The world's tallest bridge, the Millau bridge over the River Tarn in the Massif Central mountains, France, is opened by President Jacques Chirac.
- December 15 – Albanian terrorists take a bus and its passengers hostage in Athens, Greece and demand 1 million euros in ransom money.
- December 16
- The House of Lords rules that the British Government breaches human rights legislation, by detaining without trial foreign nationals suspected of being terrorists.
- IT security company Symantec Corp signs a definitive agreement to merge with Veritas Software Corp, valued at $13.5 billion, in an all-stock transaction.
- The South Korean high-speed rail system, Korea Train Express, opens between Seoul and Busan.
- December 21 – Iraqi insurgents attack a U.S. military base in the city of Mosul, killing 22 people.
- December 22 – Armed robbers in Northern Ireland steal over £22 million from the headquarters of the Northern Bank. Unionist politicians and the Police Service of Northern Ireland blame the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and stall the peace process.
- December 26
- One of the worst natural disasters in recorded history hits Southeast Asia, when the strongest earthquake in 40 years hits the entire Indian Ocean region. The massive 9.3 magnitude earthquake, epicentered just off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, generates enormous tsunami waves that crash into the coastal areas of a number of nations including Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The official death toll in the affected countries stands at 186,983 while more than 40,000 people are still missing.
- The re-run of the second round of the Ukrainian presidential election takes place. Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko is declared the winner.
- December 27 – Astrophysicists from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching near Munich measure the strongest burst from a magnetar. At 21:30:26 UT the earth is hit by a huge wave front of gamma and X-rays. It is the strongest flux of high-energetic gamma radiation measured so far.
- December 28 – The Ukrainian transport minister, Heorhiy Kirpa, is found shot dead, in a suspected suicide.
- December 30 – A fire in a Buenos Aires night club (República Cromagnon) kills 194 people during a rock concert.
- December 31
- Taipei 101, at the time tallest skyscraper in the world, standing at a height of 1,670 feet (509 metres ), officially opens.
- Simón Trinidad, high-profile FARC leader, is extradited to the United States, following the second extradition of a high drug dealer in a month and in 2004.
- Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych resigns.
Births[link]
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2004
January[link]
- January 1 – Manuel Félix López, Ecuadorian politician (b. 1937)
- January 2
- Paul Hopkins, American baseball player (b. 1904)
- Etta Moten Barnett, American actress (b. 1901)
- Lynn Cartwright, American actress (b. 1927)
- January 4 – Joan Aiken, English author (b. 1924)
- January 6
- Tug McGraw, American baseball player (b. 1944)
- Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (b. 1954)
- January 7 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (b. 1926)
- January 9
- Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher (b. 1909)
- Yinka Dare, Nigerian Professional Basketball Player (b. 1972)
- January 11 – Mairtín Crawford, Irish poet (b. 1967)
- January 12 – Zeno Vendler, American philosopher of language (b. 1921)
- January 14
- January 22
- Ann Miller, American dancer and actress (b. 1923)
- Jack Tunney, Canadian wrestling promoter (b. 1935)
- January 25 – Miklos Feher, Hungarian footballer (b. 1979)
- January 27 – Jack Paar, American television show host (b. 1918)
- January 29 – M. M. Kaye, British writer (b. 1908)
- January 31 – Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (b. 1913)
February[link]
- February 14 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
- February 17 – José López Portillo, President of Mexico (b. 1920)
- February 19 – Archibald Paton Thornton, British historian (b. 1921)
- February 21
- John Charles, Welsh footballer (b. 1931)
- Nestor de Villa, Filipino actor (b. 1928)
- February 24 – John Randolph, American actor (b. 1915)
- February 26
- Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (b. 1956)
- Adolf Ehrnrooth, Finnish general (b. 1905)
- February 27
- Paul Sweezy, American economist and editor (b. 1910)
- Yoshihiko Amino, Japanese historian (b. 1928)
- February 28 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian and Librarian of Congress (b. 1914)
- February 29 – Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (b. 1943)
March[link]
- March 2
- Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (b. 1916)
- Marge Schott, American baseball team owner (b. 1928)
- March 4
- Claude Nougaro, French singer (b. 1929)
- Stephen Sprouse, American fashion designer, artist, and photographer (b. 1953)
- March 5 – Priscilla Paris, American singer (b. 1953)
- March 7 – Paul Winfield, American actor (b. 1941)
- March 8
- Abu Abbas, founder of the Palestine Liberation Front (b. 1948)
- Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, American film personality and publisher (b. 1926)
- March 15 – John Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
- March 20 – Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands (b. 1909)
- March 22 – Ahmed Yassin, Palestinian co-founder of Hamas (b. 1937)
- March 26 – Jan Sterling, American actress (b. 1921)
- March 29 – Peter Ustinov, English actor and director (b. 1921)
- March 30 – Alistair Cooke, English-born journalist (b. 1908)
April[link]
- April 1 – Carrie Snodgress, American actress (b. 1946)
- April 17 – Edmond Pidoux, Swiss writer (b. 1908)
- April 18 – Kamisese Mara, first Prime Minister of Fiji and President of Fiji (b. 1920)
- April 19
- Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (b. 1925)
- John Maynard Smith, English biologist (b. 1920)
- April 22 – Pat Tillman, American football player and U.S. Army Ranger (b. 1976)
- April 24 – Estée Lauder, American cosmetics entrepreneur (b. 1906)
- April 25 – Thom Gunn, British poet (b. 1929)
- April 26 – Hubert Selby, Jr., American writer (b. 1928)
May[link]
- May 7 – Nicholas Berg, American businessman (b. 1978)
- May 9
- Tommy Farrell, American supporting actor and comedian (b. 1921)
- Alan King, American actor (b. 1927)
- Olive Osmond, Osmond family matriarch (b. 1925)
- May 14 – Anna Lee, British actress (b. 1913)
- May 17
- Tony Randall, American actor (b. 1920)
- Ezzedine Salim, President of the Iraqi Governing Council (b. 1943)
- May 22
- Richard Biggs, American actor (b. 1960)
- Ronald Smith, British pianist and musicologist (b. 1922)
- Mikhail Voronin, Russian gymnast (b. 1945)
- May 25 – Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (b. 1917)
- May 28
- Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (b. 1934)
- Michael Buonauro, American comic creator (b. 1979)
- May 29
- Archibald Cox, American Watergate special prosecutor (b. 1912)
- Jack Rosenthal, English playwright (b. 1931)
- Samuel Dash, American Congressional counsel (b. 1925)
June[link]
- June 2 – Loyd Sigmon, American amateur ("ham") radio broadcastor (b. 1909)
- June 5
- Ronald Reagan, American politician and actor, 40th President of the United States (b. 1911)
- Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (b. 1941)
- June 7 – Quorthon, Swedish musician (b. 1966)
- June 10 – Ray Charles, American singer and musician (b. 1930)
- June 11
- Egon von Furstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (b. 1946)
- Xenophon Zolotas, Greek economist, interim 177th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1904)
- June 13 – Dick Durrance, American skier (b. 1914)
- June 16 – Thanom Kittikachorn, Thai military dictator, 10th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1912)
- June 20 – Jim Bacon, Australian politician, 41st Premier of Tasmania (b. 1950)
- June 21 – Ron Ashman, former footballer and football manager (b. 1926)
- June 26 – Naomi Shemer, Israeli songwriter (b. 1931)
- June 27 – George Patton IV, American general (b. 1923)
- June 30 – Jamal Abro, Sindhi writer (b. 1924)
July[link]
- July 1
- Peter Barnes, English writer (b. 1931)
- Marlon Brando, American actor (b. 1924)
- Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer (b. 1909)
- July 2 – John Cullen Murphy, American comic strip artist (b. 1919)
- July 3 – Percy Wickman, Canadian politician (b. 1941)
- July 4 – Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. 1920)
- July 5
- Hugh Shearer, Jamaican politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
- Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)
- July 6
- Thomas Klestil, Austrian politician and diplomat, 10th President of Austria (b. 1932)
- Syreeta Wright,American singer,songwriter (b.1946)
- July 9 – Isabel Sanford, American actress (b. 1917)
- July 12 – Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (b. 1918)
- July 13 – Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (b. 1930)
- July 16 – Pat Roach, British wrestler and actor (b. 1937)
- July 19 – Zenko Suzuki, Japanese politician, 70th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1911)
- July 21
- Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1918)
- Jerry Goldsmith, American composer (b. 1929)
- July 22 – Sacha Distel, French singer (b. 1933)
- July 28
- Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)
- Sam Edwards, American actor (b. 1915)
August[link]
- August 1 – Philip Abelson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- August 3 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)
- August 6 – Rick James, American musician (b. 1948)
- August 8 – Fay Wray, Canadian actress (b. 1907)
- August 12 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1919)
- August 13 – Julia Child, American chef (b. 1912)
- August 14 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- August 15 – Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)
- August 17
- Thea Astley, Australian writer (b. 1925)
- Gérard Souzay, French baritone (b. 1918)
- August 18 – Elmer Bernstein, American composer (b. 1922)
- August 24 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-born psychiatrist (b. 1926)
- August 26 – Laura Branigan, American singer (b. 1957)
- August 30 – Fred Lawrence Whipple, American astronomer (b. 1906)
September[link]
- September 1 – Ahmed Kuftaro, Grand Mufti of Syria (b. 1915)
- September 8 – Frank Thomas, American animator (b. 1912)
- September 10 – Brock Adams, American politician (b. 1927)
- September 11 – Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (b. 1949)
- September 13 – Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist (b. 1925)
- September 14 – Ove Sprogøe, Danish actor (b. 1919)
- September 15 – Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (The Ramones) (b. 1948)
- September 18
- Norman Cantor, Canadian historian (b. 1929)
- Russ Meyer, American director and photographer (b. 1922)
- September 19 – Árpád Bogsch, Hungarian-born civil servant (b. 1919)
- September 20 – Brian Clough, British football manager of Nottingham Forest and Derby County (b. 1935)
- September 22 – Ray Traylor, American professional wrestler (b. 1962)
- September 24 – Françoise Sagan, French writer (b. 1935)
October[link]
- October 1 – Richard Avedon, American photographer (b. 1923)
- October 3
- John Cerutti, American baseball player and announcer (b. 1960)
- Janet Leigh, American actress (b. 1927)
- October 4 – Gordon Cooper, American astronaut (b. 1927)
- October 5
- Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian and actor (b. 1921)
- Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)
- October 8
- Jacques Derida, Algerian-born French literary critic (b. 1930)
- James Chace, American historian (b. 1931)
- October 10 – Christopher Reeve, American actor and activist (b. 1952)
- October 13 – Enrique Fernando, Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court (b. 1915)
- October 16 – Pierre Salinger, U.S. President John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (b. 1925)
- October 20 – Anthony Hecht, American poet (b. 1923)
- October 23
- Bill Nicholson, British footballer (b. 1919)
- Robert Merrill, American baritone (b. 1919)
- October 25 – John Peel, British radio disc jockey (b. 1939)
- October 27 – Paulo Sergio Oliveira da Silva, Brazilian footballer (b. 1974)
- October 28 – Jimmy McLarnin, Irish-born boxer (b. 1907)
- October 29
- Edward Oliver LeBlanc, Dominican politician (b. 1923)
- Peter Twinn, English mathematician and World War II code-breaker (b. 1916)
- October 30 – Peggy Ryan, American actress (b. 1924)
November[link]
- November 1 – Mac Dre, American rapper (b. 1970)
- November 2
- Theo van Gogh, Dutch film director (b. 1957)
- Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates (b. 1918)
- November 3 – Sergei Zholtok, Latvian hockey player (b. 1972)
- November 7
- Howard Keel, American singer and actor (b. 1919)
- Eddie Charlton, Australian snooker player (b. 1929)
- November 9 – Emlyn Hughes, English footballer (b. 1947)
- November 10 – Katy de la Cruz, Filipino singer (b. 1907)
- November 11 – Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1929)
- November 13 – Ol' Dirty Bastard, American rapper (b. 1968)
- November 14 – Margaret Hassan, Irish-born aid worker (b. 1945)
- November 15 – John Morgan, British-born comedian (b. 1930)
- November 19 – John Robert Vane, British pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1927)
- November 23 – Rafael Eitan, Israeli politician (b. 1929)
- November 29
- John Drew Barrymore, American actor (b. 1932)
- Bernard Robinson, English footballer (b. 1911)
December[link]
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- December 1 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, German born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (b. 1911)
- December 2
- Alicia Markova, English ballerina (b. 1910)
- Mona Van Duyn, American poet (b. 1921)
- December 5 – Seymour Ginsburg, American computer scientist (b. 1928)
- December 7 – Frederick Fennell, American conductor (b. 1914)
- December 8 – Dimebag Darrell, American guitarist (b. 1966)
- December 12 – Kathryn Eames, American actress (b. 1908)
- December 14 – Fernando Poe, Jr., Filipino actor and 2004 presidential candidate (b. 1935)
- December 15 – Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (b. 1943)
- December 18 – Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (b. 1926)
- December 19
- Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano (b. 1922)
- December 23 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Indian politician, 10th Prime Minister of India (b. 1921)
- December 24 – Johnny Oates, American baseball player and manager (b. 1926)
- December 26 – Reggie White, American football player (b. 1961)
- December 27 – Hank Garland, American guitarist (b. 1930)
- December 28
- Jerry Orbach, American actor (b. 1935)
- Susan Sontag, American writer and activist (b. 1933)
- December 30 – Artie Shaw, American musician (b. 1910)
- December 31 – Gérard Debreu, French-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
- Chemistry – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose
- Physiology or Medicine – Linda B. Buck, Richard Axel
- Literature – Elfriede Jelinek
- Peace – Wangari Maathai
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
References[link]
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For the American political commentator, see William Kristol.
| Billy Crystal | |
|---|---|
 Crystal at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival |
|
| Birth name | William Edward Crystal |
| Born | (1948-03-14) March 14, 1948 (age 64) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1975–present |
| Spouse | Janice Goldfinger (1970–present) |
| Emmy Awards | |
| Performance in Special Events 1989 The 31st Annual Grammy Awards Writing in a Variety or Music Program 1990 Midnight Train to Moscow 1991 The 63rd Annual Academy Awards 1992 The 64th Annual Academy Awards Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program 1991 The 63rd Annual Academy Awards 1998 The 70th Annual Academy Awards |
|
| American Comedy Awards | |
| Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture (Leading Role) 1989 When Harry Met Sally... 1991 City Slickers Funniest Male Performer in a TV Special (Leading or Supporting) Network, Cable or Syndication 1991 The 63rd Annual Academy Award 1992 The 64th Annual Academy Award 1993 The 65th Annual Academy Award 1998 The 70th Annual Academy Award Creative Achievement Award 1993 |
|
William Edward "Billy" Crystal[1] (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian, and film director. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... and City Slickers. He has hosted the Academy Awards nine times, including the 84th Academy Awards in 2012.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Crystal was born in the Doctor's Hospital in Manhattan and raised on Long Island in Long Beach, the son of Helen (née Gabler), a housewife, and Jack Crystal, a record company executive and jazz producer who also owned and operated the Commodore Record store.[3][4] His babysitter was occasionally Billie Holiday. His uncle was musician and songwriter Milt Gabler, and his brother, Richard "Rip" Crystal, is a television producer. Crystal grew up in a Jewish family that he has described as "large" and "loving".[5]
After graduation from Long Beach High School, Crystal attended Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia on a baseball scholarship, having learned the game from his father, who pitched for St. John's University. Crystal never played a game at Marshall because the program was suspended during his freshman year, and because he was too busy being the Editor in Chief of The BG News from 1969–70.[6] He did not return to Marshall as a sophomore, staying back in New York with his future wife. He instead attended Nassau Community College and later New York University, where he graduated in 1970 with a BFA from its Tisch School of the Arts.[7]
Career[link]
Television[link]
Crystal returned to New York City and performed regularly at The Improv and Catch a Rising Star. He studied film and television direction under Martin Scorsese at New York University. In 1976, Crystal appeared on an episode of All in the Family. He was on the dais for The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of Muhammad Ali on February 19, 1976, where he did impressions of both Ali and sportscaster Howard Cosell. He was scheduled to appear on the first episode of NBC Saturday Night (later renamed Saturday Night Live) (October 11, 1975), but his sketch was cut.[8] He did do a stand-up bit later in that first season as Bill Crystal, on the April 17, 1976, episode; the "Can you dig it? I knew that you could." portion of which was repeatedly quoted by characters in the 1977 feature film Saturday Night Fever.
Crystal's earliest prominent role was as Jodie Dallas on Soap, one of the first unambiguously homosexual characters in the cast of an American television series. He continued in the role during the series' entire 1977–1981 run.
In 1982, Billy Crystal hosted his own variety show, The Billy Crystal Comedy Hour on NBC. It lasted five episodes.
After hosting Saturday Night Live in 1984, he joined the regular cast.[8] His most famous recurring sketch was his parody of Fernando Lamas, Fernando, a smarmy talk show host whose catchphrase, "You look... mahvelous!," became a media sensation.[8] Crystal subsequently released an album of his stand-up material titled Mahvelous! in 1985, as well as the single "You Look Marvelous", which peaked at No. 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the same year. Also in the 1980s, Crystal starred in an episode of Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre as the smartest of the three little pigs.
In 1996, Crystal was the guest star of the third episode of Muppets Tonight.
Billy Crystal hosted three Grammy Awards Telecasts: the 29th Grammys; the 30th Grammys; and the 31st Grammys.
Acting in film and hosting the Oscars[link]
Crystal's first film role was in Joan Rivers's 1978 film Rabbit Test. Crystal also made game show appearances such as The Hollywood Squares, All Star Secrets and The $20,000 Pyramid. He holds the record for getting his contestant partner to the top of the pyramid in winner's circle in the fastest time, 26 seconds.
Crystal appeared briefly in Rob Reiner's 1984 "rockumentary" This Is Spinal Tap as Morty The Mime, a waiter dressed as a mime at one of Spinal Tap's parties. He shared the scene with a then-unknown, non-speaking Dana Carvey. Crystal's line in the film was "Mime is money." He later starred in the action comedy Running Scared (1986). Reiner directed Crystal again in The Princess Bride (1987).
Reiner directed Crystal for a third time in the classic romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally... (1989), for which Crystal was nominated for a Golden Globe. Crystal then starred in the buddy comedy City Slickers (1991), which proved very successful both commercially and critically and for which Crystal was nominated for his second Golden Globe.
Following the success of these films, Crystal wrote, directed, and starred in Mr. Saturday Night (1992) and Forget Paris (1995). In the former, Crystal played a serious role in aging makeup, as an egotistical comedian who reflects back on his career. He directed the made-for-television movie 61* (2001) based on Roger Maris's and Mickey Mantle's race to break Babe Ruth's single-season home run record in 1961. This earned Crystal an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special.
Crystal has continued working in film, including Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002) with Robert De Niro, and in the English version of Howl's Moving Castle as the voice of Calcifer. He was originally asked to provide the voice of Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story (1995) but turned it down, a decision he later regretted due to the popularity of the series.[8] Crystal later went on to provide the voice of Mike Wazowski in the Pixar film Monsters, Inc. (2001), which was nominated for the inaugural Best Animated Feature Oscar.
Crystal hosted the Academy Awards broadcast in 1990–1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2012; and he reportedly turned down hosting the 2006 ceremony to concentrate on his one-man show, 700 Sundays. He returned as emcee for the 2012 Oscar ceremony, after Eddie Murphy backed out of hosting.[9] His nine times as the M.C. is second only to Bob Hope's 18 in most ceremonies hosted. At the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony in 2011, he appeared as a presenter for a digitally inserted Bob Hope and before doing so was given a standing ovation. Film critic Roger Ebert said when Crystal came onstage about two hours into the show, he got the first laughs of the broadcast.[10] Crystal's hosting gigs have regularly included an introductory video segment in which he comedically inserts himself into scenes of that year's films in addition to a song following his opening monologue.
Broadway[link]
Crystal won the 2005 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event for 700 Sundays, a two-act, one-man play, which he conceived and wrote about his parents and his childhood growing up on Long Island.[8] He toured the U.S. with the show in 2006 and Australia in 2007.
Following the initial success of the play, Crystal wrote the book 700 Sundays for Warner Books, which was published on October 31, 2005. In conjunction with the book and the play that also paid tribute to his uncle, Milt Gabler, Crystal produced two CD compilations: Billy Crystal Presents: The Milt Gabler Story, which featured his uncle's most influential recordings from Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit" to "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets; and Billy Remembers Billie featuring Crystal's favorite Holiday recordings.
Philanthropy[link]
In 1986, Crystal started hosting Comic Relief on HBO with Robin Williams and Whoopi Goldberg.[8] Founded by Bob Zmuda, Comic Relief raises money for homeless people in the United States.
On September 6, 2005, on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Crystal and Jay Leno were the first celebrities to sign a Harley-Davidson motorcycle to be auctioned off for Gulf Coast relief.[11]
Crystal has participated in the Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles. Portraying himself in a video, Crystal introduces museum guests to the genealogy wing of the museum.
Crystal is a Los Angeles Clippers fan.
New York baseball[link]
On March 12, 2008, Crystal signed a minor league contract, for a single day, to play with the New York Yankees, and was invited to the team's major league spring training. He wore uniform number 60, in honor of his upcoming 60th birthday.[12] On March 13, in a spring training game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Crystal led off as the designated hitter. He managed to make contact, fouling a fastball up the first base line, but was eventually struck out by Pirates pitcher Paul Maholm on 6 pitches and was later replaced in the batting order by Johnny Damon.[13] He was released on March 14, his 60th birthday.[14]
Crystal's boyhood idol was Yankee Hall of Fame legend Mickey Mantle who had signed a program for him when Crystal attended a game where Mantle had hit a homerun. Years later on The Dinah Shore Show, in one of his first television appearances, Crystal met Mantle in person and had Mantle re-sign the same program. Crystal would be good friends with Mickey Mantle until Mantle's death in 1995.
Crystal also was well known for his impressions of Yankee Hall of Famer turned broadcaster Phil Rizzuto. Rizzuto, known for his quirks calling games, did not travel to Anaheim, California in 1996 to call the game for WPIX. Instead, Crystal joined the broadcasters in the booth and pretended to be Rizzuto for a few minutes during the August 31 game.
Although a life-long Yankee fan,[15] he is a part-owner of the Arizona Diamondbacks, even earning a World Series ring in 2001 when the Diamondbacks beat his beloved Yankees.[16]
In the movie City Slickers, Crystal wears a New York Mets baseball cap.
Personal life[link]
Billy Crystal and his wife Janice (née: Goldfinger) married in June 1970, and have two daughters, actress Jennifer and producer Lindsay, and are now grandparents.[17] They reside in Pacific Palisades, California.[18]
Awards[link]
In addition to his Golden Globe Award-nominations, Emmy Awards, and Tony Award, Crystal won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show for 700 Sundays and received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2007.[19]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1977–1981 | Soap | Jodie Dallas | TV series |
| 1977 | SST: Death Flight | David | |
| 1978 | Rabbit Test | Lionel Carpenter | |
| Human Feelings | Angel | Made for TV | |
| 1980 | Animalympics | Lodge Turkell | Voice |
| 1984 | This Is Spinal Tap | Morty the Mime | |
| 1986 | Running Scared | Danny Constanzo | |
| 1987 | The Princess Bride | Miracle Max | |
| Throw Momma from the Train | Larry Donner | ||
| 1988 | Memories of Me | Abbie | Writer/Producer |
| 1989 | When Harry Met Sally... | Harry Burns | American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1991 | City Slickers | Mitch Robbins | Executive Producer American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1992 | Horton Hatches the Egg | Narrator | Voice |
| Mr. Saturday Night | Buddy Young, Jr. | Writer/Director/Producer Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
|
| 1994 | City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold | Mitch Robbins | Writer/Producer |
| 1995 | Forget Paris | Mickey Gordon | Writer/Director/Producer |
| 1996 | Muppets Tonight | Himself | Guest star on third episode |
| Hamlet | First Gravedigger | ||
| 1997 | Deconstructing Harry | Larry | |
| Fathers' Day | Jack Lawrence | ||
| Friends | The Gynecologist (with Robin Williams) | TV Series | |
| 1998 | My Giant | Sam 'Sammy' Kamin | Writer/Producer |
| 1999 | Analyze This | Dr. Ben Sobel | Executive Producer |
| 2000 | The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle | Mattress salesman | Uncredited |
| 2001 | 61* | Director | |
| America's Sweethearts | Lee Phillips | Writer/Producer | |
| Monsters, Inc. | Michael "Mike" Wazowski | Voice | |
| 2002 | Mike's New Car | Mike Wazowski | Short Film Subject Voice |
| Analyze That | Dr. Ben Sobel | Executive Producer | |
| 2004 | Howl's Moving Castle | Calcifer | Voice |
| 2005 | Dinotopia: Quest for the Ruby Sunstone | Karl Scott | Voice |
| 2006 | Cars | Mike Car | Voice |
| 2009 | Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business Of America | Host | |
| 2010 | Tooth Fairy | Jerry | Uncredited |
| Planet Sheen | Soldier Joagth | Voice Episode: What's Up Chock? |
|
| 2011 | The Muppets | Himself | Scenes cut |
| 2012 | Parental Guidance | Artie Decker | To be released November 12, 2012 |
| 2013 | Monsters University | Mike Wazowski | Voice |
[edit] Saturday Night Live
Characters[link]
- Al Minkman, a shady businessman
- Fernando, host of Fernando's Hideaway, a celebrity interview show; based on actor Fernando Lamas
- Buddy Young, Jr. (an insult comic who appears on Weekend Update)
- Lew Goldman
- Ricky, a bowler
- Tony Minetti, a butcher
- Willie, a man who, along with his friend, Frankie (played by Christopher Guest), discuss their masochistic tendencies
Impersonations[link]
- Fernando Lamas
- Howard Cosell
- Muhammad Ali
- John F. Kennedy
- Joe Franklin
- Hervé Villechaize
- Joe Garagiola
- Adam Ant
- Prince
- Sammy Davis, Jr.
- Phil Rizzuto
Bibliography[link]
- Crystal, Billy (2004). I Already Know I Love You. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-059391-1. A children's book.
- Crystal, Billy (2006). Grandpa's Little One. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-078173-6. A children's book.
- Crystal, Billy (2005). 700 Sundays. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-57867-3. Crystal's memoirs with his father.
References[link]
- ^ On page 17 of his book, 700 Sundays, Crystal displays his birth announcement, which states that his full name is "William Edward", not "William Jacob" Crystal, Billy (October 2005). 700 Sundays. p. 17. ISBN 0-446-57867-3.
- ^ "The Mud Doctor: Oscar Update: Billy Crystal Officially In as Oscar Host". Themuddoctor.blogspot.com. 2011-11-10. http://themuddoctor.blogspot.com/2011/11/oscar-update-billy-crystal-officially.html. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ "Billy Crystal Biography". filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/61/Billy-Crystal.html. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
- ^ Kane, Joe. "Jack Crystal: A Man To Remember". Allaboutjazz. http://www.allaboutjazz.com/articles/arti0102_03.htm. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
- ^ 700 Sundays by Billy CrystalBraver, Rita (November 6, 2005). "Life Is Short, Laugh Hard". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/06/sunday/main1015865.shtml.
- ^ "Billy Crystal | Hollywood Walk of Fame". Walkoffame.com. http://www.walkoffame.com/billy-crystal. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ "Billy Crystal Biography". Yahoo! Movies. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800015850/bio. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f Lipton, James (host) (October 8, 2007). "Billy Crystal, 2nd Visit". Inside the Actors Studio. episode 1307. season 13. Bravo. http://www.bravotv.com/Inside_the_Actors_Studio/guest/Billy_Crystal_-_2nd_Visit.
- ^ "Billy Crystal to return as host for 84th Academy Awards". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/11/10/billy-crystal-to-return-as-host-for-84th-academy-awards/110348/?utm_campaign=WP. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ "Oscars: "King" wins, show loses". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110227/OSCARS/110229986.
- ^ "Leno's autographed bike raises $500,000". USAToday. Associated Press. September 30, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-09-30-leno-bike_x.htm.
- ^ "Billy Crystal to sign contract with Yankees". Yahoo. March 10, 2008. http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news;_ylt=ApQysfnqvYEYnzAzS7waMwc5nYcB?slug=ap-yankees-crystal&prov=ap&type=lgns.
- ^ By Chris Girandola / Special to MLB.com. "Crystal strikes out in only at-bat". Newyork.yankees.mlb.com. http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080313&content_id=2423946&vkey=spt2008news&fext=.jsp&c_id=nyy. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "Yankees release Billy Crystal on 61st birthday - Baseball". Nbcsports.msnbc.com. March 14, 2008. http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/23566549/. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
- ^ Crystal, Billy (April 19, 2009). "Feeling Lonely Behind the Facade". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/sports/baseball/19crystal.html?_r=1&8dpc. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ "Billy Crystal Strikes Out in New Career". The Insider. March 14, 2008. http://www.theinsider.com/news/727182_Billy_Crystal_Strikes_Out_in_New_Career. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Lee, Sandra Y.. ""Celebrity Parents: Billy Crystal"". Parents.com. http://www.parents.com/parenting/celebrity-parents/celebrity-parents-billy-crystal/. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "Having Struggled From Warm-Up Act to Headliner: BILLY CRYSTAL". Time. October 19, 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976793,00.html.
- ^ Trescott, Jacqueline (May 2, 2007). "Billy Crystal, Clearly Funny". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/01/AR2007050101252.html.
External links[link]
- Billy Crystal at the Internet Movie Database
- Billy Crystal appears on Michael Eisner's talkshow on CNBC
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Crystal, Billy |
| Alternative names | Crystal, William Edward |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1948-3-14 |
| Place of birth | New York City |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Billy_Crystal
Related pages:
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http://idwn.com/Billy Crystal
http://eswn.com/Billy Crystal
http://ruwn.com/Кристал, Билли
http://nlwn.com/Billy Crystal
http://plwn.com/Billy Crystal
http://frwn.com/Billy Crystal
http://dewn.com/Billy Crystal
http://ptwn.com/Billy Crystal
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crystal
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ruben Studdard | |
|---|---|
 Studdard in The American Idol Experience motorcade at Walt Disney World. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Christopher Theodore Ruben Studdard |
| Born | (1978-09-12) September 12, 1978 (age 33) Frankfurt am Main, West Germany[1] |
| Origin | Birmingham, Alabama United States |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, gospel |
| Occupations | Singer, actor |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Labels | 19 (2003-present) J (2003-2007) Hickory (2008-2010) Shanachie (2011-present) |
| Website | RubenStuddard.com |
Christopher Theodore Ruben Studdard (born September 12, 1978), best known as Ruben Studdard, is an American R&B, pop, and gospel singer. He rose to fame as winner of the second season of American Idol. He received a Grammy Award nomination in December 2003 for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Superstar."
In the years following Idol, Studdard has released four studio albums, including his most recent disc, 2009's Love Is.
In addition to appearing on various television shows he has toured with Robin Givens in the comedy-drama Heaven I Need a Hug and in 2008 accepted the role of Fats Waller in a national tour of Ain't Misbehavin'.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Studdard, who was born in Frankfurt, Germany while his American father was stationed there with the U.S. Army, grew up in Birmingham, Alabama.[3] The youngest son of two teachers, at the age of three he sang for the first time at the Rising Star Baptist Church in his hometown of Birmingham. He continued singing gospel in church, performing solos as a child while his mother sang in the local choir. While at Huffman High School, he played football for which he received a scholarship to Alabama A&M University. While at Alabama A&M he joined the Omicron Delta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the men's music fraternity of America.
After growing up listening to his mother's Donny Hathaway albums, Fred Hammond, and gospel music, Studdard began to pursue a career in the music industry, majoring in voice studies at Alabama A&M. He sang with Just a Few Cats, a popular local Birmingham jazz and R&B band founded by members of Ray Reach's UAB Jazz Ensemble, along with other local musicians. "A lot of people don't realize how hard I was trying to get into the business before American Idol," Studdard related several years later. "I was making demos and just working so hard."[4] A back-up singer from Just a Few Cats asked him to accompany her to Nashville, Tennessee for an audition on the 2003 second season of "American Idol".
[edit] American Idol
When auditioning, Studdard sang Stevie Wonder's "Ribbon in the Sky." This guided him to being one of the local finalists. On American Idol, he impressed viewers with his performances of the Leon Russell/Bonnie Bramlett song "Superstar" (best known as a hit for The Carpenters) and the Peabo Bryson/Regina Belle duet "A Whole New World"; during his time on the show, Studdard received praise from music legends such as Lionel Richie, Neil Sedaka, Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees, Luther Vandross, and Gladys Knight.
During the televised competition, Studdard gained the nickname "Velvet Teddy Bear" and was noted for his shirts printed with "205", the telephone area code of his hometown of Birmingham. Studdard also did a cover version of "For All We Know", originally recorded by Donny Hathaway, whose music he grew up with.
He won the contest over runner-up Clay Aiken by only 134,000 votes out of 24,000,000 cast in the May 2003 finale,[5] becoming the second American Idol winner.
Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared March 11, 2003 as "Ruben Studdard Day".[6]
Career[link]
[edit] 2003–2004: Soulful
File:RubenStuddard-Soulful.jpg
Debut Album: Soulful
Studdard released his first single, a cover of Westlife's "Flying Without Wings" (which he had sung on the show's finale), produced by The Underdogs and Babyface, a month later in June 2003. Fueled largely by sales, it debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2003, advance orders for his album Soulful topped the one million mark before it was released into stores. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart that month, selling over 400,000 copies in its first week and attaining the second highest first-week sales of any American Idol winner. The single "Sorry 2004" from this album found substantial airplay, reaching number nine in the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Billboard R&B singles chart. Studdard received a Grammy Award nomination in December 2003 for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Superstar", nominated with his idol Luther Vandross (Vandross won that category). In March 2004, Ruben won the NAACP Outstanding New Artist award.
[edit] 2004-2005: I Need An Angel
Studdard released the gospel album I Need an Angel on November 23, 2004. The title track and first single "I Need an Angel" was a cover of a 2002 single performed by R&B singer Daniel DeBourg and written by R. Kelly. The album sold over 96,000 copies in its first week, it also entered the Gospel charts at number one, opened at number twenty on the Billboard 200 chart, it since has sold over 500,000 copies. It was also number one on the 2005 Billboard Year-End Gospel Albums Chart. As of June 2007, Studdard is the fifth-best selling American Idol performer with more than 2.4 million albums sold in the U.S.
In March 2005, Studdard filed a lawsuit against his godfather and business advisor Ronald Edwards. The suit alleges that Edwards ran up $156,000 on Studdard's credit cards and stole $90,000 from his checking account. Edwards filed a countersuit. On June 15, 2006, Studdard was awarded $500,000 for personal losses and another $1.5 million in punitive damages.[7]
Between his second and third albums, Studdard began a diet and fitness program to deal with his weight, out of concern for a family history of diabetes and hypertension resulting in his losing over 70 pounds on a vegetarian diet.[8]
[edit] 2006–2008: The Return
File:Ruben returnme.jpg
Third Album: The Return
Studdard's third album, The Return was released in October 2006; it goes back to his R&B roots, but is different from his previous efforts. Studdard collaborated with the artist Ne-Yo on this album, along with a variety of producers. The single "Change Me" was released ahead of the album. The Return sold 71,000 copies in its first week to open at number eight on the Billboard 200 album chart, but sales declined rapidly after that, not approaching those of his earlier albums. However, Studdard did have good success on the Urban Contemporary chart with "Change Me" (which reached number one) and its successor "Make Ya Feel Beautiful". Studdard continued to tour saying he would play a variety of music: "Coming out to my show is like coming to my house. I'll play the songs I love. It's like a party. For me, a party has all different types of music happening."[4]
Studdard appeared on the finale of American Idol season 6 in May 2007. He spent a few weeks touring with Robin Givens in the comedy-drama Heaven I Need a Hug and prepared to take on the role of Fats Waller in a national tour of Ain't Misbehavin' in 2008.[2] The tour is scheduled to begin November 17, 2008 in Atlanta, GA and end May 14, 2009 in Syracuse, NY.[9]
In December 2007, Studdard had been dropped from his record company, J Records, due to poor sales of The Return and "[falling] short of expectations."[10] He remained under contract with 19 Recordings, however.[11] As such he was assigned the high-profile position of performing the American Idol season 7 farewell song, a recording of Kenny Loggins' "Celebrate Me Home", in a new version produced by Terry Lewis and Jimmy Jam.[11]
Studdard performed "Celebrate Me Home" live on May 20, 2008, at the Nokia Theatre for the first night of the two-night Grand Finale of American Idol's seventh season.
[edit] 2009–2010: Love Is
Studdard was featured in the music video for gospel singer Deitrick Haddon's "Love Him Like I Do" along with Gospel duo Mary Mary.
Studdard announced that his next album, to be released May 19, 2009, would be released on Sony Music offshoot Hickory Records. The new album, entitled Love Is, is being produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.[12] The first single off Love Is is the ballad "Together", which was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Phillip Taj Jackson and Martin Kleveland, produced by StarGate & Martin K.
He performed his new single "Together" on American Idol season 8 on March 26, 2009.[13]
Love Is was released on May 19, 2009 to mostly positive reviews. The album, which features a mix of covers and original songs, sold 15,200 units in its first week to debut at number 36 on the Billboard 200, number five on Independent Albums and number eight on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[14]
Studdard appeared with the "David Foster and Friends" 10 city tour beginning October 21, 2009 in Chicago, Illinois and ending November 8, 2009 in Vancouver, Canada.
A fifth album, Playlist: The Very Best of Ruben Studdard was released on January 26, 2010 by Sony's Legacy Recordings.
Studdard returned to the American Idol stage on March 31, 2010 to perform his latest single "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More". In his on camera interview with Ryan Seacrest after his performance he said that he would be touring with Clay Aiken in the summer.
Studdard and Aiken brought their “Timeless” tour to cities in the US and Canada beginning in Asheville, North Carolina on July 23, 2010 and ending in Biloxi, Mississippi on August 14.[15][16] Instead of a concert focusing on each singers recordings, Studdard and Aiken opted for a variety show format covering medleys of songs from the 60s to the 90s with a few solos and interspersed with comedy bits.[17]
2010–present: Letters from Birmingham[link]
It was announced in July 2011 that Studdard had signed with Shanachie Entertainment and would release his next album in the Spring of 2012.[18] His first album for the label and fifth release overall, "Letters from Birmingham" was released in March 2012.
Acting[link]
Studdard has worked as an actor in several roles, including single-episode appearances on the television series 8 Simple Rules, Life on a Stick, All of Us, and Eve, as well as a cameo appearance in the film Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed. He has also appeared on a television commercial for a Birmingham-area Kia dealer.
He appeared in an episode of One on One as himself & in an episode of All of Us as an older Bobby. He also appeared in the 8 Simple Rules episode where CJ's dad comes; he played a delivery boy whom CJ mistakes for his father. He greets him by hugging him and saying, "You have always been my idol," referring to his win on Idol. Studdard also appeared on an episode of Eve as Paul, Janie's younger brother who has a huge crush on Shelly.
Studdard headlined the revival tour of Ain't Misbehavin', starring alongside fellow American Idol (season 2) alums, Trenyce and Frenchie Davis. Starring as Fats Waller, Studdard received positive reviews and was part of the cast recording album released by Rhino Records on January 13, 2009.[19]
Advocacy[link]
Studdard's love of music led him to create The Ruben Studdard Foundation for the Advancement of Children in the Music Arts. The foundation's mission statement says their aim is "to promote the essential role of the arts in education through learning initiatives for the development of students in the Greater Birmingham Area."[20]
Studdard has signed on as an official spokesperson for ‘Be Sickle Smart’, a nationwide grassroots health-education program aimed at increasing awareness of iron overload among people living with sickle-cell disease.[21]
Personal life[link]
Studdard met Surata Zuri McCants in October 2006, when he was signing CDs at a Wal-Mart in Atlanta.[22] On June 28, 2008, Studdard married McCants in a short, private ceremony in Mountain Brook, Alabama.[23]
After a performance on American Idol on March 31, 2010, Ruben discussed losing approximately 80 pounds through a vegan diet and regular exercise.
On November 16, 2011 Studdard's attorney announced that Studdard was in the process of a divorce. "Ruben Studdard and Zuri McCants Studdard have separated, and they are in the process of seeking a dissolution of their marriage," said Byron Perkins.[24]
Awards and nominations[link]
- American Music Awards
- 2004, Favorite Male R&B/Soul Artist: (Nominated)
- BET Awards
- 2005, Best Gospel Artist: (Nominated)
- 2004, Best New Artist: (Nominated)
- 2004, Best Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)
- Grammy Awards
- 2004, Best Male R&B Vocal Performance: "Superstar" (Nominated)
- Image Awards
- 2004, Outstanding New Artist: Soulful (Winner)
- Soul Train Awards
- 2004, Best New R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist: "Superstar" (Nominated)
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Year | Album | Chart Positions | Certifications & Sales (sales threshold) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US R&B |
US Gospel |
US Indie |
|||||||||||||
| 2003 | Soulful
|
1 | 1 | — | — | US: Platinum[25] US sales: 1.8 million[26] |
||||||||||
| 2004 | I Need an Angel
|
20 | 6 | 1 | — | US: Gold[25] US sales: 483,000[26] |
||||||||||
| 2006 | The Return
|
8 | 2 | — | — | US sales: 238,000[26] | ||||||||||
| 2009 | Love Is
|
36 | 8 | — | 5 | US sales: 50,000[27] | ||||||||||
| 2012 | Letters from Birmingham
|
73 | 12 | — | — | US sales: 9,000 [28] | ||||||||||
Compilation albums[link]
| Year | Album | Sales |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Playlist: The Very Best of Ruben Studdard
|
US sales: 3,500[27] |
Singles[link]
| Year | Title | Chart positions | Album | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US R&B |
US Urban |
|||
| 2003 | "Flying Without Wings" | 2 | 13 | 27 | Non-album single |
| "Superstar" | 112 | 2 | — | Soulful | |
| 2004 | "Sorry 2004" | 9 | 2 | — | |
| "What If" | — | 47 | — | ||
| "I Need an Angel" | — | — | 32 | I Need an Angel | |
| 2006 | "Change Me" | 94 | 18 | 1 | The Return |
| 2007 | "Make Ya Feel Beautiful" | — | 32 | 6 | |
| 2008 | "Celebrate Me Home"[11] | — | — | — | single |
| 2009 | "Together" | — | 60 | — | Love Is |
| "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More" | — | 32 | 40 | ||
| 2012 | "June 28th" | 73 | 16 | Letters from Birmingham | |
Single certifications[link]
| Year | Title | CAN |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | "Flying Without Wings" | 3x Platinum[29] |
Other albums[link]
- American Idol Season 2: All-Time Classic American Love Songs (2003)
- "What the World Needs Now" (with Season 2 Finalists)
- "God Bless the U.S.A. (Proud to Be an American)" (with Season 2 Finalists)
- Superstar
- American Idol: The Great Holiday Classics (2003)
- "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
- "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (American Idol Ensemble)
- "This Christmas"
- Genius & Friends (2005)
- "Imagine" with Ray Charles and The Harlem Gospel Singers
- Ain't Misbehavin' (2009 Cast Recording)
- "Honeysuckle Rose" duet with Frenchie Davis
- "The Jitterbug Waltz" with Patrice Covington & Company
- "Lounging At The Waldorf" with Frenchie Davis, Trenyce Cobbins & Patrice Covington
- "Your Feet's Too Big"
Filmography[link]
- Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
- Natural Born Komics (2006) (direct-to-DVD)
Lifted (2011)
References[link]
- ^ Some sources give Birmingham, Alabama as his birthplace, but Studdard has said in interviews that he was born in Frankfurt while his father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. http://www.nndb.com/people/505/000047364/
- ^ a b Ruben Studdard tours with Robin Givens in play, says he'll star in 'Ain't Misbehavin by Mary Colurso, AL.com, November 30, 2007, retrieved December 16, 2007
- ^ Birmingham man The "American Idol" brings his Bible-Belt charm to Hawaii by Burl Burlingame, Star Bulletin, January 2, 2007, retrieved December 10, 2007
- ^ a b "The Idol's Idol", The Asbury Park Press, January 26, 2007.
- ^ "American Idol Outrage: Your Vote Doesn't Count" by Deborah Starr Seibel, Broadcasting & Cable, 5/17/2004, retrieved April 8, 2006
- ^ Ruben Studdard
- ^ Studdard wins lawsuit against ex-manager, The Baltimore Sun, June 17, 2006, accessed June 17, 2006
- ^ Ruben Studdard slims down by going vegetarian
- ^ Dates and Venues Announced for Studdard and Davis Ain't Misbehavin' Tour By Andrew Gans, Playbill, April 28, 2008, Retrieved 2008-06-11
- ^ SOHH Exclusive: J Records Drops Ruben Studdard | Daily Hip-Hop News | SOHH.com /
- ^ a b c Ruben Returns For 'Idol' Farewell Track by Ann Donahue on BillBoard.com (02-29-2008)
- ^ Steve Penhollow, "Idol fascination fuels Ain't Misbehavin", The Journal Gazette, Dec. 5, 2008.
- ^ "Ruben Studdard New Album Love Is Slated For May 19 Release", Croshal Entertainment Group, 2009.
- ^ Donna Reynolds, "Idol Chartwatch, June 1", Foxes on Idol, June 1, 2009.
- ^ Franklin, Mark."Clay Aiken, Ruben Studdard announce tour dates" 'The York Dispatch Idol Chatter April 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-01
- ^ 4/01/10 "Clay and Ruben "Timeless" Tour Dates Announced" clayonline.com April 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-01
- ^ Wener, Ben.Ruben Studdard & Clay Aiken: primed for Vegas The Orange County Register August 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-10
- ^ Idol Chatter, July 18, 2011: "Ruben Studdard plans fall album"
- ^ "Ain't Misbehavin' (2009 Cast Recording)", Amazon.com.
- ^ The Ruben Studdard Foundation for the Advancement of Children in the Music Arts Retrieved 2009-09-30
- ^ Ruben Studdard Unveils Defiant New Song “I’m a Fighter” As Voice of ‘Be Sickle Smart’ Campaign todaysdrum.com. September 15, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
- ^ "Ruben Studdard weds". http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20209254,00.html.
- ^ "Ruben Studdard weds". http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hWkLJE_Vo0kEvys6-aiJ-CFD6zqwD91JE2T80. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
- ^ "Ruben Studdard weds". http://blog.al.com/scenesource/2011/11/american_idol_winner_ruben_stu.html#incart_hbx.
- ^ a b http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database
- ^ a b c Ruben Studdard Reconnects With 'Love Is' Billboard 3/25/09
- ^ a b Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More
- ^ http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2012/03/five-idols-from-five-seasons-make-the-billboard-200/1
- ^ "Gold & Platinum Certification – July 2003". Canadian Recording Industry Association. http://www.cria.ca/gold/0703_g.php. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
External links[link]
- Ruben Studdard Official website
- Ruben Studdard at American Idol
- Official Foundation site
- Ruben Studdard at the Internet Movie Database
- Ruben Studdard at Allmusic
| Preceded by Kelly Clarkson |
American Idol winner 2003 |
Succeeded by Fantasia Barrino |
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Studdard, Ruben |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Player of American football |
| Date of birth | September 12, 1978 |
| Place of birth | Frankfurt am Main, Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ruben_Studdard
Related pages:
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barak (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation). For President Obama's father, the Kenyan economist, see Barack Obama, Sr.
| Barack Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 44th President of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| United States Senator from Illinois |
|
| In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008 |
|
| Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald |
| Succeeded by | Roland Burris |
| Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th District |
|
| In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 |
|
| Preceded by | Alice Palmer |
| Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Barack Hussein Obama II (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 50)[1] Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.[2] |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Michelle Robinson (1992–present) |
| Children | Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001) |
| Residence | White House (Official) Chicago, Illinois (Private) |
| Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author |
| Religion | Christianity[3] |
| Awards | Nobel Peace Prize |
| Signature |  |
| Website | barackobama.com |
 |
This article is part of a series on Barack Obama |
|---|---|
Barack Hussein Obama II (
i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, he ended the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii,[2][4][5] and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.[6] His mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English ancestry,[7] along with Scottish, Irish, German, and Swiss.[8][9][10][11][12] His father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[13][14] The couple married on February 2, 1961,[15] separated when Obama Sr. went to Harvard University on scholarship, and divorced in 1964.[13] Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.[16]
After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the Menteng neighborhood of Jakarta.[4][17] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.[18]
File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg
Barack Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii
In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and with the aid of a scholarship attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[19] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.[15][20]
Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[14] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[21] Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[22] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[23] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama described his high-school drug use as a great moral failure.[24]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to divest from South Africa in response to its policy of apartheid.[25] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.[25] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[26] and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[27] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[28][29]
Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School[link]
Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[29][30] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[31] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[32] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[33] He returned to Kenya in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.[34]
In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[35] and president of the journal in his second year.[31][36] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[37] After graduating with a J.D. magna cum laude[38] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[35] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[31][36] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[39] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[39]
University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney[link]
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[39][40] He then taught at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.[41]
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[42] In 1993, he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. His law license became inactive in 2002.[43]
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the Joyce Foundation.[29] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[29]
Legislative career: 1997–2008[link]
State Senator: 1997–2004[link]
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[44] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.[45] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[46] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[47]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[48] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[49]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[50] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[46][51] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[52] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[53]
U.S. Senate campaign[link]
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[54]
Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.[55] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[56] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[57] and spoke out against the war.[58] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[59]
Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[60] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[61] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,[62] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[63]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[64] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.[65] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote.[66]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008[link]
Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,[67] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[68] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[69]
Legislation[link]
Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[70] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons;[71] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[72] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[73]
Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[74] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[75]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[77] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[78] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,[79] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[80] neither of which was signed into law.
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[81] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[82] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[83] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[84]
Committees[link]
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works, and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[85] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[86] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[87] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[88]
Presidential campaigns[link]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008, Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[89][90] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[89][91] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care,[92] in a campaign that projected themes of "hope" and "change".[93]
A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[94] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[95]
On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[96] Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[97] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[98] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[99][100]
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[101] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[102]
McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[103] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[104] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent.[105] He became the first African American to be elected president.[106] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[107]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2012 and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission.[108][109][110] As the incumbent president he ran almost unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,[111] and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.[112]
Presidency[link]
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
First days[link]
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.[113] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[114] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds.[115][116][117] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records,[118] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.[119] He also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions.[120]
Domestic policy[link]
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[121] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.[122] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[123]
Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[124] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice.[125] Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.[126]
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[127][128]
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[129][130]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[131][132]
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[133]
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, fulfilling a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign[134][135] to end the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[136]
President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for wealthy Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "clean" electricity.[137][138]
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate Obama had said in 1996 that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage;[139] but by the time of his run for the U.S. senate in 2004, he said that while he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, for strategic reasons he opposed same-sex marriages.[140] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.[141][142]
Economic policy[link]
Main article: Economic policy of Barack Obama
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[143] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals,[144] which is being distributed over the course of several years.
In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.[145] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[146] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[147] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12 percent stake.[148] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[149] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.[150][151][152]
Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.[153] However, Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted that the 2010 budget deficit will be $1.5 trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP.[154][155] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34 trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90 percent of GDP.[156] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $16.4 trillion was signed into law on January 26, 2012.[157] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.[158] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent an unprecedented U.S. government default on its obligations.[159]
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[162] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[163] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.[164] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[164] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve expressed that although economic activity continued to increase, its pace had slowed, and Chairman Ben Bernanke stated that the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain."[165] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.[166]
The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[167][168] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[168][169][170][171] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[167] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[172]
Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[173] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[174]
Health care reform[link]
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[175] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.[176][177]
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[175] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[178] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on stem cell research.[179]
File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg
Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014. (Source: CRS)
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[180][181] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.[182] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.[183] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.[184]
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[185] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 to 9.5 percent of income,[186][187] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.[186][188]
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[189] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[190] In March, 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[191]
In March 2012, the Supreme Court heard arguments by a coalition of 26 states maintaining that it is unconstitutional to force individuals to buy health insurance.[192]
Gulf of Mexico oil spill[link]
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22, he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[193] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[194]
Foreign policy[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and Barack Obama foreign policy
In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[195] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, Al Arabiya.[196]
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[197] This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.[198] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[199] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[200]
On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[201] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[202]
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[203]
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[204][205] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.[206] The New START treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the U.S. Senate in December 2010.[207]
On December 6, 2011, he instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.[208]
Iraq War[link]
On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[209] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[210][211] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.[212] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be, "home for the holidays".[213]
War in Afghanistan[link]
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[214] He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[215] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[216] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.[217] He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.[218][219] McChrystal was replaced by David Petraeus in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.[220]
Israel[link]
During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including a record number of U.S. troops participating in military exercises in the country, increased military aid, the re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries, including Ehud Barak and Admiral Mike Mullen.[221]
In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.[222] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.[223]
War in Libya[link]
Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya
In March 2011, as forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution[224] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.[225] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the citizens of Benghazi[226]—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,[227] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities in order to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,[228] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.[229][230][231] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.[232] Some Representatives[233] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.[234][235]
Osama bin Laden[link]
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
See also: The Situation Room (photograph)
Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.[236] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.[236] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[236] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.[237][238] Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,[239] and buried at sea several hours later.[240] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[237][241] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,[242] and from many countries around the world.[243]
2010 midterm election[link]
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,[244] "humbling" and a "shellacking".[245] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[246]
Cultural and political image[link]
Main article: Public image of Barack Obama
Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[248] Obama is also not a descendant of American slaves.[249] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong".[250] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[251]
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[252] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[253]
According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating[254] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,[255] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.[256] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation.[257][258][259] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,[260] and before being elected President he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[261] Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[262] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[263]
In a February 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.[264] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.[265][266]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[267] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month[268] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[269] In December 2008, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[270]
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[271] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[272] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[273][274] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.
Family and personal life[link]
Main article: Family of Barack Obama
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[275] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family – six of them living.[276] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,[277] until her death on November 2, 2008,[278] two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.[279] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.[280]
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[281] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[282] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[283]
Obama is a well known supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator.[284] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the all star game while wearing a White Sox jacket.[285] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and recently rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after Obama took office as President.[286] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Bears to the White House; in 1986, the team did not attend due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[287]
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[288] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[289] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[290] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[291] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[292] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[293] The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.[294]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[295] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[296]
In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[297] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[298][299] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.[300][301]
As per the latest financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.[302]
Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using nicotine replacement therapy, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.[303][304]
Religious views[link]
Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".[305]
In an interview with the evangelical periodical Christianity Today, Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."[306]
On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."[307][308]
Obama was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ, a black liberation church, in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades.[309] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.[310] After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.[311]
Notes[link]
- ^ "President Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu". Department of Health, State of Hawaii. The White House. April 27, 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian"
- "The Truth about Barack's Faith". Obama for America. http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago."
- Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church." .
- "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". News. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
- Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David." .
- Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post: p. A6. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there."
- ^ a b Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post: p. A22. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser: p. B1. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii"
- ^ for Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19.
- ^ Ewen MacAskill in Washington and Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/20/obama-irish-roots-european-tour. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011). "Obama visits family roots in Ireland". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/us-obama-ireland-idUSTRE74M09F20110523. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
- for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times: p. A21. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
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- Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
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- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
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Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-9620873-3-5. "He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest." - ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
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- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
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- ^ "Libya declares ceasefire". New Statesman. UK. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-ceasefire-libya. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
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- ^ "Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon". Ventura County Star. Associated Press. http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ Ian Pannell (March 21, 2011). "Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Jones, Sam (March 22, 2011). "F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
- ^ "NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR". NATO. March 25, 2011. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf.
- ^ Montopoli, Brian (March 22, 2011). "Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20045927-503544.html. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ Stein, Sam (March 21, 2011). "Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows Of Congressional Critics". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Obama juggles Libya promises, realities". CNN. March 25, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html?hpt=T1. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ a b c Mazzetti, Mark; Helene Cooper, Peter Baker (May 3, 2011). "Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?hp=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
- ^ a b "Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan" – washingtonpost.com Retrieved May 2, 2011
- ^ "Official offers details of bin Laden raid" – newsday.com Retrieved May 2, 2011
- ^ Schabner, Dean; Karen Travers (May 1, 2011). "Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Helene Cooper, Mark Mazzetti (May 2, 2011). "Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
- ^ Walsh, Declan; Richard Adams and Ewen MacAskill (May 2, 2011). "Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (May 2, 2011). "Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy". Bloomberg News. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
- ^ "World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death". NPR. May 2, 2011. http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
- ^ Paul Harris in Oakland and Ewen MacAskill in Washington (November 3, 2010). "US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ "Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats". The Christian Science Monitor. November 4, 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ "See Obama's first paragraph of his transcript". All Things Considered. NPR. November 3, 2010. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ "President Obama Hangs Out With America", The White House, January 30, 2012.
- ^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also:Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Paul (March 4, 2007). "Obama told of family's slave-owning history in deep South". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/04/uselections2008.barackobama. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday (New York). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also:Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). "Obama: Oratory and originality". The Age (Melbourne). http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
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- ^ "YouTube – ChangeDotGov's Channel". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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- ^ "Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll – 41%". USA Today. April 15, 2011. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ Jon Terbush (December 9, 2010). "Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents". Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com. http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval", Los Angeles Times. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). "Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders", The Washington Post. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ Henningsen, Patrick (May 23, 2011). "Washington Still Working Hard to Plug Gaps in The Bin Laden Story", 21st Century Wire. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ "World wants Obama as president: poll". Reuters. ABC News. September 9, 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm.
- ^ "Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union" (Press release). Obama.senate.gov. August 24, 2005. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218122125/http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Scherer, Steve (September 12, 2007). "Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). "Sarkozy, Obama and McCain". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^ Freed, John C. (February 6, 20009). "Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ "Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds". The New York Times. May 29, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ "Obama remains a popular symbol of hope". France 24. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ Goodman, Dean (February 10, 2008). "Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). "Celebrities join YouTube revolution". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). "Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
- ^ Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). "Why History Can't Wait". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
- ^ "Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility'". CNN. December 10, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ Samuelsohn, Darren (October 9, 2009). "Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges'". The New York Times. Greenwire. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also:"Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see:Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story. Retrieved June 24, 2008. Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. March 31, 2008. http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (HBO). April 15, 2008. http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball". The Swamp. August 25, 2008. http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit". MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009. http://mlb.fanhouse.com/2009/07/14/barack-obama-explains-white-sox-jacket-talks-nats-in-all-star-b/. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). "Steelers Win Obama's Approval". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html. "But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart."
- ^ "1985 Bears honored by President Obama". Chicagobears.com. 2011-10-07. http://www.chicagobears.com/news/NewsStory.asp?story_id=8232. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School", International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
- ^ Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). "One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). "Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). "How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). "The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Jackson, David (May 15, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million". USA Today. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in:Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Christianity Today: "Q&A: Barack Obama" Interview by Sarah Pulliam and Ted Olsen, January 23, 2008
- ^ Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner by Charles Babington and Darlene Superville, Associated Press, September 28, 2010
- ^ Video – President Obama: "I am a Christian By Choice" by ABC News, September 29, 2010.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/30/world/americas/30iht-30obama.5501905.html. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
- ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. MSNBC. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009.) "The Obamas Find a Church Home—Away from Home". Time. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
References[link]
- Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
- Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
- Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading[link]
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Truman State University), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward, Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President, Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Obama, Barack |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician, 44th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | August 4, 1961 |
| Place of birth | Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For other uses, see Franz Ferdinand (disambiguation).
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | |
|---|---|
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| Reign | 1889–1914 |
| Predecessor | Francis II As Archduke of Austria-Este Also Francis V as Duke of Modena |
| Successor | Charles |
| Spouse | Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg |
| Issue | |
| Princess Sophie von Hohenberg Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg Prince Ernst von Hohenberg |
|
| House | House of Habsburg-Lorraine |
| Father | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria |
| Mother | Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies |
| Born | (1863-12-18)18 December 1863 Graz, Austrian Empire |
| Died | 28 June 1914(1914-06-28) (aged 50) Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary |
| Signature |  |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Monarchical styles of Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este |
|
|---|---|
.svg) |
|
| Reference style | His Imperial and Royal Highness |
| Spoken style | Your Imperial and Royal Highness |
| Alternative style | Sir |
Franz Ferdinand (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[1] His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allies of World War I (countries allied with Serbia) to declare war on each other, starting World War I.[2][3][4]
He was born in Graz, Austria, the eldest son of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria (younger brother of Franz Joseph and Maximilian) and of his second wife, Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. When he was only twelve years old, his cousin Duke Francis V of Modena died, naming Franz Ferdinand his heir on condition that he add the name Este to his own. Franz Ferdinand thus became one of the wealthiest men in Austria.
Contents |
Heir presumptive[link]
In 1889, Franz Ferdinand's life changed dramatically. His cousin Crown Prince Rudolf committed suicide at his hunting lodge in Mayerling,[5] leaving Franz Ferdinand's father, Archduke Karl Ludwig, as first in line to the throne. However, his father died of typhoid fever after the Crown Prince's death.[6] Henceforth, Franz Ferdinand was groomed to succeed. Despite this burden, he did manage to find time for travel and personal pursuits - for example, the time he spent hunting kangaroos and emus in Australia in 1893,[7] and the return trip to Austria sailing across the Pacific on the RMS Empress of China from Yokohama to Vancouver.[8]
Military career[link]
Franz Ferdinand, like most males in the ruling Habsburg line, entered the army from a young age. He was frequently and rapidly promoted, given the rank of lieutenant at age fourteen, captain at twenty-two, colonel at twenty-seven, and major general at thirty-one.[9] While never receiving formal staff training, he was considered eligible for command and at one point briefly led the primarily Hungarian 9th Hussar Regiment.[10] In 1898 he was given a commission "at the special disposition of His Majesty" to make inquiries into all aspects of the military services and military agencies were commanded to share their papers with him.[11]
He exerted influence on the armed forces even when he did not hold a specific command through a military chancery that produced and received documents and papers on military affairs. This was headed by Alexander Brosch von Aarenau and eventually employed a staff of sixteen.[11].
Franz in 1913, as heir-presumptive to the elderly emperor, had been appointed inspector general of all the armed forces of Austria-Hungary (Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht), a position superior to that previously held by Archduke Albrecht and including presumed command in wartime.[12]
Marriage and family[link]
In 1894 Franz Ferdinand met Countess Sophie Chotek at a ball in Prague. To be an eligible marriage partner for a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg, one had to be a member of one of the reigning or formerly reigning dynasties of Europe. The Choteks were not one of these families, although they did include among their ancestors, in the female line, princes of Baden, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, and Liechtenstein. One of Sophie's direct ancestors was Albert IV, Count of Habsburg; she was descended from Elisabeth of Habsburg, a sister of King Rudolph I of Germany. Franz Ferdinand was a descendant of King Rudolph I. Sophie was a lady-in-waiting to Archduchess Isabella, wife of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen. Franz Ferdinand began to visit Archduke Friedrich's villa in Pressburg (now Bratislava). Sophie wrote to Franz Ferdinand during his convalescence from tuberculosis on the island of Lošinj in the Adriatic. They kept their relationship a secret for more than two years.[citation needed]
Deeply in love, Franz Ferdinand refused to consider marrying anyone else. Pope Leo XIII, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and the German Emperor Wilhelm II all made representations on his behalf to Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, arguing that the disagreement between Franz Joseph and Franz Ferdinand was undermining the stability of the monarchy.[citation needed]
Finally, in 1899, Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to permit Franz Ferdinand to marry Sophie, on condition that the marriage would be morganatic and that their descendants would not have succession rights to the throne.[5] Sophie would not share her husband's rank, title, precedence, or privileges; as such, she would not normally appear in public beside him. She would not be allowed to ride in the royal carriage or sit in the royal box.[citation needed]
The wedding took place on 1 July 1900, at Reichstadt (now Zákupy) in Bohemia; Franz Joseph did not attend the affair, nor did any archduke including Franz Ferdinand's brothers.[5] The only members of the imperial family who were present were Franz Ferdinand's stepmother, Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza, and her two daughters. Upon the marriage, Sophie was given the title "Princess of Hohenberg" (Fürstin von Hohenberg) with the style "Her Serene Highness" (Ihre Durchlaucht). In 1909, she was given the more senior title "Duchess of Hohenberg" (Herzogin von Hohenberg) with the style "Her Highness" (Ihre Hoheit). This raised her status considerably, but she still yielded precedence at court to all the archduchesses. Whenever a function required the couple to gather with the other members of royalty, Sophie was forced to stand far down the line of importance, separated from her husband.[citation needed]
Franz Ferdinand's children were:
- Princess Sophie von Hohenberg (1901–1990), married Count Friedrich von Nostitz-Rieneck (1891–1973)
- Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg (1902–1962), married Countess Elisabeth von Waldburg zu Wolfegg und Waldsee (1904–1993)
- Prince Ernst von Hohenberg (1904–1954), married Marie-Therese Wood (1910–1985)
Character[link]
The German historian Michael Freund described Franz Ferdinand as "a man of uninspired energy, dark in appearance and emotion, who radiated an aura of strangeness and cast a shadow of violence and recklessness ... a true personality amidst the amiable inanity that characterized Austrian society at this time."[13] As his sometime admirer Karl Kraus put it, "he was not one who would greet you ... he felt no compulsion to reach out for the unexplored region which the Viennese call their heart."[14] His relations with Emperor Franz Joseph were tense; the emperor's personal servant recalled in his memoirs that "thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions."[15] The commentaries and orders which the heir to the throne wrote as margin notes to the documents of the Imperial central commission for architectural conservation (where he was Protector) reveal what can be described as "choleric conservativism."[16]
Franz Ferdinand had a fondness for trophy hunting that was excessive even by the standards of European nobility of this time.[17] In his diaries he kept track of an estimated 300,000 game kills, 5,000 of which were deer. Approximately 100,000 trophies were on exhibit at his Bohemian castle at Konopiště,[18][19] which he also stuffed with various antiquities, his other great passion.[20]
Political views[link]
Historians have disagreed on how to characterize the political philosophies of Franz Ferdinand, some attributing generally liberal views on the empire's nationalities while others have emphasized his dynastic centralism, Catholic conservatism, and tendency to clash with other leaders.[9] He advocated granting greater autonomy to ethnic groups within the Empire and addressing their grievances, especially the Czechs in Bohemia and the Yugoslavic peoples in Croatia and Bosnia, who had been left out of the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867.[21] Yet his feelings towards the Hungarians were less generous; he regarded Magyar nationalism as a revolutionary threat to the Habsburg dynasty and reportedly became angry when officers of the 9th Hussars Regiment (which he commanded) spoke Magyar in his presence - despite the fact that it was the official regimental language.[10] He further regarded the Hungarian branch of the Dual Monarchy's army, the Honvédség, as an unreliable and potentially threatening force within the empire, complaining at the Hungarians' failure to provide funds for the joint army[22] and opposing the formation of artillery units within the Hungarian forces.[23]
He also advocated a careful approach towards Serbia - repeatedly locking horns with Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Vienna's hard-line Chief of the General Staff, warning that harsh treatment of Serbia would bring Austria-Hungary into open conflict with Russia, to the ruin of both Empires.
He was disappointed when Austria-Hungary failed to act as a Great Power, such as during the Boxer Rebellion; in 1900 other nations, including, in his description, "dwarf states like Belgium and Portugal",[24] sent troops to protect Westerners and punish the Chinese, but Austria-Hungary did not.
Franz Ferdinand was a prominent and influential supporter of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in a time when sea power was not a priority in Austrian foreign policy and the Navy was relatively little known and supported by the public. After his assassination in 1914, the Navy honoured Franz Ferdinand and his wife with a lying in state aboard the SMS Viribus Unitis.
Assassination[link]
Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
On Sunday, 28 June 1914, at approximately 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, 19 at the time, a member of Young Bosnia and one of a group of assassins organized by the Black Hand.[4] The event led to a chain of events that eventually triggered World War I.
The couple had previously been attacked when a grenade was thrown at their car. Ferdinand deflected the grenade and it detonated far behind them. He is known to have shouted in anger to local officials, "So you welcome your guests with bombs?!"[25]
The royal couple insisted on seeing all those injured at the hospital. After travelling there, Franz and Sophie decided to go to the palace, but their driver took a wrong turn onto a side street, where Princip spotted them.[25] As the car was backing up, Princip approached and shot Sophie in the abdomen and Franz Ferdinand in the jugular. He was still alive when witnesses arrived to render aid.[4] His dying words to Sophie were, 'Don't die darling, live for our children.'[25] Princip had used the Browning .32 ACP cartridge,[26][27][28] a relatively low-power round, and a pocket-sized FN model 1910 pistol.[29] The archduke's aides attempted to undo his coat but realized they needed scissors to cut it open. It was too late; he died within minutes. Sophie also died on route to the hospital.[30]
A detailed account of the shooting can be found in Sarajevo by Joachim Remak:[31]
One bullet pierced Franz Ferdinand's neck while the other pierced Sophie's abdomen. ... As the car was reversing (to go back to the Governor's residence because the entourage thought the Imperial couple were unhurt) a thin streak of blood shot from the Archduke's mouth onto Count Harrach's right cheek (he was standing on the car's running board). Harrach drew out a handkerchief to still the gushing blood. The Duchess, seeing this, called: "For Heaven's sake! What happened to you?" and sank from her seat, her face falling between her husband's knees.
Harrach and Potoriek ... thought she had fainted ... only her husband seemed to have an instinct for what was happening. Turning to his wife despite the bullet in his neck, Franz Ferdinand pleaded: "Sopherl! Sopherl! Sterbe nicht! Bleibe am Leben für unsere Kinder! - Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!". Having said this, he seemed to sag down himself. His plumed hat ... fell off; many of its green feathers were found all over the car floor. Count Harrach seized the Archduke by the uniform collar to hold him up. He asked "Leiden Eure Kaiserliche Hoheit sehr? - Is Your Imperial Highness suffering very badly?" "Es ist nichts - It is nothing" said the Archduke in a weak but audible voice. He seemed to be losing consciousness during his last few minutes, but, his voice growing steadily weaker, he repeated the phrase perhaps six or seven times more.
A rattle began to issue from his throat, which subsided as the car drew in front of the Konak bersibin (Town Hall). Despite several doctors' efforts, the Archduke died shortly after being carried into the building while his beloved wife was almost certainly dead from internal bleeding before the motorcade reached the Konak.
The assassinations, along with the arms race, nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system all contributed to the origins of World War I, which began less than two months after Franz Ferdinand's death, with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia.[32] The assassination of Ferdinand is considered the most immediate cause of World War I.[33]
Franz Ferdinand is interred with his wife Sophie in Artstetten Castle, Austria.
Present-day commemorations[link]
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his Castle of Artstetten were selected as a main motif for the Austrian 10 euro The Castle of Artstetten commemorative coin, minted on 13 October 2004. The reverse shows the entrance to the crypt of the Hohenberg family. There are two portraits below, showing Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg.
See also[link]
Ancestry[link]
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References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1987). Royal Sunset: The European Dynasties and the Great War. Doubleday. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-385-19849-3.
- ^ Marshall, S.L.A. (2001). World War I. Mariner Books. p. 1. ISBN 0-618-05686-6.
- ^ Keegan, John (2000). The First World War. Vintage. p. 48. ISBN 0-375-70045-5.
- ^ a b c Johnson, Lonnie (1989). Introducing Austria: A Short History (Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, and Thought). Ariadne Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0-929497-03-1.
- ^ a b c Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1997). The Austrians: A Thousand-Years Odyssey. Carroll & Graf. pp. 107, 125–126. ISBN 0-7867-0520-5.
- ^ "The Crown Prince’s Successor". The New York Times. 2 February 1889. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F04E0D9153AE033A25751C0A9649C94689FD7CF. Accessed 22 May 2009.
- ^ "The Archduke Franz Ferdinand". The Argus (Australia). 23 May 1895. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/8554706?searchTerm=Franz+Ferdinand. Accessed 28 June 2010.
- ^ Katalog Land in Sicht!: Österreich auf weiter Fahrt (Catalogue Land Ahoy!: Austria on the Seven Seas). (in PDF and in German language) p. 8. Exhibition by the Austrian Mint, 17 August - 3 February 2006. Münze Österreich (Austrian Mint). Accessed 22 May 2009.
- ^ a b Rothenburg, G. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1976. p 141.
- ^ a b Rothenburg 1976, p. 120.
- ^ a b Rothenburg 1976, p. 141.
- ^ Rothenburg 1976, p. 170.
- ^ Freund, Michael: Deutsche Geschichte. Die Große Bertelsmann Lexikon-Bibliothek, Bd. 7. C. Bertelsmann Verlag, 1961. p.901
- ^ Die Fackel. Issue July 10, 1914
- ^ Ketterl, Eugen: Der alte Kaiser wie nur einer ihn sah. Cissy Klastersky (ed.), Gerold & Co., Vienna 1929
- ^ Brückler, Theodor: Franz Ferdinand als Denkmalpfleger. Die "Kunstakten" der Militärkanzlei im Österreichischen Staatsarchiv. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2009. ISBN 978-3-205-78306-0
- ^ Wladimir Aichelburg, Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este und Artstetten, Vienna: Lehner, 2000, ISBN 978-3-901749-18-6, p. 31 (German): "Tatsächlich war Franz Ferdinand ein außergewöhnlich leidenschaftlicher Jäger" - "It is a fact that Franz Ferdinand was an unusually passionate hunter".
- ^ Michael Hainisch, ed. Friedrich Weissensteiner, 75 Jahre aus bewegter Zeit: Lebenserinnerungen eines österreichischen Staatsmannes, Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für neuere Geschichte Österreichs 64, Vienna: Böhlau, 1978, ISBN 978-3-205-08565-2, p. 367 (German): "Konopischt . . . das einst dem Erzherzoge Franz Ferdinand gehört hatte. Das Schloß ist voller Jagdtrophäen" - Konopiště . . . , which once belonged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The castle is full of hunting trophies".
- ^ Neil Wilson and Mark Baker, Prague: City Guide, Lonely Planet City Guide, 9th ed. Footscray, Victoria / Oakland, California / London: Lonely Planet, 2010, ISBN 978-1-74179-668-1, p. 237.
- ^ Thomas Veszelits, Prag, HB-Bildatlas 248, Ostfildern: HB, 2003, ISBN 978-3-616-06152-8, p. 106 (German): "Jagdtrophäen, Waffen aus drei Jahrhunderten und Kunstschätze füllten die Räume" - "Hunting trophies, weapons dating to three centuries, and art treasures filled the rooms".
- ^ Morton, Frederick (1989). Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914. Scribner. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-684-19143-0.
- ^ Rothenburg 1976, p. 147.
- ^ Rothenburg 1976, p. 133.
- ^ Rothenburg 1976, p. 136.
- ^ a b c Beyer, Rick, The Greatest Stories Never Told, A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, ISBN 0-06-001401-6. p. 146-147
- ^ Johnson, Melvin Maynard; Charles Tower Haven (1941). Automatic arms: their history, development and use. W. Marrow and co. p. 46.
- ^ Weir, William R (2005). Turning points in military history. Citadel. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-8065-2627-0. "The spark was supplied by a .32 caliber pistol"
- ^ Miller, David (2006). The History of Browning Firearms: Fortifications Around the World. The Lyons Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-59228-910-3.
- ^ Belfield, Richard. The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored Murder. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1343-1.
- ^ MacDonogh, Giles (2003). The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-312-30557-4.
- ^ Remak, Joachim (1959). Sarajevo: The Story of a Political Murder. Criterion. pp. 137–142. ASIN B001L4NB5U. (ASIN B001L4NB5U)
- ^ Johnson. p. 56
- ^ John McCannon, PhD. - AP World History - Copyright 2010, 2008, Barron's Educational Series, Inc. - page 9.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria |
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand d'Este (in Czech language)
- Franz Ferdinand at Findagrave.com
- Video: Franz Ferdinand's Funeral
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine
Born: 18 December 1863 Died: 28 June 1914 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Francis II |
Archduke of Austria-Este 1875–1914 |
Succeeded by Charles |
| Austro-Hungarian royalty | ||
| Preceded by Karl Ludwig |
Heir-presumptive to the Austrian-Hungarian throne 1 February 1889 – 28 June 1914 |
Succeeded by Charles |
| Titles in pretence | ||
| Preceded by Francis V |
— TITULAR — Duke of Modena 1875–1914 |
Succeeded by Charles |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Franz Ferdinand Of Austria, Archduke |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 18 December 1863 |
| Place of birth | Graz, Austrian Empire |
| Date of death | 28 June 1914 |
| Place of death | Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary |
http://wn.com/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
