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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria -
Anaheim
http://wn.com/Anaheim -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Berlin Wall
|-
http://wn.com/Berlin_Wall -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
http://wn.com/Bulgaria -
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucas (also referred to as Caucasia, , , , (''K'avk'asia''), , , , , , , ) is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain (Mount Elbrus).
http://wn.com/Caucasus -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident of catastrophic proportions that occurred on 26 April 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history and is the only level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
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County Tyrone
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Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
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Czech Republic
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Czechoslovakia
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Dallas
Dallas () is the third-largest city in Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. As of 2009, the population of Dallas was at 1.3 million according to the US Census Bureau. The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county metropolitan area that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of roughly 6.5 million as of July 2009. The metropolitan area is the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Denmark
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Denver
The City and County of Denver (pronounced ) is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the High Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its elevation is one mile, or above sea level. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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East Timor
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Egypt
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El Al Flight 1862
On 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo plane of the Israeli airline El Al, crashed into the Groeneveen and Klein-Kruitberg flats in the Bijlmermeer (colloquially "Bijlmer") neighbourhood (part of Amsterdam Zuidoost) of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Due to the location in the Bijlmermeer, the crash is known in Dutch as the "Bijlmerramp" ("Bijlmer disaster"). A total of 43 people were killed, consisting of the plane's crew of three and a non-revenue passenger in a jump seat, plus 39 persons on the ground. Many more were injured.
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English Channel
The English Channel (, the "sleeve") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest, to only in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some .
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Eritrea
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Gaza Strip
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Georgia (country)
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Haenam
Haenam (Haenam-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Intel Corporation
Intel Corporation (; ; ) is an American technology company and the world's largest semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel was founded on July 18, 1968, as Integrated Electronics Corporation (though a common misconception is that "Intel" is from the word intelligence) and is based in Santa Clara, California, USA. Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, Intel's "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
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Iowa
Iowa () is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland." It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World", however Iowa's economy, culture, and landscape are diverse. In the mid and late 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Des Moines is Iowa's capital and largest city.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Italy
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Jordan
{{Infobox Country
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Kashmir
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Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Kobe
http://wn.com/Kobe -
Kosovo
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Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Line of Control
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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Littleton, Colorado
Littleton is a Home Rule Municipality contained in Arapahoe, Douglas, and Jefferson counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. Littleton is a suburb of the Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area. Littleton is the county seat of Arapahoe County and the 17th most populous city in the State of Colorado. The population was 40,342 at the 2000 census.
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Macedonia (country)
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Martha's Vineyard
'''Martha's Vineyard''' (including the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an island off the south of Cape Cod in New England. The islands both form a part of the Outer Lands region.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
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Montenegro
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Nashville
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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Niger
Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
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Nike, Inc.
Nike, Inc. () () is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, which is part of the Portland metropolitan area. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008 (ending May 31, 2008). As of 2008, it employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. Nike and Precision Castparts are the only Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the state of Oregon, according to The Oregonian.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Korea
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North Yemen
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Norway
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Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city in the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's estimated population, as of 2008, was 551,789, with an estimated metro-area population of 1,206,142. In 2008, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,275,758 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas are rural or suburban. The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area which includes consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county (or, in the case of Alaska, a borough, or in the case of Louisiana, a parish). The city is the largest city and metro area in population of the traditional 'plains states' as well as the South Central United States outside of Texas.
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Omagh
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Omagh bombing
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Palermo
Palermo (, Sicilian: Palermu, , from , Panormos, , Balharm) is a historic city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its rich history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
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Paraguay
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Paul Bernardo
Paul Kenneth Bernardo, (born August 27, 1964 in Toronto, Ontario), is a Canadian serial killer and rapist, known for the murders he committed with his wife Karla Homolka and the serial rapes he committed in Scarborough.
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Petronas Towers
The Petronas Twin Towers () (also known as the Petronas Towers or just Twin Towers), in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, when their height was surpassed by Taipei 101. From 2001 the towers remain the tallest twin buildings in the world.
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Petronas Twin Towers
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( , O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdoh, Mojave ''Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the fifth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,601,587 people according to the 2009 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, and is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun''), the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with more than 4.3 million people. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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Republika Srpska
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Federation
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Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
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San Jose, California
San Jose (; meaning St. Joseph in Spanish) is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the United States, and the county seat of Santa Clara County. Anchor to the 31st-largest metropolitan area in the country, it is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay. The San Jose/Silicon Valley area is the population center of the greater San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area (CSA), a region of nearly 7.5 million people, making it the sixth largest in the United States.
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Seattle
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Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
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Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
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Singapore
{{Infobox Country
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Slovakia
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Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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South Yemen
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Soviet Union
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Stafford
Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands region of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton and south of Stoke-on-Trent, adjacent to the M6 motorway Junction 13 to Junction 14. The population of Stafford was given in the 2001 census as 63,681, with that of the wider borough of Stafford as 122,000, making Stafford the fourth largest settlement in the Ceremonial county, after Stoke on Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle under Lyme.
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Sweden
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Tampa
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Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania (; phonetical: tan-zann-ei-a; or sometimes tan-zanneia; ) is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.
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Tbilisi
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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TWA Flight 800
Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA 800), a Boeing 747-131, exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 20:31 EDT (00:31, July 18 UTC), 12 minutes after takeoff, killing all 230 on board. TWA 800 was a scheduled international passenger flight from New York City, New York to Rome, Italy, with a stopover in Paris, France.
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Uzbekistan
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Vatican City
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Venezuela
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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Vilnius
Vilnius (, see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 (850,324 together with Vilnius County) as of 2010. is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County.
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Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
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Washington (state)
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West Bank
The West Bank (, , , ''HaGadah HaMa'aravit'') is a landlocked territory and is the eastern part of the Palestinian territories; on the west bank of the Jordan River in the Middle East. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the country of Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant coastline along the western bank of the Dead Sea. Since 1967, most of the West Bank has been under Israeli military occupation as what it calls the Judea and Samaria Area. A smaller part of the West Bank is administered by the Israeli civilian authorities as part of Jerusalem District.
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Yemen
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Yugoslavia
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia
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Aaliyah
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Adam Sandler
Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, singer, screenwriter, musician, and film producer.
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Aerosmith
Aerosmith is an American hard rock band, sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston" and "'''America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band'''". Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to also incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues, and has inspired many subsequent rock artists. The band was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. Guitarist Joe Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton, originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer Steven Tyler, drummer Joey Kramer, and guitarist Ray Tabano, and formed Aerosmith. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston.
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Ahmed Ressam
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Akihito
:See also Prince Komatsu Akihito, a Japanese general.
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Alan Shearer
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Alanis Morissette
Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, record producer and actor. She has won 16 Juno Awards and seven Grammy Awards.
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Albert II of Belgium
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Albert Reynolds
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Alberto Fujimori
'''Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori Fujimori''' (; Japanese name: ) (born 28 July 1938) served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of authoritarianism and human rights violations. Even amidst his 2008 prosecution for "crimes against humanity" relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.
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Alessandro Del Piero
Alessandro Del Piero () Cavaliere Ufficiale OMRI (born November 9, 1974 in Conegliano, Veneto) is an Italian World Cup-winning footballer who plays for Serie A club Juventus.
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Ali Khamenei
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Allen Iverson
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Andre Agassi
Andre Kirk Agassi (; born April 29, 1970) is a retired American professional tennis player and former World No. 1. Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has been called the best service returner in the history of the game.
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Andrew Cunanan
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Andrew Johns
Andrew "Joey" Johns (born 19 May 1974 in Cessnock, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s and 2000s who is considered by many the greatest player of all time, and was heralded as the world's best halfback for a number of years. He captained the Newcastle Knights in the National Rugby League and participated in the team's first two premiership victories in 1997 and 2001, playing a club record 249 games for the Knights. Johns also represented his country at 2 World Cups, and on 1 Kangaroo tour, playing in total 21 Test matches for the national side. He played in 23 games for New South Wales in State of Origin (captaining the side to a series win in 2003), and twice played for the Country Origin side in 1995 and 1996.
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Andrew Wiles
Sir Andrew John Wiles KBE FRS (born 11 April 1953) is a British mathematician and a professor at Princeton University, specializing in number theory. He is most famous for proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
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Angelina Jolie
Angelina Jolie (born Angelina Jolie Voight; June 4, 1975) is an American actress. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. Jolie promotes humanitarian causes, and is noted for her work with refugees as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She has been cited as one of the world's most attractive people, as well as the world's "most beautiful" woman, titles for which she has received substantial media attention.
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Anita Hill
Anita Faye Hill (born ) is a professor of social policy, law, and women's studies at Brandeis University at the Heller School for Social Policy and Management and a former colleague of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. She gained national exposure for testifying under oath at Thomas' 1991 Senate confirmation hearings alleging that her supervisor Thomas had made provocative and harassing sexual statements.
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Anthony Edwards
Anthony Charles Edwards (born July 19, 1962) is an American actor and director. He has appeared in various movies and television shows, including Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Top Gun, Zodiac, Revenge of the Nerds, Northern Exposure and ER.
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Anthony Hopkins
Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins, CBE (born 31 December 1937), is a Welsh actor of film, stage and television. Considered to be one of the greatest living actors, he is perhaps best known for his portrayal of cannibalistic serial killer Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs, its sequel, Hannibal, and its prequel, Red Dragon. Other prominent film credits include Magic, The Elephant Man, 84 Charing Cross Road, Dracula, Legends of the Fall, The Remains of the Day, Amistad, Nixon and Fracture. Hopkins was born and brought up in Wales. Retaining his British citizenship, he became a U.S. citizen on 12 April 2000. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003 and was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2008.
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Antonio Banderas
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AOL
AOL Inc. (), formerly known as America Online and logo typeset as "Aol.", is an American global Internet services and media company. AOL is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York. Founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation, it has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services.
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Aphex Twin
Richard David James (born 18 August 1971), best known under the pseudonym Aphex Twin, is an electronic musician described by The Guardian newspaper in 2001 as "the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music." He founded the record label Rephlex Records in 1991 with associate, Grant Wilson-Claridge.
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Arvydas Sabonis
MedalCountry|
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (, ) (born 25 December 1924) is an Indian statesman, who served as the 11th Prime Minister of India. After a brief stint as Prime Minister in 1996, Vajpayee headed a coalition government from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from Lucknow until 2009, and has since retired from active politics. He is called 'Vikas Purush' (Man of Progress/Development) of Indian Politics and was also referred to as 'Bhishma Pitamah of this era'.
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Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi (; ; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and a former General Secretary of the National League for Democracy. In the 1990 general election, Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy party won 59% of the national votes and 80% (392 of 492) of the seats in Parliament. Some people claim that this implies Suu Kyi was elected Prime Minister. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She has remained under house arrest in Myanmar for almost 14 out of the past 20 years.
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Axl Rose
W. Axl Rose (born William Bruce Rose; February 6, 1962 in Lafayette, Indiana) is an American musician, and the lead vocalist of hard rock band Guns N' Roses.
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Ayrton Senna
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Benazir Bhutto
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Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (, also Binyamin Netanyahu, born 21 October 1949) is the ninth and current Prime Minister of Israel, serving since March 2009. Netanyahu also serves as the current Chairman of the Likud Party, as a Knesset member, as the Health Minister of Israel, as the Pensioner Affairs Minister of Israel and as the Economic Strategy Minister of Israel.
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Bertie Ahern
Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern (born 12 September 1951) is an Irish politician who served as Taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland from 26 June 1997 to 7 May 2008.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Bill Goldberg
William Scott "Bill" Goldberg (born December 27, 1966) is a former professional wrestler best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He is famous for holding the record for the largest undefeated winning streak in professional wrestling. The official count is listed as 173 wins and zero losses, although some authors have disputed that total. Goldberg is also famed for his catch phrase, "Who's next?"
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Billie Joe Armstrong
Billie Joe Armstrong (born February 17, 1972) is the lead vocalist, chief songwriter, and lead guitarist for the American punk rock band Green Day. He is also a guitarist and vocalist for the rock band Pinhead Gunpowder and sings for garage rock band Foxboro Hot Tubs when not working with Green Day.
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Björk
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Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister.
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Bono
Paul David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), most commonly known by his stage name Bono ( ), is an Irish singer and musician, best known for being the main vocalist of the Dublin-based rock band U2. Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Ali Hewson, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, often using political, social, and religious themes. During their early years, Bono's lyrics contributed to U2's rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with members of U2.
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Boris Yeltsin
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Bosniaks
http://wn.com/Bosniaks -
Boudewijn
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Brad Pitt
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.
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Bret Hart
Bret Hart (born July 2, 1957) is a Canadian on-screen personality, writer and retired professional and amateur wrestler who is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), appearing on the Raw brand.
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Brett Favre
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Brett Hull
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Brian Lara
The Hon Brian Charles Lara, TC, OCC, AM (born 2 May 1969, in Santa Cruz, Trinidad and Tobago) is a West Indian international cricket player. He topped the Test batting rankings on several occasions and holds several cricketing records, holds the record for the highest individual score in first-class cricket, with 501 not out for Warwickshire against Durham at Edgbaston in 1994, which is the only quintuple hundred in first-class cricket history. The BBC radio commentary on the final day of the innings (June 6, 1994), by Dave Roberts, was being broadcast around the world live via the BBC World Service network, and in the UK on BBC Radios 1, 2 & 4 as well as the majority of BBC Local radio stations. That evening, as Lara neared the all-time batting record,a huge surge of fans crowded to enter the grounds.
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Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
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Britney Spears
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album in 1999. During her first decade within the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s.
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Bruce Willis
Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955), better known as Bruce Willis, is an American actor, producer, and musician. His career began in television in the 1980s and has continued both in television and film since, including comedic, dramatic, and action roles. He is well known for the role of John McClane in the Die Hard series, which were mostly critical and uniformly financial successes. He has also appeared in over sixty films, including box office successes like Pulp Fiction, Sin City, 12 Monkeys, The Fifth Element, Armageddon, and The Sixth Sense.
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Candice Bergen
Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an American actress and former fashion model.
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Carl Bildt
, Honorary KCMG (born 15 July 1949) is a Swedish politician, diplomat and nobleman. Formerly Prime Minister of Sweden from 1991 to 1994 and leader of the liberal conservative Moderate Party from 1986 to 1999, Bildt has served as Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs since 6 October 2006. He has also been noted internationally as a mediator in the Balkan conflict, serving as the European Union's Special Envoy to the Former Yugoslavia from June 1995, co-chairman of the Dayton Peace Conference in November 1995 and as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina from December 1995 to June 1997 immediately after the Bosnian War. From 1999 to 2001, he served as the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for the Balkans.
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Carlos Salinas
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Carlos Santana
Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a Mexican American rock guitarist. Santana became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered rock, salsa and jazz fusion. The band's sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales and congas not generally heard in rock music. Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. Rolling Stone named Santana number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and 3 Latin Grammy Awards.
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Carlos Saúl Menem
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Celine Dion
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Chandra Shekhar
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Charles Barkley
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is a former American professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" and "The Round Mound of Rebound" , Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA's) most dominating power forwards. He was selected to the All-NBA First Team five times, the All-NBA Second Team five times, and once to the All-NBA Third Team. He earned eleven NBA All-Star Game appearances and was named the All-Star MVP in 1991. In 1993, he was voted the league's Most Valuable Player and during the NBA's 50th anniversary, named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Olympic games and won two gold medals as a member of the United States' Dream Team. In 2006, Barkley was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
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Charles Haughey
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Chechnya
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Chemical Brothers
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Cher
Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American recording artist, actress, director and record producer. Referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globes, a Cannes Film Festival Award and a People's Choice Award for her work in film, music and television.
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Chris Guest
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Chris Patten
Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC, better known as Chris Patten or Lord Patten (born 12 May 1944), is a British Conservative politician, and a Patron of the Tory Reform Group.
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Christina Aguilera
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Christopher Columbus
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Corazon Aquino
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Croats
Croats () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia, and an estimated 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have since migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which throughout the ages, has been variously influenced by different cultural circles. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean, where, at the same time, Croats gave their contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.
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Damon Albarn
Damon Albarn (, born 23 March 1968) is an English singer-songwriter and record producer who has been involved in many high profile projects and collaborations throughout his career. He is perhaps best known internationally as the frontman and songwriter of Gorillaz. Albarn came to prominence as the frontman and primary songwriter of Britpop band Blur, and has been involved with such projects as The Good, the Bad & the Queen, and Mali Music.
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David Beckham
David Robert Joseph Beckham, OBE (born 2 May 1975) is an English footballer who plays in midfield for Los Angeles Galaxy in Major League Soccer, having previously played for Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Milan, as well as the England national team, for whom he holds the all-time appearance record for an outfield player.
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David Ginola
David Karl Ginola (; born 25 January 1967) is a former French international football player who has also worked as an actor and model.
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David Jason
Sir David John White, OBE (stage name David Jason; born 2 February 1940) is an English television actor. He is best known for voicing Toad in The Wind in the Willows and his long running British television roles as the main characters of Derek "Del Boy" Trotter on the BBC sit-com Only Fools and Horses from 1981, and detective Jack Frost on the ITV crime drama A Touch of Frost from 1992. Other high profile television roles were as Granville in the sitcom Open All Hours, and Pop Larkin in the comedy drama The Darling Buds of May. His last original appearance as Del Boy was in 2003, while Jason retired his role as Frost in 2010.
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David Seaman
David Andrew Seaman MBE (born 19 September 1963 in Rotherham, South Yorkshire) is a former English football goalkeeper who played for several clubs, most notably Arsenal. He retired from the game on 13 January 2004, following a recurring shoulder injury. He was awarded the MBE in 1997 for services to the sport.
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Demi Moore
Demi Guynes Kutcher (; born November 11, 1962), known professionally as Demi Moore, is an American actress. After minor roles in film and a role in the television drama series General Hospital, Moore established her career in films such as ''St. Elmo's Fire (1985), and in the early 1990s became one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood with her successes in Ghost (1990), A Few Good Men (1992), Indecent Proposal (1993), and Disclosure (1994). By the end of the decade her films were less successful, but she returned to prominence with her role in '' (2003).
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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (; 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s.
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Dennis Bergkamp
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Dennis Rodman
Dennis Keith Rodman (born May 13, 1961) is a retired American professional basketball player of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) Detroit Pistons, San Antonio Spurs, Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers and Dallas Mavericks. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, he was nicknamed "Dennis the Menace" and "The Worm" and was known for his fierce defensive and rebounding abilities. Playing small forward in his early years before becoming a power forward, Rodman earned NBA All-Defensive First Team honors seven times and was voted NBA Defensive Player of the Year twice. He also led the NBA in rebounds per game for a record seven consecutive years and won five NBA championships (1989, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998). His biography at NBA.com states that he is "arguably the best rebounding forward in NBA history".
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Derek Jeter
Derek Sanderson Jeter (; born June 26, 1974) is an American professional baseball player. He is a Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop who has played his entire career for the New York Yankees. He has served as the Yankees' team captain since 2003. Jeter's presence in the Yankees' lineup, highlighted by his hitting prowess, played an instrumental role in the team's late 1990s dynasty.
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Dexter Holland
Bryan Keith "Dexter" Holland (born December 29, 1965 in Garden Grove, California) is the singer and rhythm guitarist for the California punk rock band The Offspring. He is also the owner of the independent record label Nitro Records.
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Diamond Dallas Page
:For the 1930s cricketer, see Dallas Page (cricketer)
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Diego Maradona
Diego Armando Maradona (; born 30 October 1960) is an Argentine former football player and was manager of the Argentine national team between November 2008 and July 2010. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time. Over the course of his professional club career Maradona played for Argentinos Juniors, Boca Juniors, Barcelona, Napoli, Sevilla and Newell's Old Boys, setting world-record contract fees. In his international career, playing for Argentina, he earned 91 caps and scored 34 goals.
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Dominik Hašek
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Dr. Dre
Andre Romelle Young (born February 18, 1965), primarily known by his stage name Dr. Dre, is an American record producer, rapper, record executive, and actor. He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and a former co-owner and artist of Death Row Records, also having produced albums for and overseeing the careers of many rappers signed to those record labels, such as Snoop Dogg, Eminem and 50 Cent. As a producer he is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk, a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow, heavy beats.
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Dwayne Johnson
Dwayne Douglas Johnson (born May 2, 1972) is an American actor and former professional wrestler. He is also known by his former ring name The Rock and is occasionally credited as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson.
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Ed Belfour
Edward John Belfour (born April 21, 1965) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.
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Eddie Murphy
Edward Regan "Eddie" Murphy (born April 3, 1961) is an American actor, voice actor, film director, producer, comedian and singer. The box office take from his films makes him the second highest grossing actor in the United States. He was a regular cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1980 to 1984, and has worked as a stand-up comedian. He was ranked #10 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time.
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Eddie Vedder
Eddie Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American musician and singer-songwriter who serves as the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the American Alternative rock band Pearl Jam. Vedder left the Southern California music scene and moved to Seattle, Washington in 1990 to join Pearl Jam where he rose to fame amid the grunge movement of the early 1990s. He is notable for his "golden baritone" vocal style, and is considered a cultural icon of alternative rock.
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Edmund Ho
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Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (, ; , Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze; born 25 January 1927 / 28 is written in papers) served as the second President of Georgia from 1995 until he resigned on 23 November 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution. Prior to his presidency, he served under Mikhail Gorbachev as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze's political skills earned him the nickname of tetri melia (white fox).
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Edward Furlong
Edward Walter Furlong (born August 2, 1977) is an American actor whose best known film roles include John Connor in and Daniel Vinyard in American History X. He is a two-time Saturn Award nominee, winning the 1992 Best Performance by a Younger Actor award for his performance in Terminator 2. He also won the 1992 MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance for his work in the film.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Ellery Hanley
Ellery Cuthwyn Hanley MBE (born 27 March 1961 in Leeds) is an British former rugby league footballer of the 1970s, 80s and 90s, and former head coach of Great Britain, St Helens RLFC and Doncaster RLFC. As a player he played most of his games at stand-off and loose forward. Over a period of nineteen years, he played for Bradford Northern, Wigan, Balmain, Western Suburbs and Leeds. He was capped 34 times by Great Britain and honoured by the Queen in January 1990 for his services to the game. In 2007, he was voted as the greatest British rugby league player of all time.
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Emil Constantinescu
Emil Constantinescu (; born November 19, 1939) was President of Romania from 1996 to 2000.
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Eminem
Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known by his stage name Eminem, is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. Eminem quickly gained popularity in 1999 with his major-label debut album, The Slim Shady LP, which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The following album, The Marshall Mathers LP, became the fastest-selling solo album in United States history. It brought Eminem increased popularity, including his own record label, Shady Records, and brought his group project, D12, to mainstream recognition.
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Emmitt Smith
Emmitt James Smith, III (born May 15, 1969) is a former American college and professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for fifteen seasons during the 1990s and 2000s. Smith played college football for the University of Florida, where he was an All-American; thereafter, he played professionally for the Dallas Cowboys and Arizona Cardinals of the NFL. During his long professional career, he became the NFL's all-time rushing leader, breaking the record formerly held by his childhood hero, Walter Payton, and played for the three Super Bowl-winning Dallas Cowboys teams. Smith is the only running back to ever win a Super Bowl championship, the NFL Most Valuable Player award, the NFL rushing crown, and the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player award all in the same season (1993). He is also one of only four running backs to lead the NFL in rushing three or more consecutive seasons, joining Steve Van Buren, Jim Brown and Earl Campbell. Smith was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010, and is the first player from the 1990 NFL Draft to be inducted.
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En Vogue
En Vogue is an American female R&B; vocal group from Oakland, California assembled by music producers Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy.
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Enrique Iglesias
Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (born May 8, 1975), better known as Enrique Iglesias, is a Spanish pop music singer-songwriter.
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Enya
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Eric Cantona
Eric Daniel Pierre Cantona (; born 24 May 1966) is a French actor and former footballer. He ended his professional footballing career at Manchester United where he won four Premier League titles in five years, including two League and FA Cup Doubles.
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Ernesto Samper
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Ernesto Zedillo
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Ethiopian Civil War
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Ewan McGregor
Ewan Gordon McGregor (born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor who has had success in mainstream, indie and art house films. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Mark Renton in the 1996 film Trainspotting, the young Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and the romantic penniless writer Christian in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge!
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Fabien Barthez
Fabien Alain Barthez (born 28 June 1971 in Lavelanet) is a former French football goalkeeper who won honours with Manchester United and the French national team, with whom he won the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 and reached the final of the 2006 World Cup. He shares the record for the most World Cup finals clean sheets with Peter Shilton, with 10. Professionally, he has kept goal for his clubs to a Champions League title and several Ligue 1 and Premier League titles.
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Falun Gong
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Felipe González
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Fikret Abdić
http://wn.com/Fikret_Abdić -
First Congo War
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Fran Drescher
Francine Joy "Fran" Drescher (born September 30, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian, screenwriter, television director, producer, author, activist, singer, political lobbyist and talk show host. Drescher is best known for playing Fran Fine on the television series The Nanny, for which she was nominated for two Emmys and two Golden Globe Awards.
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Francis Fukuyama
Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is a U.S. philosopher, political economist, and author.
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Franco Baresi
Franco Baresi (born May 8, 1960 in Travagliato, province of Brescia) is an Italian youth team coach and former football defender with AC Milan, acknowledged as one of the greatest defenders ever to play the game. Baresi was colloquially called "piscinin", Milanese dialect for "little one".
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François Mitterrand
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Fred Savage
Fredrick Aaron "Fred" Savage (born July 9, 1976) is an American actor, director and producer of television and film.
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Freddie Mercury
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Garth Brooks
Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962), best known as Garth Brooks, is an American country music artist who helped make country music a worldwide phenomenon.. His eponymous first album was released in 1989 and peaked at #2 in the US country album chart while climbing to #13 on the Billboard 200 pop album chart. Brooks' integration of rock elements into his recordings and live performances has earned him immense popularity. This progressive approach allowed him to dominate the country single and album charts while quickly crossing over into the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience.
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Geoffrey Howe
Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, QC, PC (born 20 December 1926) is a former British Conservative politician. He was Margaret Thatcher's longest-serving Cabinet minister, successively holding the posts of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, and finally Leader of the House of Commons and Deputy Prime Minister. His resignation on 1 November 1990 is widely considered to have hastened Thatcher's own downfall three weeks later.
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George H. W. Bush
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George H.W. Bush
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George Michael
George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (); June 25, 1963) is an English singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo Wham! along with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley. His first solo single, "Careless Whisper" was released when he was still in the duo and sold about six million copies worldwide.
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Gerhard Schröder
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Schröder -
Gheorghe Hagi
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Gianni Versace
Gianni Versace (December 2, 1946, Reggio Calabria – July 15, 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Gianni Versace S.p.A., an international fashion house, which produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. He also designed costumes for the theatre and films, and was a friend of Elton John, Sting, and Princess Diana among many others. Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. Versace was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina now known as [http://www.thevillabybartong.com The Villa By Barton G.], at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.
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Gillian Anderson
Gillian Leigh Anderson (born August 9, 1968) is an American actress.
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Giovanni Falcone
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Glenn McGrath
Glenn Donald McGrath AM (pronounced ) (born 9 February 1970 in Dubbo, New South Wales), nicknamed "Pigeon" is a former Australian cricket player. He is one of the most highly regarded fast-medium pace bowlers in cricketing history , and a leading contributor to Australia's domination of world cricket since the mid-1990s to the early 21st century. He holds the world record for the highest number of Test wickets by a fast bowler and is fourth on the all time list, with the top three wicket takers Muttiah Muralitharan, Shane Warne and Anil Kumble all being spin bowlers. McGrath announced his retirement from Test cricket on 23 December 2006. His Test career came to an end after the 5th Ashes test in Sydney, whilst the 2007 World Cup marked the end of his one-day career. Known throughout his career for maintaining a remarkably accurate line and length, McGrath's consistency enabled him to be one of the most economical fast bowlers of his time. McGrath also played for the Indian Premier League team of Delhi DareDevils and was one of the tournaments most economical bowlers during its first season. On January 5, the franchise announced that it had bought out the remaining year of his contract.
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Goh Chok Tong
Goh Chok Tong (; born 20 May 1941) is the Senior Minister of Singapore and the chairman of the central bank of Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He also served as the second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore from 28 November, 1990 to 12 August, 2004, succeeding to Lee Kuan Yew, the former Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore
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Guntis Ulmanis
Guntis Ulmanis (born on September 13, 1939) is a Latvian politician and was the fifth President of Latvia from 1993 to 1999.
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Göran Persson
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H. D. Deve Gowda
Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda() (born 18 May 1933) was the 12th Prime Minister of the Republic of India (1996–1997) and the 14th chief minister of the state of Karnataka (1994–1996).
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Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad ( ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria for three decades. Assad's rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's central government after decades of coups and counter-coups. He was succeeded by his son and current president Bashar al-Assad in 2000.
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Harald V
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Harrison Ford
Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American film actor and producer. Ford is best known for his performances as Han Solo in the original Star Wars trilogy and as the title character of the Indiana Jones film series. He is also known for his roles as Rick Deckard in Blade Runner, John Book in Witness and Jack Ryan in Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger. His four-decade career also includes roles in several other Hollywood blockbusters, including Presumed Innocent, The Fugitive, Air Force One, and What Lies Beneath. At one point, four of the top five box-office hits of all time included one of his roles. Five of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry.
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Helen Clark
Helen Elizabeth Clark, ONZ (born 26 February 1950) is the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, the third-highest UN position, and was the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand for three consecutive terms from 1999 to 2008. She led the Labour Party from 1993 until it lost the 2008 general election. Before resigning from Parliament in April 2009, Clark was Labour's foreign affairs spokeswoman and MP for the Mount Albert electorate which she had held since 1981. Forbes magazine ranked her 20th most powerful woman in the world in 2006.
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Helen Hunt
Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress, film director, and screenwriter. She starred in the sitcom Mad About You for seven years, before being cast in the romantic comedy As Good As It Gets, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. Some of her other Hollywood credits include Twister, Cast Away, What Women Want and Pay It Forward. She made her directorial debut in 2007 with Then She Found Me.
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Helmut Kohl
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Hosni Mubarak
http://wn.com/Hosni_Mubarak -
Howard Stern
Howard Allan Stern (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio personality who has hosted The Howard Stern Show on Sirius XM, an uncensored satellite radio service, since 2006. He gained national recognition in the 1990s while on terrestrial airwaves, and is labelled a "shock jock" for his outspoken and controversial shows. Stern is the highest-paid radio figure in the United States, as well as the most fined, after a history with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over indecency led to $2.5 million in fines being issued to station owners that carried his program.
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Hugo Chávez
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Hulk Hogan
Terry Gene Bollea (born August 11, 1953), better known by his ring name Hulk Hogan, is an American professional wrestler, actor, television personality, and musician currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
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Inder Kumar Gujral
Inder Kumar Gujral () (born 4 December 1919) served as the 13th Prime Minister of the Republic of India.
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Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are people, communities, and nations who claim a historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with Western culture. These societies therefore consider themselves distinct from societies of the majority culture/s that have contested their cultural sovereignty and self-determination.
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Ingvar Carlsson
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Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (; born March 3, 1930) served as President of Romania from 1990 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004. From 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 until his retirement in 2008, Iliescu was a Senator for the Social Democratic Party (PSD), whose honorary president he remains.
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Islam Karimov
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J. K. Rowling
Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE (born 31 July 1965; married name Murray), better known under the pen name J. K. Rowling (, ), is a British author best known as the creator of the Harry Potter fantasy series, the idea for which was conceived whilst on a train trip from Manchester to London in 1990. The Potter books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, sold more than 400 million copies and been the basis for a popular series of films, in which Rowling had creative control serving as a producer in two of the seven instalments.
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Jack Kevorkian
Jack Kevorkian, (;),M.D. born May 26, 1928, is an American pathologist, right-to-die activist, painter, composer, and instrumentalist. He is best-known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claims to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said that "dying is not a crime."
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Jack Nicholson
John Joseph "Jack" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American actor, film director and producer. He is renowned for his often dark-themed portrayals of neurotic characters.
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Jacques Chirac
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James Cameron
James Francis Cameron (born August 16, 1954) is a Canadian film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, and inventor. His writing and directing work includes (1981), The Terminator (1984), Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), (1991), True Lies (1994), Titanic (1997), and Avatar (2009). In the time between making Titanic and his return to feature films with Avatar, Cameron spent several years creating many documentary films (specifically underwater documentaries), and also co-developed the digital 3-D Fusion Camera System. Described by a biographer as part-scientist and part-artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies.
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Janet Reno
http://wn.com/Janet_Reno -
Jaromír Jágr
http://wn.com/Jaromír_Jágr -
Jean Chrétien
http://wn.com/Jean_Chrétien -
Jefferson Perez
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Jennifer Aniston
Jennifer Joanna Aniston (born February 11, 1969) is an American actress, film director and producer. She gained worldwide recognition in the 1990s for portraying Rachel Green in the television sitcom Friends, a role which earned her an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
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Jenny Shipley
Dame Jenny Shipley, DNZM (born 4 February 1952, Gore, New Zealand), was the 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 1997 to December 1999, the first woman to hold this office and the first, and to date only, woman to serve as leader of the National Party.
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Jerry Garcia
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Jerry Seinfeld
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Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
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Jim Bolger
_Prime Minister
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Jim Carrey
James Eugene "Jim" Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor and comedian. Carrey began stand-up comedy in 1979, performing at Yuk Yuk's in Toronto, Ontario. After gaining prominence in 1981, he began working at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles where he was soon noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who immediately signed him to open his tour performances. Carrey, long interested in film and television, developed a close friendship with comedian Damon Wayans, which landed him a role in the sketch comedy hit In Living Color, in which he portrayed various characters during the show's 1990 season. Having had little success in television movies and several low-budget films, Carrey was cast as the title character in ' which premiered in February, 1994 making $159,537,178 domestically and over $400 million worldwide. The film spawned a sequel, ' (1995), in which he reprised the role of Ventura. These higher-profile roles eventually led to his being cast as Stanley Ipkiss in The Mask (1994) for which he gained a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, and as Lloyd Christmas in the comedy film Dumb and Dumber (1994).
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Jodie Foster
Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster (born November 19, 1962) is an American actress, film director and producer.
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Joe Biden
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Joe Calzaghe
Joseph William Calzaghe, CBE (born 23 March 1972) is a former Welsh professional boxer. He was rated by Ring magazine as pound for pound one of the top 10 boxers in the world and was rated as the second best pound for pound boxer on the planet by the BBC before he retired. He retired in February 2009 with an undefeated record, becoming only the fourth European boxer, after Terry Marsh, Michael Loewe and Sven Ottke, to retire as an undefeated world champion. After his retirement, Ricky Hatton described him as "the best British fighter we've ever had".
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Joe Sakic
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John Bruton
John Gerard Bruton (born 18 May 1947) served as Taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland from 1994 to 1997. A minister under two taoisigh, Liam Cosgrave and Garret FitzGerald, Bruton held a number of the top posts in Irish government, including Minister for Finance (1981–1982 and 1986–1987), and Minister for Industry, Trade, Commerce and Tourism (1983–1986). He became leader of Fine Gael in 1990 and served as Taoiseach from 1994 until 1997, leading the Rainbow Coalition government of Fine Gael–Labour Party–Democratic Left.
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John Elway
John Albert Elway, Jr. (born June 28, 1960) is a former American football quarterback. He played his college football at Stanford and his entire professional career for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL).
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John Goodman
John Stephen Goodman (born June 20, 1952) is an American film, television, and stage actor. He is best known for his role on the television series Roseanne, as well as his work with the Coen brothers, and as the voice of Sully in the film Monsters, Inc.
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John Howard
John Winston Howard, AC SSI (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He was the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.
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John Major
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John Stockton
MedalCountry|
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John Thaw
John Edward Thaw CBE (3 January 1942 – 21 February 2002) was an English actor, who appeared in a range of television, stage and cinema roles, his most popular being police and legal dramas such as Redcap, The Sweeney, Inspector Morse and Kavanagh QC.
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Johnny Depp
John Christopher "Johnny" Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor and musician known for his portrayals of offbeat, eccentric characters such as Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, Raoul Duke in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and Ichabod Crane in Sleepy Hollow.
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Joseph Estrada
Joseph "Erap" Estrada (born Jose Marcelo Ejercito on 19 April 1937) was the 13th President of the Philippines, serving from 1998 until 2001. Estrada was the only president to have resigned from office and was the first person in the Post-EDSA era to be elected both to the presidency and vice-presidency.
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José María Aznar
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Julia Roberts
Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress. She became a Hollywood star after headlining the 1990 romantic comedy Pretty Woman, which grossed $464 million worldwide. After receiving Academy Award nominations for Steel Magnolias in 1990 and Pretty Woman in 1991, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2001 for her performance in Erin Brockovich. Her films ''My Best Friend's Wedding, Mystic Pizza, Notting Hill, Runaway Bride, Valentine's Day, The Pelican Brief, Ocean's Eleven and Twelve'' have collectively brought box office receipts of over $2.4 billion, making her one of the most successful actors in terms of box office receipts.
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Juliette Lewis
Juliette Lewis (born June 21, 1973) is an American actress and musician.
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Jürgen Klinsmann
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Kane (wrestler)
Glenn Thomas Jacobs (born April 26, 1967) is an American professional wrestler and actor better known by his ring name, Kane. He is working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), signed to its SmackDown brand, where he is the reigning World Heavyweight Champion.
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Karl Malone
MedalCountry|
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Karla Homolka
Karla Leanne Homolka, also known as Karla Leanne Teale (born 4 May 1970 in Port Credit, Ontario, Canada), is a Canadian convict who attracted worldwide media attention when she was convicted of manslaughter following a plea bargain in the 1991 rape-murders of two Ontario teenage girls, Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French, as well as the rape and death of her own sister Tammy.
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Kate Winslet
Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress and occasional singer. She has received multiple awards and nominations. She is the youngest person to accrue six Academy Award nominations, and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Reader (2008). Winslet has been acclaimed for both dramatic and comedic work in projects ranging from period to contemporary films, and from major Hollywood productions to less publicised indie films. She has won awards from the Screen Actors Guild, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, and the Hollywood Foreign Press Association among others, and has been nominated for an Emmy Award for television acting.
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Keanu Reeves
Keanu Charles Reeves ( [kay-AH-noo, often pronounced kee-AH-noo]; born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor. Reeves is perhaps best known for his roles in ''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, Speed, and the science fiction-action trilogy The Matrix. He has worked under major directors, such as Stephen Frears (in the 1988 period drama Dangerous Liaisons); Gus Van Sant (in the gritty 1991 independent film My Own Private Idaho; also written by Van Sant); and Bernardo Bertolucci (in the 1993 film Little Buddha). His role as a rookie FBI agent in the 1991 surf drama Point Break (opposite Patrick Swayze) was praised by The New York Times'' critic Janet Maslin, who stated that Reeves "...displays considerable discipline and range."
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Kelsey Grammer
Allen Kelsey Grammer (born February 21, 1955), best known as Kelsey Grammer, is an American actor and comedian. He is most widely known for his two-decade portrayal of psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane in the NBC sitcoms Cheers (nine years) and Frasier (eleven years). He has been nominated for numerous Emmys, including one for playing Frasier Crane on three sitcoms (the third being a guest appearance on Wings), and has also worked as a television producer, director, writer, and as a voice artist. He has received many accolades for his role as Sideshow Bob on The Simpsons.
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Kenneth Starr
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Kevin Costner
Kevin Michael Costner (born January 18, 1955) is an American actor, singer, musician, producer, director, and businessman. He has been nominated for three BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) Awards, won two Academy Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards. Costner's roles include Lt. John J. Dunbar in the film Dances with Wolves, Jim Garrison in JFK, Ray Kinsella in Field of Dreams, Robin Hood in , the Mariner in Waterworld, Robert "Butch" Haynes in A Perfect World and Eliot Ness in The Untouchables.
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Kevin Spacey
Kevin Spacey (born July 26, 1959) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, producer, and crooner. He grew up in California, and began his career as a stage actor during the 1980s, before being cast in supporting roles in film and television. He gained critical acclaim in the early 1990s, culminating in his first Academy Award for The Usual Suspects (Best Supporting Actor), followed by a Best Actor Academy Award win for American Beauty (1999). His other starring roles in Hollywood include Seven, L.A. Confidential, Pay It Forward, and Superman Returns in a career which has eventually earned him Emmy and Golden Globe nominations. Since 2003, he has been artistic director of the Old Vic theatre in London.
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Kevin Whately
Kevin Whately (born 6 February 1951) is an English actor.
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Kim Campbell
Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician who was the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 25, 1993, to November 4, 1993 (132 days). Campbell was the first and to date the only female Prime Minister of Canada, the first baby boomer to hold that office and the first to have been born in British Columbia.
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Kim Dae-jung
Korean name
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Kim Il-sung
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Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il, , Hanja: ; born 16 February 1941) is the de facto leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (most commonly known as North Korea); the official leader of the country is still his long-deceased father Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea. He is the Chairman of the National Defense Commission, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, the ruling party since 1948, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, the fourth largest standing army in the world. In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended and now implicitly refers to him as the "Supreme Leader". He is also referred to as the "Dear Leader", "our Father", "the General" and "Generalissimo". His son Kim Jong-un was promoted to a senior position in the ruling Worker's Party and is heir apparent.
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Kirstie Alley
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Kobe Bryant
Kobe Bean Bryant (born ) is an American professional basketball player who plays shooting guard in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Los Angeles Lakers. Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School, where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country. He decided to declare his eligibility for the NBA Draft upon graduation, and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft by the Charlotte Hornets, then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest.
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Kristen French
Kristen Dawn French (May 10, 1976 – April 19, 1992) was a Canadian Catholic schoolgirl who resided in St. Catharines, Ontario until she was abducted, tortured, and murdered by serial killers Karla Homolka and Paul Bernardo. She was held captive and tortured for three days, until her captors killed her on April 19, 1992.
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Kurt Cobain
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Kylie Minogue
Kylie Ann Minogue, OBE ( ; born 28 May 1968), is an Australian pop singer, songwriter, and actress. After beginning her career as a child actress on Australian television, she achieved recognition through her role in the television soap opera Neighbours, before commencing her career as a recording artist in 1987. Her first single, "Locomotion", spent seven weeks at number one on the Australian singles chart and became the highest selling single of the decade. This led to a contract with songwriters and producers Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Her debut album, Kylie (1988), and the single "I Should Be So Lucky", each reached number one in the United Kingdom, and over the next two years, her first 13 singles reached the British top ten. Her debut film, The Delinquents (1989) was a box-office hit in Australia and the UK despite negative reviews.
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Lance Armstrong
Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American professional road racing cyclist who is best known for winning the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times, after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He rides for UCI ProTour team .
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Lara Croft
Lara Croft is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Square Enix (previously Eidos Interactive) video game series Tomb Raider. She is presented as a beautiful, intelligent, and athletic archaeologist-adventurer who ventures into ancient, hazardous tombs and ruins around the world. Created by Toby Gard during his employment at British developer Core Design, the character first appeared in the 1996 video game Tomb Raider. Other appearances include video game sequels, printed adaptations, a series of animated short films, feature films (portrayed by Angelina Jolie), and merchandise related to the series. Official promotion of the character includes a brand of apparel and accessories, action figures, and model portrayals. Lara Croft has also been licensed for third-party promotion, including television and print advertisements, music-related appearances, and as a spokesmodel.
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Larry Bird
Larry Joe Bird (born December 7, 1956) is a former American NBA basketball player and coach. Drafted into the NBA sixth overall by the Boston Celtics in 1978, Bird started at small forward and power forward for thirteen seasons, teaming with legendary center Robert Parish and forward Kevin McHale. Due to back problems, he retired as a player from the NBA in 1992. Bird was voted to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1996 and inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1998.
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Laurie Tackett
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Layne Staley
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LeAnn Rimes
LeAnn Rimes (born August 28, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known for her work in country music. She is best known for her rich vocals similar to country music singer Patsy Cline,
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Lech Wałęsa
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Lee Iacocca
Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (born October 15, 1924) is an American businessman known for his revival of the Chrysler Corporation in the 1980s, serving as President and CEO from 1978 and additionally as chairman from 1979, until his retirement at the end of 1992. One of the most famous business people in the world, he was a passionate advocate of U.S. business exports during the 1980s. He is the author (or co-author) of several books, including (with William Novak), and Where have all the Leaders Gone?
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Lee Teng-hui
Lee Teng-hui (; born 15 January 1923) is a politician of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan). He was the 7th, 8th, and 9th-term President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000. He presided over major advancements in democratic reforms including his own re-election which marked the first direct presidential election for the Republic of China. The first native Taiwanese to become ROC president and KMT chairman, Lee promoted the Taiwanese localization movement and led an aggressive foreign policy to gain diplomatic allies. Critics accused him of betraying the party he headed, secret support of Taiwanese independence, and involvement in corruption (black gold politics).
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Lennart Meri
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Lennox Lewis
Lennox Claudius Lewis, CM, CBE (born September 2, 1965) is a retired boxer and the most recent Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion. As an amateur he won gold representing Canada at the 1988 Olympic Games as an amateur after defeating future World Heavyweight Champion Riddick Bowe in the final.
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Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. He has received multiple awards, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for his performance in The Aviator (2004). In addition, he has won a Silver Bear, a Chlotrudis Award and a Satellite Award among others, and has been nominated by the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
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Leslie Mahaffy
Leslie Erin Mahaffy (July 5, 1976 – June 16, 1991) was a teenaged female student, resident of Burlington, Ontario, Canada, who was murdered by serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Mahaffy's kidnapping was one in a series of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, including Kristen French, also a victim of Bernardo and Homolka. Prior to killing Mahaffy in 1991 and French in 1992, the pair had raped and killed Homolka's teenaged sister Tammy in 1990. The disappearances, arrests, and convictions were widely covered in Canadian media, becoming one of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history.
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Lex Luger
Lawrence "Larry" Wendell Pfohl (pronounced "Foal") (born June 2, 1958), best known by his ring name Lex Luger, is an American former professional wrestler and football player. He is best known for his work with the National Wrestling Alliance, World Championship Wrestling, and the World Wrestling Federation. In professional wrestling, Luger is a three-time world champion having held the WCW World Heavyweight Championship two times, and the WWA World Heavyweight Championship once. Most recently, Luger has been traveling to various churches and giving his testimony about his life decision of becoming a born again Christian.
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Liam Neeson
Liam John Neeson (born 7 June 1952) is an Irish actor who has been nominated for an Oscar, Golden Globe and a BAFTA.
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Linus Torvalds
Linus Benedict Torvalds (; born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish American software engineer, best known for having initiated the development of the Linux kernel and git revision control system. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project's coordinator.
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Lothar Matthäus
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Luc Robitaille
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Luis María Argaña
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Macaulay Culkin
Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. He became widely known for his potrayal of Kevin McCallister in Home Alone and . At the height of his fame, he was regarded as the most successful child actor since Shirley Temple. He was also considered one of the late entertainer Michael Jackson's best friends.
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Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Korbel Albright (born May 15, 1937) is the first woman to become a United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by U.S. President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997.
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Mara Wilson
Mara Elizabeth Wilson (born July 24, 1987) is an American former child actress best known for her roles as a child star, particularly in Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Miracle on 34th Street (1994) and Matilda (1996). She was born in Los Angeles, California.
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Marco van Basten
Marcel "Marco" van Basten (31 October 1964) is a Dutch football manager and former football player, who played for AFC Ajax and A.C. Milan, as well as the Dutch national team, in the 1980s and early 1990s. He is regarded as one of the greatest forwards of all time and has scored 277 goals in a high-profile career cut short by injury. He was later the head coach of AFC Ajax and the Dutch national team.
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Margaret Thatcher
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Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her recording debut, in 1990, under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola, in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. In 1998, Carey received the World Music Awards for becoming the "World's Best Selling Recording Artist of the 1990's" as well as the award for "World's Best Selling R&B; Artist."
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Mario
is a fictional character in his eponymous video game series, created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Serving as Nintendo's mascot and the main protagonist of the series, Mario has appeared in over 200 video games since his creation. Though originally only appearing in platform games, starting with Donkey Kong, Mario currently appears in varied video game genres such as racing, puzzle, role-playing, fighting, and sports.
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Mario Lemieux
Mario Lemieux, OC, CQ (born October 5, 1965) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 17 seasons as a forward for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1984 and 2005. Lemieux was a gifted playmaker and fast skater, despite his large size. Lemieux often beat defencemen with fakes and dekes. He is currently the Penguins' principal owner and chairman of the board, having bought the team out of bankruptcy in 1999. He is the only person ever to win the Stanley Cup as both a player and an owner.
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Mark McGuire
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Mark Messier
Mark Douglas Messier (; born January 18, 1961) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre of the National Hockey League and current special assistant to the president and general manager of the New York Rangers. He spent a quarter of a century in the NHL (1979–2004) with the Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, and Vancouver Canucks. He also played professionally with the World Hockey Association (WHA)'s Indianapolis Racers and Cincinnati Stingers. He was the last former WHA player to be active in professional hockey, and the last active player who had played in the NHL in the 1970s.
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Martin (TV series)
Martin is an American sitcom produced by HBO Independent Productions (a subsidiary of HBO) that aired for five seasons, from August 27, 1992 to May 1, 1997 on Fox. The show stars actor-comedian Martin Lawrence, Thomas Mikal Ford, Tichina Arnold, Carl Anthony Payne II, and Tisha Campbell.
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Martin Brodeur
Martin Pierre Brodeur (; born May 6, 1972) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender who has played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the New Jersey Devils. In his 19-year tenure with the Devils, he has led the team to three Stanley Cup championships and has taken them to the playoffs every year but one. Brodeur has won two Olympic gold medals with Team Canada in the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympic Games, as well as several other medals with the team in other international competitions.
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Martina Hingis
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Matt Sharp
Matthew Kelly Sharp (born September 22, 1969) is a founding member and former bassist for the band Weezer. In 1994, he started a band called The Rentals and released their debut album shortly after Weezer's first release, their second album in 1999, and an EP in 2007. In addition, he has released one full length album and one EP as a solo artist.
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Matthew Shepard
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Meg Ryan
Margaret Mary Emily Anne Hyra (born November 19, 1961), professionally known as Meg Ryan, is an American actress and producer. Raised in Fairfield, Connecticut, Ryan began her acting career in 1981 in minor roles, before joining the cast of the CBS soap opera As the World Turns in 1982. Subsequently, she began to appear in supporting roles in big screen films during the mid-1980s, achieving recognition in several independent films such as Promised Land (1987), before her performance in the Rob Reiner-directed cult comedy When Harry Met Sally... (1989) brought her widespread attention and her first Golden Globe nomination.
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Mel Gibson
Mel Colm-Cille Gerard Gibson, AO (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor, film director, producer and screenwriter. Born in Peekskill, New York, Gibson moved with his parents to Sydney when he was 12 years old and later studied acting at the Australian National Institute of Dramatic Art.
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Melinda Loveless
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Michael Carbajal
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Michael Doohan
Michael "Mick" Sydney Doohan AM born in Brisbane, Australia, is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion, who won five consecutive 500 cc World Championships. Only Giacomo Agostini with eight (seven consecutive) and Valentino Rossi with seven (five consecutive) have won more. Doohan is considered to be one of the greatest motorcycle racers in the history of the sport.
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Michael Heseltine
Michael Ray Dibdin Heseltine, Baron Heseltine, CH, PC (born 21 March 1933) is a British businessman, Conservative politician and patron of the Tory Reform Group.
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Michael J. Fox
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Michael Jackson
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Michael Jordan
Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963) is a former American professional basketball player, active businessman, and majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. His biography on the National Basketball Association (NBA) website states, "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.
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Michael Owen
Michael James Owen (born 14 December 1979 in Chester) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester United.
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Michael Schumacher
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Michelle Pfeiffer
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Mick Foley
Michael Francis "Mick" Foley, Sr. (born June 7, 1965) is an American actor, author, comedian, voice actor, and professional wrestler.
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Mike Myers (actor)
Michael John "Mike" Myers (born May 25, 1963) is a British Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a long-time cast member on the NBC sketch show Saturday Night Live in the late 1980s and the early 1990s and starred as the title characters in the films ''Wayne's World, Austin Powers, the Shrek file series, and The Love Guru''.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
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Mobutu Sese Seko
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Moby
Richard Melville Hall (born September 11, 1965), better known by his stage name Moby, is an American DJ, singer-songwriter, and musician.
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Mohamed Boudiaf
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Mohammad Khatami
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Mohawk nation
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Monica Lewinsky
Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American woman with whom then-United States President Bill Clinton admitted to having had an "improper relationship" while she worked at the White House in 1995 and 1996. The affair and its repercussions, especially the impeachment of Bill Clinton, became known as the Lewinsky scandal.
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Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa (26 August 19105 September 1997), born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (pronounced ), was a Catholic nun of Albanian ethnicity and Indian citizenship, who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India in 1950. For over 45 years she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other countries. Following her death she was beatified by Pope John Paul II and given the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta.
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Nas
Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones (; born September 14, 1973), who performs under the name Nas (), formerly Nasty Nas, is an American rapper and actor. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, he was born and raised in the Queensbridge housing projects in New York City. His debut album Illmatic, released in 1994 by Columbia Records, was critically acclaimed and would go on to be widely hailed a classic in the genre. Nas was part of hip-hop supergroup The Firm, which released one album.
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Nawaz Sharif
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Neil Back
Neil Antony Back (born 16 January 1969) is a former international rugby union footballer for England, who also played for Leicester Tigers, and captained both England and Leicester during his career.
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Nick Kamen
Nick Kamen (born Ivor Neville Kamen, 15 April 1962, Harlow, Essex, England)
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Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (born Nicolas Kim Coppola; January 7, 1964) is an American actor, producer and director, having appeared in over 60 films including Face/Off (1997), Gone In 60 Seconds (2000), National Treasure (2004), Ghost Rider (2007), (2009), and Kick-Ass (2010). Cage, at age 32, became the fifth youngest actor ever to win the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Leaving Las Vegas.
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Nicole Brown Simpson
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Nicole Kidman
Nicole Mary Kidman, AC (born 20 June 1967) is an American-born Australian actress, fashion model, singer and humanitarian.
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Nigel Lawson
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Noel Gallagher
Noel Thomas David Gallagher (born 29 May 1967) is an English musician, best known as the former principal songwriter, lead guitarist, and occasional vocalist of English rock band Oasis. Raised with younger brother Liam Gallagher in Burnage, Manchester, Gallagher began learning guitar at the age of thirteen. After a series of odd jobs in construction, Gallagher joined local Manchester band, Inspiral Carpets as a roadie and technician in 1988. Whilst touring with the Inspiral Carpets, he learnt that Liam had formed a band of his own, known as The Rain, which eventually took on the name "Oasis". After Gallagher returned to England, he was invited by Liam to join Oasis as songwriter and guitarist.
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O. J. Simpson
Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson (born July 9, 1947), nicknamed "The Juice", is a retired American football player, football broadcaster, spokesman, actor, and convicted felon.
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Ole Gunnar Solskjaer
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Oliver Bierhoff
Oliver Bierhoff (born May 1, 1968 in Karlsruhe) is a retired German former football striker, who scored the first golden goal in the history of major international football, for Germany in the Euro 96 final. He is mostly renowned for his excellent abilities as a target man being able to deliver pin-point headers towards goal.
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Ong Teng Cheong
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Oscar De La Hoya
Oscar De La Hoya (born February 4, 1973 in Montebello, California) is an American boxer of Mexican descent. Nicknamed "The Golden Boy", De La Hoya won a gold medal at the Barcelona Olympic Games. De La Hoya comes from a boxing family. His grandfather Vicente, father Joel Sr., and brother Joel Jr. were all boxers. De La Hoya was The Ring's "Fighter of the Year" in 1995 and Ring Magazine's top-rated Pound for Pound fighter in the world in 1997 & 1998. De La Hoya officially announced his retirement from the sport at a press conference held in Los Angeles on April 14, 2009.
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Owen Hart
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P. V. Narasimha Rao
Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (; 28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) who was commonly known as P. V. Narasimha Rao, served as the 10th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. He led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj. Rao, also called the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms," is best remembered for launching India's free market reforms that rescued the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse. He was also commonly referred to as the Chanakya of modern India for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.
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Palestinian people
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Paolo Maldini
Paolo Cesare Maldini (born 26 June 1968 in Milan, Italy) is a retired Italian football defender. He spent all 25 seasons of his career at Serie A club Milan, before retiring at the age of 40. During that period, Maldini won the UEFA Champions League five times, as well as seven Serie A titles, one Coppa Italia, five Supercoppa Italiana, five European Super Cups, two Intercontinental Cups. He played for 14 years for the Italian national team, making his debut in 1988 before retiring in 2002 with 126 caps and four World Cup participations.
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Patrick Ewing
Patrick Aloysius Ewing (born August 5, 1962) is an American retired Hall of Fame basketball player and current assistant coach for the National Basketball Association's Orlando Magic. He played most of his career with the NBA's New York Knicks as their starting center and played briefly with the Seattle SuperSonics and Orlando Magic. Ewing was named as the 16th greatest college player of all time by ESPN. He won Olympic Gold Medals as a member of the 1984 and 1992 US Men's National Basketball teams. In a 1996 poll celebrating the 50th anniversary of the NBA, Ewing was selected as one of the 50 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time. On April 7, 2008 he was elected to the National Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame on September 5, 2008 along with former NBA coach Pat Riley and former Houston Rockets center, Hakeem Olajuwon. His number 33 was retired by the Knicks in 2003.
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Patrick Roy
Patrick Jacques Roy (; born October 5, 1965) is a former ice hockey goaltender. Nicknamed "Saint Patrick," Roy split his professional career between the Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League, winning two Stanley Cup championships with each franchise.
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Paul Bernardo
Paul Kenneth Bernardo, (born August 27, 1964 in Toronto, Ontario), is a Canadian serial killer and rapist, known for the murders he committed with his wife Karla Homolka and the serial rapes he committed in Scarborough.
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Paul Gascoigne
Paul John Gascoigne (born 27 May 1967), commonly referred to as Gazza, is a retired English professional footballer.
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Paul Kariya
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Paul Keating
Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) is a former Australian politician, and was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 1991 to 1996. Keating was elected as the federal Labor member for Blaxland in 1969 and came to prominence as the reformist treasurer when the Hawke Labor government came to power at the 1983 federal election. After becoming prime minister in 1991, he led Labor to its fifth consecutive victory in the 1993 federal election against the Liberal/National coalition led by John Hewson. Many had considered this election unwinnable for Labor, mainly due to the effects that the early 1990s recession had on Australia, as well as the longevity of Labor as the federal government. However, the Labor Party was decisively defeated at the 1996 federal election by the Liberal/National coalition led by John Howard.
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Pervez Musharraf
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Petar Stoyanov
Petar Stefanov Stoyanov () (born May 25, 1952) is a former President of Bulgaria from 1997 until 2002. He won the 1996 presidential election as a candidate of the Union of Democratic Forces. He received more votes than the socialist candidate Ivan Marazov and the Bulgarian Business Block candidate, George Ganchev, in the first round. He then defeated Marazov in a runoff. In the first round of the 2001 presidential election he finished in second place, as Georgi Parvanov received 36.3%, Stoyanov received 34.9% and the third major candidate, Bogomil Bonev received 19.2%. Stoyanov lost the subsequent runoff with Purvanov 53.3%-46.7%. After leaving office he refrained from media attention for some time.
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Pete Sampras
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Peter Forsberg
(; born July 20, 1973) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre, currently served as an unrestricted free agent. Forsberg most recently played for Modo Hockey in Elitserien. Known for his on-ice vision and physical play, Forsberg is considered as one of the greatest passers of all time.. As of 2010, he stands ninth all-time in career points-per-game and fourth all-time in career assists-per-game in the NHL, behind only Wayne Gretzky, Mario Lemieux and Bobby Orr.
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Peter Schmeichel
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Peter Terry
Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter David George Terry GCB (b. 18 October 1926) is a retired senior Royal Air Force commander.
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Polly Klaas
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Pope John Paul II
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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
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Puff Daddy
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Pyrros Dimas
MedalCountry|
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R.L. Stine
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Rajiv Gandhi
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Ranasinghe Premadasa
Ranasinghe Premadasa ( ) (June 23, 1924 - May 1, 1993) was the 3rd President of Sri Lanka from January 2, 1989 to May 1, 1993. Before that, he served as the Prime Minister in the government headed by J. R. Jayewardene from February 6, 1978 to January 1, 1989. He was assassinated in Colombo in a suicide bombing, by the LTTE.
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Rancid (band)
Rancid is an American punk rock band from Albany, California, formed in 1991. Founded by Matt Freeman and Tim Armstrong, both of whom previously played in ska punk band Operation Ivy, Rancid is credited along with The Offspring and Green Day with helping to revive mainstream popular interest in punk rock in the United States during the mid-1990s.
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Ray Bourque
Raymond Jean Bourque (born December 28, 1960) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey player. He currently holds records for most goals, assists and points by a defenceman in the National Hockey League (NHL). Bourque has become near-synonymous with the Boston Bruins franchise, for which he played 21 seasons and became its longest-serving captain. He finished off his career with the Colorado Avalanche where he won the Stanley Cup in his last NHL game.
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Ray Liotta
Raymond Allen "Ray" Liotta (born December 18, 1954) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Henry Hill in the crime-drama Goodfellas, directed by Martin Scorsese and his role as Shoeless Joe Jackson in Field of Dreams. He has won an Emmy Award and been nominated for a Golden Globe Award.
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Ray Romano
Raymond Albert "Ray" Romano (born December 21, 1957) is an American actor, writer, and stand-up comedian, best known for his roles on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and in the Ice Age film series. He currently stars on the TNT comedy-drama Men of a Certain Age.
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Raúl González
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Reggie Miller
Reginald Wayne Miller (born August 24, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. Miller spent the entirety of his 18-year NBA career with the Indiana Pacers. Miller was known for his precision three-point field goal shooting, especially in clutch situations. He holds the NBA record for career three-pointers made (2,560). Currently, he works as an NBA commentator for TNT. He is the younger brother of fellow TNT sportscaster Cheryl Miller and former Major League Baseball player Darrell Miller.
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Richard Allen Davis
Richard Allen Davis (born June 2, 1954) is a convicted murderer, whose criminal record fueled support for passage of California's "Three strikes law" for repeat offenders. He is currently on death row in the Adjustment Center at San Quentin State Prison, California.
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Richard Gere
Richard Tiffany Gere (, ; born August 31, 1949) is an American actor. He began acting in the 1970s, and came to prominence in 1980 for his role in the film American Gigolo, which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol. He went on to star in several hit films including Days of Heaven, An Officer and a Gentleman, Pretty Woman, Primal Fear, and Chicago, for which he won a Golden Globe Award as Best Actor, as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the Best Cast.
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Ricky Martin
http://wn.com/Ricky_Martin -
Rivaldo
http://wn.com/Rivaldo -
Rivers Cuomo
http://wn.com/Rivers_Cuomo -
Robbie Coltrane
Robbie Coltrane, OBE (born Anthony Robert McMillan; 30 March 1950) is a Scottish actor, comedian and author. He is known both for his role as Dr Eddie "Fitz" Fitzgerald in the British TV series Cracker and as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films.
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Robbie Fowler
Robert Bernard Fowler (born 9 April 1975 in Toxteth, England) is an English footballer, who plays for Perth Glory in the A-League. He is best remembered for his playing days at Liverpool in two spells, and is the fourth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League. Fowler scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool, of which 128 were scored in the Premier League. He subsequently played for Leeds United and Manchester City, before returning to Liverpool in January 2006.
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Robbie Williams
Robert Peter "Robbie" Williams (born 13 February 1974) is an English singer-songwriter, vocal coach and occasional actor. He is a member of the pop group Take That. Williams rose to fame in the band's first run in the early- to mid-1990s. After many disagreements with the management and certain group members, Williams left the group in 1995 to launch his solo career. On 15 July 2010, it was announced he had rejoined Take That and that the group intended to release a new album in November 2010.
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Robert Cailliau
Robert Cailliau (), born 26 January 1947, is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web.
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Robert Carlyle
Robert Carlyle, OBE (born 14 April 1961) is a Scottish film and television actor. He is best-known for his work in Trainspotting, The World is Not Enough, The 51st State, The Full Monty and ''Angela's Ashes. He is currently starring as Doctor Nicholas Rush in Stargate Universe''.
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Roberto Baggio
Roberto Baggio (born 18 February 1967) is a retired Italian footballer. In 1993, Baggio won both the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year. He is the only Italian player ever to score in three World Cups. Baggio is known as (The Divine Ponytail), for the hairstyle he wore for most of his career and his Buddhist background. Today, he is rated as one of the finest footballers that ever played the game.
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Robin Williams
Robin McLaurim Williams (born July 21, 1951) is an American actor and comedian.
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Rodney Anoa'i
http://wn.com/Rodney_Anoa'i -
Roger Federer
MedalCountry|
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Romano Prodi
Romano Prodi (; born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician and statesman. He served as 76th and 80th Prime Minister of Italy, from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008. He was also the tenth President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004.
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Ronald Goldman
http://wn.com/Ronald_Goldman -
Ronaldo
football biography 2
http://wn.com/Ronaldo -
Ronan Keating
Ronan Patrick John Keating (born 3 March 1977) is an Irish singer-songwriter, occasional actor, composer, musician, and television-radio personality. Keating made his debut, alongside with Keith Duffy, Mikey Graham, Shane Lynch and Stephen Gately, in 1994 as the lead singer of Boyzone. His solo career started in 1999, and resulted in 7 studio albums. Keating gained worldwide attention when his single "When You Say Nothing at All" was featured in the film Notting Hill and peaked at number one in several charts.
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Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an American actress, comedian, writer, television producer and director.
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Rosie O'Donnell
'''Roseann "Rosie" O'Donnell''' (born March 21, 1962) is an American stand-up comedienne, actress, singer, author and media personality. She has also been a magazine editor and continues to be a celebrity blogger, LGBT rights activist, television producer and collaborative partner in the LGBT family vacation company R Family Vacations.
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Roy Jones Jr.
http://wn.com/Roy_Jones_Jr -
Roy Keane
Roy Maurice Keane (born 10 August 1971) is a former Irish footballer and the manager of English Championship club Ipswich Town. In his 18-year playing career, he played for Cobh Ramblers in the League of Ireland, Nottingham Forest and Manchester United (both in England), before ending his career with a brief spell at Celtic in Scotland.
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Royce Gracie
Royce Gracie (; born December 12, 1966) is a retired Brazilian professional mixed martial artist, a UFC Hall of Famer and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner. He holds the most submission victories in UFC history with 11, which he earned between UFC 1 and UFC 4.
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RuPaul
http://wn.com/RuPaul -
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by Democratic President Bill Clinton. Ginsburg took the oath of office August 10, 1993. Generally she votes with the liberal wing of the Court. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.
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Ruud Lubbers
Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (; born May 7, 1939) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party, who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from November 4, 1982 until August 22, 1994. A political conservative, Lubbers was regarded by many during his time in office as an ideological heir to Margaret Thatcher. One of his campaign slogans was: "meer markt, minder overheid" (more market, less government).
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Ryan Giggs
Ryan Joseph Giggs OBE (born Ryan Joseph Wilson on 29 November 1973) is a Welsh footballer who has played for Manchester United for his entire professional career. He established himself as a left-winger during the 1990s and continued in this position well into the 2000s, but he has been increasingly used in a deeper playmaking role in his later years.
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Ryutaro Hashimoto
http://wn.com/Ryutaro_Hashimoto -
Sachin Tendulkar
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( ; born 24 April 1973) is an Indian cricketer widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket. He is the leading run-scorer and century maker in Test and One Day International cricket. He is the only player to score a double century in the history of ODI cricket. In 2002, just 12 years into his career, Wisden ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Donald Bradman, and the second greatest one-day-international (ODI) batsman of all time, behind Viv Richards. In September 2007, the Australian leg spinner Shane Warne rated Tendulkar as the greatest player he has played with or against. Tendulkar was the only player of the current generation to be included in ''Bradman's Eleven. He is sometimes referred to as Little Master or Master Blaster''.
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Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Samuel P. Huntington
http://wn.com/Samuel_P_Huntington -
Sandra Bullock
Sandra Annette Bullock (; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress who rose to fame in the 1990s, after roles in successful films such as Speed and While You Were Sleeping. She has since established her career with films such as Miss Congeniality and Crash, which received critical acclaim. In 2007, she was ranked as the 14th richest female celebrity with an estimated fortune of $85 million. In 2009, Bullock starred in the most financially successful films of her career, The Proposal and The Blind Side. Bullock was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, and the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her role as Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side.
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Sandra Day O'Connor
'''Sandra Day O'Connor''' (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006. O'Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. During her tenure, she was regarded as the Court's leading centrist, and was the swing vote in many cases; this made her the most powerful justice for many years.
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Scott Bakula
http://wn.com/Scott_Bakula -
Scott Hall
Scott Oliver Hall born (October 20, 1958), is an American professional wrestler. In the course of his career, which has spanned over two decades, Hall has wrestled for the American Wrestling Association (AWA), the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW), the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
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Scott Weiland
Scott Weiland (born October 27, 1967) is an American musician, lyricist, and vocalist, most notable for his work on Grammy Award-winning rock band Stone Temple Pilots. Weiland is also known for his five-year career with Grammy Award-winning supergroup Velvet Revolver and his own solo career. His onstage persona is known as being flamboyant and chaotic; he is also known for constantly changing his appearance and vocal style, as well as his use of a megaphone in concert for vocal effect. Despite his success, his career has been plagued with drug addiction, as well as several arrests. However, according to MTV News, Weiland has been free from heroin since 2002. In 2007, Weiland was placed at #57 on Hit Paraders list of "Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists."
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Scottie Pippen
NBA Player
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Seinfeld
Seinfeld is an American television sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, lasting nine seasons, and is now in syndication. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself. Set predominantly in an apartment block on Manhattan's Upper West Side (but shot mainly in Los Angeles), the show features a host of Jerry's friends and acquaintances, including George Costanza, Elaine Benes and Cosmo Kramer. Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed in association with Columbia Pictures Television and Columbia TriStar Television; Sony Pictures Television has distributed the series since 2002. It was largely co-written by David and Seinfeld with input from numerous script writers, including Larry Charles, Peter Mehlman, Gregg Kavet, Andy Robin, Carol Leifer, David Mandel, Jeff Schaffer, Steve Koren, Jennifer Crittenden, Tom Gammill, Max Pross, Charlie Rubin, Alec Berg, and Spike Feresten.
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Selena
http://wn.com/Selena -
Sellapan Ramanathan
Sellapan Ramanathan (; born 3 July 1924) is the sixth and current President of the Republic of Singapore. Often referred to as S. R. Nathan, he was first sworn in on September 1, 1999. In 1999 and 2005 he was proclaimed president after an uncontested election(all competing candidates disqualified). In 2009, he surpassed Benjamin Sheares to become Singapore's longest serving President.
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Serbs
Serbs (, Romanization: Srbi ) are a native Balkan South Slavic ethnic group. Majority of Serbs live in their ancestral lands in Central Europe and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe), between the Balkan and Carpathian mountains, in the east, and the Adriatic sea, in the west. Significant percentage of Serb people live in diaspora. The total world Serbian population, however, is difficult to measure. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs are also a significant minority in other republics of the Former Yugoslavia- primarily Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Serbs are an officially recognized minority in both Romania and Hungary, as well as Albania and Slovakia. There is a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe especially in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria, as well as in France and Italy (which also contains a historical Serb community). More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German speaking countries: Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1,8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%).
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Shakespeare in Love
Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 romantic comedy film directed by John Madden and written by Marc Norman and playwright Tom Stoppard.
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Shakira
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2, 1977), known professionally as Shakira (, or ), is a Colombian singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, dancer, and philanthropist who emerged in the music scene of Colombia and Latin America in the early 1990s. Born and raised in Barranquilla, Colombia, Shakira revealed many of her talents in school as a live performer, demonstrating her vocal ability with rock and roll, Latin and Middle Eastern influences with her own original twist on belly dancing. Shakira is a native Spanish speaker and also speaks fluent English and Portuguese and is proficient in Italian.
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Shane Warne
Shane Keith Warne (born 13 September 1969) is a former Australian international cricketer widely regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the game. In 2000, he was selected by a panel of cricket experts as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Century, the only specialist bowler selected in the quintet. He is also a cricket commentator and a professional poker player.
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Shapour Bakhtiar
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Shaquille O'Neal
'''Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal ( ; born March 6, 1972), nicknamed "Shaq'''" ( ), is an American professional basketball player for the NBA's Boston Celtics. Standing tall and weighing , he is one of the heaviest players ever to play in the NBA. Throughout his 18 year career, O'Neal has used his size and strength to overpower opponents for points and rebounds. After the retirement of Lindsey Hunter on March 5, 2010, O'Neal became the oldest active player in the NBA.
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Sharon Stone
Sharon Yvonne Stone (born March 10, 1958) is an American actress, film producer, and former fashion model. She achieved international recognition for her role in the erotic thriller Basic Instinct. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Casino.
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Shawn Michaels
Michael Shawn Hickenbottom (born July 22, 1965), better known by his ring name Shawn Michaels, is a former American professional wrestler. He performed for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), formerly the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), from 1988 until his retirement in 2010. He was considered one of WWE's senior performers, having performed for over 20 years.
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Shed Seven
Shed Seven are an English indie rock band from York and were one of the groups which contributed to the Britpop music scene that evolved during the 1990s, yet never received the degree of mainstream success achieved by bands such as Oasis and Blur. They formed in 1990 and originally comprised Rick Witter (vocals), Joe Johnson (guitar and keyboards, later replaced by Paul Banks), Tom Gladwin (bass) and Alan Leach (drums).
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Sheila Widnall
Sheila Marie Evans Widnall (born July 13, 1938) is an American aerospace researcher and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She served as United States Secretary of the Air Force between 1993 and 1997, making her the first female Secretary of the Air Force and first woman to lead an entire branch of the U.S. military in the Department of Defense. (Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole had previously been in charge of the United States Coast Guard, which falls under the Department of Transportation during peacetime.)
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Silvio Berlusconi
(born 29 September 1936 in Milan) is an Italian politician, the current Prime Minister of Italy, as well as a successful entrepreneur. He is the second longest-serving Prime Minister of Italy, a position he has held on three separate occasions: from 1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2006 and currently since 2008. Technically, Berlusconi has been sworn in four times because after a cabinet reshuffle, as happened with Berlusconi in 2005, the new ministry is sworn in and subjected to a vote of confidence. He is the leader of the People of Freedom political movement, a centre-right party he founded in 2009. As of November 2009, he is the longest-serving current leader of a G8 country. As of 2010, Forbes magazine has ranked him as the 74th richest man in the world with a net worth of USD 9 billion.
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Slobodan Milošević
http://wn.com/Slobodan_Milošević -
Somali Civil War
The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. The conflict, which began in 1991, has caused destabilisation and instability throughout the country, with the current phase of the conflict seeing the Somali government losing substantial control of the state to rebel forces.
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Sorin Antohi
Sorin Antohi (born August 20, 1957) is a Romanian historian, essayist, and journalist.
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Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays, and islands in the South China Sea between Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land area, spread over more than 425,000 square kilometers of sea. The Spratlys are part of the three archipelagos of the South China Sea, comprising more than 30,000 islands and reefs which so complicates geography, governance and economics in that region of Southeast Asia. Such small and remote islands have little economic value in themselves, but are important in establishing international boundaries. There are no native islanders but there are rich fishing grounds and initial surveys indicate the islands may be near significant oil and gas deposits.
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Srebrenica massacre
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Steve McManaman
Steven McManaman (born 11 February 1972 in Bootle, England) is a retired English footballer who played as a midfielder and winger. His career included spells at two of European football's most successful clubs, Liverpool and Real Madrid. He also played for Manchester City.
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Steve Waugh
Stephen Rodger Waugh, AO (born 2 June 1965) is a former Australian cricketer, and fraternal twin of former Australian cricketer Mark Waugh. Steve Waugh captained the Australian Test cricket team from 1999 to 2004. He was the most capped Test cricket player in history with 168 appearances until 3 August 2010, when Sachin Tendulkar of India broke this record. He is known amongst friends as "Tugga" (as in tug of war), and amongst the public as "Iceman" for his ability to remain calm and cool in high-pressure situations throughout his career. Dean Waugh, another of Steve's brothers, is also a cricketer, having played first-class and list A cricket in Australia. He is known for his philanthropic work, and he was named Australian of the Year in 2004.
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Suharto
http://wn.com/Suharto -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Tammy Homolka
Tammy Lyn Homolka (January 1, 1975 - December 24, 1990) was the younger sister and victim of Canadian murderer Karla Homolka and her partner, Paul Bernardo.
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Tansu Ciller
http://wn.com/Tansu_Ciller -
Tansu Çiller
http://wn.com/Tansu_Çiller -
Ted Danson
http://wn.com/Ted_Danson -
Teddy Sheringham
http://wn.com/Teddy_Sheringham -
Teemu Selänne
http://wn.com/Teemu_Selänne -
The Corrs
http://wn.com/The_Corrs -
The Notorious B.I.G.
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The Orb
The Orb are an English electronic music group known for spawning the genre of ambient house. Founded in 1988 by Alex Paterson and KLF member Jimmy Cauty, The Orb began as ambient and dub DJs in London. Its early performances were inspired by ambient and electronic artists of the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Brian Eno and Kraftwerk. Because of its trippy sound, the Orb developed a cult following among clubbers "coming down" from drug-induced highs. The Orb has maintained its drug-related and science fiction themes despite personnel changes including the departure of Cauty and other Orb members Kris Weston, Andy Falconer, Simon Phillips, and Andy Hughes. Paterson has been the only permanent member, continuing to work as the Orb with the Swiss-German producer Thomas Fehlmann and, later, with Killing Joke's Martin "Youth" Glover and Tim Bran of Dreadzone.
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The Shamen
The Shamen were an experimental electronic music band, initially formed in Aberdeen, Scotland, by Colin Angus (born 24 August 1961), Derek McKenzie (born 27 February 1964), Keith McKenzie (born 30 August 1961) and Peter Stephenson (born 1 March 1962) in the 1980s as a psychedelic-influenced indie rock act. They found credibility as pioneers of rock/dance crossover, before moving on to international commercial success with "Ebeneezer Goode" and the Boss Drum 1992 album.
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The Ultimate Warrior
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The Undertaker
Mark William Calaway (born March 24, 1965) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name The Undertaker. He is signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), currently wrestling on the SmackDown brand.
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The Verve
The Verve was an English rock band formed in 1990 in Wigan by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft, guitarist Nick McCabe, bassist Simon Jones, and drummer Peter Salisbury. Simon Tong later became a member. Beginning with a psychedelic sound indebted to shoegazing and space rock, by the mid-1990s the band had released several EPs and three albums. They also endured name and line-up changes, breakups, health problems, drug abuse and various lawsuits. Filter referred to them as "one of the tightest knit, yet ultimately volatile bands in history". Their commercial breakthrough was the 1997 album Urban Hymns and their single "Bitter Sweet Symphony", which was orchestrated by music producer Will Malone, which became a worldwide hit. Soon after this commercial peak, the band broke up in April 1999, citing internal conflicts. The band's original line-up reunited in June 2007, embarking on a tour later that year and releasing the album Forth in August 2008. In 2009, the band broke up for the third time.
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Thom Yorke
Thomas Edward "Thom" Yorke (born 7 October 1968) is an English musician who is the lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the alternative rock band Radiohead. He mainly plays guitar and piano, but he has also played drums and bass guitar (notably during the Kid A and Amnesiac sessions). In July 2006, he released his debut solo album, The Eraser.
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Tiger Woods
Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer whose achievements to date rank him among the most successful golfers of all time. Currently the World No. 1, he is the highest-paid professional athlete in the world, having earned an estimated $90.5 million from winnings and endorsements in 2010.
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Timothy McVeigh
http://wn.com/Timothy_McVeigh -
Todd Terry
Todd N. Terry (born April 18, 1967) is an American DJ, producer and remixer.
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Tom Cruise
Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (; born July 3, 1962), better known by his screen name of Tom Cruise, is an American film actor and producer. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and won three Golden Globe Awards. His first leading role was the 1983 film Risky Business, which has been described as "A Generation X classic, and a career-maker" for the actor. After playing the role of a heroic naval pilot in the popular and financially successful 1986 film Top Gun, Cruise continued in this vein, playing a secret agent in a series of action films in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition to these heroic roles, he has starred in many other successful films such as Jerry Maguire (1996), Magnolia (1999), Vanilla Sky (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004) and War of the Worlds (2005).
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Tom Hanks
Thomas Jeffrey "Tom" Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, producer, writer and director. Hanks worked in television and family-friendly comedies, gaining wide notice in 1988's Big, before achieving success as a dramatic actor in several notable roles, including Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia, the title role in Forrest Gump, Commander James A. Lovell in Apollo 13, Captain John H. Miller in Saving Private Ryan, Joe Fox in ''You've Got Mail and Chuck Noland in Cast Away. Hanks won consecutive Best Actor Academy Awards, in 1993 for Philadelphia and in 1994 for Forrest Gump''. U.S. domestic box office totals for his films exceed $3.9 billion. He is the father of actor Colin Hanks.
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Toni Braxton
Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1966) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter. Braxton has won six Grammy Awards in her career and has sold 40 million records worldwide. She has a contralto vocal range.
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Toni Kukoč
MedalCountry|
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Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.
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Torbjørn Jagland
http://wn.com/Torbjørn_Jagland -
Trent Reznor
Michael Trent Reznor (born May 17, 1965) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, producer and multi-instrumentalist. Founder of the industrial rock musical project known as Nine Inch Nails, he was previously associated with the bands Option 30, Exotic Birds, and Tapeworm, among others. Reznor left Interscope Records in 2007, and is now an independent musician.
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Triple H
Paul Michael Levesque (born July 27, 1969) is an American professional wrestler, actor and executive, better known by his ring name Triple H, an abbreviation of his former ring name, Hunter Hearst Helmsley. He is currently signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he works as the senior advisor to Vince McMahon. He is also signed on the Raw brand as a wrestler but is currently inactive due to injury.
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Tung Chee Hwa
http://wn.com/Tung_Chee_Hwa -
Tupac Shakur
http://wn.com/Tupac_Shakur -
Tutsis
http://wn.com/Tutsis -
Uma Thurman
http://wn.com/Uma_Thurman -
Vanessa L. Williams
Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American singer and actress. In 1983, she became the first woman of African American descent to be crowned Miss America, but a scandal caused her to relinquish her title early. Williams rebounded by launching a career as an entertainer, earning Grammy, Emmy, and Tony Award nominations.
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Vinnie Jones
Vincent Peter "Vinnie" Jones (born 5 January 1965) is a retired English footballer who is now a film actor.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
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Vladimir Tismăneanu
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Vladimiro Montesinos
Vladimiro Ilyich Montesinos Torres (born May 20, 1945) was the long-standing head of Peru's intelligence service, Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional (SIN), under President Alberto Fujimori. In 2000, secret videos were televised revealing him bribing an elected congressman to leave the opposition and join the Fujimorist side of Congress; the ensuing scandal caused Montesinos to flee the country, hastening the resignation of Fujimori. Subsequent investigations revealed Montesinos to be at the centre of a vast web of illegal activities, including embezzlement, graft, gunrunning, and drug trafficking, for which he is currently being tried. Montesinos had strong connections with the CIA , the American Intelligence Agency, having received some $10 Million from the agency.
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Václav Havel
http://wn.com/Václav_Havel -
Warsaw Pact
http://wn.com/Warsaw_Pact -
Wayne Gretzky
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Wayne Rainey
Wayne Wesley Rainey, born in Downey, California, United States, is an American former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he won the 500cc World Championship three times and the Daytona 200 once. He was characterized by his smooth, calculating riding style.
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Wee Kim Wee
Wee Kim Wee (; POJ: Ng Kim-fei; 4 November 1915 – 2 May 2005) was the fourth President of Singapore from 2 September 1985 to 1 September 1993.
http://wn.com/Wee_Kim_Wee -
Whitney Houston
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is an American R&B;/Pop singer, actress, and former fashion model. A relative of several soul singers, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and close family friend Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing at her New Jersey church as a member of a junior gospel choir at age eleven. After she began performing alongside her mother at night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston has released studio albums and movie soundtrack albums throughout her career, all of which have had diamond, multi-platinum, platinum, or gold certification.
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston -
Will Smith
Willard Christopher "Will" Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, film producer and rapper. He has enjoyed success in music, television and film. In April 2007, Newsweek called him the most powerful actor on the planet. Smith has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, two Academy Awards, and has won multiple Grammy Awards.
http://wn.com/Will_Smith -
Wim Kok
Willem "Wim" Kok (); born September 29, 1938) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from August 22, 1994 until July 22, 2002.
http://wn.com/Wim_Kok -
Winona Ryder
Winona Laura Horowitz (born October 29, 1971), better known under her professional name Winona Ryder, is an American actress. She made her film debut in the 1986 film Lucas. Ryder's first significant role came in Tim Burton's Beetlejuice (1988) as a goth teenager, which won her critical and commercial recognition. After making various appearances in film and television, Ryder continued her career with the cult film Heathers (1989), a controversial satire of teenage suicide and high school life, which drew Ryder further critical and commercial attention.
http://wn.com/Winona_Ryder -
Wladimir Klitschko
Volodymyr Volodymyrovych Klychko (, ; , ; born 25 March 1976) is a Ukrainian heavyweight boxer. Wladimir is the unified IBF, IBO, WBO and Ring Magazine Champion. He is currently rated as the number three pound for pound boxer in the world by Boxrec. His older brother Vitali Klitschko is the current WBC champion.
http://wn.com/Wladimir_Klitschko -
Yasser Arafat
http://wn.com/Yasser_Arafat -
Yitzhak Rabin
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Rabin -
Zinedine Zidane
Zinedine Yazid Zidane () (born 23 June 1972) is a retired French World Cup-winning footballer of Kabyle (Algerian) Muslim heritage.
http://wn.com/Zinedine_Zidane
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Vondelpark
- Tell Me When You're Ready
- I Don't Even Know What That Is
- 59
- Kickstrasse
- Everybody Please Relax
- Balthazar
- Local Science
- The Box
- Giddy Up
- The Kids
- Sparks
- You Made Me Like It
- See You at the Lights
- Cult Status
- Arcade Precinct
- Is There a Switch for That?
- Enjoying Myself
- You're Supposed to Be My Friend
- Pollokshields
- Risque Picture
- Weed
- Thinking of Not Going
- Situation
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
1990s - You made me like it
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Published: 26 Oct 2006
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
1990s - You Made Me Like It Music Video Directors: lewis gourlay / abby warrilow label:rough trade production company: www.cagoule.tv http
http://wn.com/1990s_You_made_me_like_it
Fads of the 1990s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Published: 26 Apr 2010
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
A slideshow of fads, trends, and crazes of the 1990s.
http://wn.com/Fads_of_the_1990s
1990s - See You At The Lights (Rough Trade)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 28 Feb 2007
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
US Single Out June 19th! "Cookies" album hits stores in US on July 31st! www.worlds-fair.net/1990s www.1990s.tv www.myspace.com/1990sband
http://wn.com/1990s_See_You_At_The_Lights_Rough_Trade
Internet - from the 1990's point of view
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Published: 23 Jan 2008
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Trine Gallegos hosts this segment shot in 1995 when the Internet was first becoming an icon. This is an interesting look back at how clunky the applications were. I don't even think they were using a computer mouse yet. Guests: Robert Huff, Mike McKnelly. Subjects: Telnet Antioch Library Contra Costa County FTP Gopher Archie Lynx browser NASA News Yellow Pages Free Games Research Information Superhighway. keywords world wide web
http://wn.com/Internet_from_the_1990's_point_of_view
1990s - YOU"RE SUPPOSED TO BE MY FRIEND
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 01 May 2007
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Single, from the LP "Cookies", available on Rough Trade Records
http://wn.com/1990s_YOURE_SUPPOSED_TO_BE_MY_FRIEND
1990's - "59"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 17 Mar 2009
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Check out "59" from Kicks the new album by 1990s. Buy the fantastic new album here: www.beggarsgroupusa.com
http://wn.com/1990's_59
Telecommunications services for the 1990s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Published: 28 Oct 2008
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Made in 1969 at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill, this eight minute film attempts to predict what the future of communications may be like.
http://wn.com/Telecommunications_services_for_the_1990s
1990's INFOMERCIAL HELL #19: Spray paint the bald away with GLH, by Ronco, of course!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 12 Oct 2009
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Ron Popeil's ingenuity factory unleashed this hair-in-a-can corrective back in the 1990's, and it's still on the market today. Build up your bald spot with a rich, foamy dust.
http://wn.com/1990's_INFOMERCIAL_HELL_19_Spray_paint_the_bald_away_with_GLH,_by_Ronco,_of_course!
The Nickelodeon of the 1990s!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 13 Feb 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
This is a video of what Nickelodeon was like in the 90s!
http://wn.com/The_Nickelodeon_of_the_1990s!
Apple's Tablet Vision 1990's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Published: 26 Jan 2010
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
This movie was included in CDs demonstrating Apple's vision of technology Integration into education in 1995. Notice the idea of a tablet with video conferencing capabilities. Does the promise for education still hold true today? The desktop computers in the movie look like 5260 or 5500 model that put parts of the movie in 1996 or 1997.
http://wn.com/Apple's_Tablet_Vision_1990's
Music From the 1990's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 15 Jun 2007
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Maybe not the best collection, but here is a video of 19 bands/artists that in my opinion helped shape the 1990's music scene. Alanis Morissette Weezer Blink 182 Green Day Nirvana Meredith Brooks Backstreet Boys Nsync Britney Spears MC Hammer Christina Aguliera Tag Team ...
http://wn.com/Music_From_the_1990's
1990s Kicks - Animate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Published: 20 Feb 2009
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
1990s Kicks - Animate
http://wn.com/1990s_Kicks_Animate
Retro Commercial - Radio Shack Cell Phones - 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Published: 03 Mar 2008
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Introducing a revolutionary new concept... a cell phone you can CARRY WITH YOU. Sure, you have to wind it up and add plutonium, but it's worth it. Ah, the early 90's.
http://wn.com/Retro_Commercial_Radio_Shack_Cell_Phones_1990
1990's Sim Games. SO GOOD!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 11 May 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
In which Hank talks about the lessons he learned growing up playing simulation games (and does a very good job of not complaining about how mindless gaming has become.) Sim Games taught me a huge amount about my world and also about who I am. From SImCity I learned that as much as a third of a city is taken up by its roads. From SimEarth I learned what that crustaceans existed before fish. From SimTower I learned that things are never as simple as they seem. From Civilizaiton I learned that peace is orders of magnitude more difficult and less glamorous than war. From Tycoon games I learned the value of opportunity and also how to be careful not to squander the value you have. It seems a little silly, but there it is. You can get a lot of these games for free (all you need is DOS BOX and a good google search if you'd like to try them out. www.abandonia.com HERE ARE A LOT OF LINKS TO NERDFIGHTASTIC THINGS: Shirts and Stuff: dftba.com Hank's Music: dftba.com John's Books: amzn.to ====================== Hank's Twitter: www.twitter.com Hank's Facebook: www.facebook.com Hank's tumblr: edwardspoonhands.tumblr.com John's Twitter www.twitter.com John's Facebook: www.facebook.com John's tumblr: fishingboatproceeds.tumblr.com ====================== Other Channels Crash Course www.youtube.com SciShow: www.youtube.com Gaming: www.youtube.com VidCon: www.youtube.com Hank's Channel: www.youtube.com Truth or Fail: www.youtube.com ====================== Nerdfighteria effyeahnerdfighters <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/1990's_Sim_Games_SO_GOOD!
Kool-Aid Commercials 1950s-1990s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 19 Mar 2008
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
A collection of Kool-Aid commercials I made from the '50s to the '90s. They are creepy and retarded, but interesting. Sorry for the crappy quality. Kool-Aid commercials y Kool-Aid. All these videos were obtained from Youtube...
http://wn.com/Kool-Aid_Commercials_1950s-1990s
Top 25 songs of the 1990s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:52
- Published: 27 Jul 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
These are the songs that performed best on Billboard Hot 100 during the 90's.. no copyright infringement intended...
http://wn.com/Top_25_songs_of_the_1990s
denver the last dinosaur intro 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Published: 25 Jul 2007
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
another classic more to be added soon
http://wn.com/denver_the_last_dinosaur_intro_1990
The Console Wars -- XMas 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 09 Dec 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
News program "Good Morning America" dated December 20, 1990 did a segment on Nintendo and its competitors during the 1990 holiday season. It was a question wether or not Nintendo could uphold their position as top game maker despite their older NES hardware compared to their rival's 16-bit systems. Nintendo wasn't gonna have their 16-bit system released in the States until the following year. More powerful systems also meant a higher price tag which was a major concern due to the US economy at the time.
http://wn.com/The_Console_Wars_-_XMas_1990
Best Hip Hop Songs of the 1990's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 20 Dec 2009
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Some of the best hip hop songs from the 1990's. Back when rap was more about lifes struggles, politics, and other important issues instead of today's songs about girls, clubs, and bling. Tags: eminem biggie smalls jay-z d12 dr dre wu tang outkast the game lil wayne kanye west top 50 best rappers rap songs of all time hip hop tupac 90's 80's old school new stronger detox relapse greatest most viewed video ever most subscribed police fat joe fabolous cypress hill new jack swing nostalgia billboard decade we are the world 25 haiti
http://wn.com/Best_Hip_Hop_Songs_of_the_1990's
Best Alternative Rock Songs of the 1990's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:02
- Published: 07 Jun 2011
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Top 200 songs in alternative rock of the 90's Criteria: - only 4 songs per artist
http://wn.com/Best_Alternative_Rock_Songs_of_the_1990's
Very rare 1990s promotional video for Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Published: 19 Feb 2011
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
humorfunnyrandom.tumblr.com My Tumblr Blog Stars Ken Lobb of Goldeneye 007 Cool and Rare promotional video about Yoshi's Island that you probably haven't seen!
http://wn.com/Very_rare_1990s_promotional_video_for_Super_Mario_World_2_Yoshi's_Island
SUPERMODEL LINDA EVANGELISTA 1990S MAKE-UP TUTORIAL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:13
- Published: 23 Jul 2010
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Re-uploaded as one video rather than two parts. Also, we have decided to re-record some of our earlier videos as our lighting and camera is so much better now. Marilyn Monroe, Pamela Anderson, Brigitte Bardot and Keira Knightley. PRODUCTS USED: www.glamr.co.uk for Pixi and Sleek Make-up Pixi illuminating Tint/Conceal in medium Pixi Mineral kit (eyeshadows, blush & lips) MAC Espresso on eyebrows Pixi gel liner Estee Lauder Stay-in-place double wear lip pencil in Spice Clinique Loose Powder
http://wn.com/SUPERMODEL_LINDA_EVANGELISTA_1990S_MAKE-UP_TUTORIAL
Spider-Man 1990's Cartoon Series - #64B
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Published: 22 May 2011
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
"Spider Wars, Chapter I: I Really, Really Hate Clones" Season 5 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series (or New Spider-Man in some parts of Europe), is an American animated series starring the Marvel Comics superhero, Spider-Man. The show ran on Fox Kids from November 19, 1994, to January 31, 1998. The producer/story editor was John Semper, Jr. and production company was Marvel Films Animiation. Reruns can currently be seen in various countries Jetix (now known as Disney XD ). The instrumental theme song for the series was performed by Joe Perry of Aerosmith. (SUBSCRIBE)
http://wn.com/Spider-Man_1990's_Cartoon_Series_64B
Creative Commons / Atlantacitizen
Creative Commons / Martins, Tito
Creative Commons / D. Gordon E. Robertson
Creative Commons / Bull-Doser
Creative Commons / Yuval Y
Creative Commons / GkgAlf
Creative Commons / Steve Morgan
Creative Commons / Crisco 1492
Creative Commons
Public Domain / Estormiz
Creative Commons / Brian Burnell
Creative Commons / Northmetpit
Creative Commons / Antandrus
Creative Commons / Robert Alfers
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Creative Commons / Yemc
Creative Commons / Mike Lane
Creative Commons / Gary J. Wood
Creative Commons / Russavia
Creative Commons / John M. Wheatley
Creative Commons / Keikaku Teiden
Creative Commons / Jjv14
Creative Commons / Justin McIntosh,
Creative Commons / *Dan T.*
Creative Commons / Gellerj
Creative Commons / Smallbones
Creative Commons / Uttam h
Creative Commons / Marek Ślusarczyk
Creative Commons / Adam Adom
Creative Commons / Rob Lambert
Photo: AP / Abd Raouf
14 Sep 2012
KHARTOUM (Reuters) - Sudanese demonstrators incensed by a film that insults the Prophet Mohammad broke into the German embassy in Khartoum on Friday and hoisted an Islamic flag, while one person was...
Photo: US Coastguard / Petty Officer 3rd Class Connie Terrell)
13 Sep 2012
NEW YORK (AP) - As the U.S. wrestles with its biggest whooping cough outbreak in decades, researchers appear to have zeroed in on the main reason: The safer vaccine that has been in use since the...
Photo: AP / IntelCenter
11 Sep 2012
The killing of Osama Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders has led to new leaders emerging. The BBC profiles some of the most prominent names. Ayman al-Zawahiri Ayman al-Zawahiri, an eye surgeon who...
San Francisco Chronicle
Former theglobe.com CEO is at it Again with Two Technology Startups New York, New York (PRWEB) September 12, 2012 With a 606% increase over the initial share price, theglobe.com was at the time the most successful IPO in history, making the 23 year-old Todd Krizelman an overnight celebrity....(size: 3.5Kb)
1990s nostalgia concert in Dubai
09 Sep 2012
Gulf News
If Justin Bieber or Eminem are not your think, perhaps the sounds of the 1990s will get you dancing. This November, MiX TAPE Rewind, a one-day festival, will bring seven artists whose songs dominated the radio in the 90s to Dubai’s Emirates Golf Club. Haddway (“What is Love”), Culture Beat (“Mr....(size: 18.7Kb)
Bishop paid child abuse settlements in 1990s
07 Sep 2012
Irish Times
PATSY McGARRY, Religious Affairs Correspondent BISHOP of Clonfert John Kirby made out-of-court settlements in the 1990s with two victims of an abuser priest in his diocese. He said yesterday he believed the settlements were made in 1994 and 1998, and, ���from memory���, these, including legal fees,...(size: 2.3Kb)
Bloomberg
Vietnam’s lawmakers said the country may need International Monetary Fund aid to recapitalize its banks, which could make it the largest East Asian economy to seek a rescue loan since the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. The nation must act quickly to clean up bad debt or risk “prolonged stagnation,”...(size: 6.6Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Pocahontas Rating for "Pocahontas / Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World" Blu-ray / DVD Combo Pack 3 Advertisement Disney continues its Blu-ray releases of the animated movies from their 1990s "Renaissance" with "Pocahontas" and its sequel, "Pocahontas II: Journey to a New...(size: 10.0Kb)
New York Daily News
Bill Clinton is immensely popular, and understandably. His presidency has worn well: In July, two-thirds of Americans told Gallup they have a favorable opinion of him, record-high marks for the (original) Man from Hope. Today 62% of independent voters approve of Clinton. President Obama, by...(size: 4.2Kb)
New York Daily News
BRUSSELS - The ex-wife...(size: 0.2Kb)
Belgian court approves early release of accomplice in 1990s child rapes and killing spree
28 Aug 2012
Star Tribune
...(size: 0.3Kb)
Digital Spy
Between the tragic death of director Tony Scott last week and the upcoming reboot of 1990's Arnie-starring classic Total Recall, the cinema of the 1990s has been on our minds lately. It was a decade heavy on debuts from directors who would go on to become some of the most iconic in Hollywood, with...(size: 8.6Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
A retired Roman Catholic priest in Orange County was sentenced to a year in jail, probation and community service and will be required to register as a sex offender for molesting a grade-school student in the parish rectory and the church more than a decade ago, Orange County prosecutors said. Denis...(size: 32.3Kb)
"'90s" redirects here. For decades comprising years 90–99 of other centuries, see List of decades.
This article is about the decade. For the band, see 1990s (band).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1960s 1970s 1980s – 1990s – 2000s 2010s 2020s |
| Years: | 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 |
| Categories: | Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments |
The 1990s, also known as "the Nineteen Nineties" or abbreviated as "the Nineties" or "the '90s", was the decade that started on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999. It was the tenth and final decade of the 20th century and the last full decade of the 2nd millennium.
The '90s is often considered the true dawn of the Information Age. Though info-age technologies predate the 1980s, it was not until the late 1980s and the 1990s that they became widely used by the general public. A combination of factors, including the mass mobilization of capital markets through neoliberalism, the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world, and within countries.
The 1990s is often considered the end of Modernity and the dawn of the current Postmodern age, even though the first traces of postmodernity takes place as far back as the 1940s.[1] Living standards and democratic governance generally improved in many areas of the world, notably East Asia, much of Eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa. The economies and living standards of some countries such as South Korea and Ireland improved to such an extent that they were considered 1st World nations by the decade's end.
New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Caucasus and the Balkans, and signs of any resolution of tensions in the Middle East remained elusive.[2] However, the Northern Irish Troubles, which began in the 1960s, and the conflicts in the Balkans did resolve by the end of the decade.
Contents |
Politics and wars[link]
Wars[link]
Main article: List of wars 1990–2002
The most prominent armed conflicts of the decade include:
International wars[link]
- The Congo wars break out in the 1990s:
- The First Congo War takes place in Zaire from 1996 to 1997, resulting in Zairian dictator Mobutu Sese Seko being overthrown from power on 16 May 1997, ending 32 years of his rule. Zaire is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- The Second Congo War starts in 1998 in central Africa and includes 50 different cultures and 7 different nations. It continued until 2003.
- The Gulf War – Iraq was left in severe debt after the 1980s war with Iran. President Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of flooding the market with oil and driving down prices. As a result, on 2 August 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and conquered Kuwait. The UN immediately condemned the action, and a coalition force led by the United States was sent to the Persian Gulf. Aerial bombing of Iraq began in January 1991 (see also Gulf War), and a month later, the UN forces drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait in just four days. In the aftermath of the war, the Kurds in the north of Iraq and the Shiites in the south rose up in revolt, and Saddam Hussein barely managed to hold onto power. Until the US invasion in 2003, Iraq was cut off from much of the world.
- The Chechen wars break out in the 1990s:
- The First Chechen War (1994–1996) – the conflict was fought between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. After the initial campaign of 1994–1995, culminating in the devastating Battle of Grozny, Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya but were set back by Chechen guerrilla warfare and raids on the flatlands in spite of Russia's overwhelming manpower, weaponry, and air support. The resulting widespread demoralization of federal forces, and the almost universal opposition of the Russian public to the conflict, led Boris Yeltsin's government to declare a ceasefire in 1996 and sign a peace treaty a year later.
- The Second Chechen War (1999 – ongoing) – the war was launched by the Russian Federation starting 26 August 1999, in response to the Invasion of Dagestan and the Russian apartment bombings which were blamed on the Chechens. During the war Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya.[3] The campaign largely reversed the outcome of the First Chechen War, in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
- The Kargil War (1999) – In May 1999, Pakistan sends troops covertly to occupy strategic peaks in Kashmir. A month later the Kargil War with India results in a political fiasco for Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, followed by a Pakistani military withdrawal to the Line of Control. The incident leads to a military coup in October, in which Sharif is ousted by Army Chief Pervez Musharraf. This conflict remains the only war fought between two declared nuclear powers.
- The Kosovo War (1998–1999):
- War between ethnic-Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in Kosovo begin in 1996 and escalates in 1998 with increasing reports of atrocities taking place.
- In 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) led by the United States launched air attacks against Yugoslavia (then composed of only Serbia and Montenegro) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against ethnic Albanian separatists in Kosovo due to accusations of war crimes being committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups. After weeks of bombing, Yugoslavia submits to NATO's demands and NATO forces occupy Kosovo and later UN peacekeeping forces to take control of Kosovo.
- The Yugoslav Wars (1991–1995) – The breakup of Yugoslavia beginning on 25 June 1991 after the republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia which was followed by the subsequent Yugoslav wars. The Yugoslav Wars would become notorious for numerous war crimes and human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides.
- Ten-Day War (1991) – a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO (Slovenian Territorial Defence) and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) following Slovenia's declaration of independence.
- Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) – the war fought in hegh town Croatia between the Croatian government, having declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and both the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb forces, who established the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia.
- Bosnian War (1992–1995) – the war involved several ethnically defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats as well as a smaller faction in Western Bosnia led by Fikret Abdić. The Siege of Sarajevo (1992–1995) marked the most violent urban warfare in Europe since World War II at that time as Serb forces bombard and attack Bosniak controlled and populated areas of the city. War crimes occur including ethnic cleansing and destruction of civilian property.
- The final fighting in Croatian and Bosnian wars ends in 1995 with the success of Croatian military offensives against Serb forces and the mass exodus of Serbs from Croatia in 1995; Serb losses to Croat and Bosniak forces; and finally the signing of the Dayton Agreement which internally partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into a Republika Srpska and a Bosniak-Croat federation.
Civil wars and Guerrilla wars[link]
- The Rwandan Genocide – between 6 April 1994 until mid-July 1994 a mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis and Hutu political moderates occurred by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideology. Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed.[4] Estimates of the death toll have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000,[5] or as much as 20% of the total population of the country. It resulted in serious criticism of the United Nations and major countries for failing to stop the genocide.
- In Algeria a long period of violence in the north African country starts by the cancellation of the first ever held democratic elections by a group of high ranking army officers.
- The Ethiopian Civil War ends in 1991, ending over twenty years of internal conflict. The end of the war coincides with the establishment of a coalition government of various factions.
- Oka Crisis takes place in 1990 involving an armed standoff between people of the Mohawk nation (North American indigenous peoples in Canada), and the Canadian military over a dispute involving land held via treaty to the Mohawk people.
- A large number of the Zapatista indigenous people of Mexico join the Zapatista Army of National Liberation that begins armed conflict with the Mexican government in 1994 and continues through the 1990s.
- The Taliban seize control of Afghanistan in 1996.
- The 1992 Los Angeles riots occurred, with 53 deaths and 5,500 property fires in a 100-square-mile (260 km2) riot zone. The riots were a result of the state court acquittal of three White and one Hispanic L.A. police officers by an all-white jury in a police brutality case involving motorist Rodney King, but in 1993, all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case.
- The Pakistan Army overthrows the democratically elected government of Pakistan on 12 October 1999. Army chief Pervez Musharraf takes control of government as Prime Minister of Pakistan; he would dominate Pakistan's political leadership for nine years.
- The Somali Civil War (1991 – present) and the Battle of Mogadishu.
- Severe political deadlock between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet (Russia's parliament at this time) result in Yeltsin ordering the controversial shelling of the Russian parliament building by tanks in 1993.
Coups[link]
Main article: List of coups d'état and coup attempts#1990 - 1999
Terrorist attacks[link]
Main article: List of terrorist incidents#1970s–2000s
- The 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Oklahoma City bombing leads to awareness in U.S. of domestic and international terrorism as a potential threat.
- Markale market massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994 involving soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska deliberately targeting Bosniak (then known as "Bosnian Muslims") civilians.
- Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 involving soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska, members of Serbia's Scorpions paramilitary group, and Greek volunteers in the Srpska army, committing mass murder of Bosniak civilians.
- The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killed 168. Bombing suspect Timothy McVeigh claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1993 Waco massacre.
- After the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania by Al-Qaeda militants, U.S. naval military forces launch cruise missile attacks against Al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan in 1998.
- The Omagh bombing in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland which killed 29 civilians and injured hundreds more.
- Ahmed Ressam, an Islamist militant associated with Al-Qaeda is arrested when attempting to cross from Canada to the United States at the Canada-U.S. border on 14 December 1999; it is discovered that he intended to bomb Los Angeles International Airport during millennium celebrations. This is the first major attempted terrorist attack by Al Qaeda on U.S. soil since the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and marked the beginning of a series of attempted terrorist attacks by Al Qaeda against the U.S. that would continue into the 21st century.
- On 18 July 1994 an unknown terrorist plants a car-bomb in the AMIA Headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina killing 85 people and injuring hundreds, making it the first ethnically targeted and deadliest bombing in Argentine history
- on 15 June 1996, the IRA set off a bomb in Manchester, England. The bomb, placed in a van on Corporation Street in the city centre, targeted the city's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at £700 million (£1 billion as of 2011). Two hundred and twelve people were injured, but there were no fatalities.
Decolonization and Independence[link]
- United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997.
- Portugal hands sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999.
- Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia (1993).
- East Timor breaks away from Indonesian control in 1999, merely a year after the fall of Suharto from power, ending a twenty-four year guerrilla war and genocide with more than 200,000 casualties. The UN deploys a peace keeping force, spearheaded by the Australian armed forces. The United States deploys police officers to serve with the International Police element, to help train and equip an East Timorese police force.
- The republics of Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia.
- Dissolution of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia (1993).
Prominent political events[link]
- The 1990s was an era of spreading democracy.[6] The former countries of the Warsaw Pact moved from totalitarian regimes to democratically elected governments.[6] The same happened in other non-communist countries, such as Taiwan, Chile, South Africa, and Indonesia. Capitalism made great changes to the economies of communist countries like China and Vietnam.
- The ethnic tensions and violence in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s create a greater sense of ethnic identity of the nations in the new countries, especially involving increased popularity of nationalism.
Africa
- The release of African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela from jail in February 1990 after thirty years of imprisonment for opposing apartheid and white-minority rule in South Africa. This would resolve with the end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1994, marking the end of the original Civil Rights era of the 20th century.
- Nelson Mandela is elected President of South Africa in 1994, becoming the first black President in South African history ending a long legacy of apartheid white-rule in the country.
North America
- United States President Bill Clinton was a dominant political figure in international affairs during the 1990s known especially for his attempts to negotiate peace in the Middle East and end the ongoing wars occurring in the former Yugoslavia; his promotion of international action to decrease human-created climate change; and his endorsement of advancing free trade in the Americas.
- Lewinsky scandal – US president Bill Clinton was caught in a media-frenzied scandal involving inappropriate relations with a White House intern Monica Lewinsky, first announced on 21 January 1998. After the U.S. House of Representatives impeached Clinton on 19 December 1998 for perjury under oath, following an investigation by federal prosecutor Kenneth Starr, the Senate acquitted Clinton of the charges on 12 February 1999 and he finished his second term.
- Jean-Bertrand Aristide becomes the first democratically elected President of Haiti in 1990.
- Canadian politics is radically altered in the 1993 federal election with the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, (a major political party in Canada since 1867) from being government to only 2 seats and the New Democratic Party collapsing from 44 seats to 9. The Liberal Party of Canada is the only genuine national political party that remains while the regionally based parties such as the Quebec-based Bloc Québécois and the almost entirely Western Canada-based Reform Party of Canada rise from political insignificance to being major political parties.
- After the collapse of the Meech Lake constitutional accord in 1990, the province of Quebec in Canada experienced a rekindled wave of separatism by francophone Québécois nationalists, who sought for Quebec to become an independent country. In 1995, during a referendum on Quebec sovereignty, Quebec voters narrowly reject the vote for independence.
- The 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty is held in the predominantly francophone province of Quebec in Canada, a majority anglophone country. If accepted Quebec would become an independent country with an economic association with Canada. The proposal is narrowly rejected by Quebec's voters by 50.4% no, and 49.6% yes.
- California voters passed Proposition 215 in 1996, to legalize cannabis for medicinal purposes. The debate over legalization of marijuana in the U.S. goes on today.
- The enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on 1 January 1994, creating a North American free trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
Asia
- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Prime Minister Yasser Arafat agree to the Peace Process at the culmination of the Oslo Accords, negotiated by the United States President Bill Clinton on 13 September 1993. By signing the Oslo accords, the Palestine Liberation Organization recognize Israel's right to exist, while Israel permitted the creation of an autonomous Palestinian National Authority consisting of the Gaza Strip and West Bank which was implemented in 1994. Israeli military forces withdraw from the Palestinian territories in compliance with the accord, which marked the end of the First Intifada (a period of violence between Palestinian Arab militants and Israeli armed forces from 1987 to 1993).
- The Palestinian National Authority is created in 1994 in accordance with the Oslo Accords, giving Palestinian Arab people official autonomy over the Gaza Strip and West Bank, though not official independence from Israel.
- In 1994, a peace treaty is signed between Israel and Jordan.
- In July 1994, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung died, having ruled the country since its founding in 1948. His son Kim Jong-il succeeded him, taking over a nation on the brink of complete economic collapse. Famine caused a great number of deaths in the late '90s, and North Korea would gain a reputation for being a large source of money laundering, counterfeiting, and weapons proliferation. The country's ability to produce and sell nuclear weapons became a focus of concern in the international community.
- Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy in Burma wins a majority of seats in the first free elections in 30 years in 1990, yet the Burmese military junta refuses to relinquish power, beginning an ongoing peaceful struggle throughout the 1990s to the present by Aung San Suu Kyi and her supporters to demand the end of military rule in Burma.
- North Yemen and South Yemen merge to form Yemen in 1991.
Europe
- The Moscow Coup and subsequent break-up of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.
- The improvement in relations between the countries of NATO and the former members of the Warsaw Pact ended the Cold War both in Europe and other parts of the world.
- German reunification – Germany reunified on 3 October 1990 as a result of the fall of the Berlin Wall and after integrating the economic structure and provincial governments, focused on modernization of the former communist East. People who were brought up in a communist culture became integrated with those living in democratic western Germany.
- Margaret Thatcher who had been the United Kingdom's Prime Minister since 1979 resigned as Prime Minister on 22 November 1990 after being challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine because of widespread opposition to the introduction of the controversial Community Charge and the fact that her key allies such as Nigel Lawson and Geoffrey Howe resigned over the deeply sensitive issues of the Maastricht Treaty and Margaret Thatcher's resistance to Britain joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Less than two years later on the infamous Black Wednesday of September 1992, the pound sterling crashed out of the system after the pound fell below the agreed exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark.
- The Belfast Agreement (a.k.a. the Good Friday Agreement) is signed by U.K. and Irish politicians on 10 April 1998, declaring a joint commitment to a peaceful resolution of the territorial dispute between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom over Northern Ireland.
- The IRA agreed to a truce in 1994. This marked the beginning of the end of 25 years of violence between the IRA and the United Kingdom, and the start of political negotiations.
- The European Union forms in 1992 under the Maastricht Treaty.
South America
- Due to the Internal conflict in Peru and the economic crisis, Alberto Fujimori rises to power in Peru and remains in office for eleven years. His administration is marked by economic development but also by numerous human rights violations (La Cantuta massacre, Barrios Altos massacre), and a rampant corruption network set up by Vladimiro Montesinos.
Assassinations[link]
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The 1990s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts:
- 19 September 1990 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army tries to assassinate Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford, England. Hit by at least 9 bullets, the former Governor of Gibraltar survives.
- 21 May 1991 – In Sriperumbudur, India, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated.
- 7 August 1991 – Shapour Bakhtiar, former prime minister of Iran, is assassinated.
- 23 May 1992 – Able to a violent explosion on Autostrada A29 (Italy) section between the' Punta Raisi Airport and Palermo, caused by the Mafia, causing the death of Judge Giovanni Falcone, a hero in the fight against organized crime. Less than two months later, on 19 July, Falcone's co-worker and friend, magistrate Paolo Borsellino was killed by a car bomb in via D'Amelio, Palermo, in front of his mother's house. They were both named as heroes of the last 60 years in the November 2006 issue of Time Magazine.
- 29 June 1992 – A bodyguard assassinates President Mohamed Boudiaf of Algeria.
- April 1993 – The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former U.S. President George H. W. Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait. Two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car-bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.[7]
- 1 May 1993 – A Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinates President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka.
- 29 August 1995 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.
- 4 November 1995 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv by a radical Jewish militant who opposed the Oslo Accords.
- 2 October 1996 – The former prime minister of Bulgaria, Andrei Lukanov, is assassinated.
- 15 July 1997 Gianni Versace was shot dead, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who used the same gun to commit suicide on a boat several days later. Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed.[dubious – discuss]
- 9 February 1998 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.
- 16 February 1999 – In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters.
- 23 March 1999 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.
- 9 April 1999 – Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, president of Niger, is assassinated.
Disasters[link]
Natural disasters[link]
See also: Category:1990 natural disasters
- The most prominent natural disasters of the decade include: Hurricane Andrew striking South Florida in August 1992, the crippling super storm of March 1993 along the Eastern Seaboard, the devastating 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles, the Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe, Japan in January 1995, the Blizzard of 1996 in the eastern U.S., the US drought of 1999, the deadly Hurricane Mitch which struck Central America in October 1998, and the destructive Oklahoma tornado outbreak in May 1999, the August 1999 İzmit earthquake in Turkey, and the September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.
- A magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the Philippines on 16 July 1990 and killed around 1000 people in Baguio City.
- July 1995 – Midwestern United States heat wave – An unprecedented heat wave strikes the Midwestern United States for most of the month. Temperatures peak at 106 °F (41 °C), and remain above 94 °F (34 °C) in the afternoon for 5 straight days. At least 739 people die in Chicago alone.
- Hurricane Georges made landfall in at least seven different countries (Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba and the United States) and Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth of the United States – more than any other hurricane since Hurricane Inez of the 1966 season. The total estimated costs were in the $60 billion (present day $100 billion)
Non-natural disasters[link]
- Gulf War oil spill – Resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991 by the Iraq military, the oil spill caused considerable damage to wildlife in the Persian Gulf especially in areas surrounding Kuwait and Iraq.
- On 15 December 1991, The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450.
- On 4 October 1992 – El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo airplane heading to Tel Aviv, suffered physical engine separation of both right-wing engines (#3 and #4) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport. A total of 43 people were killed, including the plane's crew of three and a "non revenue passenger". Several others were injured.
- On 26 July 1993, Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea killing 68.
- On 28 September 1994 – The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852.
- On 29 June 1995, the Sampoong Department Store collapses in Seoul, South Korea, killing 502.
- On 17 July 1996 Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA 800), a Boeing 747–131, exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, killing 230.
- On 2 September 1998 Swissair Flight 111 (SR-111), a McDonnell-Douglas MD-11, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nova Scotia near the towns of Peggys Cove and Bayswater, killing 229.
Economics[link]
- Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations were prosperous during the 1990s. High-income countries such as the United States, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and those in Western Europe experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade. However, in the former Soviet Union GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed and some capital flight occurred.
- GATT update and creation of the World Trade Organization and other global economic institutions, but opposition by anti-globalization activists showed up in nearly every GATT summit, like the demonstrations in Seattle in December 1999.
- The anti-globalization protests at the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle, Washington began on 30 November 1999. This marks the beginning of a steady increase in anti-globalization protests which occurred in the first decade of the 21st century as well as increasing hostility to neoliberalism.
North America
File:Dow jones.png
The Dow Jones Index of 1990s.
- The U.S experiences its longest period of economic expansion during the decade. Personal incomes doubled from the recession in 1990, and there was higher productivity overall. After the 1996 Welfare Reform Act there was a reduction of poverty,[8] and the Wall Street stock exchange stayed over the 10,500 mark from 1999 to 2001.
- After the 1992 booming of the US stock market, Alan Greenspan coined the phrase "irrational exuberance".
- The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which phases out trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada is signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
Asia
- The government of the People's Republic of China announces major privatization of state-owned industries in September 1997.
- China started the '90s in a bad way, shunned by much of the world after the Tiananmen Square Massacre and controlled by hard line politicians who reigned in private enterprise and attempted to revive old-fashioned propaganda campaigns. Relations with the United States deteriorated sharply, and the Chinese leadership was further embarrassed by the disintegration of communism in Europe. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping travelled to southern China in his last major public appearance to revitalize faith in market economics and stop the country's slide back into Maoism. Afterwards, China recovered, and would experience explosive economic growth during the rest of the decade. In spite of this, dissent continued to be suppressed, and President Jiang Zemin launched a brutal crackdown against the Falun Gong religious sect in 1999. Deng Xiaoping himself died in 1997 at the age of 93. Relations with the US deteriorated again in 1999 after the bombing of the Chinese embassy during the bombing of Serbia by NATO forces, which caused three deaths, and allegations of Chinese espionage at the Los Alamos Nuclear Facility.
- South-East Asia economic crisis starting from 1997.
- Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asia in 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development, which continues by 1999. This crisis begins to be felt by the end of the decade.
- In Japan, after three decades of economic growth put them in second place in the world's economies, the situation worsened after 1993. The recession went on into the early first decade of the 21st century, bringing an end to the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had hitherto enjoyed.
- The Philippines saw great economic development after the People Power Revolution. The economy gains 5% from its deficit until the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.
- Less affluent nations such as India, Malaysia, and Vietnam also saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s. Restructuring following the end of the Cold War was beginning. However, there was also the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the "frontlines" for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia.
Europe
- By 1990, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms were causing major inflation and economic chaos. A coup attempt by hard-liners in August 1991 failed, marking the effective end of the Soviet Union. All its constituent republics declared their independence in 1991, and on Christmas, Gorbachev resigned from office. After 73 years, the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The new Russian Federation was headed by Boris Yeltsin, and would face severe economic difficulty. Oligarchs took over Russia's energy and industrial sectors, reducing almost half the country to poverty. With a 3% approval rating, Yeltsin had to buy the support of the oligarchs to win reelection in 1996. Economic turmoil and devaluation of the ruble continued, and with heart and alcohol troubles, he stepped down from office on the last day of 1999, handing power to Vladimir Putin.
- Russian financial crisis in the 1990s results in mass hyperinflation and prompts economic intervention from the International Monetary Fund and western countries to help Russia's economy recover.
- Eastern European economies struggled after the fall of communism, but Poland, Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania saw healthy economic growth rates in the late 1990s.
- The first McDonald's restaurant opens in Moscow in 1990 with then-President of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR and future Russian President Boris Yeltsin attending, symbolizing Russia's transition towards a capitalist free market economy and a move towards adopting elements of western culture.
- Oil and gas were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc, leading to economic growth and wider adoption of trade between nations. These trends were also fueled by inexpensive fossil energy, with low petroleum prices caused by a glut of oil. Political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the Cold War led to economic development and higher standards of living for many citizens.
- Much of Europe had serious economic problems including the massive 1995 general strikes in France during its worst recession since World War II and the problems associated with German reunification. The French economy mildly rebounds at the end of the decade as does Germany. During the late 90s, the economies of particularly Spain, Scandinavia and former Eastern Bloc countries accelerate at rapid speed. After the early 1990s recession, the United Kingdom and Ireland experience rapid economic growth that continues throughout the decade. Unemployment is a persistent problem in many countries throughout the 90s.
- With the creation of the EU there is freedom of movement between member states, such as the 1992 and 1995 free trade agreements.
- The Euro is adopted by the European Union on 1 January 1999, which begins a process of phasing out national currencies of EU countries.
South America
- The sluggish economies of Brazil, by a new emphasis on free markets for all their citizens, and Mexico, under economist president Ernesto Zedillo elected in 1994, were in their best shape by the late 1990s.
Technology and science[link]
Main article: 1990s in science and technology
Technology[link]
See also: Timeline of computing 1990–1999
The 1990s were an incredibly revolutionary decade for digital technology. Cell phones of the early 1990s and earlier were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the wealthiest nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the World Wide Web had only just been invented. By 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access.
Electronics and communications[link]
- On 6 August 1991, CERN, a pan European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project.[9] Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s.
- Y2K spread fear throughout the United States and eventually the world in the last half of the decade particularly 1999 about possible massive computer malfunctions on 1 January 2000. As a result, many people stocked up on supplies for fear of a world wide disaster. Eventually no globally significant computer failures occurred when the clocks rolled over into 2000.
- Advancements in computer modems, ISDN, cable modems, and DSL lead to faster connection to the Internet.
- The Pentium processor is developed by Intel.
- E-mail becomes popular; as a result Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail webmail service.
- Instant messaging and the Buddy list becomes popular. AIM and ICQ are two early protocols.
- Businesses start to build E-commerce websites; E-commerce-only companies such as Amazon.com, eBay, AOL, and Yahoo! grow rapidly.
- The introduction of affordable, smaller satellite dishes and the DVB-S standard in the mid-1990s expanded satellite television services that carried up to 500 television channels.
- The first MP3 Player, the MPMan, is released in late spring of 1998. It came with 32Mb of flash memory expandable to 64Mb. By the mid 2000s, the Mp3 player would overtake the CD player in popularity.
- The first GSM network is launched in Finland in 1991.
- Digital SLRs and regular digital cameras become commercially available. They would replace film cameras by the mid 2000s.
- IBM introduces the 1-inch (25 mm) wide Microdrive hard drive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities.
- Apple introduces the iMac computer, initiating a trend in computer design towards translucent plastics and multicolor case design, discontinuing many legacy technologies like serial ports, and beginning a resurgence in the company's fortunes that continues unabated to this day.
- CD burner drives are introduced.
- The CD-ROM drive became standard for most personal computers during the decade.
- The DVD media format is developed and popularized along with a plethora of Flash memory card standards.
- Pagers are initially popular but ultimately are replaced by mobile phones by the early 2000s.
- Hand-held satellite phones are introduced towards the end of the decade.
- The 24 hour news cycle becomes popular with the Gulf War in late 1990 – early 1991 and CNN's coverage of Desert Storm and Desert Shield. Though CNN had been running 24-hour newscasts since 1980, it was not until the Gulf War that the general public took large notice and others imitated CNN's non-stop news approach.[10]
- Portable CD players, introduced during the late 1980s, became very popular and had a profound impact on the Music industry and youth culture during the 1990s.
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An early Portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121
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Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade.
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Pagers became widely popular
Software[link]
- Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM Personal Computers.
- Microsoft introduces Windows NT 3.1, Windows 95 and later Windows 98 to the market, which gain immediate popularity.
- Mac OS X was released in 1999, with the consumer version to be released in 2001. For much of the decade, System 7, Mac OS 8, and Mac OS 9 would be in consumer Macintoshes and its clones.
- The development of Web browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly.
- The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems.
- In 1991, development of the free Linux kernel is started by Linus Torvalds in Finland.
Automobiles[link]
The 1990s began with another recession that dampened car sales. General Motors continued to suffer huge losses thanks to an inefficient structure, stale designs, and poor quality. Sales improved with the economy by the mid-'90s, but GM's US market share gradually declined to less than 40% (from a peak of 50% in the '70s). While the new Saturn division fared well, Oldsmobile declined sharply, and attempts to remake the division as a European-style luxury car were unsuccessful.
Cars in the 1990s had a rounder, more streamlined shape than those of the 1970s and 1980s; this style would continue early into the 2000s and to a lesser extent later on.
Chrysler ran into financial troubles again as the '90s started. Like GM, it too had a stale model lineup (except for the best-selling minivans) that was largely based on the aging K-car platform. In 1992, chairman Lee Iacocca retired, and the company began a remarkable revival, introducing the new LH platform and "Cab-Forward" styling, along with a highly successful redesign of the full-sized Dodge Ram in 1994. Chrysler's minivans continued to dominate the market despite increasing competition. In 1998, Daimler-Benz (the parent company of Mercedes-Benz) merged with Chrysler. The following year, it was decided to retire Plymouth, which had been on a long decline since the '70s. Ford continued to fare well in the '90s, with the second and third generations of the Ford Taurus being named the best selling car in the United States from 1992–1996. However, the Taurus would be outsold and dethroned by the Toyota Camry starting in 1997, which became the best selling car in the United States for the rest of the decade and into the 2000s.
Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade. The Honda Accord vied with the Taurus most years for being the best-selling car in the United States during the early part of the decade. Although launched in 1989, the luxury brands Lexus and Infiniti began car sales of 1990 model year vehicles and saw great success. Lexus would go on to outsell Mercedes-Benz and BMW in the United States by 1991, and would outsell Cadillac and Lincoln by the end of the decade. SUVs and trucks became hugely popular during the economic boom in the second half of the decade. Many makes that had never built a truck before started selling SUVs. Car styling during the 1990s became gradually more round and ovoid, the third-generation Taurus and Mercury Sable being some of the more extreme examples. Safety features such as airbags and shoulder belts became mandatory equipment on new cars.
Science[link]
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- Physicists develop M-theory.
- Detection of extrasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun.
- In the United Kingdom, the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was confirmed by the Roslin Institute, and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning and bioethical concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day.
- Human Genome Project begins.
- DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law.
- Hubble Space Telescope launched in 1990; revolutionizes astronomy. Unfortunately, a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy, distorted images. This was corrected by a shuttle repair mission in 1993.
- Protease inhibitors introduced allowing HAART therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.
- NASA's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle, Sojourner, which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.
- The Hale-Bopp comet swings past the sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997.
- Development of biodegradable products, replacing products made from styrofoam; advances in methods for recycling of waste products (such as paper, glass, and aluminum).
- Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use.
- Discovery of dark matter, dark energy, brown dwarfs, and first confirmation of black holes.
- The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter, studying the planet and its moons extensively.
- Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2, nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of solar system objects..
- The Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes fully operational.
- Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is discovered by Andrew Wiles.
- Construction started in 1998 on the International Space Station.
Environment[link]
At the beginning of the decade, sustainable development and environmental protection became serious issues for governments and the international community. In 1987, the publication of the Brundtland Report by the United Nations had paved the way to establish a environmental governance. In 1992 was held the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, in which several countries committed to protect the environment, signing a Convention on Biological Diversity.
The prevention of the destruction of the tropical rainforests of the world is a major environmental cause that first came into wide public concern in the early 1990s, and has continued and accelerated.
The Chernobyl disaster had significant impact on public opinion at the end of the 1980s, and the fallout was still causing cancer deaths well into the 1990s and possibly even into the 21st century. All along the 1990s, several environmental NGOs helped improve environmental awareness among public opinion and governments. The most famous of these organizations during this decade was Greenpeace, which did not hesitate to lead illegal actions in the name of environmental preservation. These organizations also drawn attention on the large deforestion of the Amazon Rainforest during the period.
Global warming as an aspect of climate change also became a major concern, and the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) after the Earth Summit helped coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. From 1995, the UNFCCC held annual summits on climate change, leading to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, a binding agreement signed by several developed countries.
Society[link]
The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries, though coupled with an increase in the influence of capitalism, which had begun in the mid 1970s, and would continue until the Great Recession of the late 2000s/early 2010s.[11]
Youth culture in the 1990s responded to this by embracing both environmentalism and entrepreneurship. Western world fashions reflected this by often turning highly individualistic and/or counter-cultural, which was influenced by Generation X: tattoos and body piercing gained popularity, and "retro" styles inspired by fashions of the 1960s and 1970s were also prevalent. Some young people became increasingly involved in extreme sports and outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature. The slacker and Valley Girl cultures were prevalent, and the decade was heavily influenced by Californian culture.
In 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from its list of diseases. Increasing acceptance of homosexuality occurred in the western world throughout the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century.
Third-wave feminism[link]
Main article: Third-wave feminism
- Anita Hill and other women testify before the United States Congress on being sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the United States Senate, but Hill's testimony, and the testimony of other harassed women, begins a national debate on the issue.
- Record numbers of women are elected to high office in the U.S. in 1992, the "Year of the Woman".
- Violence against women takes center stage as an important issue internationally. In the U.S. the Violence Against Women Act was passed, which greatly affected the world community through the United Nations. The law's author, Joe Biden, and UN Ambassador and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton (see below) become vocal advocates of action against violence against women.
- Women reach great heights of power in the U.S. government. Hillary Rodham Clinton, leading policy proposals, traveling abroad as a State Department representative to 82 nations, advising her husband, and being elected a Senator (in 2000), is the most openly empowered and politically powerful First Lady in American history; Madeleine Albright and Janet Reno take two of the cabinet's top jobs as United States Secretary of State (#1), and United States Attorney General (#4), respectively. Sheila Widnall becomes head and Secretary of the Air Force and Ruth Bader Ginsburg joins Sandra Day O'Connor as the second woman on the U.S. Supreme Court.
- Record numbers of women become top CEOs worldwide.
- More nations than ever before are led by elected women Presidents and Prime Ministers. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's 1988 victory in Pakistan makes women leaders in Muslim states unextraordinary. In Turkey, Tansu Ciller became the first female prime minister in 1993 (till 1996).
- Pop-group, the Spice Girls also played a part in the feminist movement, reining in popularity with the phrase "Girl Power!"
Additional significant world-wide events[link]
- Worldwide New Year's Eve celebrations on 31 December 1999 welcoming the year 2000.
Europe
- 1991 – Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius. Killed 14 people and wounding 1000.
- In Paris, Diana, Princess of Wales and her friend, Dodi Al-Fayed, were killed in a car accident in August 1997, when their chauffeured, hired Mercedes-Benz S-Class crashed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel. The chauffeur, Henri Paul died at the scene, as did Al-Fayed. Diana and an Al-Fayed bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the accident. The former Princess of Wales died at a Paris hospital hours later. The bodyguard, Rees-Jones, is the sole survivor of the now infamous accident.
- Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87.
- The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the Mani Pulite investigations of 1994.
- The Channel Tunnel across the English Channel opens in 1994, connecting France and England. As of 2007 it is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world, but with the undersea section of 37.9 km (23.5 mi) being the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
- The resignation of President Boris Yeltsin on 31 December 1999 resulting in Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's succession to the position.
North America
- The Columbine High School massacre occurred on 20 April 1999, in Littleton, Colorado when two student gunmen killed 12 students and a teacher before committing suicide, making it the deadliest high school shooting in United States history.
- O. J. Simpson murder case – O. J. Simpson's trial, described in the U.S. media as the "trial of the century" and enormous U.S. media attention is focused on the trial. On 3 October 1995, Simpson was found "not guilty" of double-murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman.
- With help from clinical fertility drugs, an Iowa mother, Bobbie McCaughey, gave birth to the first surviving septuplets in 1997. There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family.
- John F. Kennedy, Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha's Vineyard in July 1999.
- Debate on assisted suicide highly publicized by Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian, charged with multiple counts of homicide of his terminally ill patients through the decade.
- Beer keg registration becomes popular public policy in U.S.
- The 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1992 was popularly observed, despite controversy and protests against the victimization of Native Americans by Columbus' expeditions. The holiday was labeled by some as racist, in view of Native American experiences of colonialism, slavery, genocide, and cultural destruction.
- Matthew Shepard is murdered near the University of Wyoming for being gay. This sparks intense national and international media attention and outrage. He becomes a major symbol in the LGBT rights movement and the fight against homophobia.
- Shanda Sharer (6 June 1979 – 11 January 1992) Was a murder victim. She was lured away from her house and held captive by a group of teenage girls. She was tortured for hours and burned alive. She died from smoke inhalation. Those that were found guilty and sentenced to prison were Melinda Loveless, Laurie Tackett, Hope Rippey, and Toni Lawrence. According to Melinda, she was jealous of the relationship that her former partner Amanda Heavrin had with Shanda Sharer. This senseless murder shocked the nation.
- Polly Klaas (January 3, 1981 - October 1993) was kidnapped by Richard Allen Davis from her home during a sleepover party. She was later strangled to death. After her death, her father, Marc Klaas, established the KlaasKids Foundation.
- Jonbenet Ramsey (6 August 1990 – 25 December 1996) was a child beauty pageant contestant who was missing and found dead in her Boulder, Colorado home. The crime horrified the nation and the world. Her parents were initially considered to be suspects in her death but were cleared in 2003 when DNA from her clothes were tested. To this day, her murderer has not been found and brought to justice.
Canada
- Karla Homolka is a killer and sexual deviant. She was arrested with her husband, Paul Bernardo in 1993. Both sexually tortured and killed their victims. Their first victim was Karla's fifteen year old sister Tammy Homolka. The second and third victims were Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French. Karla told the investigators that she unwillingly did what Paul told her to do because he was abusive and was given a deal. She was sentenced to only 12 years in prison (10 years for Mahaffy and French but only 2 years for Tammy). Later, investigators discovered videotapes of the crimes which proved that Karla was a willing participant. But by that time the deal had already been made. However, in 1995, Paul was sentenced to life in prison. Karla was released from prison in 2005 and remains as one of the most hated people to have lived in Canada.
Asia
- Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel – With the end of the Soviet Union, Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews, many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet. Israel was also barred from participating in the Gulf War, so as to not disrupt the US-Arab alliance.
- The Spratly Islands issue became one of the most controversial in Southeast Asia.
Popular culture[link]
Film[link]
Main article: 1990s in film
The 1990s were an eventful time for film.
Dogme 95 becomes an important European artistic motion picture movement by the end of the decade. Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon throughout the world, and eventually becomes the highest grossing film of all time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when director James Cameron had another one of his films take the title, that being Avatar.[12]
The films produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios became popular once more when the studio returned to making traditionally animated musical family classics such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and The Lion King. This era was known as the Disney Renaissance.
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Television[link]
Main article: 1990s in television
TV shows, mostly sitcoms, were popular with the American audience. Series such as Roseanne and Seinfeld, both which premiered in the late eighties, and Frasier, a spin-off of the 1980s hit Cheers were viewed throughout the 1990s. These sitcoms, along with Friends, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Full House, Family Matters, That 70's Show, Married... with Children, Everybody Loves Raymond, and Martin, turned TV in new directions and defined the humor of the decade.
Medical dramas started to come into television in the ‘90s. One show stood out as a critical and ratings success for NBC. In 1994, ER, which starred Anthony Edwards and George Clooney, was a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawning series such as Grey's Anatomy (2005–present). It made NBC the most watched channel in the USA[citation needed]. This show launched the career of George Clooney.
Beverly Hills, 90210 ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre paving the way for Dawson's Creek, Felicity, and other shows airing in later years. The show was then remade and renamed simply 90210 and premiered in 2008. Melrose Place, a popular TV show that dominated throughout the ‘90s as well. Baywatch, a popular TV show that dominated throughout the ‘90s, became the most watched TV show in history and influenced pop culture.
As an animated TV sitcom, The Simpsons, debuted in December 1989, became a domestic and international success in the 1990s. The show has made it beyond 2010 and has become an institution of pop culture. It has spawned the adult-oriented animated sitcom genre, inspiring racier shows such as Beavis and Butt-head (1993–1997) along with South Park and Family Guy, the latter two of which began in 1997 and 1999 respectively and continue to air new episodes through the 2000s and into the 2010s.
Anime was popular in the 1980s, and expanded to a worldwide audience by the 1990s, for its expansive spectrum of story subjects and themes not limited to comedy and superhero action found in the US, and visual and story content that also expanded to older and adult ages. TV shows such as Sailor Moon, Digimon, Dragonball Z, Pokémon, Neon Genesis Evangelion, the anime movie Akira, and imports by various distributors such as Viz, Central Park Media, Pioneer Entertainment, and Celebrity, helped begin the mid to late 1990s and early to mid 2000s anime craze in the US, and the Cartoon Network anime block Toonami in 1997.
Reality television began on MTV; this would grow in importance in the western world into the next decade.
Nickelodeon's first animated series (Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show) debuted in 1991. One of Nickelodeon's best shows, SpongeBob SquarePants, started in 1999 and became a huge success.
American animated children’s programs went through a renaissance during the decade with studios producing many high quality shows. Examples include Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Batman: The Animated Series, and Superman: The Animated Series.
During the mid-1990s, two of the biggest professional wrestling companies: World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation were on a Monday Night Wars (1995–2001) with each other. Trying to get more views than the other. It ended in 2001 when WWE bought WCW. At November 2001, there was a Winner Takes All match with both companies in a Pay-Per-View called Survivor Series. WWF won the match; therefore, WCW are now working with WWE.
Music[link]
See also: 1990s in music
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The 1990s were a decade of many diverse scenes in music. However, they are perhaps best known for grunge, gangsta rap, R&B, teen pop; eurodance, electronic dance music, the renewed popularity of punk rock mainly because of the band Green Day (which would also help create a new genre pop punk) and for being the decade that alternative rock became mainstream. U2 was one of the most popular 1990s bands, their groundbreaking Zoo TV and PopMart tours were the top selling tours of 1992 and 1997. Celine Dion became the best-selling music artists of all-time, with sales of over 200 million albums.
Glam metal dies out through its own accord in the music mainstream by 1991.[14] Grunge music becomes popular in 1991 because of the success of Nirvana's Nevermind, Pearl Jam's Ten and Soundgarden's Badmotorfinger.[15] Punk pop also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day, Blink-182, Weezer, The Offspring, Bad Religion, NOFX and Rancid.[16] Other successful alternative acts included Red Hot Chili Peppers, Gin Blossoms, Soul Asylum, Third Eye Blind, Stone Temple Pilots, Faith No More, The Smashing Pumpkins, Live, Everclear, Alice in Chains and Screaming Trees.[17]
Dr. Dre's 1992 album The Chronic provided a template for modern gangsta rap.[18] Due to the success of Death Row Records, West Coast gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early 1990s, along with The Notorious B.I.G. on the East Coast.[19] Hip hop became the best selling music genre by the mid 1990s.[20][21] By the end of the 1990s, attention turned back towards dirty south and crunk, with artists such as Outkast, Ludacris, Missy Elliott and Lil Wayne.[22]
In the United Kingdom, the uniquely British alternative rock Britpop genre emerged as part of the more general Cool Britannia culture, with Oasis, Blur, The Verve, Supergrass, Pulp, Radiohead, Manic Street Preachers, Suede, Elastica, Ride and Shed Seven. Female pop icons "Spice Girls" took the world by storm, becoming the most commercially successful British group since The Beatles.[23][24] Their impact brings about a widespread scene of teen pop acts around the world[25][26] such as Backstreet Boys, Hanson, N Sync, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera who come to prominence into the new millennium.[27] 1991 also saw the death of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury from AIDS-related pneumonia.
Contemporary R&B and quiet storm continue in popularity among adult audiences, which began during the 1980s. Popular American contemporary R&B artists included Michael Bolton, Kenny G, Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, D’Angelo, Lauryn Hill, Whitney Houston, Sade, En Vogue, TLC, Toni Braxton, Boyz II Men, Dru Hill, Gloria Estefan, Vanessa L. Williams and LeAnn Rimes.
The Tibetan Freedom Concert brings 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China. Freddie Mercury, Kurt Cobain, Selena, Tupac Shakur, and The Notorious B.I.G. are the most publicized music-related deaths of the decade, in 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 respectively.
Controversy surrounded The Prodigy with the release of the track ‘Smack My Bitch Up’. The National organization for Women(NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the lyrics of that song. The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman.
1994 became a breakthrough year for punk rock in California, with the success of bands like Bad Religion, Blink-182, Green Day, The Offspring, Rancid, and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow in over the next two decades, 2000s and 2010s. The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk/reggae rock, with the success of many bands like Buck-O-Nine, Goldfinger, Less Than Jake, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Murphy’s Law, No Doubt, Reel Big Fish, Save Ferris, Sublime and Sugar Ray.
The rave movement that emerged in the late 1980s rises incredibly in the early to mid 1990s and continues to exist. Rave spawns genres such as Intelligent dance music and Drum and bass. The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and breakbeat. Popular artists include Moby, Aphex Twin, The Orb, Chemical Brothers, Todd Terry, 808 State, Primal Scream, The Shamen, The KLF and The Prodigy.
The rise of industrial music, somewhat a fusion of synthpop and heavy metal, rises to worldwide popularity with bands like Godflesh, Nine Inch Nails, Rammstein, Ministry and Marilyn Manson. Groove metal was born through the efforts of Pantera, whose seventh studio album Far Beyond Driven (1994) was notable for going number one on Billboard 200. Another heavy metal subgenre called nu metal, which mixed metal with hip hop influences, becomes popular with bands like Korn, Slipknot and Limp Bizkit selling millions of albums worldwide.
Video gaming[link]
See also: 1990s in video gaming
Popular notable video games of the 1990s include: Metal Gear Solid, Super Mario World, Pokémon Red and Blue Versions, Pokémon Yellow Version, GoldenEye 007, Super Mario 64, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Gran Turismo, Mario Kart 64, Half-Life, Super Mario Kart, Tomb Raider series, Final Fantasy, Crash Bandicoot series, Resident Evil series, Street Fighter II, Spyro the Dragon series, Commander Keen series, Test Drive series, Monkey Island, Dune series, Mortal Kombat series, Warcraft series, Duke Nukem 3D, Tekken series, StarCraft, and Sonic the Hedgehog series.
Sony’s PlayStation becomes the top selling game console and changes the standard media storage type from cartridges to compact discs in consoles. Crash Bandicoot is released on 9 September 1996, becoming one of the most successful platforming series for the Sony PlayStation. Tomb Raider’s (PlayStation) Lara Croft became a video game sex symbol, becoming a recognizable figure in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s.
3-D graphics become the standard by end of decade. Although FPSs had long since seen the transition to full 3D, other genres begin to copy this trend by the end of the decade. Most notable first shooter games in the 1990s are GoldenEye 007 and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six.
The console wars, primarily between Sega (Mega Drive, marketed as the Sega Genesis in North America, introduced in 1988) and Nintendo (Super NES, introduced in 1990), sees the entrance of Sony with the PlayStation in 1994, which becomes the first successful CD-based console (as opposed to cartridges). By the end of the decade, Sega’s hold on the market becomes tenuous after the end of the Saturn in 1999 and the Dreamcast in 2002.
Mario as Nintendo’s mascot finds a rival in Sega’s Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of original game on the Genesis in 1991.
Arcade games rapidly decrease in popularity.[28]
Fighting games like Capcom’s Street Fighter II, Sega’s futuristic and "Soul Caliber" Virtua Fighter, and especially the more violent Mortal Kombat from Midway prompted the video game industry to adopt a game rating system. Hundreds of knock-offs are widely popular in mid-to-late 1990s. Doom (1993) bursts onto the world scene, and instantly popularizes the FPS genre, and even how games are played, as Doom is among the first games to feature multiplayer capabilities. It isn’t until Quake (1996), however, that game developers begin to take multiplayer features into serious consideration when making games. Half-Life (1998) features the next evolutionary step in the genre with continual progression of the game (no levels in the traditional sense) and an entirely in-person view, and becomes one of the most popular computer games in history.
The real-time strategy (RTS) genre is introduced in 1992 with the release of Dune II. Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994) popularizes the genre, with Command & Conquer and Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness in 1995, setting up the first major real-time strategy competition and popularizing multiplayer capabilities in RTS games. StarCraft in 1998 becomes the second best-selling computer game of all time. It remains among the most popular multiplayer RTS games to this day, especially in South Korea. Homeworld in 1999 becomes the first successful 3d RTS game. The rise of the RTS genre is often credited with the fall of the turn-based strategy (TBS) genre, popularized with Civilization in 1991. Final Fantasy first debuted (in North America) in 1990 for the NES, and remains among the most popular video game franchises, with many new titles to date and more in development, plus numerous spin-offs, sequels, films and related titles. Final Fantasy VII, released in 1997, especially popularized the series.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) see their entrance into the computer game world with Ultima Online in 1997, although they don’t gain widespread popularity until EverQuest and Asheron's Call in 1999. MMORPGs go on to become among the most popular genres in the first decade of the 21st century.
Pokémon enters the world scene with the release of the original Game Boy Pokémon Red and Pokémon Green games in Japan in 1996, later changed to Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue for worldwide release in 1998. It soon becomes popular in the U.S., spurring the term Pokémania and is adapted into a popular anime series and trading card game, among other media forms.
Resident Evil is released in 1996. It becomes the most popular survival-horror series in video gaming well into the next decade and inspires several films.
Crash Bandicoot is released in September 1996, becoming an innovative platformer for the Sony Playstation.
Toys and games[link]
Some of the most popular toys and games that emerged in the 1990s, or that had a significant increase in popularity during the 1990s, include:
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
- Barbie, produced by Mattel
- Super Soaker Water Guns
- Cupcake Dolls were produced by Tonka. They looked similar to a southern belle and smelled like cupcakes as well as turned into cupcakes. They came with a dress and a plastic hat that could be fastened with a string that could be tied under their chin. The dress was made of rubber covered with cloth and if the doll's head was pushed down and the dress turned upward, the doll would become a cupcake with the hat being the frosting on top.
- Power Rangers
- Polly Pocket
- Stretch Armstrong
- My Little Pony produced by Hasbro was popular in the early part of the 1990s before it transitioned further away from the 1980s. Then this toy made a brief comeback starting in 1997.
- Secret Wish Horse was made by Tyco. They were colorful plastic horses that had rooted eyelashes and a bejeweled saddle. One of the jewels could be removed and used as a key to unlock the hidden surprise within the saddle. The surprise usually consisted of a ring or earrings. They also came with a magic 8 ball necklace so that little girls could make wishes.
- Magic Touch Horse were plastic horses that came in different shades of the rainbow. They had symbols on their hips that when pressed would light up the hooves or plastic flowers in the mane. Some of them played music.
- Sega Game Gear
- Care Bears
- Transformers (Toy Line)
- Littlest Pet Shop
- Beanie Babies (TY)
- Sky Dancers
- Troll Doll
- Giga Pets
- Tamagotchi
- Hot Wheels
- Skip It
- Bop It
- Pogs
- Creepy Crawlers, produced by Mattel
- Fantasy Fillies were produced by Empire/Marchon and designed by the designer of Fashion Star Fillies by Kenner (1987). They were plastic horses that came in a wide array of colors. They all had glittery symbols on their hips.
- Cabbage Patch Horses produced by Hasbro were rubber ponies that came in several different color variations and some had glittery bodies. Also, some had hair that could be combed while others had yarn for hair.
- Lisa Frank
- Pokémon
- Furby
- Poo-Chi
- Puppy Surprise
- Pound Puppies
- Animorphs
- Thin Ice board game
- Trouble board game
- Sorry board game
- Jenga board game
- Guess Who game
- Connect Four game
- Perfection game
- Pretty Pretty Princess board game
- Laser Tag
- Sonic the Hedgehog
- Super Nintendo
- Sega Genesis
- Mr. Bucket
- Sony PlayStation
- Nintendo 64
- Game Boy Color
- Rollerblades
- Razor Scooter
Sports[link]
- Major League Baseball players went on strike on 12 August 1994, thus ending the season and canceling the World Series for the first time in 90 years. The players' strike ended on 29 March 1995 when players and team owners came to an agreement.
- American NBA basketball player Michael Jordan became a major sports and pop culture icon idolized by millions worldwide. He revolutionized sports marketing through deals with companies such as Gatorade, Hanes, McDonald's and Nike. His Chicago Bulls team won six NBA titles during the decade (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997 and 1998).
- The National Hockey League would expand from 21 to 30 teams. During the expansion years, several teams would relocate to new cities: the Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix, Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes, the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche, the Hartford Whalers moved to Raleigh, NC and became the Carolina Hurricanes, and the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas and became the Dallas Stars.
- The NHL's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey: San Jose (San Jose Sharks), Anaheim (Mighty Ducks of Anaheim), Nashville (Nashville Predators), Miami (Florida Panthers) and Tampa (Tampa Bay Lightning).
- Two of the NHL's Original Six teams, the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings would end long Stanley Cup championship droughts; the Rangers in 1994 after 54 years, and the Red Wings would win back to back Cups in 1997 and 1998 after 42 years.
- Canadian hockey star Mario Lemieux led the Pittsburgh Penguins, one of the original NHL expansion teams, to back-to-back Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992.
- In addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins, three other NHL expansion teams went on to earn their first Stanley Cup championships: the New Jersey Devils in 1995, the Colorado Avalanche in 1996, and the Dallas Stars in 1999.
- Canadian hockey star Wayne Gretzky announced his retirement from the NHL in 1999. Upon his final game on 18 April, he held forty regular-season records, fifteen playoff records, and six All-Star records. He is the leading point-scorer in NHL history, as well as the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season – a feat he accomplished four times. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons, 14 of them consecutive. He played for four teams during his NHL career: the Edmonton Oilers, the Los Angeles Kings, the St. Louis Blues, and the New York Rangers.
- American cyclist Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France in 1999, less than two years after battling testicular cancer.
- In professional wrestling, the boom period of the WWF from the late 1980s continued until 1993, lead by such stars as Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior. A second boom period of the decade was introduced during the Monday Night Wars between the WWF and WCW from the middle of the decade to spawn the WWF's Attitude Era, home to some of the biggest names in Wrestling history such as Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock and the highly popular nWo group, along with Goldberg who brought WCW major success.
- Manchester United won an unprecedented treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich 2–1 in May 1999.
- The USA hosted the 15th staging of the World Cup in 1994. To this day, it holds the record for largest attendance per game during the World Cup finals (even after the tournament's expansion to 32 teams and 64 matches). Additionally, this led to the creation of the MLS.
- The 1990s NFL also saw the return of the Dallas Cowboys back to prominence after a 14-year NFL championship drought by winning three Super Bowls(1992, 1993 and 1995) in a four-year span.
- The Nebraska Cornhuskers won three national titles in college football in a four-year span (1994, 1995, 1997)
- The Ultimate Fighting Championship (1993) and Pride Fighting Championship (1997) debut and evolve into the modern sport of Mixed Martial Arts.
Architecture[link]
See also: :Category:1990s architecture
- The Petronas Twin Towers became two of the tallest man-made structures ever built after they officially opened on 31 August 1999.
Literature[link]
- From July 1992 to December 1997, sixty-two books were written by R.L. Stine and published by Scholastic for the Goosebumps series. The series was very popular amongst pre-teens and older children, and as of 2008, the series had sold more than 300 million copies worldwide.[29]
- The End of History and the Last Man (1992) by Francis Fukuyama, a political theory book that expanded on Fukuyama's essay "The End of History?" of 1989, in which Fukuyama argues that the end of the Cold War has resulted in the end of international ideological struggle, resulting in the victory of Western liberal democracy that he claims is the final form of human government.
- The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996) by Samuel P. Huntington, a political theory book that rebukes Francis Fukuyama's argument in The End of History and the Last Man, claiming that in the post-Cold War world, people's cultural and religious identity would form the basis of modern conflicts.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published on 30 June 1997, the first novel in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling and featuring Harry Potter, a young wizard.
Fashion[link]
Main article: 1990s in fashion
Significant fashion trends of the 1990s include:
- The Rachel, Jennifer Aniston's hairstyle on the hit show Friends, became a cultural phenomenon with millions of women copying it worldwide.
- The Curtained Haircut increased in popularity in fashion and culture amongst teenage boys and young men in the 1990s, mainly after it was popularized in the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day by the actor Edward Furlong.
- The model 1300 Wonderbra style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992 which kicks off a multinational media sensation, the 1994 re-introduction of "The Wonderbra" brand, and a spike in push-up, plunge bras around the world.
- Additional fashion trends of the 1990s include the Tamagotchi, Rollerblades, Pogs and Dr. Martens shoes.
- Bleached Blond hair became very popular in the late '90s, as was men with short hair with the bangs "flipped up"
- Beverly Hills 90210 sideburns also became popular in the early and mid '90s
- Slap bracelets were a popular fad among children, pre-teens and teenagers in the late 1980s and early 1990s and were available in a wide variety of patterns and colors. Also, popular among children were light up sneakers, jelly shoes and shoelace hair clips were worn by girls.
- The Grunge hype at the beginning of the decade popularized the flannel shirts among both sexes during the 1990s.
People[link]
World leaders[link]
- President Carlos Saúl Menem (Argentina)
- Prime Minister Bob Hawke (Australia)
- Prime Minister Paul Keating (Australia)
- Prime Minister John Howard (Australia)
- King Boudewijn (Belgium) until 1993
- King Albert II (Belgium)
- President Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (Brazil)
- President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazil)
- President Zhelyu Zhelev (Bulgaria)
- President Petar Stoyanov (Bulgaria)
- Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)
- Prime Minister Kim Campbell (Canada)
- Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (Canada)
- "Paramount Leader" Deng Xiaoping (People's Republic of China)
- President Jiang Zemin (People's Republic of China)
- President Lee Teng-hui (Republic of China, Taiwan)
- Elizabeth II (Commonwealth realms)
- President Franjo Tuđman (Croatia)
- President Václav Havel (Czechoslovakia and (Czech Republic after the breakup of Czechoslovakia))
- President Virgilio Barco Vargas (Colombia)
- President César Gaviria (Colombia)
- President Ernesto Samper (Colombia)
- President Andrés Pastrana Arango (Colombia)
- Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (Denmark)
- President Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)
- President Ali Mahdi Muhammad (Somali Republic)
- President Lennart Meri (Estonia)
- President François Mitterrand (France)
- President Jacques Chirac (France)
- Chancellor Helmut Kohl (Germany)
- Chancellor Gerhard Schröder (Germany)
- Governor David Clive Wilson (Hong Kong (under British rule))
- Governor Christopher Francis Patten (Hong Kong (under British rule))
- Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa (Hong Kong, People's Republic of China)
- Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh (India)
- Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar (India)
- Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (India)
- Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda (India)
- Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral (India)
- Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (India)
- Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei (Iran)
- President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Iran)
- President Mohammad Khatami (Iran)
- President Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
- Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir (Israel)
- Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)
- Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (Israel)
- President of the Council of Ministers Silvio Berlusconi (Italy)
- President of the Council of Ministers Romano Prodi (Italy)
- Emperor Akihito (Japan)
- Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto (Japan)
- President Guntis Ulmanis (Latvia)
- President Vaira-Vike Freiberga (Latvia)
- Governor Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira (Macau (under Portuguese rule))
- Chief Executive Edmund Ho (Macau, People's Republic of China)
- President Carlos Salinas (Mexico)
- President Ernesto Zedillo (Mexico)
- President Yasser Arafat (Palestinian Authority)
- Pope John Paul II (Vatican City)
- President Alberto Fujimori (Peru)
- President Corazon Aquino (Philippines)
- President Fidel Ramos (Philippines)
- President Joseph Estrada (Philippines)
- President Lech Wałęsa (Poland)
- President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (Poland)
- Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (Netherlands)
- Prime Minister Wim Kok (Netherlands)
- Prime Minister Mike Moore (New Zealand)
- Prime Minister Jim Bolger (New Zealand)
- Prime Minister Jenny Shipley (New Zealand)
- Prime Minister Helen Clark (New Zealand)
- President Ion Iliescu (Romania)
- President Emil Constantinescu (Romania)
- Taoiseach Charles Haughey (Republic of Ireland)
- Taoiseach Albert Reynolds (Republic of Ireland)
- Taoiseach John Bruton (Republic of Ireland)
- Taoiseach Bertie Ahern (Republic of Ireland)
- President Boris Yeltsin (Russia)
- President Wee Kim Wee (Singapore)
- President Ong Teng Cheong (Singapore)
- President Sellapan Ramanathan (Singapore)
- Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (Singapore)
- President Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)
- President Nelson Mandela (South Africa)
- President Kim Dae-jung (South Korea)
- President Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union)
- King Juan Carlos I (Spain)
- President Felipe González (Spain)
- President José María Aznar (Spain)
- Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson (Sweden)
- Prime Minister Carl Bildt (Sweden)
- Prime Minister Göran Persson (Sweden)
- President Hafez al-Assad (Syria)
- President Turgut Özal (Turkey)
- President Süleyman Demirel (Turkey)
- Prime Minister Tansu Çiller (Turkey)
- Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (United Kingdom) until 1990
- Prime Minister John Major (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Tony Blair (United Kingdom)
- President George H.W. Bush (United States) until 1993
- President Bill Clinton (United States)
- President Hugo Chávez (Venezuela)
- President Slobodan Milošević (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
- Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norway) 1990–1996
- Prime Minister Torbjørn Jagland (Norway) 1996–1997
- Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik (Norway) 1997–2000
- King Harald V (Norway) King of Norway 1991–present
Entertainers[link]
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- Angelina Jolie
- Howard Stern
- Leonardo DiCaprio
- Kate Winslet
- Mike Myers
- Jim Carrey
- Julia Roberts
- Uma Thurman
- Will Smith
- Sandra Bullock
- Pierce Brosnan
- Robert Carlyle
- David Jason
- Robbie Coltrane
- Kevin Whately
- John Thaw
- George Clooney
- Macaulay Culkin
- Kevin Spacey
- Ewan McGregor
- Keanu Reeves
- Nicole Kidman
- Tom Cruise
- Liam Neeson
- Bruce Willis
- Richard Gere
- Meg Ryan
- Tom Hanks
- Brad Pitt
- Kevin Costner
- Arnold Schwarzenegger
- Jodie Foster
- Anthony Hopkins
- Demi Moore
- Eddie Murphy
- Harrison Ford
- Fran Drescher
- Jack Nicholson
- Mel Gibson
- Michelle Pfeiffer
- Edward Norton
- Robin Williams
- Adam Sandler
- Juliette Lewis
- Woody Harrelson
- Antonio Banderas
- Emma Thompson
- Johnny Depp
- Winona Ryder
- Ray Liotta
- Nicolas Cage
- Sharon Stone
- Jerry Seinfeld
- Kelsey Grammer
- Ted Danson
- Kirstie Alley
- Michael J. Fox
- John Lithgow
- Ray Romano
- Scott Bakula
- Rob Morrow
- David Duchovny
- Gillian Anderson
- Fred Savage
- Roseanne Barr
- Candice Bergen
- Helen Hunt
- Chris Guest
- Jerry Springer
- Rosie O'Donnell
- John Goodman
- Mara Wilson
Musicians[link]
- Rivers Cuomo
- Patrick Wilson
- Brian Bell
- Matt Sharp
- Carlos Santana
- Michael Jackson
- Madonna
- Whitney Houston
- Mariah Carey
- Shakira
- Cher
- Björk
- Enya
- Bono
- Celine Dion
- Britney Spears
- Christina Aguilera
- Nas
- Kurt Cobain
- Noel Gallagher
- Liam Gallagher
- Damon Albarn
- Eminem
- Rammstein
- Nick Kamen
- Axl Rose
- Eazy-E
- Enrique Iglesias
- Puff Daddy
- Thom Yorke
- Jerry Garcia
- Jeff Buckley
- Billy Corgan
- Ronan Keating
- Billie Joe Armstrong
- Dexter Holland
- Layne Staley
- Tupac Shakur
- Garth Brooks
- RuPaul
- George Michael
- Alanis Morissette
- Ricky Martin
- Kylie Minogue
- Redman
- Robbie Williams
- Selena
- Trent Reznor
- The Notorious B.I.G.
- Eddie Vedder
- Max Cavalera
- Scott Weiland
- Snoop Doggy Dogg
- Dr. Dre
- Aaliyah
- Michael Bublé
Bands[link]
- Hanson
- KoRn
- Weezer
- Wu Tang Clan
- N.W.A.
- Nirvana
- Melt-Banana
- Shazna
- Cali Gari
- Animetal
- Siam Shade
- Modest Mouse
- X Japan
- Dodgy
- U2
- B'z
- Culture Club
- The Cranberries
- Guns N' Roses
- The Dead Pop Stars
- Aerosmith
- Bon Jovi
- Metallica
- Len
- Green Day
- Take That
- The Offspring
- Brooks & Dunn
- Boyz II Men
- Live
- Disturbed
- Westlife
- Savage Garden
- Backstreet Boys
- *NSYNC
- Counting Crows
- Soundgarden
- Nine Inch Nails
- Dave Matthews Band
- No Doubt
- The Prodigy
- Blink-182
- Hole
- Train
- Built To Spill
- Oasis
- Stereophonics
- The Sundays
- Phish
- Radiohead
- Boyzone
- Rage Against the Machine
- Red Hot Chili Peppers
- Toad The Wet Sprocket
- Hootie & The Blowfish
- B*Witched
- Smashing Pumpkins
- Blur
- The Verve
- Garbage
- Pearl Jam
- Pantera
- Sepultura
- Septic Flesh
- Marilyn Manson
- Alice in Chains
- Sublime
- Third Eye Blind
- Neutral Milk Hotel
- Goo Goo Dolls
- Sugar Ray
- Smash Mouth
- Everclear
- The Corrs
- Sublime
- Slipknot
- Foo Fighters
- Blind Melon
- Tool (band)
- Spice Girls
Sports figures[link]
See also[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1990s |
- 1990s in music
- 1990s in fashion
- 1990s in television
- 1990s in science and technology
- 1990s in video gaming
- 1990s in literature
- Generation X were young adults or teenagers during this decade, while the oldest members were nearly 40 as the decade closed.
- Generation Y were children, preteens, and teenagers during this decade.
- The oldest members of Generation Z were young children during this decade.
Timeline[link]
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:
1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999
References[link]
- ^ Koyzis, Anthony A.. "Cyprus at a Crossroads: The challenge of the 21st century". Cyprus Homepages. http://www.stwing.upenn.edu/~durduran/dergi/tony1.htm. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ^ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.
- ^ GlobalSecurity.org, Second Chechnya War – 1999–???
- ^ Des Forges, Alison (1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-171-8. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
- ^ See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, 1 April 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.
- ^ a b Sorin Antohi and Vladimir Tismăneanu, "Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution" in Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath, Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-71-9. p.85.
- ^ Archived October 14, 2002 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Urban Institute | Welfare Reform: Ten Years Later". Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. http://www.urban.org/toolkit/issues/welfarereform.cfm. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ Grossman, Lev (31 March 2003). "How the Web Was Spun". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5iMYqOSsr. Retrieved 19 July 2009. "Berners-Lee's computer faithfully logged the exact second the site was launched: 2:56:20 pm, Aug. 6, 1991."
- ^ http://birminghamskews.com/post/4544141336/this-truly-is-our-story
- ^ "Making Sense of the 'Me Decade'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/Making-Sense-of-the-Me/125028/. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "Titanic (1997)". Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=titanic.htm. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ All-Time Worldwide Box Office
- ^ Eddy, Chuch (10 November 2009). "MYTH No. 2: Nirvana Killed Hair Metal". SPIN. http://www.spin.com/articles/myth-no-2-nirvana-killed-hair-metal?aggr_node=55990. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (14 June 1992). "POP VIEW; Nirvana-bes Awaiting Fame's Call". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/14/arts/pop-view-nirvana-bes-awaiting-fame-s-call.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/punk-pop-d2928
- ^ Wilson, Carl (4 August 2011). "My So Called Adulthood". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/magazine/the-gen-x-nostalgia-boom.html?pagewanted. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ McGee, Allan (3 January 2008). "The missing link of hip-hop's golden age". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2008/jan/03/thegoldenageofhiphop. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (9 November 2009). "MYTH No. 4: Biggie & Tupac Are Hip-Hop's Pillars". SPIN. http://www.spin.com/articles/myth-no-4-biggie-tupac-are-hip-hops-pillars. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Batey, Angus (7 October 2010). "The hip-hop heritage society". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/oct/07/hiphop-heritage-public-enemy-krs-one. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ Martinez, Michael (9 February 2011). "The music dies for once popular 'Guitar Hero' video game". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-09/us/guitar.hero.gone_1_music-genre-air-guitar-guitar-center?_s=PM:US. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (26 November 2009). "Simon Reynolds's Notes on the noughties: When will hip-hop hurry up and die?". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2009/nov/26/notes-noughties-hip-hop. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ BBC – Press Office – New Spice Girls documentary on BBC One
- ^ "1998: Ginger leaves the Spice Girls". BBC News. 31 May 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/31/newsid_2494000/2494855.stm. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ "Teen Pop Music: A Guide". Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/teenpop.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d7232
- ^ Ashthana, Anushka (25 May 2008). "They don't live for work ... they work to live". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2008/may/25/workandcareers.worklifebalance. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Wolf, Mark J.P. (2008). "Arcade Games of the 1990s and Beyond". The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-313-33868-7. OCLC 154776597. http://books.google.com/?id=to5zEwOC9BcC&pg=PA135. Retrieved 19 July 2009. "The decline of arcade video games would come back in the 1990s, despite attempts to redefine the arcade experience and attract players back to the arcade."
- ^ Neary, Lynn (31 October 2008). "Goosebumps And Guffaws In Stine's 'HorrorLand'". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96332083. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
La Cantatrice Chauve — translated from French as The Bald Soprano or The Bald Prima Donna — is the first play written by Franco-Romanian playwright Eugène Ionesco. Nicolas Bataille directed the premiere on May 11, 1950 at the Théâtre des Noctambules, Paris. Since 1957 it has been in permanent showing at the Théâtre de la Huchette, which received a Molière d'honneur for its performances. With a record number of interpretations, it has become one of the most performed plays in France.[1]
Contents |
Origin[link]
The idea of the play came to Ionesco while he was trying to learn English with the Assimil method. He was impressed by the contents of the dialogues, often very sober and strange, so he decided to write an absurd play named L'anglais sans peine ("English without toil"). He originally wrote the play in his native language Romanian, then wrote it again in his adopted language French. The current title was set only after a verbal slip-up made by one of the actors during the rehearsals.[2]
Plot summary[link]
The Smiths are a traditional couple from London who have invited another couple, the Martins, over for a visit. They are joined later by the Smiths' maid, Mary, and the local fire chief, who is also Mary's lover. The two families engage in meaningless banter, telling stories and relating nonsensical poems. At one point, Mrs. Martin converses with her husband as if he were a stranger she just met. As the fire chief turns to leave, he mentions "the bald soprano" in passing, which has a very unsettling effect on the others. Mrs. Smith replies that "she always wears her hair in the same style." After the Fire Chief's exit, the play devolves into a series of complete non-sequiturs, with no resemblance to normal conversation. It ends with the two couples shouting in unison "It's not that way. It's over here!," right before a blackout occurs. When the lights come back on, the scene starts from the beginning with the Martins reciting the Smiths' lines from the beginning of the play for a while before the curtain closes.
Meaning[link]
Like many plays in the theatre of the absurd genre, the underlying theme of The Bald Soprano is not immediately apparent. Many suggest that it expresses the futility of meaningful communication in modern society. The script is charged with non sequiturs that give the impression that the characters are not even listening to each other in their frantic efforts to make their own voices heard. There was speculation around the time of its first performance, categorising it as a parody. Ionesco states in an essay written to his critics, that he had no intention of parody, but if he were parodying anything, it would be everything.
The Bald Soprano appears to have been written as a continuous loop. The final scene contains stage instructions to start the performance over from the very beginning, with the Martin couple substituted for the Smith couple and vice versa. However, this decision was only added in after the show's hundredth premier, for it was originally for the Smiths to restart the show, in exactly the same manner as before.
According to Ionesco, he had several possible endings in mind, including a climax in which the "author" or "manager" antagonizes the audience, and even a version in which the audience would be shot with machine guns. However this was ultimately settled for a cheaper solution, the cycle. Ionesco told Claude Bonnefoy in an interview, "I wanted to give a meaning to the play by having it begin all over again with two characters. In this way the end becomes a new beginning but, since there are two couples in the play, it begins the first time with the Smiths and the second time with the Martins, to suggest the interchangeable nature of the characters: the Smiths are the Martins and the Martins are the Smiths".[3]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Rosette C. Lamont. Ionesco's imperatives: the politics of culture. University of Michigan Press, 1993. ISBN 0-472-10310-5. pg. 3.
- ^ Erich Segal. The Death of Comedy. Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-01247-X pg. 422.
- ^ Bonnefoy, Claude. Conversations with Ionesco. Trans. Jan Dawson. New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston, 1971. pg. 81.
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| Linda Evangelista | |
|---|---|
 Linda Evangelista, August 12, 2004. |
|
| Born | (1965-05-10) May 10, 1965 (age 47) St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada |
| Years active | 1984–1998 (retired), 2001–present |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)[1] |
| Hair colour | Dark brown |
| Eye colour | Blue-green |
| Measurements | 86.5-61-89 (EU); 34-24-35 (US)[2] |
| Weight | 55 kg (121 lbs) |
| Dress size | 36-38 (EU); 6 (US) |
| Manager | DNA Model Management Models 1 Agency |
Linda Evangelista (born May 10, 1965) is a Canadian model. She has been featured on over 600 magazine covers. Evangelista is mostly known for being the longtime muse of photographer Steven Meisel. She holds the record for her multiple appearances on the cover of Vogue Italia, all of which were photographed by Meisel.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Evangelista was born to Italian parents[citation needed] who emigrated to Canada and was raised in a working-class, traditional Roman Catholic family in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada near Niagara Falls, where she attended Denis Morris Catholic High School.[3] Her father worked for GM and her mother, Marisa, was a bookkeeper.[4] She has two brothers. Linda knew she wanted to become a model when she was 12 years old. Evangelista began modelling when she was discovered by an agent from Elite Model Management at the 1988 Miss Teen Niagara beauty pageant.
Career[link]
Evangelista later moved to New York City and signed with Elite Model Management. She then moved to Paris to further her career. She worked extensively with fashion photographer Peter Lindbergh who encouraged her to consider a short do. Top hairdresser Julien Dy's then cut her hair into what she described as "a bowl cut with sideburns". She cried during the haircut but it turned out to be the defining moment of her career.
Evangelista once uttered the quote, "We don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day",[5] (often misquoted as: "We don't get out of bed for less than..." or "I don't get out of bed for less than...") Spoken in Vogue (1990) to Jonathan van Meter, talking about money and how she and a few other models were calling the shots and changing the game.
In 2007, she signed a multiple-year exclusive contract with the cosmetics company L'Oreal Paris. It was announced in early 2008 that she would be featured in the Prada Fall 2008 campaign seen in magazines internationally.[6]
She is signed to DNA Model Management in New York City, and Models 1 in London.
In June 2010, the New York Post reported that Evangelista will be the new face of Talbots.[7]
Personal life[link]
At the age of 22, Evangelista married Elite executive Gerald Marie.[8] They were married from 1987 to 1993. After separating from Marie, she began a 6-year relationship with actor Kyle MacLachlan, and then divorced Marie.[9]
In 1999, she became pregnant by French football player, Fabien Barthez. At 6 months pregnant, she delivered a stillborn baby. The couple then broke up and Evangelista left modelling for several years to recuperate.[10]
On October 11, 2006, Evangelista gave birth to a boy, Augustin James, refusing to name his biological father, which sparked numerous rumours.[9] While pregnant, she appeared on the August 2006 issue of Vogue. In late June 2011, Evangelista filed court papers that revealed her son was fathered by billionaire Frenchman François-Henri Pinault, by then the husband of actress Salma Hayek.[11][12] After several court appearances aimed at establishing a child support agreement, on August 1, 2011, Evangelista formally filed for a child support order in Manhattan Family Court, seeking $46,000 in monthly child support from Pinault. It was reported that if granted, this amount "would probably be the largest support order in the history of the family court".[13][14] A heavily-publicized[15] child support trial began on May 3, 2012,[16] and included testimony from both Pinault and Evangelista with Evangelista's attorney claiming that Pinault had never supported the child.[17] [18]Several days into the trial, on May 7, 2012, Evangelista and Pinault reached an out-of-court settlement.[19]
References[link]
- ^ "Profile at DNA Models". Dnamodels.com. http://www.dnamodels.com/women/linda-evangelista/portfolio#/page/1. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
- ^ Linda Evangelista Profile in the FMD-database. Accessed 2008-06-14.
- ^ Linda Evangelista Biog
- ^ http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2228722
- ^ The World's Top-Earning Models Forbes. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- ^ Models.com Database - Linda Evangelista Campaign and Editorial reference
- ^ Posted: 12:28 AM, June 7, 2010 (2010-06-07). "Linda Evangelista the new face of Talbots". Nypost.com. http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/glamour_rescues_nu7EVVJn11kRgukm9FOEdI#ixzz0wHu5oIa0. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista: Biography". Vogue. http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/linda-evangelista-biography. Retrieved 8/3/11.
- ^ a b Profile Hello magazine
- ^ Linda's Delight As She Confirms Baby News
- ^ "Salma Hayek's hubby fathered Linda Evangelista's son" 1 July 2011, New York Post
- ^ "Salma Hayek's Husband, François-Henri Pinault, Is the Father of Linda Evangelista's Son". July 1, 2011. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20507623,00.html. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista asking for $46,000 in monthly child support". http://louislsternberglaw.com/wordpress/2011/08/02/factors-in-calculating-child-support-linda-evangelista-seeking-46000-per-month-2/. Retrieved 10/12/11.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista Wants $46,000 in Monthly Child Support: Report". August 2, 2011. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20514995,00.html. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista Settles Child Custody Case". May 7, 2012. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/linda-evangelista-settles-child-custody-case/story?id=16296433#.T6WLu45y9JM. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Pinault and Evangelista child-support trial begins". May 3, 2012. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/pinault_and_evangelista_due_in_court_X29zVJItzZlhM9280XZLtJ. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista testifies at NYC child-support trial". May 4, 2012. http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20120504/evangelista-child-support-120504/. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista’s Right to Child Support Prior to Petitioning". May 3, 2012. http://www.louislsternberglaw.com/wordpress/2012/05/03/linda-evangelistas-child-support-prior-petitioning/. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
- ^ "Linda Evangelista Settles Child-Support Case". May 4, 2012. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20593472,00.html. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Linda Evangelista |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Linda Evangelista |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Evangelista, Linda |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 10, 1965 |
| Place of birth | St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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