Major League Soccer

225px
Countries	United States (16 teams)  Canada (3 teams)
Confederation	CONCACAF
Founded	December 13, 1993
Conferences	Eastern Conference Western Conference
Number of teams	19
Levels on pyramid	1 (US), 1 (CA)
Domestic cup(s)	U.S. Open Cup Canadian Championship
International cup(s)	CONCACAF Champions League
Current MLS Cup	Los Angeles Galaxy (3rd title) (2011)
Current Supporters' Shield	Los Angeles Galaxy (4th shield) (2011)
Most MLS Cups	D.C. United (4 titles)
Most Supporters' Shields	D.C. United & Los Angeles Galaxy (4 shields)
TV partners	ESPN, ESPN2, ESPN Deportes, NBC, NBC Sports Network, Galavisión, TSN, TSN2, RDS
Website	www.mlssoccer.com
2012 MLS season

Major League Soccer (MLS) is a professional soccer league based in the United States and sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation (U.S. Soccer). The league is composed of 19 teams — 16 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada. MLS represents the top tier of both the American and Canadian soccer pyramids.

Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States' bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup.^[1] Unique for a major sports league, MLS operates under a single-entity structure, where each team is owned by the league and operated by its investors.^[2] The first season took place in 1996 beginning with 10 teams. Seasons presently run from March to December, with each team playing 34 games in the regular season. Ten teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs culminating in the championship game, MLS Cup.

Competition format[link]

Major League Soccer's regular season runs from March to October with its 19 teams playing 34 games in an unbalanced schedule.^[3] Teams are divided into the Eastern and Western Conference. Midway through the season, teams break for the annual All-Star Game, a friendly game between the league's finest players and a major club from a different league. At the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters' Shield. The regular season is followed by the 10-team MLS Cup Playoffs ending with the MLS Cup championship final.^[4]

MLS has three automatic berths in the CONCACAF Champions League for its American clubs with an additional spot available via the U.S. Open Cup; Canadian clubs can qualify for a single berth via the Canadian Championship. For the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League, the qualifying clubs are MLS Cup 2010 champion Colorado Rapids, Supporters' Shield winner Los Angeles Galaxy, MLS Cup runner-up FC Dallas, and 2010 U.S. Open Cup champion Seattle Sounders FC. Toronto FC also qualified as winner of the 2011 Canadian Championship.

History[link]

Establishment[link]

In 1996, Major League Soccer's original ten teams; Columbus Crew, D.C. United, New England Revolution, NY/NJ MetroStars, Tampa Bay Mutiny, Colorado Rapids, Dallas Burn, Kansas City Wiz, Los Angeles Galaxy and San Jose Clash, began play. The early years of the league gave rise to the Bruce Arena-led dynasty of D.C. United, winning the MLS Cup in three of the league's first four seasons. It took the expansion Chicago Fire in 1998 to end United's stranglehold on the championship. Also joining the league in 1998 were the Miami Fusion.

After its first season, MLS suffered from a decline in attendance. The league's quality was cast into doubt when the U.S. men's national team, made up largely of MLS players, was eliminated in the first round of the 1998 World Cup and finished in last place.

The league began to market itself on the talents of American players, both experienced veterans and fresh talents. Breakout stars like DaMarcus Beasley and Landon Donovan began making names for themselves in MLS before breaking into and starring for the U.S. national team, while established players such as Brian McBride, Eddie Pope, and Clint Mathis continued to prove their value to both their MLS clubs and the U.S. national team.

The league's ongoing financial problems led to the departure of Commissioner Doug Logan after the end of the 1998 season. Don Garber, a former National Football League executive, was hired as commissioner and became instrumental in stabilizing the league's future. Construction of soccer-specific stadiums, largely funded by owners such as Lamar Hunt and Phil Anschutz, became a point of emphasis to bring fiscal health and ensure the league's survival. Hunt's Columbus Crew Stadium, built in 1999, is often cited as a league model.

On the field, the early wave of international players who had joined MLS at its inception drifted into retirement or moved on to clubs elsewhere in the world. The run-up to the 2002 World Cup saw a gradual shift in the league's philosophy toward the development of American talent, a move that would eventually lead to success for U.S. soccer.

Despite movement, declining attendances forced MLS to stop the bleeding by contracting the two Florida franchises, the Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion, just a few years after their establishment. This left the league with 10 teams, the same number as when MLS began. Also, the league reorganized back to the Eastern and Western Conference format after two seasons with the third Central Division.

Resurgence[link]

The 2002 World Cup, in which the United States unexpectedly made the quarterfinals through wins against Portugal and Mexico, coincided with a resurgence in American soccer and MLS. MLS Cup 2002, held four months after the 2002 World Cup final, set an attendance record with 61,316 spectators at Gillette Stadium witnessing the Los Angeles Galaxy win their first title.^[5]

MLS drew international attention in 2004 with the debut of 14-year-old Freddy Adu for D.C. United, who entered the league with much fanfare and was heralded as one of the top prospects in American soccer history.

MLS underwent a significant transition in the years leading up to the 2006 World Cup. After marketing itself on the talents of American players, the league saw some of its homegrown stars depart for more prominent leagues in Europe. Tim Howard, goalkeeper for the MetroStars, was sold to Manchester United in one of the most lucrative contract deals in league history. DaMarcus Beasley of the Chicago Fire left for PSV Eindhoven, while Landon Donovan, on loan from Bayer Leverkusen, was recalled to Germany. Donovan's stint in Germany was brief; before the start of the 2005 MLS season he was sold back to MLS to play for the Los Angeles Galaxy.

Many more American players, though they factored little in the U.S. national team picture, did make an impact in MLS. In 2005, Jason Kreis of expansion club Real Salt Lake became the first player to score at least 100 career MLS goals. In 2005, the MLS Reserve Division was created, with each reserve squad playing 12 games, providing valuable playing time to develop non-starters on team rosters.

It was also in this era that MLS expanded for the first time since the contraction of 2001. Real Salt Lake and Chivas USA began play in 2005, with Chivas USA becoming the second club in Los Angeles, sharing The Home Depot Center with the Galaxy. Chivas USA also became the first team in MLS to be directly connected to a foreign club, their sister club of Guadalajara. By 2006 the San Jose Earthquakes owners, players and a few coaches moved to Texas to become the expansion Houston Dynamo, after failing to build a stadium in San Jose. The Dynamo became an expansion team, leaving their history behind for a new San Jose ownership group that would materialize in 2007.

2007–present[link]

Since 2007, Major League Soccer's leadership has taken steps to further internationalize the league in an effort to raise the level of play. Among the first moves in this regard was the Designated Player Rule, which helped MLS bring international stars into the league, despite the relatively meager MLS salary cap, and the creation of the SuperLiga, which placed top MLS clubs against top Mexican clubs in an effort to provide more meaningful competition for both leagues. MLS changed the rules regarding foreign players in the league to allow a total of eight per team.^[6] This period also saw expansion reach beyond the United States' borders into Canada, beginning with Toronto FC.

The 2007 season witnessed the MLS debut of David Beckham, whose signing had been seen as a coup for American soccer. Beckham's contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy was made possible by the Designated Player Rule. Players such as Cuauhtémoc Blanco of Club América signed for the Chicago Fire, and Juan Pablo Ángel, who moved from Aston Villa to the New York Red Bulls, are some of the first Designated Players who have made major contributions to their clubs.

The departures of Clint Dempsey and Jozy Altidore, coupled with the return of former U.S. national team stars Claudio Reyna and Brian McBride to New York and Chicago, respectively, highlight the exchange of top prospects to Europe for experienced veterans to MLS. Several other well-known foreign players have followed Beckham and Blanco to MLS, including Guillermo Barros Schelotto to Columbus and Freddie Ljungberg to Seattle.^[7]

By 2008 San Jose had returned to the league under new ownership. In 2009 the expansion side Seattle Sounders FC opened to a crowd of 32,523 at Qwest Field. The 2010 season ushered in an expansion franchise in the Philadelphia Union and the opening of New York's soccer-specific stadium, Red Bull Arena. That same summer saw the opening of Philadelphia's own new stadium, PPL Park and the debut of New York Red Bulls striker Thierry Henry,^[8] the leading all-time goalscorer of Arsenal F.C. and the French national team.

The start of the 2011 season saw further expansion with the addition of the Vancouver Whitecaps FC, the second Canadian MLS franchise, and the Portland Timbers. The addition of two West Coast teams pushed the Houston Dynamo into the Eastern Conference. The Kansas City Wizards began play under the rebranded moniker of Sporting Kansas City. During the season, the Galaxy signed another major international star in Republic of Ireland captain and all-time leading goalscorer Robbie Keane.^[9]

In 2012, the Montreal Impact became the league's 19th franchise and the 3rd to be located in Canada. The Impact, after playing their first MLS game at Vancouver, made their home debut at Olympic Stadium in front of a crowd of 58,912.^[10]

Organization[link]

Ownership[link]

MLS operates under a single-entity structure in which teams are centrally owned by the league.^[2] Each team has an owner-operator that is a shareholder in the league. In order to control costs, the league shares revenues, negotiates player contracts, and holds players contracts instead of players contracting with individual teams. The league won a bitter legal battle with its players over its economic system, but this was eventually resolved with the players gaining some improved benefits in return for accepting the single-entity structure. The court also ruled that even absent their collective bargaining agreement, players could opt to play in other leagues if they were unsatisfied.

The league's cost-controlling measures have attracted new ownership that have injected more money into the league, improving it and focusing the league's resources on fewer clubs.^{[citation needed]} Examples include the Anschutz Entertainment Group's sale of the MetroStars to Red Bull, for in "excess of $100 million," according to the New York Times. Commissioner Garber said to the Los Angeles Times that, "the sale was part of a plan to have AEG decrease its holdings in MLS. We're pushing Hunt Sports to do the same thing."

Commissioner Garber stated that having multiple clubs owned by a single owner was a necessity in the league's first 10 years, but now that MLS appears to be on the brink of overall profitability and has significant expansion plans, he wants each club to have a distinct owner. In order to bring this about, the league is now giving more incentive to be an individual club owner, with all owners now having the rights to a certain number of players they develop through their club's academy system each year, sharing the profits of Soccer United Marketing, and being able to sell individual club jersey sponsorships.

At one time AEG owned six clubs in MLS, and have since sold the Colorado Rapids, the MetroStars, D.C. United and the Chicago Fire to new owners. AEG's remaining teams are the Los Angeles Galaxy and the Houston Dynamo (the latter being partially owned by Golden Boy Promotions).^[11] The other major owner-investor in MLS has been Hunt Sports, which owns the Columbus Crew and FC Dallas, having sold the Kansas City Wizards to a local ownership group in 2006. The league now has 17 owners for its 19 clubs.

Game First[link]

The 2006–2007 MLS offseason has been considered by some to be the most productive in the history of the league,^[12] and there were a number of changes made to the league, which have brought about an increase in the league's ability to compete financially as well as on the field. The league announced a youth development initiative,^[13] which requires youth development programs for all of the league's teams. The hope is that by being able to sign up to two of its own youth players to the senior team each year that the league's teams will have an incentive to improve the quality of the league's talent in an organic way that will also benefit the league through transfer fees for outgoing players. Perhaps the first example of a success in "home-grown" talent development was New York's Jozy Altidore, who rose to prominence as one of the league's most skilled young strikers before fetching the league's record transfer fee in his $10 million move to Villarreal in 2008. ^[14]

The league also announced "Game First", a series of initiatives aimed at improving the league in several ways. One of the most immediate changes is that U.S. Soccer hired the first full-time professional referees in league history.^[15] Another part of "Game First" was the creation of an official league anthem by Audiobrain - similar to other competitions from around the world. There are two versions of the MLS Anthem, an orchestral version that is performed before every regular season game and an orchestral chorus version that is played before the MLS All-Star Game and MLS Cup.

Stadiums[link]

Columbus Crew Stadium, home of the Columbus Crew and MLS' first soccer-specific stadium

Since 1999, the league has overseen the construction and completion of twelve venues specifically designed for soccer. Lamar Hunt broke new ground in this endeavor by financing the construction of MLS's first soccer-specific stadium, Columbus Crew Stadium. The Los Angeles Galaxy followed four years later with the opening of The Home Depot Center in 2003. Chivas USA has shared this venue with the Galaxy since their expansion season in 2005. It also played host to two consecutive MLS Cups, until FC Dallas opened Pizza Hut Park in 2005 and hosted the next two championships. The Chicago Fire began playing their home games in Toyota Park in 2006. 2007 saw the opening of Dick's Sporting Goods Park for the Colorado Rapids and BMO Field for Toronto FC. Near the end of the 2008 season, Rio Tinto Stadium became the home of Real Salt Lake. Red Bull Arena, the new home of the New York Red Bulls, began construction in December 2007 and opened for the start of the 2010 season. The Philadelphia Union opened PPL Park, midway through their inaugural season, in June 2010. The following season, the Portland Timbers made their MLS debut in a newly renovated Jeld-Wen Field (originally a multipurpose venue but turned into a soccer-specific facility), and Sporting Kansas City began the season with a record 10-game road trip to accommodate the June opening of their new Livestrong Sporting Park. The Houston Dynamo opened the 2012 season with a 7-game road trip before moving into their new BBVA Compass Stadium in May.

CenturyLink Field, home of the Seattle Sounders FC

Five remaining clubs play in stadiums not originally built for MLS. The New England Revolution play home games at an NFL venue, Gillette Stadium; and D.C. United play home games at a former NFL and Major League Baseball (MLB) venue, RFK Stadium. New England and D.C. are actively seeking to build their own soccer stadiums.^[16] The Seattle Sounders FC play in a dual-purpose stadium, designed to be used for both American football and soccer. For Sounders games, CenturyLink Field staff tarps off the upper bowl to provide a more intimate atmosphere. The San Jose Earthquakes are in the planning stages for their own soccer venue, replacing Buck Shaw Stadium. The Vancouver Whitecaps FC made their MLS debut in 2011 at the temporary Empire Field and moved into a refurbished BC Place in October, shortly before the end of the season. Both Empire Field and the renovated BC Place are designed to accommodate Canadian football as well as soccer.

The Montreal Impact expansion team will play most of its home games in the soccer-specific Saputo Stadium, built by the city's former USL/NASL team. Although Saputo Stadium is being expanded to over 20,000 capacity for the team's MLS debut, the expansion will not be complete until June 2012. As a result, the team started its inaugural season at nearby Olympic Stadium, a current CFL and former MLB venue originally built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Even after Saputo Stadium reopens, the Impact will continue to use Olympic Stadium for games that require a larger capacity.

Media coverage[link]

At the outset, MLS signed deals for coverage on ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC, while Univision, Galavision, and TeleFutura broadcast matches in Spanish. The original Univision deal lapsed after a few years, leaving only the ABC/ESPN family of networks as the league's national broadcasters.

Fox Sports World (later renamed "Fox Soccer Channel" in 2005 and "Fox Soccer" in 2011) and Fox Sports en Español (later renamed "Fox Deportes" in 2010) began airing matches in 2003, but lost its contract with MLS starting in 2012 to NBC and NBC Sports Network (formerly Versus). The NBC deal will also include a return to network television for the league.^[17]

The league's MLS Direct Kick package, which broadcasts out-of-market matches, has been expanded to ensure that every league match is broadcast. Univision and its family of networks resumed MLS broadcasts in 2007 as well, with most matches airing on TeleFutura and Galavision on Sunday afternoons and evenings.

The 2007 season was the first in the league's history in which every regular season match was telecast live, and for which television rights were sold to networks at a profit. Previously, MLS paid networks to broadcast its games. It was also the first time many games were shown on national television. ESPN's coverage now features a live match each week, usually in primetime, and Fox Soccer Channel's MLS Saturday added a pregame and postgame show wrapped around their featured matches. This broadcast has since been renamed Soccer Night in America in 2011 and features newer graphics and game analysis.^{[citation needed]}

For the 2012 season, NBC Sports signed a three-year deal with MLS to nationally televise 40 matches per year, primarily on the NBC Sports Network. All NBC telecasts will include pre- and post-game coverage, and NBC intends to promote its games during its other major sporting properties, such as the Olympics.^{[citation needed]}

Canada[link]

With the addition of Toronto FC, coverage of MLS expanded into Canada in 2007; from 2007 to 2010, the CBC and Rogers Sportsnet, and later GolTV Canada (after it was acquired by Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment, the owners of the team), all broadcast Toronto games nationwide, along with the MLS Cup playoffs. GolTV also carried U.S.-produced broadcasts (primarily from ESPN) of selected regular-season games not involving Toronto FC.

In February 2011, the TSN family of channels (in which ESPN owns a 20% interest) announced a six-year deal for national MLS broadcast rights in Canada. TSN or TSN2 will broadcast a minimum of 24 games during the 2011 season and 30 games per season during the subsequent five seasons, all featuring at least one Canadian team. Sister network RDS will have similar French-language broadcast rights. The channels will also carry the MLS Cup and playoff games, the MLS All-Star Game, and additional games not involving Canadian teams.^[18] GolTV Canada will also continue to carry selected all-U.S. MLS matchups.^[19]

As in the United States, the individual Canadian teams have also negotiated separate broadcast deals for games not aired by TSN/RDS. Toronto FC games are broadcast by GolTV Canada (which is majority-owned by TFC's parent company, Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment),^[20] Sportsnet airs Vancouver Whitecaps FC games (primarily on its Pacific feed and national network Sportsnet One)^[21], and TVA Sports airs Montreal Impact games.^[22]

International[link]

Sports Business Journal reported on December 23, 2008 that MLS and Soccer United Marketing had signed an international television broadcast contract with sports media company MP & Silva through 2013.^[23][24] The figure is reportedly an "eight-figure deal" that covers the "rights to all MLS games, tournaments and events, including MLS regular season, MLS Cup Playoffs, MLS Cup, and the international competitions SuperLiga, InterLiga, and Pan-Pacific Championship"^[23] (all three international competitions are now defunct). MP & Silva CEO Carlo Pozzali boasted that high-profile, international players who were lured to MLS by the designated player rule have raised the international awareness and potential for popularity of MLS in international markets.^[24]

MP & Silva's package generally does not include ESPN-televised matches. ESPN International purchased the rights to broadcast MLS in Great Britain and Ireland in 2009, and other ESPN networks around the world also broadcast games.^[25][26]

Profitability[link]

Major League Soccer lost more than $350 million between its founding and the year 2004, according to a report by BusinessWeek released that year.^[40] However, there have been positive signs of long-term profitability since 2004. As soccer-specific stadiums are built, ownership expands and television coverage increases, MLS has seen its revenues increase while minimizing costs. The 2003 season saw the Los Angeles Galaxy make a profit in their first season at The Home Depot Center,^[40] while FC Dallas turned a profit in similar fashion after moving into Pizza Hut Park in 2005.^[41]

Television coverage has consistently expanded throughout the league's history, as MLS brokered a deal with ESPN in 2006 for rights fees and a greater presence across its networks. The 2007 season saw the return of MLS to Univision and its Spanish-language networks. They joined Fox Soccer Channel and HDNet as the U.S. national outlets, and the league has mandated that every league game receive television coverage either nationally or locally in one or both teams' cities for broadcast on its Direct Kick package.

In 2007, MLS teams started selling ad space on the front of jerseys to go along with the league-wide sponsorship partners who had already been advertising on the back of club jerseys, following the practice of international sport, specifically soccer. The league has established a floor of $500,000 per shirt sponsorship, with the league receiving a flat fee of $200,000 per deal.^[42] Online gambling and hard liquor sponsorships are prohibited. As of February 2012, fourteen teams have signed sponsorship deals to have company logos placed on the front of their team jerseys, and another team is directly owned by its shirt sponsor.

MLS Commissioner Don Garber said on May 11, 2006 that he expected the league's clubs to be profitable by 2010 overall. He reported that FC Dallas and the Los Angeles Galaxy were already profitable, with several other clubs nearing profitability. A year later, he revealed that the Chicago Fire, the Colorado Rapids, and Toronto FC were on track for profitability by 2008.^[41] However in 2008 there were only three profitable MLS clubs; Los Angeles Galaxy, Toronto FC and FC Dallas.^[43] According to the League, in 2009 there were only two profitable MLS clubs, the Seattle Sounders FC and Toronto FC.^[44]

Rule changes[link]

MLS currently follows IFAB rules and standards with few differences.^[45] MLS experimented with deviations in its early years. Some of these changes were used in the original NASL and continue to be used in college soccer and many high school associations.

Among them was the use of a countdown clock, rather than a standard progressive clock, with time paused for dead ball situations at a referee's discretion. Halves ended when the clock reached 0:00, rather than at the whistle of the referee as was customary elsewhere.

Also implemented was the use of shootouts to resolve tie games. These best-of-five contests placed a player 35 yards from goal with five seconds to put the ball past the opposing goalkeeper; if needed the shootout progressed into extra frames. A winning team received one standings point (as opposed to three for the regulation win).

While IFAB rules allow teams to substitute three players during games, MLS allowed a fourth, goalkeeper-only substitute. MLS discarded the rule after 2003 and adopted the IFAB standard, prompted in part by a match in which then MetroStars coach and former U.S. national head coach Bob Bradley used a loophole to insert an outfield player as a fourth substitute.

MLS eventually conceded that the rule changes, particularly the shootout, had alienated some traditional soccer fans while failing to draw new American sports fans as hoped. The shootout and countdown clock were eliminated after the 1999 season.

MLS continued to experiment with the settling of tie games in regular season play. In 2000, a 10-minute golden goal period replaced the shootout for tied games. It was abandoned after 2003. The golden-goal overtime remained through 2004 for playoff matches, where it had been used since the league's inception.

In 2005 the league adopted a playoff extra time structure that followed new IFAB standards for such situations: two full 15-minute periods, followed by a penalty shootout if necessary. The away goals rule is not used in any playoff round.

Teams[link]

Revolution

Red Bulls

Impact

Union

D.C. United

Toronto FC

Rapids

Sporting

Crew

FC Dallas

Dynamo

Fire

Real Salt Lake

Sounders

Earthquakes

Galaxy

Chivas USA

Whitecaps

Timbers

The 19 MLS clubs are divided among the Eastern and Western Conference. Each club is allowed up to 30 players on its first team roster. All 30 players are eligible for selection to each 18-player game-day squad during the regular season and playoffs.^[46]

Before its maiden season and inaugural draft, MLS allocated four marquee players across the initial ten teams. These inaugural allocations consisted of key U.S. national team and international players such as Eric Wynalda and Hugo Sánchez. By the 1998 season, the league added its first two expansion teams while the 2000 season saw the league reorganize from two conferences into three divisions: the Eastern, Western, and Central Division.

However, following the 2001 season, MLS contracted its two Florida franchises and returned to ten teams in two conferences. The league waited three more seasons before it continued its growth. Since the 2005 season, MLS has expanded by eight new clubs. This period of expansion saw Los Angeles become the first two-team market, the league's push into Canada, a renewed interest in original NASL-era names, and a growing national presence. League executives are currently entertaining expansion offers for a 20th team in the near future.^[47]

As of the 2012 season, MLS has seen twenty one different clubs over the years with nine having won at least one MLS Cup, and eight winning at least one Supporters' Shield. Of the league's sixteen completed seasons, only six have seen the same club win both the Supporters' Shield and the MLS Cup.

For the 2012 season, teams are aligned as follows:^[48]

Team	City	Stadium	Joined	Head Coach
Eastern Conference
Chicago Fire	Bridgeview, IL	Toyota Park	1998	Frank Klopas
Columbus Crew	Columbus, OH	Columbus Crew Stadium	1996	Robert Warzycha
D.C. United	Washington, D.C.	RFK Stadium 1	1996	Ben Olsen
Houston Dynamo	Houston, TX	BBVA Compass Stadium	2006	Dominic Kinnear
Montreal Impact	Montreal, QC	Saputo Stadium / Olympic Stadium1	2012	Jesse Marsch
New England Revolution	Foxborough, MA	Gillette Stadium 1	1996	Jay Heaps
New York Red Bulls	Harrison, NJ	Red Bull Arena	1996	Hans Backe
Philadelphia Union	Chester, PA	PPL Park	2010	Piotr Nowak
Sporting Kansas City	Kansas City, KS	Livestrong Sporting Park	1996	Peter Vermes
Toronto FC	Toronto, ON	BMO Field	2007	Aron Winter
Western Conference
C.D. Chivas USA	Carson, CA	The Home Depot Center	2005	Robin Fraser
Colorado Rapids	Commerce City, CO	Dick's Sporting Goods Park	1996	Óscar Pareja
FC Dallas	Frisco, TX	FC Dallas Stadium	1996	Schellas Hyndman
Los Angeles Galaxy	Carson, CA	The Home Depot Center	1996	Bruce Arena
Portland Timbers	Portland, OR	Jeld-Wen Field	2011	John Spencer
Real Salt Lake	Sandy, UT	Rio Tinto Stadium	2005	Jason Kreis
San Jose Earthquakes	Santa Clara, CA	Buck Shaw Stadium 2	1996	Frank Yallop
Seattle Sounders FC	Seattle, WA	CenturyLink Field 1	2009	Sigi Schmid
Vancouver Whitecaps FC	Vancouver, BC	BC Place1	2011	Martin Rennie

Notes

Team names[link]

For more information on MLS team names, see the individual team entries.

Originally, in the style of other U.S. sports, teams were given nicknames at their creation such as the Columbus Crew, the San Jose Clash or the Tampa Bay Mutiny. Two exceptions to this were the D.C. United and Miami Fusion F.C., adopting naming conventions usually seen in European clubs. However, new teams such as Real Salt Lake and Toronto FC continued this trend along with the Dallas Burn renaming themselves FC Dallas and the Kansas City Wizards renaming themselves Sporting Kansas City. Some of the club names have their origins in defunct American professional soccer leagues like the original NASL, such as the 1970s-era San Jose Earthquakes, Seattle Sounders, Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps.

C.D. Chivas USA is the only MLS club whose name does not specify a city, state, or region. The club is named for the Mexican team C.D. Guadalajara, who are often known by its nickname "Chivas", and translates to "Goats". The Mexican club, based in Guadalajara, and Chivas USA share the same ownership.^[49] Though Real Salt Lake was not originally affiliated with Real Madrid, in 2006 the two clubs signed an agreement to play friendly matches every two years, and to co-sponsor a soccer academy and training facility in Utah.^[50] The beverage company Red Bull owns the New York Red Bulls as well as teams in other leagues and sports.

Rivalry cups[link]

Several teams annually compete for secondary rivalry cups that are usually contested by only two teams. Each cup is awarded to the eligible team with the better regular season record. The concept is comparable to minor trophies played for by American college football teams.

* The two wins by the Portland Timbers were during years when the Sounders were not part of the Cascadia Cup competition; the Timbers and Whitecaps were in the USL while the Sounders were in the MLS. See Cascadia Cup.

Criticisms[link]

Major League Soccer has faced criticism from FIFA and some domestic soccer fans for neither abiding by the FIFA calendar,^[51] nor changing the league schedule to one that begins in August and ends in May. MLS' spring-to-fall format causes scheduling conflicts with the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the FIFA World Cup, and other FIFA-sanctioned international competitions held in June and July.^[52] Such conflicts cause many of the league's top players to abandon their MLS teams during those two months so they can compete in these tournaments, and thus makes it harder for the league to recruit more of the world's best players.^[53] Commissioner Don Garber previously stated the league was looking into changing to a fall-to-spring format, but has since said no such change will take place "any time soon." Said Garber: "To think about playing in Toronto in January or December, it's hard to imagine we are going to be able to do that."^[54][55] If the league does change their schedule, Garber admitted that a winter break would be needed to avoid playing games in the snow, especially with several teams in colder climates.^[56]

Other criticisms include the MLS playoff format. Prior to the 2012 MLS Season, the postseason was structured in such a way that a team participating in the playoffs could play in the opposite conference than which they are a member. Most notably Real Salt Lake and the Colorado Rapids, who played the regular season in the Western Conference, won the MLS Cup as the Eastern Conference champions in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Further criticism of the playoff system goes beyond this structural point and is made by those arguing playoffs in general greatly reduces the importance of the regular season; especially since a majority of teams qualify for the postseason. Garber has acknowledged this tension but argues the league cannot "cater to the loudest voices who have this view that our sole purpose is to have a valuable regular season. Our purpose is to have a valuable competition, and that includes having playoffs that are more meaningful. Because we don't have a single table."^[57]

Supporters groups[link]

All teams in the league have independent supporters groups.

Player statistics[link]

Bold indicates active MLS players.

All-time regular season leaders[link]

Goals Regular Season only Rank Player G 1 Jeff Cunningham 134 2 Jaime Moreno 133 3 Landon Donovan 117 4 Ante Razov 114 5 Jason Kreis 108 6 Taylor Twellman 101 7 Dwayne De Rosario 98 8 Edson Buddle 91 9 Carlos Ruiz 88 Roy Lassiter 88

Assists Regular Season only Rank Player A 1 Steve Ralston 135 2 Carlos Valderrama 114 3 Preki 112 4 Jaime Moreno 102 5 Marco Etcheverry 101 6 Landon Donovan 96 7 Cobi Jones 91 8 Andy Williams 86 9 Brad Davis 80 Chris Henderson 80 Mauricio Cienfuegos 80

Goals Against Average Regular Season only, 1500+ MINS Rank Player GAA 1 Donovan Ricketts 1.01 2 Kasey Keller 1.06 Faryd Mondragón 1.06 Jimmy Nielsen 1.06 5 Brad Friedel 1.11 6 Bouna Coundoul 1.13 7 Pat Onstad 1.14 8 Josh Saunders 1.15 9 Matt Pickens 1.18 Dan Kennedy 1.18

Games Played Regular Season only Rank Player GP 1 Kevin Hartman 392 2 Steve Ralston 378 3 Jeff Cunningham 365 4 Jaime Moreno 340 5 Chris Klein 333 6 Andy Williams 332 7 Tyrone Marshall 325 8 Jesse Marsch 321 9 Pablo Mastroeni 318 10 Chris Henderson 317

Minutes Played Regular Season only Rank Player MINS 1 Kevin Hartman 35,100 2 Steve Ralston 33,142 3 Joe Cannon 28,225 4 Jay Heaps 27,363 5 Nick Rimando 26,973 6 Pablo Mastroeni 26,950 7 Nick Garcia 26,325 8 Chris Klein 26,249 9 Chris Henderson 26,240 10 Jaime Moreno 25,792

Last Updated May 3, 2012

MLS commissioners[link]

• Doug Logan (1996–99)
• Don Garber (1999–present)

MLS awards[link]

The league presents 10 annual awards for outstanding achievements, mostly to players with one award each for a coach and a team.

1. Major League Soccer MVP Award
2. MLS Best XI
3. MLS Coach of the Year Award
4. MLS Comeback Player of the Year Award
5. MLS Scudetto
6. MLS Defender of the Year Award
7. MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award
8. MLS Golden Boot
9. MLS Newcomer of the Year Award
10. MLS Rookie of the Year Award

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Major League Soccer

• Official website (Mobile)
• U.S. Soccer official site
• Major League Soccer Video at FoxSports Video Archive