Changsha 长沙
—  Prefecture-level city  —
长沙市
Clockwise from top: Changsha's skyline, The Huangxing Pedestrian Commercial Street, Lushan Temple in Changsha, Martyr's Park in Changsha and Yuelu Academy
Location within Hunan Province (yellow shaded)
Changsha Location in China
Coordinates: 28°11′46″N 112°58′20″E / 28.19611°N 112.97222°E / 28.19611; 112.97222
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Hunan
County-level divisions	8
Township divisions	172
Government
• Mayor	Zhang Jianfei
Area
• Total	11,819 km2 (4,563 sq mi)
Population (2010 Census)
• Total	7,044,118
• Density	600/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
• Rank in China	19th
• Major nationalities	Han - 99.22% Minorities - 0.78%
Time zone	China Standard Time (UTC+8)
Postal code	410000
Area code(s)	+86/731
GDP	2009[1]
- Total	CNY 374.476 billion (USD 56.24 billion)
- per capita	CNY 56,620 (USD 8,504)
- Growth	14.7%
License Plate	湘A 湘O (police and authorities)
ISO 3166-2	cn-??
HDI (2005)	? (?nd) — high
Website	www.changsha.gov.cn
City tree: Camphor; City flower: Azalea

Changsha (simplified Chinese: 长沙; traditional Chinese: 長沙; pinyin: Chángshā; Wade–Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital city of Hunan, in south-central China, located on the lower reaches of Xiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. Its municipality covers an area of 11,819 sq. kilometers and, according to the 2010 Census, a population of 7,044,118 inhabitants.^[2]

Changsha was important from the time of the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). In AD 750–1100 Changsha was an important commercial city, and its population increased greatly. Under the Qing dynasty, from 1664, it was the capital of Hunan province, and it was a major rice market. It was besieged during the Taiping Rebellion but never fell. Changsha was the site of Mao Zedong's conversion to communism. It was the scene of major battles in the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 and was briefly occupied by the Japanese. Rebuilt since 1949, the city is now a major port and a commercial and industrial center.

Etymology[link]

The origins of the name "Changsha" are lost in antiquity. The name first appears in the 11th century BC, during the reign of King Cheng of the Zhou dynasty, a vassal lord from the Changsha area sent a type of softshell turtle known as "Changsha softshell turtle" (Chinese: 长沙鼈) as tribute to the Zhou king. In the 2nd century AD, historian Ying Shao wrote that the Qin dynasty use of the name Changsha for the area was a continuance of its old name.^[3]

History[link]

During the 1st millennium BC, it was the centre of the southern part of the Yangtze River valley state of Chu. In 1935–36 some Chu graves excavated nearby produced important evidences of Chu culture, for instance, the Chu Silk Manuscript. The city is sometimes called Qingyang (Chinese: 青陽) in Warring States period texts.

Under the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) it became a staging post for Qin expeditions into Guangdong province. By 202 BC it was already a fortified city. During the Han Dynasty it was also the capital of Changsha kingdom.

From Han times (206 BC – AD 220) it was named Linxiang County and was the seat of the Changsha commandery. The county was renamed Changsha in 589, when it became the administrative seat of Tan prefecture. It lost some importance at this period, however, because traffic from Guangdong was mostly diverted up the Gan River valley in Jiangxi.

Portrait of a man riding a dragon, found in a tomb dated back to the Warring States Period.

The celebrated Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty were constructed between 186 and 165 BC. The earliest tomb (no. 2), when excavated in the 1970s, had preserved the corpse of Lady Xin Zhui in a surprisingly good condition. Also found in the tomb were the earliest versions of Dao De Jing (道德经), the main text of Taoism, among many other historical documents.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Changsha was a much-fought-over territory. During the Sui Dynasty, Changsha was a county and under the Tang it was known as Tanzhou.

After the fall of the Tang dynasty (618–907), it became the capital of the independent Chu state and later fell to the Later Tang dynasty (923–937). Between 750 and 1100, as Changsha became an important commercial city, the population of the area increased tenfold.

Under the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911/12) dynasties it was made a superior prefecture and from 1664 onward was the capital of Hunan and prospered as one of China's chief rice markets. During the Taiping Rebellion the city was besieged by the rebels (1854) but never fell; it then became the principal base for the suppression of the rebellion. Changsha was opened to foreign trade in 1904. Further development followed the opening of the railway to Hankou in Hubei province in 1918, which was extended to Guangzhou in Guangdong province in 1936. Although Changsha's population grew, the city remained primarily commercial in character and before 1937 had little industry, apart from some small cotton-textile, glass, and nonferrous-metal plants and handicraft enterprises.

Yuelu Academy (岳麓书院) was founded in AD 976 (Song Dynasty), destroyed by war in 1127, and rebuilt in 1165 (Southern Song Dynasty). The celebrated philosopher Zhu Xi (朱熹) taught at the Academy in 1165. It was destroyed by the Mongols but was restored in the late 15th century (Ming Dynasty). In 1903 it became Hunan High School. The modern day Hunan University is a descendant of the academy. The architecture of some of the buildings was restored from 1981–1986, presumably according to the Song design.

In 1852 the Taiping forces laid a siege on Changsha, through 3 months, the Taiping gave up offensive and toward Wuhan.( Battle of Changsha (1852) )

The 1903 Treaty of Shanghai between the Qing Dynasty and Japan opened the city to foreign trade. Consequently, factories, churches and schools were built. A college was started by Yale University bachelors, and later became a medical center named Xiangya and a secondary school named the Yali School.

1938 Changsha Fire

Mao Zedong, founder of the People's Republic of China began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War but has since been restored. The Former Office of the Hunan Communist Party Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s.

Till May 1927, communist support remained strong in Changsha before the massacre carried out by the right-wing faction of the KMT troops owing allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek in its offensive against the left-wing faction of Wang Jingwei then allied closely with the communists. The purge of communists and suspected communists was part of Chiang's plans to consolidate his hold over the KMT weakening Wang's control, and thereby over entire China eventually. In a period of twenty days, Chiang's forces killed more than ten thousand people in Changsha and its outskirts.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), the strategic location of Changsha made it the focus of four campaigns by the Japanese to capture it from the hands of the Chinese Nationalists which resulted in the battles of 1st Changsha, 2nd Changsha, 3rd Changsha, and 4th Changsha. The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to Xue Yue's leadership, but ultimately fell for a short time into Japanese hands in 1944 for another year until they were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender.^[4] The city itself was virtually destroyed by fire in 1938–39.

The city later became the territory of the People's Republic of China when it was formed in 1949 after the Kuomintang were driven to Taiwan.

Geography[link]

Changsha is located between 111° 53'–114° 5' E longitude and 27° 51'–28° 40' N latitude, situated in east central Hunan. Its terrain is high in the west and low in the east. There are many mountainous areas in the west and in the north. The Xiang River flows south to northwest; 296 m high Mt. Yuelushan is in the west; and Liuyanghe River (Liuyang River) and Laodaohe River (Laodao River) east.

Climate[link]

Changsha experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with annual average temperature being 17.0 °C (62.6 °F), with a mean of 4.6 °C (40.3 °F) in January and 29.0 °C (84.2 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation is 1,330 millimetres (52 in), and the yearly frost-free period is 275 days.

The four seasons are distinct. The summers are long and hot, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable with abundant sunlight. Winter is comparatively dry (but somewhat damp and overcast) and rather brief, but cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing.

Changsha neighboring areas include: Jiangxi province, cities and counties of Hunan, such as Tonggu County, Wanzai County, Yichun City, Pingxiang City of Jiangxi province. Pingjiang County, Miluo city, Xiangyin County of Yueyang; Heshan District, Taojiang County, Anhua County of Yiyang; Lianyuan city of Loudi; Zhuzhou County, Liling City of Zhuzhou; Xiangtan County, Xiangxiang city of Xiangtan.

Administration[link]

The city of Changsha has direct jurisdiction over 6 districts (区 qu), 1 county-level cities (市 shi), and 2 counties (县 xian) :

	Subdivision				Pop.	Area	Dens.
	English	Simplified	Traditional	Pinyin	2010	km²	/km²
	Changsha City Proper
	■ Furong District	芙蓉区	芙蓉區	Fúróng Qū	523,730	42	12,470
	■ Tianxin District	天心区	天心區	Tiānxīn Qū	475,663	74	6,428
	■ Yuelu District	岳麓区	嶽麓區	Yuèlù Qū	801,861	552	1,453
	■ Kaifu District	开福区	開福區	Kāifú Qū	567,373	187	3,034
	■ Yuhua District	雨花区	雨花區	Yǔhuā Qū	725,353	114	6,363
	Changsha suburban and rural
	■ Wangcheng District	望城区	望城區	Wàngchéng Qū	523,489	970	540
	■ Liuyang City	浏阳市	瀏陽市	Liúyáng Shì	1,278,928	4,999	256
	■ Changsha County	长沙县	長沙縣	Chángshā Xiàn	979,665	1,997	491
	■ Ningxiang County	宁乡县	寧鄉縣	Níngxiāng Xiàn	1,168,056	2,906	402

Transportation[link]

Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.

Public transport[link]

The city's public transportation system consists of an extensive bus network with over a hundred lines as well as taxis.

Subway[link]

Changsha Metro is planning a 6 lines network. The first two lines under construction are planned to open on 2015. Line 1 runs north to south and Line 2 runs west to east

Roads[link]

National Highways 107 and 319, as well as Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Express Way connect the Changsha metro area nationally. There are three main bus terminals in Changsha: South Station, East Station and West Station, dispatching long- and short-haul trips to cities within and outside Hunan Province.

River[link]

Changsha is surrounded by major rivers, including the Xiangjiang, the Liuyanghe, and the Laodaohe. Ships transport mainly goods from Xianing port located in North Changsha domesticly and internationally.

Rail[link]

Changsha Railway Station is located at city center and provides express and regular services to most cities in China. Changsha South Railway Station is the new passenger-only high speed railway station, located in Yuhua district. The Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway (part of the planned Beijing -> Hong Kong high speed rail) stops here. Shanghai -> Changsha high-speed rail is planned as well.

Air[link]

Changsha Huanghua International Airport is a regional hub for China Southern Airlines, which serves major cities in China, including Hong Kong. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations.The airport provides direct flights to 45 major cities such as HongKong, Bangkok, Seoul, Pusan, Osaka and etc. In 2011 the airport handled 13,810,000 people.

Economy[link]

Changsha's population nearly tripled between the start of its rebuilding in 1949 and the early 1980s. The city is now a major port, handling rice, cotton, timber, and livestock, and is also a collection and distribution point on the railway from Hankou to Guangzhou. It is a centre of rice milling and also has oil-extraction, tea- and tobacco-curing, and meat-processing plants. Its textile industry produces cotton yarn and fabrics and engages in dyeing and printing. Agricultural chemicals and fertilizers, farm implements, and pumping machinery are also produced.

A Pizzahut restaurant in Changsha

Changsha has a large thermal generating station linked by a power grid with the nearby industrial centres of Zhuzhou and Xiangtan; the three cities were designated in the 1970s as the nucleus of a major industrial complex. In the 1960s there was some development of heavy industry. The manufacture of machinery, especially machine tools and precision tools, became important, and Changsha became a center of China's aluminum industry. The city also has cement, rubber, ceramic, and papermaking plants and is a centre for many types of traditional handicrafts, producing hsiang embroidery, leather goods, umbrellas, and buttons. Coal is mined in the vicinity.

Changsha is one of China's 20 most "economically advanced" cities. In 2008, Changsha's nominal GDP was ¥300.1 billion (US$43 billion), a year-on-year growth of 15.1% from the previous year. Its per capita GDP was ¥45,765 (US$6,589).^[5] Its GDP grew at an average of 14% per year from 2001 to 2005, compared to the national average of 9% in the period. As of 2005, the service sector generated roughly around 49% Changsha's GDP, up 112% from 2001 figures, and it is expected to continue driving the city's economic growth. Leading to a disposable income for urban residents of 12,343 RMB annually.^[6] The manufacturing and construction sectors have grown relatively steadily, growing 116% during 2001-2005. The primary sector, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, has grown slightly over this same period. In addition, the consumer market has grown dramatically with income levels. With a minimum salary level of 600 RMB per month in comparison to Beijing 640 RMB or Shanghai at 750 RMB per month.^[7] Urban residents in 2005 had average income of about USD 1,500, 15% higher than national average, and up 10% from 2001 figures.^[8]

Changsha has attracted a substantial level of foreign investment. In 2005, for example, nearly USD 1 billion worth of foreign direct investment (FDI) poured into the city, mainly in hi-tech, manufacturing, food production, and services. This figure is up 40% from 2001. 59% of the total FDI has come from Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Japan; 28% has come from the Americas and 9% from Europe.^[9] By the end of 2008 more than 500 foreign companies had made over USD 10 million worth of investments in Changsha.^[10] Changsha had total retail sales of 74 RMB billion in 2006.^[11]

Rapid economic growth has made environmental pollution a serious problem in Changsha, caused by rapidly increasing numbers of private cars, widespread construction sites, and numerous industrial facilities on the outskirts of the city.

Changsha National Economic and Technical Development Zone[link]

The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6sqkm and the current area is 14sqkm. Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is 8 km. The major industries in the zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry.^[12].

Tourism Spots[link]

• Yuelu Academy In order to save a lot of Yuelu Academy tablet artifacts known to the world, such as down moment" Lushan Temple stele", Tang Kaiyuan eighteen years ( AD 730 years ), by the famous calligrapher Li Yong author and writing; Jiangxia Yellow Crane how wonderful moment fragrance, because paper, book, stone are very beautiful, so to have " Sanjue " say.

• Kaifu Temple Kaifu temple is located in Changsha City District New River Kaifu Temple Road, one of the key national open temple, Hunan province and the Changsha City Buddhist Association are located here.

Culture[link]

Hunan Provincial Museum in Changsha

In recent years, Changsha has become an important creative center for TV and entertainment arts, with its many TV stations producing some of the most popular programs in China, including Super Girl, a Chinese female version of the UK Pop Idol or American Idol that is the most watched program ever to air on Chinese TV. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry, including singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses like hair salons, fashion stores, and hot spicy snacks at night(esp. in the summer time).

Changsha is home to the Lei Feng Memorial (Lei Feng Jinianguan) and statue.

In May 2008, the BBC broadcast, as part of its Storyville documentary series, the four-part The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World, explores the inner workings of the 5000-seat capacity West Lake Restaurant (Xihu Lou Jiujia) located in Changsha.

Education[link]

Colleges and universities[link]

Changsha was the seat of many ancient schools and academies.^[13] It is the site of Hunan Medical University (1914) and has several colleges and institutes of higher learning.

National

• Hunan University (湖南大学)
• Central South University (中南大学)
• National University of Defense Technology (国防科技大学)

Public

• Changsha University of Science and Technology (长沙理工大学)
• Hunan Agricultural University (湖南农业大学)
• Hunan Normal University (湖南师范大学)
• Hunan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine www.hnctcm.com (湖南中医学院)
• Changsha University (长沙学院)
• Central South University of Forestry and Technology (中南林业科技大学)
• Changsha Medical University (长沙医学院)
• Hunan University of Commerce (湖南商学院)

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Notable people[link]

Changsha is the birthplace of:

• Xiong Ni - Olympic diver and gold medalist
• Yang Kaihui - Mao's first wife
• Zhu Rongji - Prime Minister of China, 1997–2002
• Tian Han - Author of the lyrics to China's national anthem
• Huang Xing - Chinese revolutionary leader and the first army commander-in-chief of the Republic of China
• Liang Heng - Writer and literary scholar.
• Hu Yaobang - CPC General Secretary (1980–1987)
• Lei Feng - Army soldier
• Li Xiaopeng - Olympic gymnast and gold medalist
• Liu Shaoqi - President of People's Republic China, 1959-1968.
• Tan Dun - Contemporary composer (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hero soundtracks)

Associated people[link]

• Erich Hartmann
• Jia Yi
• Mao Zedong
• Yuan Longping
• Qi Baishi
• Zhu Xi
• Zhang Zhongjing

Sister cities and friendship cities[link]

Changsha has city partnerships with the following cities and regions:

• Gumi, South Korea
• Kagoshima, Japan
• Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa
• Latenapula, Sri Lanka
• Mons, Belgium
• Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States

Astronomy[link]

Changsha was represented by the star Zeta Corvi in a Chinese constellation.^[14]

See also[link]

• 1938 Changsha Fire

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Changsha

• Changsha Interactive Map, Information on Locations
• Changsha Government website
• Changsha National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
• Attractions-in-changsha

v t e Provincial capitals of the People's Republic of China Changchun, Jilin Changsha, Hunan Chengdu, Sichuan Fuzhou, Fujian Guangzhou, Guangdong Guiyang, Guizhou Haikou, Hainan Hangzhou, Zhejiang Harbin, Heilongjiang Hefei, Anhui Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Jinan, Shandong Kunming, Yunnan Lanzhou, Gansu Lhasa, Tibet Nanchang, Jiangxi Nanjing, Jiangsu Nanning, Guangxi Shenyang, Liaoning Shijiazhuang, Hebei Taiyuan, Shanxi Ürümqi, Xinjiang Wuhan, Hubei Xi'an, Shaanxi Xining, Qinghai Yinchuan, Ningxia Zhengzhou, Henan

Coordinates: 28°11′46″N 112°58′20″E / 28.19611°N 112.97222°E / 28.19611; 112.97222

The China Travel Service (Chinese: 中国旅行社总社) is the tourism and travel agency of the government of the People's Republic of China. It was established on November 19, 1949 tasked with marketing China to the rest of the world and to promote and develop its tourism economy. It is a subordinate agency to the National Tourism Administration.

See also[link]

• Tourism in China

External links[link]

• Official website
• China Travel Service (Hong Kong) official website

Chinese People shopping

The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:

• People with Han Chinese ethnicity (often simply referred to as "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English).^[1]
• The Zhonghua minzu, a supra-ethnic concept which includes all 56 ethnic groups living in China that are officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China, such as Han, Zhuang, Manchu, Tibetans, and other established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of China since at least the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).^[2]
• People who hold citizenship of the People's Republic of China (mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau).^[1]
• People who hold citizenship of Republic of China (Taiwan) (See political status of Taiwan).^[3]

Race (hereditary reasons), nationality, citizenship, place of residence (geographical factors), and ancestry (historical and genealogical factors) can be used to define someone as Chinese.

See also[link]

China portal

• List of ethnic groups in China
• Chinese nationality
• Overseas Chinese

Note[link]

References[link]

• Chinese Ethnic Minorities

External links[link]

• The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population, Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, Republic of China, http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B, retrieved 2008-11-02  (covers the years 2004 and 2005)

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