TNCA, the Talleres Nacionales de Construcciones Aeronáuticas (national aviation workshops) was an aircraft manufacturer established outside Mexico City in 1915. The main designers were General Brigadier and engineer Juan Francisco Azcárate, and italian engineer Francisco Santarini, who manufactured a variety of domestically-designed military aircraft and engines, including:

• TNCA Serie A - biplane.
• TNCA Serie C- monoplane, powered by a Hispano-Suiza engine. Also called Microplano Veloz and Microbio.
• TNCA Serie D, F and G - derived from the Bleriot and Morane-Saulnier aircraft.
• TNCA Serie E- biplane.
• TNCA Serie H - bomber, monoplane, high wing, double control.
• TNCA MWT-1
• TNCA TTS-5
• 3-E-130 - monoplane nicknamed Tololoche.
• TNCA 4-E-131 Quetzalcoatl
• Avro 504 - built under license and called Avro Anáhuac.
• Corsair O2U-4A - built under license and named Corsario Azcárate.

The TNCA also designed and manufactured the 45hp Azatl, 80hp Trébol engines as well as the very high performance Anáhuac Propeller, later copied by several countries.

TNCA closed in 1930, it was briefly revived in 1941 under the name Talleres Generales de Aeronáutica (TGA) and again in 1947.

Engines[link]

Aztatl

The first aircraft engine manufactured in Mexico starting on 1917. The engine was an air-cooled radial and was built in versions of three, six (80 hp) and ten cylinders^[1]

SS México

National design and manufacture.

Trébol

A three-cylinder, 45 hp engine.^[2]

Anzani, Gnome and Hispano-Suiza

Built in Mexico under licence.

Few TNCA aircraft were powered by Wright and Renault engines.^[3]

See also[link]

• Mexican aviation Aztec Anachronism [2]
• TNCA 3-E-130

References[link]

• Gunston, Bill (1993). World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 301. 

Beatrix
Queen of the Netherlands
Reign	30 April 1980 – present
Predecessor	Juliana
Heir apparent	Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
Prime Ministers	See list Dries van Agt Ruud Lubbers Wim Kok Jan Peter Balkenende Mark Rutte
Spouse	Claus van Amsberg
Detail Issue
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands
Full name
Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
House	House of Orange-Nassau
Father	Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
Mother	Juliana of the Netherlands
Born	(1938-01-31) 31 January 1938 (age 74) Baarn, Netherlands
Signature
Religion	Protestantism

Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbeˑatrɪks ˌʋɪlhɛlˈmina ˈɑrmɣɑrt]; born 31 January 1938) is the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands comprising the Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba.

Beatrix was born in Baarn, the Netherlands. She is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. When her mother Juliana abdicated on 30 April 1980, Beatrix succeeded her as Queen of the Netherlands.

She attended public primary and secondary schools in Canada, during World War II, and in the Netherlands. In 1961, she received her law degree from Leiden University. In 1966, Beatrix married Claus van Amsberg, with whom she had three children: Prince Willem-Alexander (1967), Prince Friso (1968) and Prince Constantijn (1969). Her husband Prince Claus died in 2002.

Queen Beatrix is the oldest reigning monarch of the Netherlands.^[1]

Early life[link]

Princess Beatrix in February 1938 with her parents Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard

Beatrix was born Princess Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, on 31 January 1938 at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, the Netherlands. She was the first child of Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.^[2] Beatrix was baptized on 12 May 1938 in the Great Church in The Hague.^[3] Her five godparents are King Leopold III of the Belgians, Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, Princess Elisabeth of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, and Countess Allene de Kotzebue.^[4] When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister Princess Irene was born.^[2]

World War II broke out in the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. On May 13, the Dutch Royal Family fled to London in Great Britain. One month later, Beatrix went to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and maternal grandmother Queen Wilhelmina remained in London.^[2] The family lived at the Stornoway residence.^[5] In thanks for the protection of her and her daughters, (then) Princess Juliana established the delivery of tulips to the Canadian government every spring, which are the centrepiece of the Canadian Tulip Festival. Her second sister Princess Margriet was born in 1943.^[2] During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attended nursery and the primary school^[6] Rockcliffe Park Public School.^[7]

On 5 May 1945, the German troops in the Netherlands surrendered. The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school De Werkplaats in Bilthoven. Her third sister Princess Christina was born in 1947.^[2] On 6 September 1948, her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands at the age of ten.^{[citation needed]}

Education[link]

Princess Beatrix and Queen Juliana in 1960

In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.^[8]

On 31 January 1956, Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the Royal Prerogative. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.^{[citation needed]}

The same year, at Leiden University, her university studies began. In her first years at the university, she studied sociology, jurisprudence, economics, parliamentary history and constitutional law.^[8] In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and European law.^{[citation needed]}

The princess also visited various European and international organisations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called L.S.V.Minerva, after it had merged with the Leidsch Studenten Corps (which before then was male-only). In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.^[8]

Political involvement and marriage[link]

Dutch Royal Family

HM The Queen * HRH The Prince of Orange * HRH Princess Máxima * HRH Princess Catharina-Amalia * HRH Princess Alexia * HRH Princess Ariane * HRH Prince Friso HRH Princess Mabel Countess Luana Countess Zaria HRH Prince Constantijn * HRH Princess Laurentien * Countess Eloise * Count Claus-Casimir * Countess Leonore * Extended royal family HRH Princess Irene HRH the Duke of Parma HRH The Duchess of Parma HRH the Countess of Colorno Tjalling ten Cate HRH the Count of Bardi HRH the Marchioness of Sala HRH Princess Margriet * Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven * HH Prince Maurits * HH Princess Marilène * HH Prince Bernhard * HH Princess Annette * HH Prince Pieter-Christiaan HH Princess Anita HH Prince Floris HH Princess Aimée HRH Princess Christina Bernardo Guillermo Eva Prinz-Valdes Nicolás Guillermo Juliana Guillermo * Member of the Dutch Royal House

v t e

Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat Claus von Amsberg, a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Their marriage caused a massive protest during the wedding day in Amsterdam on 10 March 1966. Prince Claus had served in the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch population with German Nazism. Protests included such memorable slogans as "Claus 'raus!" (Claus out!) and "Mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bike), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of Provos causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy and his 2002 death was widely mourned.

An even more violent riot occurred on 30 April 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including socialist squatters, used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan "Geen woning; geen Kroning" (No house; no coronation). Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of A.F.Th. van der Heijden.

Queen Beatrix is a member of the Bilderberg Group^[9] and an honorary member of the Club of Rome.^[10]

Queen of the Netherlands[link]

On 30 April 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the queen has much more latitude. In 1994, the Minister of Foreign Affairs announced in the States-General that a Dutch embassy in Jordan had been opened at her request.

Queen Beatrix and President Vladimir Putin during his state visit to the Netherlands in 2005

On 6 October 2002, the queen's husband, Prince Claus, died after a long illness. A year and a half later, her mother died after long suffering from senile dementia, while her father succumbed to cancer in December 2004.

Queen Beatrix is rarely quoted directly in the press, since the government information service (Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst) makes it a condition of interviews that she may not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that may arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It does not apply to her son Prince Willem-Alexander.

On 8 February 2005, Queen Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from Leiden University, an honour the queen does not usually accept. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as Queen.^[11] The speech was broadcast live.^[12]

Queen Beatrix and Prince Willem-Alexander in the Golden Carriage in 2007

On 29 April and 30 April 2005, she celebrated the 25th anniversary of her reign. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on Dam Square in Amsterdam, and a celebration took place in The Hague, the country's seat of government.

On 30 April 2009, the queen and many senior members of the royal family were targeted in a car attack by a man called Karst Tates. Tates crashed his car into a parade in Apeldoorn, narrowly missing a bus carrying the queen. Five people were killed instantly; and two victims and the assailant Tates died later. Other victims of the crash were in a critical life threatening situation. One week after the attack another victim had succumbed to sustained injuries. The royal party were unharmed, but the queen and members of her family saw the crash at close range and were visibly shaken. Within hours, Queen Beatrix made a rare televised address to express her shock and condolences. The man apparently told police he was deliberately targeting the royal family.^[13] It is thought to be the first physical attack on Dutch royalty in modern times.

Royal finances[link]

The royal palaces are the property of the Dutch state and given for the use of the reigning monarch;^[14] While the House of Orange-Nassau possesses a large number of personal belongings, items such as paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery are usually associated with the performance of royal duties and/or the decoration of royal residences. As such, these items have a cultural significance beyond that of simple artworks and jewellery, and have therefore been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in Apeldoorn and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Queen Juliana had sold the remaining royal palaces and had put the cultural assets (paintings, antiques, books, etc.) into non-personal trusts.

The crown jewels, comprising the crown, orb and sceptre, Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity.^[15] The Royal Archives house the personal archives of the royal family.^[16] This includes books, photographs, and artworks, as well as the books of the House of Orange-Nassau and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. King William I allowed the Stadtholder's library to remain part of the Royal Library in The Hague. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid 18th century.

The Royal House Finances Act (1972)^[17] as amended in 2008 sets allowances for the King (or Queen Regnant), the Heir to the Throne, and the former sovereign who has abdicated. Provision is also made for their spouses (and in the case of death, for the surviving spouse). The allowances have two components: income (A-component) and personnel and materials (B-component). Annual increases or decreases are provided for: the A component is linked to changes in the annual salary of the Vice-President of the Council of State; the B-component is linked to changes in civil service pay and the cost of living.

In 2009, the government decided that the annual State Budget of the Netherlands should show in a transparent way all the costs of the Royal House, some of which had previously been borne by various Government Ministries.^[18] Three sets of costs are now separately allocated in the annual budget for the Royal House (Budget I of the annual State Budget). These are:

• Allowances paid under the Royal House Finances Act. They comprise the income and personnel and materials components mentioned above.
• Expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. They include costs which had been previously been borne by the budgets of three Government Ministries (Interior, Transport and Water Management, Health and Welfare) and which are now attributed to the Royal budget in the interest of transparency. They also include the costs relating to royal flights and the royal yacht, Groene Draeck.
• Other expenses relating to the management of the royal house. They relate to expenses for the Government Information Service (AZ/RVD) in connection with the royal house, the cost of the Royal Military Household, the Queen's Cabinet and the travel and other costs incurred by royal visits to Netherlands Antilles and Aruba

Costs relating to the security of members of the royal house, state visits, and the maintenance and upkeep of the royal palaces (which are considered to be national monuments) continue to be funded by the budgets of the appropriate Government Ministries and are not included in the budget for the Royal House.^[19]

According to the State Budget for 2010, the budgetary allocation for the royal house in 2010 is €39.643 million.^[20] There are the following categories of expenditure:

• Allowances paid to the queen, the Prince of Orange and Princess Máxima under the Royal House Finances Act. They total some €7.102 million in 2010.
• Expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. They total some €26.818 million in 2010.
• Other expenses relating to the management of the royal house. They total some €5.723 million in 2010.

Personal wealth[link]

In 2009, Forbes estimated her wealth at US$300 million but gave no details to substantiate this figure.^[21]

Titles, styles, and honours[link]

Royal Monogram of Queen Beatrix

Queen Beatrix has held titles throughout her life, as a granddaughter or daughter of a monarch, and eventually as the Sovereign. Queen Beatrix's official title is Her Majesty Beatrix, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc. The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld and many dormant titles still formally borne by the queen. The queen signs official documents with only "Beatrix". In common parlance she is The Queen or Her Majesty. But when in conversation with the queen, the practice is to initially address her as "Your Majesty" or in Dutch as "Uwe Majesteit"^[22] and thereafter as "Madam" or in Dutch as "Mevrouw" which is the official etiquette though she prefers to be called "Your Majesty" at all times.

Beatrix has received honours and awards from countries around the world, both during her life as princess as well as the monarch. In capacity as the Sovereign she is Grand Master of the Military Order of William (Militaire Willemsorde) and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is the 975th Member and Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, the 1,187th Dame of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain and has received numerous other medals and decorations.

Coat of Arms[link]

Arms of Beatrix of the Netherlands Notes As the Monarch, Beatrix uses the Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"). The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a royal decree of 10 July 1907 and were affirmed by Queen Juliana in a royal decree of 23 April 1980. Helm Dutch royal crown Escutcheon Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. Supporters Two lions rampant Or armed and langued Gules Motto JE MAINTIENDRAI Mediaeval French: I will maintain Other elements The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle Gules lined with Ermine. Above the mantle is a pavilion Gules again topped with the royal crown.[23] Banner Upon her succesion to the throne, Beatrix adopted the Royal Standard of the Netherlands, which is a square orange flag, divided in four quarters by a nassau-blue cross. All quarters show a white and blue bugle-horn, taken from the coat of arms of the Principality of Orange. In the centre of the flag is the (small) coat of arms of the Kingdom, which originates from the arms of the House of Nassau, surmounted by a royal crown and surrounded by the insignia of the Grand Cross of the Military William Order. Symbolism The seven arrows stand for the Seven Provinces of the Union of Utrecht. Previous versions Prior to her accession to the throne, Beatrix as a princess bore the following arms: quarterly, 1 and 3, Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or (royal arms of the Netherlands, i.e. that of her mother, Queen Juliana), 2 and 4, Or, a horn azure, langued gules (arms of the former Principality of Orange), on an inescutcheon argent, a rose gules, seeded vert (arms of the House of Lippe-Biesterfeld, i.e. that of her late father, Prince Bernhard).

Issue[link]

Ancestry[link]

Prime Ministers during the Queen's reign[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Beatrix of the Netherlands

• Beatrix van Oranje-Nassau (1938-) on Familypedia
• Queen Beatrix: Official website

v t e Monarchs of the Netherlands Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) Louis I Louis II United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) William I Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–present) William I William II William III Wilhelmina Juliana Beatrix

v t e Present Members of the Council of State of the Netherlands Queen Beatrix (President of the Council) • Herman Tjeenk Willink (Vice President of the Council) • Johannes Bartel • Jan Maarten Boll • Hans Borstlap • Wim Deetman • Pieter van Dijk • Thijs Drupsteen • Rein Jan Hoekstra • Joke van der Meer • Kamiel Mortelmans • Pieter Offers • Jaap Polak • Kees Schuyt • Hanna Sevenster • Winnie Sorgdrager • Yvonne Timmerman-Buck • Ben Vermeulen • Jan-Kees Wiebenga • Sylvia Wortmann