In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The solvent does the dissolving. The solution more or less takes on the characteristics of the solvent including its phase, and the solvent is commonly the major fraction of the mixture. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of how much of that solute is dissolved in the solvent.

Types of solutions [link]

''Homogeneous'' means that the components of the mixture form a single phase. The properties of the mixture (such as concentration, temperature, and density) can be uniformly distributed through the volume but only in absence of diffusion phenomena or after their completion. Usually, the substance present in the greatest amount is considered the solvent. Solvents can be gases, liquids, or solids. One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent are called solutes. The solution has the same physical state as the solvent.

Gas [link]

If the solvent is a gas, only gases are dissolved under a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed as mixtures.

Liquid [link]

If the solvent is a liquid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved. Here are some examples:

Gas in liquid:

* Oxygen in water.

* Carbon dioxide in water is a less simple example, because the solution is accompanied by a chemical reaction (formation of ions). Note also that the visible bubbles in carbonated water are not the dissolved gas, but only an effervescence of carbon dioxide that has come out of solution; the dissolved gas itself is not visible since it is dissolved on a molecular level.

Liquid in liquid:

*The mixing of two or more substances of the same chemistry but different concentrations to form a constant.(Homogenization of solutions)

* Alcoholic beverages are basically solutions of ethanol in water.

Solid in liquid:

* Sucrose (table sugar) in water

* Sodium chloride or any other salt in water forms an electrolyte: When dissolving, salt dissociates into ions.

Counterexamples are provided by liquid mixtures that are not homogeneous: colloids, suspensions, emulsions are not considered solutions.

Body fluids are examples for complex liquid solutions, containing many different solutes. They are electrolytes since they contain solute ions,such as potassium. Furthermore, they contain solute molecules like sugar and urea. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also essential components of blood chemistry, where significant changes in their concentrations may be a sign of illness or injury.

Solid [link]

If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved.

Gas in solid:

* Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals, especially in palladium; this is studied as a means of hydrogen storage.

Liquid in solid:

* mercury in gold, forming an amalgam

* Hexane in paraffin wax

Solid in solid:

* Steel, basically a solution of carbon atoms in a crystalline matrix of iron atoms.

* Alloys like bronze and many others.

* Polymers containing plasticizers.

Solubility [link]

The ability of one compound to dissolve in another compound is called solubility. When a liquid is able to completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are ''miscible''. Two substances that can never mix to form a solution are called ''immiscible''.

All solutions have a positive entropy of mixing. The interactions between different molecules or ions may be energetically favored or not. If interactions are unfavorable, then the free energy decreases with increasing solute concentration. At some point the energy loss outweighs the entropy gain, and no more solute particles can be dissolved; the solution is said to be saturated. However, the point at which a solution can become saturated can change significantly with different environmental factors, such as temperature, pressure, and contamination. For some solute-solvent combinations a supersaturated solution can be prepared by raising the solubility (for example by increasing the temperature) to dissolve more solute, and then lowering it (for example by cooling).

Usually, the greater the temperature of the solvent, the more of a given solid solute it can dissolve. However, most gases and some compounds exhibit solubilities that decrease with increased temperature. Such behavior is a result of an exothermic enthalpy of solution. Some surfactants exhibit this behaviour. The solubility of liquids in liquids is generally less temperature-sensitive than that of solids or gases.

Properties [link]

The physical properties of compounds such as melting point and boiling point change when other compounds are added. Together they are called colligative properties. There are several ways to quantify the amount of one compound dissolved in the other compounds collectively called concentration. Examples include ''molarity'', mole fraction, and ''parts per million'' (PPM).

The properties of ideal solutions can be calculated by the linear combination of the properties of its components. If both solute and solvent exist in equal quantities (such as in a 50% ethanol, 50% water solution), the concepts of "solute" and "solvent" become less relevant, but the substance that is more often used as a solvent is normally designated as the solvent (in this example, water).

Liquid solutions [link]

In principle, all types of liquids can behave as solvents: liquid noble gases, molten metals, molten salts, molten covalent networks, and molecular liquids. In the practice of chemistry and biochemistry, most solvents are molecular liquids. They can be classified into polar and non-polar, according to whether their molecules possess a permanent electric dipole moment. Another distinction is whether their molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds (protic and aprotic solvents). Water, the most commonly used solvent, is both polar and sustains hydrogen bonds.

Salts dissolve in polar solvents, forming positive and negative ions that are attracted to the negative and positive ends of the solvent molecule, respectively. If the solvent is water, hydration occurs when the charged solute ions become surrounded by water molecules. A standard example is aqueous saltwater. Such solutions are called electrolytes.

For non-ionic solutes, the general rule is: like dissolves like.

Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds. As an example, all alcoholic beverages are aqueous solutions of ethanol. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents. Examples are hydrocarbons such as oil and grease that easily mix with each other, while being incompatible with water.

An example for the immiscibility of oil and water is a leak of petroleum from a damaged tanker, that does not dissolve in the ocean water but rather floats on the surface.

Solution preparation from constituent ingredients[link]

It is common practice in laboratories to make a solution directly from its constituent ingredients. There are three cases in practical calculation:

Case 1: amount of solvent volume is given.

Case 2: amount of solute mass is given.

Case 3: amount of final solution volume is given.

In the following equations, A is solvent, B is solute, and C is concentration. Solute volume contribution is considered through ideal solution model.

Case 1: amount (mL) of solvent volume V_A is given. Solute mass m_B = C V_A d_A /(100-C/d_B)

Case 2: amount of solute mass m_B is given. Solvent volume V_A = m_B (100/C-1/ d_B )

Case 3: amount (mL) of final solution volume Vt is given. Solute mass m_B = C Vt /100; Solvent volume V_A=(100/C-1/ d_B) m_B

Case 2: solute mass is known, V_A = m_B 100/C

Case 3: total solution volume is know, same equation as case 1. V_A=Vt; m_B = C V_A /100

Example: Make 2 g/100mL of NaCl solution with 1 L water Water (properties). The density of resulting solution is considered to be equal to that of water, statement holding especially for dilute solutions, so the density information is not required. m_B = C V_A =( 2 / 100 ) x 1000 =20 g

See also [link]

Concentration

Dissolution

Molar solution

Percentage solution

Solubility equilibrium

Stock solution

Total dissolved solids is a common term in a range of disciplines, and can have different meanings depending on the analytical method used. In water quality, it refers to the amount of residue remaining after evaporation of water from a sample.

Upper critical solution temperature

Lower critical solution temperature

Coil-globule transition

References [link]

Category:Solutions Category:Homogeneous chemical mixtures Category:Alchemical processes Category:Physical chemistry Category:Colloidal chemistry Category:Drug delivery devices Category:Dosage forms

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name	Joel Timothy Houston
background	solo_singer
birth name	Joel Timothy Houston
birth date	September 19, 1979
origin	Sydney, Australia
instrument	Bass guitar, vocals, acoustic guitar
genre	Worship, rock
occupation	Producer, songwriter, worshipleader
years active	1999–present
label	Hillsong music
associated acts	Able
website	Hillsong UNITED
notable instruments	Acoustic Guitar, Electric Guitar, Bass Guitar }}

Joel Timothy Houston (born 18 September 1979) is a musician, songwriter and pastor, and leader of the Sydney-based band Hillsong United, the youth worship band of Hillsong Church.

He is currently co-pastor at Hillsong NYC since 2010.. He is the head of the Christian worship band Hillsong UNITED, for which he sings, plays guitar and writes songs. In 2008, he became the Creative Director at Hillsong Church. He is the oldest son of the church's Senior Pastors and founders Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of Frank Houston (who was the Senior Pastor of Sydney Christian Life Centre which is now the City venue of Hillsong Church). He has two siblings, a brother Benjamin and a sister, Laura. Houston was also the bass player for the band Able, which was composed of Marty Sampson, Michael Guy Chislett and Luke Munns, which won the Channel V Leg Up competition in 2001.

Biography [link]

Early life[link]

Houston began playing piano at a young age, at the suggestion of his parents. As he was not interested in piano, he soon diverted his efforts to playing guitar instead.

Hillsong United and Hillsong[link]

Houston's first debut with the Hillsong United as a vocalist was in 2002, however he had been playing bass guitar with the band for several years prior to this, and contributing various songs, including the title track from the group's debut full length live album, ''Everyday''. As part of Hillsong United music team, Joel Houston has helped lead worship conferences in North America, South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. He has also contributed to the main Hillsong album recordings as well, which are led by worship pastor Reuben Morgan. Many of the songs he has written or co-written are sung in churches worldwide and have been translated into 32 languages, including Korean and German. His music has been featured on Hillsong albums that have quickly risen on both the Australian and American Christian music charts. In March 2007, Hillsong United's eighth album ''All of the Above'' debuted at #6 on the ARIA charts. His song, "Everyday", was ranked number 49 on the CCLI top 100 songs. Joel Houston has been the Creative Director of Hillsong since 2008. Joel is currently co-Pastor of Hillsong NYC with Carl Lentz.

Discography[link]

Albums on which Houston has written and performed songs:

''Everyday'' (1999)

* "Everyday"

''For This Cause'' (2000)

* "For This Cause"

* "Everyday"

''Best Friend'' (2000)

* "Best Friend" with Marty Sampson

''You Are My World'' (2001)

* "My Best Friend"

''Blessed'' (2002)

* "One Desire"

''To the Ends of the Earth'' (2002)

* "All About You"

* "All"

* "To the Ends of the Earth" with Sampson

* "Am I To Believe"

''Hope'' (2003)

* "To the Ends of the Earth" with Marty Sampson

''More Than Life'' (2004)

* "One Way" with Jonathon Douglass

* "Evermore"

* "Open Up the Heavens"

* "Where the Love Lasts Forever"

''For All You've Done'' (2004)

* "One way" with J.D

* "Evermore"

''Look to You'' (2005)

* "Salvation Is Here"

* "Tell the World" with Douglass & Marty Sampson

* "Shout Unto God" with Marty Sampson

* "'Til I See You" with Jad Gillies

''God He Reigns'' (2005)

* "Salvation Is Here"

* "Yours Is the Kingdom"

''Super Strong God'' (2005)

* "One Way" with Douglass

''United We Stand'' (2006)

* "The Time Has Come"

* "From the Inside Out"

* "Revolution" with Scott Ligertwood, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, & Michael Guy Chislett

* "No One Like You"

* "The Stand"

''Mighty to Save'' (2006)

* "The Freedom We Know" with Matt Tenikoff & Marty Sampson

* "From the Inside Out"

''Supernatural'' (2006)

* "Everyday"

''All of the Above'' (2007)

* "Point of Difference"

* "Break Free" with Matt Crocker & Ligertwood

* "Desperate People" with Chislett

* "Solution" with Crocker

* "My Future Decided" with Marty Sampson & Douglass

* "Never Let Me Go"

''Saviour King'' (2007)

* "Break Free" with Crocker & Ligertwood

* "In the Mystery"

''In a Valley by the Sea'' (2007)

* "Break Free" with Crocker & Ligertwood

''The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts As One'' (2008)

* "The Time Has Come"

* "One Way" with Douglass

* "'Til I See You" with Gillies

* "The Stand"

* "Break Free" with Crocker & Ligertwood

* "Where the Love Lasts Forever"

* "Tell The World" with Douglass & Marty Sampson

* "My Future Decided" with Douglass

* "Shout Unto God" with Marty Sampson

* "Salvation Is Here"

* "From The Inside Out"

* "Solution" with Crocker

''This Is Our God'' (2008)

* "Your Name High"

* "Run"

* "With Everything"

''A Cross // the EARTH: Tear Down The Walls'' (2009)

* "No Reason To Hide" with Crocker

* "Tear Down The Walls" with Crocker

* "Your Name High"

''Faith + Hope + Love'' (2009)

* "The First and The Last" with Reuben Morgan

* "For Your Name" with Jad Gillies & Morgan

* "No Reason to Hide" with Matt Crocker

* "Glow" with Crocker

''A Beautiful Exchange'' (2010)

* "Our God Is Love" with Scott Ligertwood

* "You"

* "Beautiful Exchange"

''Aftermath'' (2011)

* "Take Heart"

* "Like an Avalanche" with Dylan Thomas

* "Aftermath"

* "Bones" with Jill McCloghry

* "Father"

* "Nova" with Matt Crocker & Michael Guy Chislett

* "Search My Heart" with Matt Crocker

''God Is Able'' (2011)

* "Rise"

''Live in Miami'' (2012)

* "Break Free"

* "You"

* "Search My Heart"

* "Bones"

* "Nova"

* "Aftermath"

* "Shout Unto God"

* "Like An Avalanche"

* "The Stand"

* "From The Inside Out"

* "A Song To Sing..."

* "With Everything"

* "Your Name High"

* "Take Heart"

''Cornerstone'' (2012)

* "Under Your Name"

* "Running"

* "All of the Praise"

External links[link]

Christianity Today interview

"The Story Behind ''All of the Above''" - Written by Joel Houston

SongDiscovery.com interviews Joel Houston ,

''A Passion for His Presence'' article at Beliefnet

Fresh 103.2 Interview

BBC ''Heart-throb rock gods united in song''

The Bulletin interview and photo gallery

References[link]

Category:Hillsong musicians Category:Christian religion-related songwriters Category:Living people Category:Australian songwriters Category:Australian Pentecostals Category:Australian performers of Christian music Category:1979 births

de:Joel Houston es:Joel Houston nl:Joel Houston pt:Joel Houston sv:Joel Houston

name	Tara Stiles
birth name	Tara Leann Stiles
birth date	May 06, 1981
birth place	Morris, Illinois, U.S.
occupation	Yoga teacher
death date
height
spouse	Michael Taylor (2008–present)
website	Official website }}

Tara Leann Stiles (born May 6, 1981) is an American model turned yoga instructor and founder of Strala Yoga in New York City. She starred in ''Yoga For'', the first instructional on-line yoga video series, produced by Ford Models. ''Vanity Fair'' reported on a yoga video that Stiles specifically designed for Sarah Palin; the ''Vanity Fair'' reporter commented that ''"Tara Stiles has got to be the coolest yoga instructor ever."'' Stiles is also the personal yoga instructor to Deepak Chopra, with whom she collaborated to create Authentic Yoga for the iPhone.

Early life[link]

Stiles grew up outside Morris, Illinois. Her mother designed, without any professional experience, their passive solar home and built it together with her father, now retired from a career in nuclear power. She has one sibling, an elder brother, Chad, who is an electrician.

At the age of four she told her mother that she had decided to become a dancer and wanted to move to New York when she grew up. She practiced meditation in local forests, and maintained a diverse group of acquaintances in high school without favoring any single best friend or friends. "I'm a nerd, always", she says.

Modeling career[link]

After graduation she studied dance in Chicago, where one of her ballet instructors introduced her to yoga. A local photographer brought her to Marie Anderson Boyd, founder of Aria Models in Chicago, later acquired by Ford Models, who signed her on the spot. Boyd booked Stiles' first casting, an ad campaign for Coca-Cola, and She moved to New York City soon after.

She would often show up at shoots on a skateboard, wearing a plain T-shirt, to the consternation of her fellow models, and never wore makeup outside of work. She eventually realized that modeling was not what she was truly interested in. When Ford asked her to start making short promotional yoga videos for the agency and post them to YouTube, it was the beginning of her current career. She took a 200-hour course to become a certified instructor, and continues to make the videos, which have drawn over four million views.

Stiles was one of the first yoga instructors to use social media to attract students. The YouTube videos led a DVD with fellow model Brooklyn Decker as well as one of her own, ''Yoga Anywhere: The New York Session''. After leaving Ford and modeling in 2007, she blogged for ''Women's Health'' and ''The Huffington Post'' (''HuffPo'').

A 2009 post at ''HuffPo'' entitled "Help! I'm Addicted to FaceBook", has received 1.2 million hits, making it one of the most-viewed blogs on the site. Stiles's first book, ''Slim Calm Sexy'', published by Rodale, rose to the #1 spot on Amazon.com and best-selling status the first week it was released, August 31, 2010.

Stiles has been featured in pictorials for ''W'', ''Shape Magazine'', ''Self'', ''Marie Claire'', ''Fitness'', and appeared on the covers of ''City'', ''Time Out'', and ''Fit Yoga''. Stiles appeared in ads for Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Target Corporation, Gap and ''American Apparel'', as well as numerous TV commercials for the Chrysler PT Cruiser and Avon. Stiles' health and yoga related work has been featured in such magazines as ''Esquire'', ''Mens Health'', ''Ascent'', and ''Yoga Journal''.

Stiles has been the Face of ''Women's Health'', a Rodale, Inc. publication, since April 2009. Stiles is also a spokesperson for Nissan Motors, along with Ryan Hall and Lance Armstrong.

Strala Yoga[link]

In 2008 Stiles met her husband, Michael Taylor, at the Ananda Ashram in Monroe, New York. "He was normal, he's straight, he does yoga ... I'm done for", she joked. After a civil ceremony in New York, they honeymooned in Negril, Jamaica.

The couple founded the New York City yoga studio Strala later that year. They made up the name, which is Swedish for "radiates light". In addition to continuing to make her videos and other media appearances, she currently teaches a quarter of the classes and oversees 13 other instructors at the studio, which has become profitable enough for her to consider opening a branch. Deepak Chopra and Jane Fonda are among her students; the former considers her his personal instructor. "I have been doing yoga for 30 years," he says. "I have had teachers of all kinds. Taking lessons from her has been more useful to me than taking yoga from anyone else."

Stiles does not follow any school of yoga or instructor and focuses purely on its physical aspects and health benefits, with no philosophical or spiritual dimension. She eschews the Sanskrit names for yoga positions and does not ask students to chant. She hires instructors without regard to the certification process normally required elsewhere, preferring to assess them by watching them teach, although Strala does offer a teacher-training program. Strala's per-class fee, $10, is lower than other Manhattan yoga studios.

Her goal is to make yoga more accessible. "People need yoga, not another religious leader. Quite often in New York, they want to be religious leaders, and it's not useful", she explains. "I was never invited to the party anyway—so I started my own party". Too many people outside yoga, she believes, see it as "something Jennifer Aniston does". Fonda has praised "her ability to make yoga accessible to people who might be scared of it or think it might be too esoteric". Stiles says she receives letters regularly from people, such as military men, who do her videos but are afraid to go to a yoga studio. "This studio is the first place I have felt comfortable", one Strala student told ''The New York Times''. "It doesn't feel like it's all 26-year-old former dancers."

Stiles' approach to yoga has met with some controversy in the yoga community. Jennilyn Carson of the popular YogaDork blog reports that some practitioners consider it "disrespect to what the practice is" for Stiles to promote it as a weight-loss method. "I don't care what Tara Stiles says yoga is," another yogini says. "It's not about making your body beautiful." Yoga traditionalists have also complained about her willingness to draw on her modeling background and exploit sex appeal in yoga-wear advertisements and her videos, some of which she has appeared in wearing short shorts and a tank top. "Who made these rules?", Stiles has responded. "I feel like I'm standing up for yoga." To critics of her videos and photo shoots, she says, "We should not be hiding behind our bodies. [They] should be empowering."

Television[link]

Stiles was a contestant and winner of MTV's Fear episode 9, "Fort Gains". She has also appeared in Matthew Barney's ''The Cremaster Cycle: Cremester 3''. She co-hosted three segments on on fitness and fashion with Pedro Andrade, Siafa Lewis, and Margherita Missoni.

References[link]

External links[link]

Tara Stiles on iTunes

YouTube

Tara Stiles

Tara Stiles on Twitter

Tara Stiles Video Interview on TDL Profiles

Category:1981 births Category:American businesspeople Category:American female models Category:American non-fiction writers Category:Living people Category:People from Grundy County, Illinois Category:Yogis