Icebergs generally range from above sea level and weigh . The tallest known iceberg in the North Atlantic was above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker ''East Wind'' in 1958, making it the height of a 55-storey building. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland, and may have an interior temperature of .
Though usually confined by winds and currents to move close to the coast, the largest icebergs recorded have been calved, or broken off, from the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Iceberg B-15, photographed by satellite in 2000, measured , with a surface area of . The mass was estimated around three billion tonnes. The largest iceberg on record was an Antarctic tabular iceberg of over [] sighted west of Scott Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, by the USS ''Glacier'' on November 12, 1956. This iceberg was larger than Belgium.
When an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound called "Bergie Seltzer". This sound is made when compressed air bubbles trapped in the iceberg pop. The bubbles come from air trapped in snow layers that later became glacial ice.
! Size Category | ! Height | ! Length |
Growler | Less than | Less than |
Bergy Bit | ||
Small | ||
Medium | ||
Large | ||
Very Large | Over | Over |
Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes, and include:
Iceberg B15 calved from the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000 and initially had an area of . It broke apart in November 2002. The largest remaining piece of it, Iceberg B-15A, with an area of , was still the largest iceberg on Earth until it ran aground and split into several pieces October 27, 2005. It has been determined that the cause of the breakup was an ocean swell generated by an Alaskan storm 6 days earlier and away.
Before April 1912 there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard ships against collisions. The sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'', which caused the deaths of 1,523 of its 2,228 passengers, created the demand for a system to observe icebergs. For the remainder of the ice season of that year, the United States Navy patrolled the waters and monitored ice flow. In November 1913, the International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea met in London to devise a more permanent system of observing icebergs. Within three months the participating maritime nations had formed the International Ice Patrol (IIP). The goal of the IIP was to collect data on meteorology and oceanography in order to measure currents, ice-flow, ocean temperature, and salinity levels. They published their first records in 1921, which allowed for a year-by-year comparison of iceberg movement.
New technologies monitor icebergs. Aerial surveillance of the seas in the early 1930s allowed for the development of charter systems that could accurately detail the ocean currents and iceberg locations. In 1945, experiments tested the effectiveness of radar in detecting icebergs. A decade later, oceanographic monitoring outposts were established for the purpose of collecting data; these outposts continue to serve in environmental study. A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, icebreaking ships were equipped with automatic transmissions of satellite photographs of ice in Antarctica. Systems for optical satellites had been developed, but were still limited by weather conditions. In the 1980s, drifting buoys were used in Antarctic waters for oceanographic and climate research. They are equipped with sensors that measure ocean temperature and currents. Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) made it possible to acquire images regardless of weather conditions. On November 4, 1995, Canada launched RADARSAT-1. Developed by the Canadian Space Agency, it provides images of Earth for both scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which sends microwave energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The European Space Agency launched ENVISAT on March 1, 2002, an environmental satellite which uses Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). This can detect changes in surface height accurately. The Canadian Space Agency launched RADARSAT-2 in December 2007, which uses SAR and multipolarization modes and follows the same orbit path as RADARSAT-1.
Category:Dutch loanwords Category:Physical oceanography Category:Ice in transportation Category:Bodies of ice
ang:Īsbeorg ar:جبل جليدي arc:ܛܘܪܐ ܕܓܠܝܕܐ ast:Iceber az:Aysberq zh-min-nan:Peng-soaⁿ be:Айсберг be-x-old:Айсбэрг bg:Айсберг ca:Iceberg cs:Kra da:Isbjerg de:Eisberg et:Jäämägi es:Iceberg eo:Glacimonto fa:کوه یخی fr:Iceberg gl:Iceberg ko:빙산 io:Flotacinta glacimonto id:Gunung es is:Borgarísjaki it:Iceberg he:קרחון ימי jv:Gunung ès ka:აისბერგი kk:Мұзтау sw:Siwa barafu la:Mons glacialis lv:Aisbergs lt:Ledkalnis hu:Jéghegy mr:हिमनग ms:Aisberg nl:IJsberg ja:氷山 no:Isfjell nn:Isfjell nds:Iesbarg pl:Góra lodowa pt:Iceberg ro:Aisberg ru:Айсберг sah:Айсберг simple:Iceberg fi:Jäävuori sv:Isberg th:ภูเขาน้ำแข็ง tg:Кӯҳи ях tr:Buzdağı uk:Айсберг vi:Băng trôi yi:אייזבארג zh-yue:冰山 zh:冰山This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Claude Kelly |
---|---|
Background | solo_singer |
Birth name | Claude Kelly |
Origin | New York City, New York, United States |
Instrument | Vocals |
Genre | pop, R&B;, soul |
Occupation | Singer, Songwriter |
Years active | 2006-present }} |
Kelly got his big break when he wrote the song, “Daddy’s Little Girl” for Frankie J’s 2006 album, Priceless. Although it didn’t chart well, he said, watching his song go from recording to mixing to mastering to music video was the confirmation that he needed to press on. Kelly’s work so impressed Akon that in late 2007, the singer suggested Kelly write to some of his music, one of which was “Forgive Me”, written for Leona Lewis’ debut album and produced by Akon respectively. Another song he wrote was “Hold My Hand” which was set to feature on Akon’s third album, however the song leaked and it was decided not to be included in the album. The song, which features Michael Jackson, is the first single to be released from Michael (Jackson's first posthumous studio album). At present, he’s working with Whitney Houston, Christina Aguilera and Tamia.
Kelly has written songs for Kelly Clarkson ("My Life Would Suck Without You") Britney Spears ("Circus") from Circus and ("Gasoline) from Femme Fatale and Chrisette Michele.
Kelly has also written songs for Leona Lewis ("Forgive Me"), Whitney Houston and Fantasia Barrino.
Kelly has since been tapped to write songs for R. Kelly, the Backstreet Boys, Christina Aguilera, Toni Braxton, as well as Melanie Fiona, Adam Lambert and Miley Cyrus' "Party in the U.S.A.", which debuted at #2 on Billboard Hot 100.
Kelly co-wrote Jessie J's "Price Tag", for which he received credit as "Moonhead".
He is currently writing songs for Joe Jonas.
Category:American male singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Living people
nl:Claude Kelly pl:Claude Kelly pt:Claude Kelly ru:Келли, Клод sv:Claude KellyThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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