Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
Name	John Wilkins
Birth date	January 01, 1614
Birth place	Fawsley, Northamptonshire
Death date	November 19, 1672
Death place	London
Occupation	Anglican clergyman, Author, Administrator
Title	Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Secretary of the Royal Society, Bishop of Chester
Religion	Church of England
Spouse	Robina Cromwell (sister of Oliver)
Children	None
Footnotes	}}

John Wilkins FRS (1 January 1614 – 19 November 1672) was an English clergyman, natural philosopher and author, as well as a founder of the Royal Society, and Bishop of Chester from 1668 until his death.

Wilkins is one of the few persons to have headed a college at both the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. He was a polymath, although not one of the most important scientific innovators of the period. His personal qualities were brought out, and obvious to his contemporaries, in reducing political tension in Interregnum Oxford, in founding the Royal Society on non-partisan lines, and in efforts to reach out to religious nonconformists. He was one of the founders of the new natural theology compatible with the science of the time.

He is particularly known for ''An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language'' in which, amongst other things, he proposed a universal language and a decimal system of measure not unlike the modern metric system.

Early life

Wilkins was likely born at Canons Ashby, Northamptonshire. His father was a goldsmith, and died when he was young; his mother remarried, and Walter Pope was half-brother to Wilkins. His maternal grandfather was a Puritan vicar, John Dod. He was educated at Magdalen Hall (which later became Hertford College), Oxford, being tutored by John Tombes and graduating B.A. in 1631 and M.A. in 1634. He studied astronomy with John Bainbridge.

After ordination, Wilkins became vicar of his home town of Fawsley in 1637, but he soon resigned. He became chaplain successively to Lord Saye and Sele and George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley. In 1644 he became chaplain to Prince Charles Louis, nephew of King Charles I, who was in England; from 1648 Charles Louis was able to take up his position as elector palatine on the Rhine, as a consequence of the Peace of Westphalia. Wilkins may have accompanied him on his return to Heidelberg.

Wilkins was one of the group of savants interested in experimental philosophy who gathered round Charles Scarburgh, the royalist physician who arrived in London in summer 1646 after the fall of Oxford to the parliamentarian forces. These included George Ent, Samuel Foster, Francis Glisson, Jonathan Goddard, Christopher Merrett, and John Wallis. Others of Scarburgh's circle were William Harvey and Seth Ward. This London group was described much later by Wallis, who mentions also Theodore Haak, anchoring it also to the Palatine exiles; while there are clear connections to the Wilkins Oxford 'club', it is no longer considered that these were founders of what later became the Royal Society.

In Oxford and Cambridge

In 1648 he became warden of Wadham College, Oxford. Under him the college prospered. Wilkins fostered political and religious tolerance and drew talented minds to the college, including Christopher Wren. Although he was a supporter of Oliver Cromwell, Royalists placed their sons in his charge. From those in Oxford interested in experimental science, he drew together a significant group or 'club', which by 1650 had been constituted with a set of rules. Besides some of the London group (Goddard, Wallis, Ward, Wren who was a young protégé of Scarburgh), it included (in the account of Thomas Sprat) Ralph Bathurst, Robert Boyle, William Petty, Lawrence Rooke, Thomas Willis, and Matthew Wren. Robert Hooke was gradually recruited into the Wilkins group: he arrived at Christ Church, Oxford in 1653, working his way to an education, became assistant to Willis, and became known to Wilkins (possibly via Richard Busby) as a technician. By 1658 he was working with Boyle.

In 1656, he married Robina French née Cromwell, youngest sister of Oliver Cromwell, who had been widowed in 1655 when her husband Peter French, a canon of Christ Church, Oxford, had died. Wilkins thereby joined a high stratum of Parliamentary society, and the couple used rooms in Whitehall Palace. In 1659, shortly before his death, Oliver Cromwell arranged for Wilkins a new appointment as Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, an appointment that was confirmed by Richard Cromwell who succeeded him as Lord Protector. He was there long enough to befriend and become a patron of Isaac Barrow.

In London

Upon the Restoration in 1660, the new authorities deprived Wilkins of the position given him by Cromwell; he gained appointment as prebendary of York and rector of Cranford, Middlesex. In 1661 he was reduced to preacher at Gray's Inn, lodging with his friend Seth Ward. In 1662 he became vicar of St Lawrence Jewry, London. He suffered in the Great Fire of London, losing his vicarage, library and scientific instruments.

Possessing strong scientific tastes, Wilkins was a founding member of the Royal Society and was soon elected fellow and one of the Society's two secretaries: he shared the work with Henry Oldenburg, whom he had met in Oxford in 1656.

Bishop

He became vicar of Polebrook, Northamptonshire, in 1666; prebendary of Exeter in 1667; and in the following year, prebendary of St Paul's and bishop of Chester.

He owed his position as bishop of Chester to the influence of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham's approach to the religious problem of the day was 'comprehension', something less than religious tolerance but aimed at least at bringing in the Presbyterians among nonconformists to the Church of England by some peaceful form of negotiation and arrangement. Wilkins too thought along these lines. He had been a sympathetic reader of John Humfrey's 1661 justification of his acceptance of re-ordination by William Piers, having already once been ordained in the Presbyterian style by a classis.

As he was ordained he spoke out against the use of penal laws, and immediately tried to gather support from other moderate bishops to see what concessions to the nonconformists could be made. A serious effort was made in 1668 to secure a scheme of comprehension, with William Bates, Richard Baxter and Thomas Manton for the dissenters meeting Wilkins and Hezekiah Burton. Wilkins felt the Presbyterians could be brought within the Church of England, while the Independent separatists were left outside. It fell through by late summer, with Manton blaming John Owen for independent scheming for general toleration with Buckingham, and Baxter pointing the finger at the House of Lords.

Death and legacy

He died in London, most likely from the medicines used to treat his kidney stones and stoppage of urine.

The influence and ambitions of John Wilkins were an important thread in the historical fiction trilogy ''The Baroque Cycle'' by Neal Stephenson. John Wilkins was also the creator of the Universal Measurement System which became the basis for the Metric System.

Works

His numerous written works include: ''The Discovery of a World in the Moone'' (1638)

''A Discourse Concerning a New Planet'' (1640)

''Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger'' (1641), the first English-language book on cryptography

''Ecclesiastes'' (1646)

''Mathematical Magick'' (1648)

''A Discourse Concerning the Beauty of Providence'' (1649)

''A discourse concerning the gift of prayer: shewing what it is, wherein it consists and how far it is attainable by industry'' (1651)

''Vindiciae academiarum'' (1654), with Seth Ward

''An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language'' (London, 1668), in which he proposes a new universal language for the use of natural philosophers.

''Of the Principle and Duties of Natural Religion'' (London, 1675).

The early scientific works were in a popular vein, and have links to the publications of Francis Godwin. ''The Discovery of a World in the Moone'' (1638) was followed up by ''A Discourse Concerning a New Planet'' (1640). Godwin's''The Man in the Moone'' was also published in 1638. In 1641 Wilkins published an anonymous treatise entitled ''Mercury, or The Secret and Swift Messenger''. This was a small work on cryptography; it may well have been influenced by Godwin's ''Nuncius inanimatus'' (1629). His ''Mathematical Magic'' (1648) was divided into two sections, one on traditional mechanical devices such as the lever, and the other, more speculative, on machines. It drew on many authors, both classical writers and moderns such as Guidobaldo del Monte and Marin Mersenne. It alludes to Godwin's ''The Man in the Moone'', for bird-powered flight. These were light if learned works and admitted both blue-sky thinking, such as the possibility of the Moon being inhabitable, and references to figures on the "occult" side: Trithemius, John Dee, the Rosicrucians, Robert Fludd.

''Ecclesiastes'' (1646) is a plea for a plain style in preaching, avoiding rhetoric and scholasticism, for a more direct and emotional appeal. It analysed the whole field of available Biblical commentary, for the use of those preparing sermons, and was reprinted many times. It is noted as a transitional work, both in the move away from Ciceronian style in preaching, and in the changing meaning of elocution to the modern sense of vocal production.

''A Discourse Concerning the Beauty of Providence'' (1649) took an unfashionable line, namely that divine providence was more inscrutable than current interpreters were saying. It added to the reputation of Wilkins, when the Stuarts returned to the throne, to have warned that the short term reading of events as managed by God was risky.

In 1654, Wilkins joined with Seth Ward in writing ''Vindiciae academiarum'', a reply to John Webster's ''Academiarum Examen'', one of many attacks at the time on the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and their teaching methods. This attack had more clout than most: it was dedicated to John Lambert, a top military figure, and was launched during Barebone's Parliament, when radical change seemed on the cards. Wilkins (as N. S.) provided an open letter to Ward; and Ward (as H. D., also taking the final letters of his name therefore) replied at greater length. Wilkins makes two main points: first, Webster is not addressing the actual state of the universities, which were not as wedded to old scholastic ways, Aristotle, and Galen, as he said; and secondly Webster's mixture of commended authors, without fuller understanding of the topics, really was foolish. In this approach Wilkins had to back away somewhat from his writings of the late 1630s and early 1640s. He made light of this in the way of pointing to Alexander Ross, a very conservative Aristotelian who had attacked his own astronomical works, as a more suitable target for Webster. This exchange was part of the process of the new experimental philosophers throwing off their associations with occultists and radicals.

In 1668 he published his ''Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language''. In it he attempted to create a universal language to replace Latin as a completely unambiguous tongue with which scholars and philosophers could communicate. One aspect of this work was the suggestion of a decimal system of measurement, such as the metric system. In his lexicographical work he collaborated with William Lloyd. The ''Ballad of Gresham College'' (1663), a gently satirical ode to the Society, refers to this project: Jorge Luis Borges wrote a short essay, ''The Analytical Language of John Wilkins''.

References

Further reading

Patrick Arkley Wright Henderson, ''The Life and Times of John Wilkins''; Project Gutenberg text

O. Funke (1959), ''On the Sources of John Wilkins' philosophical language''. English Studies XL 208.

Barbara J. Shapiro (1968), ''John Wilkins 1614–1672: An Intellectual Biography''

Fredric Dolezal (1985), ''Forgotten But Important Lexicographers: John Wilkins and William Lloyd. a Modern Approach to Lexicography Before Johnson''

J. L. Subbiondo (editor) (1992), ''John Wilkins and 17th-Century British Linguistics''

J. L. Subbiondo, ''Educational Reform in Seventeenth-Century England and John Wilkins' Philosophical Language'', anguage & Communication, v21 n3 p273-84 Jul 2001

External links

MacTutor biography

Hertford College biography

Galileo Project: Wilkins from the Rice University website

"An 17th Century Mission to the Moon" from Skymania News

John Wilkins' «Musical Alphabet» (online service).

''The Mathematical and Philosophical Works of the Right Rev. John Wilkins'' Volume 1, Volume 2

Category:1614 births Category:1672 deaths Category:Bishops of Chester Category:English scientists Category:Pre-19th-century cryptographers Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Wardens of Wadham College, Oxford Category:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge Category:Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford Category:Language creators Category:English Anglicans Category:People from Daventry (district)

bg:Джон Уилкинс ca:John Wilkins de:John Wilkins es:John Wilkins et:John Wilkins eo:John Wilkins fr:John Wilkins ia:John Wilkins is:John Wilkins it:John Wilkins nl:John Wilkins ro:John Wilkins ru:Уилкинс, Джон sl:John Wilkins

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
Name	Saint John Bosco
Birth date	August 16, 1815
Death date	January 31, 1888
Feast day	31 January
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Communion
Birth place	Castelnuovo d'Asti, Piedmont, Italy
Titles	Confessor; Father and Teacher of Youth
Beatified date	2 June 1929
Beatified place	Rome
Beatified by	Pius XI
Canonized date	1 April 1934
Canonized place	Rome
Canonized by	Pius XI
Patronage	Christian apprentices, editors, publishers, schoolchildren, young people, magicians
Major shrine	The Tomb of St John Bosco, Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians, Turin, Italy
Prayer attrib	}}

John Bosco (; 16 August 181531 January 1888), was an Italian Catholic priest, educator and writer of the 19th century, who put into practice the convictions of his religion, dedicating his life to the betterment and education of street children, juvenile delinquents, and other disadvantaged youth and employing teaching methods based on love rather than punishment, a method that is known as the preventive system. A follower of the spirituality and philosophy of Francis de Sales, Bosco dedicated his works to him when he founded the Society of St. Francis de Sales (more commonly known as the Salesian Society or the Salesians of Don Bosco). Together with Maria Domenica Mazzarello, he founded the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians, a religious congregation of nuns dedicated to the care and education of poor girls, and popularly known as Salesian Sisters. In 1876 Bosco founded a movement of laity, the Salesian Cooperators, with the same educational mission to the poor. In 1875 he published ''Bibliofilo Cattolico - Bollettino Salesiano Mensuale'' (''The Catholic Book Lover - Salesian Monthly Bulletin''.) The ''Bulletin'' has remained in continuous publication, and is currently published in 50 different editions and 30 languages.

Bosco succeeded in establishing a network of organizations and centres to carry on his work. He was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1934.

Life

Bosco was born in the evening of 16 August 1815 in Becchi. He was the youngest son of Francesco Bosco (1780–1817) and Margeret Occhiena. He had two elder brothers, Antonio and Giuseppe (1813–1862).

Margaret played a strong role in Bosco's formation and personality, and was an early supporter of her son's ideals. When he was young, he would put on shows of his skills as a juggler, magician and acrobat with prayers before and after the performance.

In 1825, when he was nine, Bosco had the first of a series of dreams which would play an influential role in his work and outlook. This dream "left a profound impression on him for the rest of his life", according to his own memoirs. At the time, being a priest was generally seen as a profession for the privileged classes, rather than farmers, although it was not unknown. Nevertheless, Margaret gave her support to John and he finally left home in February 1828 at the age of twelve.

Priesthood and first apostolates

Don Bosco began as the chaplain of the Rifugio ("Refuge"), a girls' boarding school founded in Turin by the Marchioness Giulia di Barolo, but he had many ministries on the side such as visiting prisoners, teaching catechism and helping out at country parishes.

A growing group of boys would come to the Rifugio on Sundays and feast days to play and learn their catechism. They were too old to join the younger children in regular catechism classes in the parishes, who mostly chased them away. This was the beginning of the "Oratory of St. Francis de Sales". Bosco and his oratory wandered around town for a few years and were turned out of several places in succession. After only two months based in the church of St Martin, the entire neighborhood expressed its annoyance with the noise coming from the boys at play. A formal complaint was lodged against them with the municipality. Rumors circulated that the meetings conducted by the priest with his boys were dangerous; their recreation could be turned into a revolution against the government. The group was evicted.

In 1846 Bosco rented a shed in the new Valdocco neighborhood on the north end of town from a Mr. Pinardi. This served as the oratory's home. His mother moved in with him and in 1847, he and "Mamma Margherita" began taking in orphans.

Even before this, Bosco had the help of several friends at the oratory. There included priests like Joseph Cafasso and Borel, some older boys like Giuseppe Buzzetti, Michael Rua, Giovanni Cagliero and Carlo Gastini as well as Bosco’s own mother.

One friend was Justice Minister Urbano Rattazzi, who despite being anticlerical, nevertheless saw value in Bosco’s work. While Rattazzi was pushing a bill through the Sardinian legislature to suppress religious orders, he advised Bosco on how to get around the law and found a religious order to keep the oratory going after its founder’s death.

Bosco hated the ideals that had been exported by revolutionary France, calling Rousseau and Voltaire "two vicious leaders of incredulity", favouring an ultramontane view of politics that acknowledged the supreme authority of the pope. In 1854, when the Kingdom of Sardinia was about to pass a law suppressing monastic orders and confiscating ecclesiastical properties, Bosco reported a series of dreams about "great funerals at court", referring to politicians or members of the Savoy court. In November 1854, he sent a letter to King Victor Emmanuel II, admonishing him to oppose the confiscation of church property and suppression of the orders, but the King did nothing. His actions, which had been described by Italian historian Erberto Petoia as having "manifest blackmailing intentions", ended only after the intervention of Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. Despite such criticisms, the King's family did in fact suffer a number of deaths in a short period. From January to May 1855, the King's mother (age 54), wife (32), newborn son (Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Genoa; nearly 4 months old), and his only brother (32) all died.

Several attempts were made on his life, including a near-stabbing, bludgeoning, and a shooting. Early biographers put this down to the growing influence of the Waldensians in opposition to Catholic clergy.

Opposition to Bosco and his work came from various quarters. Traditionalist clergy accused him of stealing a lot of young and old people away from their own parishes. Nationalist politicians (including some clergy) saw his several hundred young men as recruiting ground for revolution. The Marquis de Cavour, chief of police in Turin, regarded the open-air catechisms as overtly political and a threat to the State, and was highly suspicious of Bosco's support for the powers of the papacy. Bosco was interrogated on several occasions, but no charges made. Closure may have been prevented by orders from the king that Bosco was not to be disturbed.

Foundation of the Salesian Family

In 1859, Bosco selected the experienced priest Alasonatti, 15 seminarians and one high school boy and formed them into the "Society of St. Francis de Sales." This was the nucleus of the Salesians, the religious order that would carry on his work. When the group had their next meeting, they voted on the admission of Joseph Rossi as a lay member, the first Salesian brother. The Salesian Congregation was divided into priests, seminarians and "coadjutors" (the lay brothers).

Next, he worked with estarino, Mary Mazzarello and a group of girls in the hill town of Mornese. In 1871, he founded a group of religious sisters to do for girls what the Salesians were doing for boys. They were called the "Daughters of Mary Help of Christians." In 1874, he founded yet another group, the "Salesian Cooperators." These were mostly lay people who would work for young people like the Daughters and the Salesians, but would not join a religious order.

The story of the departure of the first Salesians for America in 1875 is based on the missionary ideal of Bosco. After his ordination, he would have become a missionary had not his director, Joseph Cafasso, opposed the idea. He eagerly read the Italian edition of the Annals of the Propagation of the Faith and used this magazine to illustrate his Cattolico provveduto (1853) and his Month of May booklets (1858).

When Bosco founded the Salesian Society, the thought of the missions still obsessed him, though he completely lacked the financial means at that time. One night, he dreamt again. Being on a vast plain, inhabited by primitive peoples, who spent their time hunting or fighting among themselves or against soldiers in European uniforms. Along came a band of missionaries, but they were all massacred. A second group appeared, which Bosco at once recognized as Salesians. Astonished, he witnessed an unexpected change when the fierce savages laid down their arms and listened to the missionaries. The dream made a great impression on Bosco, because he tried hard to identify the men and the country of the dream.

For three years, Bosco searched among documents, trying to get information about different countries, thus identifying the country from his dream. One day, a request came from Argentina, which turned him towards the Indians of Patagonia. To his surprise, a study of the people there convinced him that the country and its inhabitants were the ones he had seen in his dream.

He regarded it as a sign of providence and started preparing a missionary there. Adopting a way of evangelization that would not expose his missionaries suddenly to wild, uncivilized tribes, he proposed to set up bases in safe locations where their missionary efforts were to be launched.

The above request from Argentina came about as follows: Towards the end of 1874, John Bosco received letters from that country requesting that he accept an Italian parish in Buenos Aires and a school for boys at San Nicolas de los Arroyos. Gazzolo, the Argentine Consul at Savona, had sent the request, for he had taken a great interest in the Salesian work in Liguria and hoped to obtain the Salesians' help for the benefit of his country. Negotiations started after Archbishop Aneiros of Buenos Aires had indicated that he would be glad to receive the Salesians. They were successful mainly because of the good offices of the priest of San Nicolas, Pedro Ceccarelli, a friend of Gazzolo, who was in touch with and had the confidence of Bosco. In a ceremony held on 29 January 1875, Bosco was able to convey the great news to the oratory in the presence of Gazzolo. On 5 February he announced the fact in a circular letter to all Salesians asking volunteers to apply in writing. He proposed that the first missionary departure start in October. Practically all the Salesians volunteered for the missions.

By this time Italy was united under Piedmontese leadership. The poorly-governed Papal States were merged into the new kingdom. It was generally thought that Bosco supported the Pope.

The Preventive System

Bosco's capability to attract numerous boys and adult helpers was connected to his "Preventive System of Education". He believed education to be a "matter of the heart" and said that the boys must not only be loved, but know that they are loved. He also pointed to three components of the Preventive System: reason, religion and kindness. Music and games also went into the mix.

Bosco gained a reputation early on of being a saint and miracle worker. For this reason, Rua, Buzzetti, Cagliero and several others chronicled his sayings and doings. Preserved in the Salesian archives, these remain resources for studying his life. Later on, the Salesian Lemoyne collected and combined them into 77 scrapbooks with oral testimonies and Bosco’s own ''Memoirs of the Oratory''. His aim was to write a detailed biography. This project eventually became a nineteen-volume affair, carried out by him and two other authors. These are the ''Biographical Memoirs''. It is not the work of professional historians, but chronicles that preserve the memories of teenage boys.

Bosco's concerns over his influence

Shortly before his death, Bosco commented "I will reveal to you now a fear... I fear that one of ours may come to misinterpret the affection that Don Bosco had for the young, and from the way that I received their confession - really, really close - and may let himself get carried away with too much sensuality towards them, and then pretend to justify himself by saying that Don Bosco did the same, be it when he spoke to them in secret, be it when he received their confession. I know that one can be conquered by way of the heart, and I fear dangers, and spiritual harm."

Bosco died on 31 January 1888. His funeral was attended by thousands. Soon after there was popular demand to have him canonized. The Archdiocese of Turin investigated and witnesses were called to determine if Bosco was worthy to be declared a saint. The Salesians, Daughters and Cooperators gave supportive testimonies. But many remembered Bosco’s controversies in the 1870s with Archbishop Gastaldi and some others high in the Church hierarchy thought him a loose cannon and a wheeler-dealer. In the canonization process, testimony was heard about how he went around Gastaldi to get some of his men ordained and about their lack of academic preparation and ecclesiastical decorum. Political cartoons from the 1860s and later showed him shaking money from the pockets of old ladies or going off to America for the same purpose. These cartoons were not forgotten. Opponents of Bosco, including some cardinals, were in a position to block his canonization and many Salesians feared around 1925 that they would succeed.

Pope Pius XI had known Bosco and pushed the cause forward. Bosco was declared Blessed in 1929 and canonized on Easter Sunday of 1934, when he was given the title of "Father and Teacher of Youth".

While Bosco had been popularly known as the patron saint of illusionists, on 30 January 2002, Silvio Mantelli petitioned Pope John Paul II to formally declare St. John Bosco the Patron of Stage Magicians. Catholic stage magicians who practice Gospel Magic venerate Bosco by offering free magic shows to underprivileged children on his feast day.

Bosco's work was carried on by his early pupil and constant companion, Michael Rua, who was appointed Rector Major of the Salesian Society by Pope Leo XIII in 1888. Salesians have started many schools and colleges around the world.

Footnotes

Sources and Studies

. These volumes translate A projected 7-volume series, 4 published to date. Translation of

Further reading

Dream of the Great Ship - Interpretations of Saint John Bosco's Dream of the Two Columns

External links

Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (multi-lingual website)

Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (Philippine North)

Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (Philippine South)

Salesians of the UK

UK Salesian (alumnus) website

Don Bosco's important writings in original language

Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica

Published Writings (italian)

SPYS - Salesian Pastoral Youth Service

Saint John Bosco: Modern Apostle of Youth by the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary

- Development office of the Salesian Province of St.Joseph, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA ( INH )

Category:1815 births Category:1888 deaths Category:People from the Province of Asti Category:People from Turin (city) Category:Founders of Roman Catholic religious communities Category:Italian saints Category:Roman Catholic saints Category:19th-century Christian saints Category:Anglican saints Category:Salesian Order Category:Saints canonized by Pope Pius XI

ar:دون بوسكو bs:Ivan Bosco ca:Joan Bosco cs:Jan Bosco da:Giovanni Bosco de:Johannes Bosco dsb:Don Bosco es:Juan Bosco eo:Don Bosco fr:Jean Bosco ga:Naomh John Bosco gl:Xoán Bosco ko:요한 보스코 hr:Sveti Ivan Bosco id:Yohannes Bosco it:Giovanni Bosco he:ג'ובני בוסקו pam:Giovanni Melchiorre Bosco sw:John Bosco la:Ioannes Bosco lb:Giovanni Bosco lt:Jonas Boskas lmo:Don Busch hu:Bosco Szent János nl:Giovanni Bosco ja:ヨハネ・ボスコ no:Johannes Bosco km:ដុនបូស្កូ pms:Don Bòsch pl:Jan Bosko pt:João Bosco (santo) ro:Ioan Bosco qu:Giovanni Bosco ru:Боско, Иоанн sq:Giovanni Melchior Bosco sk:Ján Bosco sl:Sveti Janez Bosco fi:Giovanni Bosco sv:Giovanni Bosco th:ยอห์น บอสโก uk:Іван Боско vi:Gioan Bosco zh:聖若望·鮑思高

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Musiq Soulchild
background	solo_singer
birth name	Taalib Johnson
alias	Musiq Soulchild
born	September 16, 1977Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
genre	R&B;Neo soul
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	2000–present
label	Def Soul (2000–2005)Atlantic (2006–present)
website	www.musiqsoulchild.com
notable instruments	}}

Musiq Soulchild or Musiq (; born Taalib Johnson on September 16, 1977) is a R&B;/soul singer-songwriter whose style blends contemporary R&B;, soul, funk, alternative, blues, jazz, some gospel influences and hip hop.

Biography

Musiq was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is the oldest of nine children. At an early age, Musiq decided he would discontinue his high school education, and left home at 17. It was during that time Musiq started to build a reputation for being musically gifted, beat boxing for MC's, free styling on the open mic circuit, scatting at a jazz club, or just performing ''a cappella'' in the streets of Philadelphia, which is where he got the name "Musiq" and later added "Soulchild", which is intended to respect and represent the legacy and traditions of past soul artists. He cites as his inspiration such icons as Stevie Wonder, James Brown, Patti LaBelle, Billie Holiday, Sly & the Family Stone and Ray Charles.

Musiq has also earned award nominations from Moard, BET, ASCAP, BMI, and Soul Train. Musiq Soulchild has had 2 platinum albums, 2 gold albums and 7 hit singles. He has received awards from BillbMTV, American Music Awards, NAACP, and 11 Grammy nominations, including 3 for his 2007 album ''Luvanmusiq''. Besides being a successful recording artist, Musiq is notable for his creative and unique way of titling his albums and songs by ignoring the rules of capitalization, punctuation and spelling .

Name origin

"There were people who knew of me but they didn't really know me; they just knew me as 'that music dude.' So after getting that so much, I was like 'Just call me Musiq.' It was so fresh to me because if I had to be called anything, I would have wanted to be called Music. That's how much I dug it; when you see me, I want you to automatically think of music." The nickname Soulchild came from two ideas. Musiq quotes it as, "Musiq Soulchild is technically two ideas. 'Musiq' is the front man and 'Soulchild' is the idea behind it. It's basically me as an artist in this generation, representing the traditions and the legacies of the past soul stars."

Career

Musiq Soulchild released his debut album, ''Aijuswanaseing'', in 2000. Its lead single was "Just Friends (Sunny)". Musiq's second single "Love" spent 22 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.

Musiq’s second album, 2002's ''Juslisen'', debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Charts and went platinum. The singles were "Halfcrazy" and "Dontchange".

In 2003, Musiq released his 3rd album, ''Soulstar''. It included the singles "Forthenight" and "Whoknows".

Musiq took a four year break and changed his management to Solqi Management ; as well as his record label from Def Soul to Atlantic Records.

In March 2007, Musiq's released his fourth album ''Luvanmusiq''. Its singles were "B.U.D.D.Y.", "Teachme", and "Makeyouhappy".

His fifth album ''OnMyRadio'' was released on December 2, 2008. The lead single "Radio" was a complete contrast to the usual smooth soul and R&B; Musiq fans were accustomed to. The following singles were the duet ''IfULeave'' featuring Mary J Blige; and the ballad ''SoBeautiful''. "SoBeautiful" marked the first collaboration between Musiq and the producer JR Hutson, after Hutson had spent "about eight months" trying to get Musiq to come by his studio. According to Hutson, the two plan to work together again.

In May 2010, he changed management to Victor Grieg.

His latest album ''Musiqinthemajiq'' was released on May 3, 2011, available on CDs and also as a digital download. The first single is ''Anything'' featuring Swizz Beatz.

Guest appearances

Musiq Soulchild has featured on Nothing At All from Carlos Santana's album, ''Shaman''. He has also made guest appearances on rapper Lloyd Banks's album ''Rotten Apple'', Talib Kweli's ''Eardrum'', The Roots's ''Phrenology'', Black Ice's ''The Death of Willie Lynch'' and pays tribute to soul music legends Earth Wind and Fire on the tribute album Interpretations: Celebrating the Music of Earth, Wind & Fire. Soulchild has also appeared on the soundtrack to Tyler Perry's movie ''Daddy's Little Girls'' and Ice Cube announced that Musiq will appear on his upcoming album, Raw Footage. He also lent a song from his latest album ''Luvanmusiq'' to the soundtrack for Perry's later movie ''Why Did I Get Married?''. He then recorded a remake of Arrested Development's song "People Everyday" with British rapper/singer Estelle for the soundtrack to Tyler Perry's ''Meet the Browns'' entitled "People Everyday (Metamorphosis Mix)".

Other interests

Outside of music, he has been featured in television and print ads for McDonald's, Nike, Inc., Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss & Co. and The Gap. He made a special appearance on The CW's #1 comedy ''The Game'' on Monday, October 29, 2007, as well as the UPN sitcom All of Us.

Awards and recognition

He has received awards from ''Billboard'', BET, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, BMI, and Soul Train. Musiq has also been nominated for awards by MTV, The American Music Awards, the NAACP, and has had 11 Grammy nominations.

Discography

Studio albums

Title	Details	Peak chartpositions			! width="40"
		''[[Aijuswanaseing">Music recording sales certification
! width="40"	! width="40"
''[[Aijuswanaseing''		* Released: November 14, 2000	Def Soul>Def Soul Recordings	Compact disc>CD	24	2		Recording Industry Association of America>US: Platinum
''Juslisen''		* Released: May 7, 2002	* Label: Def Soul/Def Jam Recordings	* Formats: CD	1	1		* US: Platinum
! scope="row"		* Released: December 9, 2003	* Label: Def Jam Recordings	* Formats: CD	13	3		* US: Gold
''Luvanmusiq''		* Released: March 13, 2007	* Label: Atlantic Records	* Formats: CD, music download	1	1		* US: Gold
''OnMyRadio''		* Released: December 9, 2008	* Label: Atlantic Records	* Formats: CD, music download	11	1
''MusiqInTheMagiq''		* Released: May 3, 2011	* Label: Atlantic Records	* Formats: CD, music download	8	3

Singles

Year	Song	!align="center" valign="top" width="40"	!align="center" valign="top" width="40"	Album
align="left" valign="top"
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				align="left" rowspan=2
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Featured singles

Year	Song	!align="center" valign="top" width="40"	!align="center" valign="top" width="40"	UK	Album
	"Break You Off" (The Roots featuring Musiq Soulchild)				''Phrenology''
		align="center" valign="top"
align="center" valign="top"
align="center" valign="top"
''Raw Footage''
			align="center" valign="top"
''Testimony: Vol. 2, Love & Politics''
		align="center" valign="top"
align="center" valign="top"
align="center" valign="top"
''Floetic Soul''

References

External links

Official Website

Antigua Music Festival

Musiq Soulchild Black Planet page

Musiq Preps Atlantic Records Debut

Musiq at rnbkings.net

[ Musiq Soulchild's AllMusic page]

Exclusive Musiq Soulchild Interview

Luvanmusiq Album Review

Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:African American singers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American soul singers Category:Neo soul singers Category:Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:American Christians Category:Atlantic Records artists

de:Musiq Soulchild fr:Musiq Soulchild it:Musiq Soulchild pt:Musiq Soulchild fi:Musiq Soulchild tr:Musiq Soulchild

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
Name	Busta Rhymes
Religion	Islam
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Trevor Tahiem Smith, Jr.
Alias
Birth place	Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York
Birth date	May 20, 1972
Origin	Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, USA
Occupation	Rapper, Actor
Genre	Hip hop
Years active	1989–present
Label	Conglomerate Records, Cash Money, Universal Republic
Associated acts	Leaders of the New School, A Tribe Called Quest, Flipmode Squad, Spliff Star, Dr. Dre, N.O.R.E., The Notorious B.I.G., Pharrell, Swizz Beatz, DMX, Mystikal, Wu-Tang Clan, M.O.P., Pharoahe Monch, Nas }}

Trevor Tahiem Smith, Jr., (born May 20, 1972), better known by his stage name Busta Rhymes, is an American rapper, producer and actor. Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the alias Busta Rhymes after NFL wide receiver George "Buster" Rhymes. Early in his career, he was known for his wild style and fashion, and today is best known for his intricate rapping technique, which involves rapping at a fast rate with lots of internal rhyme and half rhyme, and to date has received eleven Grammy nominations for his musical work. About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time (1987–2007), while Steve Huey of Allmusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the '90s.

Early life

Busta was born in Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, to Jamaican parents Geraldine Green and Trevor Smith, Sr. in 1972. Smith attended George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, alongside Jay-Z, DMX and The Notorious B.I.G. He went to Uniondale High School on Long Island, graduating in 1990.

Music career

Leaders of the New School and rising popularity: 1990-1993

Hip-hop crew Leaders of the New School began recording in 1989 and released their debut album ''A Future Without a Past'' in 1991 on Elektra Records. In early 1992 the group appeared on A Tribe Called Quest's posse cut "Scenario," in which Busta's climactic verse propelled him into the cultural consciousness. In 1993, they released ''T.I.M.E. (The Inner Mind's Eye)''. Soon after, however, internal problems arose because of Busta's increasing popularity, and the group broke up on the set of ''Yo! MTV Raps''.

After LONS broke up, Busta Rhymes began making guest appearances on several hip-hop and R&B; artists singles such as R&B; group Boyz II Men, he appeared on the track "Intro Talk" on Mary J. Blige's landmark debut album, ''What's the 411?'', he also appeared on the album jacket of fellow hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest's ''Midnight Marauders'', with a host of other fellow hip-hop pioneers. In 1993, he appeared in a cameo role in Yo! MTV Raps hosts Doctor Dré and Ed Lover's film, ''Who's the Man?'', and in the HBO film, ''Strapped'', and co-starred alongside Ice Cube and Omar Epps in the John Singleton film, ''Higher Learning'' (which was in post-production until it was released in 1995). The following year, he teamed up with Puff Daddy, LL Cool J, and future Flipmode Squad member, Rampage and former classmate The Notorious B.I.G., on a remix to Craig Mack's "Flava In Ya Ear", soon after he would team up again with The Notorious B.I.G. among a plethora of rappers such as Bone Thugs-n-Harmony and Coolio on the single, "The Points" which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1995 film, ''Panthers''.

''The Coming'' and ''When Disaster Strikes'': 1995–1997

In the summer of 1995, Busta Rhymes started work on his first album ''The Coming'', and a month after recording the album, he released it in March of 1996. A month before the album was released, he broke out with a solo hit single, "Woo Hah!! Got You All in Check". Later, he started work on his second album, ''When Disaster Strikes'', which would not be released until September 1997. It produced the hit singles "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and "Fire It Up".

''Extinction Level Event (Final World Front)'': 1998–1999

In 1998, Busta recorded ''Extinction Level Event (Final World Front)''. Its lead single, "Gimme Some More" — which sampled Bernard Herrmann's theme from ''Psycho'' — reached number 6 in the UK singles chart in January 1999. Busta enjoyed further transatlantic success in April when the single "What's It Gonna Be?!", featuring Janet Jackson, reached the US and UK Top 11. The album received prominent notice for featuring the fastest rapping Busta has ever performed, particularly on a song called "Iz They Wildin Wit Us?", featuring a guest appearance by Mystikal.

J/Arista/BMG

;''Anarchy'' & ''Genesis'' (2000-2001) In 2000, Busta recorded his final album for Elektra, entitled ''Anarchy''. After Busta signed to J Records, a label started by the then recently ousted Arista Records chief and founder Clive Davis, he released a greatest hits collection alongside a new album of original work. Continuing the Biblical theme of his previous albums, he titled his record ''Genesis''. The album featured collaborations with Mary J. Blige, P. Diddy, Kelis, and others. Genesis was powered by the hit single with Kelis, "What It Is", and his solo single released in November 2001, "Break Ya Neck". The final single was the summer smash "Pass the Courvoisier, Part II", which featured Pharrell and P. Diddy. Despite the success of the two singles, this album did not sell as well as previous releases.

;''It Aint Safe No More'' (2002-2004) In 2002, Busta released his sixth studio album ''It Ain't Safe No More''. The album was moderately successful, with a hit song featuring Mariah Carey and the Flipmode Squad called "I Know What You Want". Another hit song was "Make It Clap", featuring Spliff Starr. The remix of "Make It Clap" featured Sean Paul. After its release, he left J Records. In 2004, he signed with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment.

Aftermath/Interscope

;''The Big Bang'' (2006) His seventh studio album, ''The Big Bang'', became the first #1 album of his career. The CD sold over 209,000 copies in its first week to earn the top spot on The Billboard Top 200. The album also became his highest charting album in the UK, peaking at #19. Some of the album was leaked on the Internet, and as a result several songs were left off the album and new ones added. ''The Big Bang'' featured more production by Dr. Dre than Busta's previous releases, as well as appearances by Raekwon and Nas. The singles that have been released from the album are, "Touch It", "I Love My Bitch", featuring Kelis and Will.I.Am, "New York Shit", featuring Swizz Beatz and "In The Ghetto". Busta also had a stint opening for Mariah Carey's The Adventures of Mimi Tour. Also, Busta performed with Eminem on "Touch It Remix Part 5" and performed a verse on the aforementioned rapper's song, "I'll Hurt You". On July 17, 2008, Busta left Interscope/Aftermath due to a creative clash with Interscope head Jimmy Iovine.

Universal Motown

;''Back on My B.S.'' (2007-2009) He also made a song featuring Linkin Park called "We Made It". It was later revealed that Busta inked a deal with Universal Motown, who released his eighth studio album, ''Back on My B.S.'', on May 19, 2009. He also appeared on Asher Roth's debut album, ''Asleep in the Bread Aisle''. The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200, selling 56,000 copies, and was his first album to not receive an RIAA certification, selling 122,000 copies to date. The singles that have been released from the album are, "Arab Money", featuring Ron Browz, "Hustler's Anthem '09", featuring T-Pain and "Respect My Conglomerate". The song "World Go Round", featuring British singer Estelle, was released in France on April 6, 2009 due to the heavy rotation of a leaked version. The single was released in the UK on July 13, 2009. Due to controversial content, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has banned the album. ''Back on My B.S.'' was released internationally, but because of one song, "Arab Money", it is not available to buy as a CD there (however, the album can still be purchased via iTunes). According to the National Media Council, the lyrics were considered to be offensive to Arabs and to Islam, and permission for distribution was therefore denied. Some DJs, artists and fans have lambasted the track, saying it portrayed Arabs in a stereotypical way. The first part out of three of the remix by Rhymes contains verses from the Quran. In November, when "Arab Money" was released as a single, DJ Dany Neville and the Iraqi rapper The Narcicyst responded by recorded a reply. Busta later apologized. DJs in the country said they had not received an order banning the record from being spun in nightclubs, and they had mixed feelings on whether the record was offensive or not. DJ Saif of Dubai said:

Emirati DJ DJ Bliss, refused to play the Busta Rhymes' single called ''Arab Money'' on Radio 1 in Dubai after it was banned in the UAE for offense to Arabs along with many other Dj's in the United Arab Emirates that also took a stand. He added:

Conglomerate Records & ''Extinction Level Event 2'' (2010-present)

Busta announced that he was working on his tenth studio album, alongside Canadian producer Boi-1da, entitled ''The Chemo''. He says that his next project is 80 percent finished. Busta has reportedly changed the title of his forthcoming Chemo album to Extinction.Level.Event.2 (E.L.E. 2). Some new songs are being considered for the album, including "C'mon (Catch 'Em By Surprise) by Tiësto and Diplo and "Look at Me Now" alongside Chris Brown and Lil Wayne. The trend of album sequels continues with Busta adding another chapter to his 1998 opus E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front. Busta's manager Chris Lighty sent out the message via Twitter. He said; "Extinction.Level.Event 2 ......prepare yourself." Like the first, E.L.E. 2 is inspired by movies of impending destruction on planet Earth, Lighty said; "From the Intro of the new Busta Album you're going to know you're in trouble and you just turned on 2012 the movie on warp speed,".

DJ Premier, in an August 6, 2010 interview on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio said Busta Rhymes has received over eight beats which he didn't want to use but Premier hoped his next beat would be chosen for inclusion on the album. On DJ Premier's Live From Headqcourterz radio show Premier confirmed that one of his beats were to be included in ''E.L.E. 2''. In 2010, Busta Rhymes formed his new label Conglomerate Records (With later on having rosters such as N.O.R.E., and Spliff Star). He was featured on C'mon (Catch 'Em By Surprise) by Tiësto and Diplo.

In 2011, Rhymes recorded "Look at Me Now" with Chris Brown and Lil Wayne on Brown's fourth album, ''F.A.M.E.'', the song has received favorable reviews regarding Rhymes guest verse on the song, and is his highest chart entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number six, while reaching number one on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming his first #1 on that chart. On September 7, 2011, Rhymes received six nominations for the BET Hip Hop Awards, held on October 11, 2011.

On May 1, 2011 Rhymes appeared on the launch show for MNET's Big Brother Africa 6: Amplified and performed some of his songs.

In 2011, Busta Rhymes performed at the Gathering of the Juggalos.

Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber will feature Busta on a song called "Drummer Boy" off Bieber's sophomore studio album, ''Under the Mistletoe'', released on 1 November 2011.

On November 11, 2011, a Heavy D tribute song titled "You Ain’t Gotta Wait Till I’m Gone" was leaked.

On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Busta Rhymes and Mystikal signed to Cash Money Records. On June 08, 2010, way before he was sign by Birdman, he released "Stop the Party (Iron Man)" which featured Swizz Beatz. For his debut single on the Cash Money label and his Conglomerate Records, he reunites with Chris Brown to make the aggressive single known as Why Stop Now.

A song featuring Twista, titled "Can You Keep Up" was leaked.

Personal life

Busta has three children with his ex-girlfriend, Joanne Wood: T'Ziah (born 1993), T'Khi (born 1999), and Trillian (born 2000).

Religion

Rhymes had been a member of The Nation of Gods and Earths since the age of 15. On September 2, 2007, a video was uploaded on Liveleak.com about Rhymes having converted to Islam. He himself has said that he lives his life by Islam, stating he is Muslim & loves Allah. In an MTV documentary it was reported that Rhymes grew up in the 7th Day Adventist church so it can be assumed that when he turned 15 he joined The NGE.

Legal issues

On August 20, 2006, he was arraigned for charges of third-degree assault after attacking a man who reportedly spat on his car in New York City on August 12 after the AmsterJam Music Festival on Randall's Island.

On October 24, 2006, he appeared at Manhattan Criminal Court as the district attorney's office attempted to amend previous charges against him to include weapons possession for a machete found in his car. The judge, refused to add the charge and adjourned the case.

On February 20, 2007, Busta refused a plea deal offered by the prosecutors office for the assault of his former driver, Edward Hatchett. The deal would have entailed six months in jail and pleading guilty to two assaults, the attack on Hatchett, and the attack on the former fan. The dispute with Hatchett is believed to have originated over back pay Hatchett felt he was owed. Manhattan Criminal Court Judge Becki Rowe offered Busta another option, pleading guilty to third-degree assault. The conditions of the proposed sentence would include five days of community service, two weeks of youth lectures and six months of anger management classes, as well as three years of probation. On March 18, 2008 a judge in New York City sentenced Busta to three years' probation, 10 days' community service, $1250 in fines (plus court costs), and to enroll in a drunken driving program.

On September 25, 2008, he was temporarily refused entry to the United Kingdom due to "unresolved convictions".

On October 14, 2009, a Brooklyn judge ordered Busta to pay a concert goer $75,000 in compensation for an assault which occurred in 2003.

Discography

''The Coming'' (1996)

''When Disaster Strikes...'' (1997)

''E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front'' (1998)

''Anarchy'' (2000)

''Genesis'' (2001)

''It Ain't Safe No More'' (2002)

''The Big Bang'' (2006)

''Back on My B.S.'' (2009)

''E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event) 2: End of the World'' (2012)

Awards and nominations

Busta Rhymes has been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards during his 15 year solo career.

Grammy Awards

!Year	!Nominated work	!Award	!Result
align=center	"Woo-Hah! Got You All in Check"	Best Rap Solo Performance
align=center	"Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See"	Best Rap Solo Performance
align=center	"Dangerous"	Best Rap Solo Performance
align=center	"Gimme Some More"	Best Rap Solo Performance
align=center	"What's It Gonna Be?"	Best Rap Performance By a Duo or Group
align=center	''E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front''	Best Rap Album
align=center	"Fire"	Best Music Video, Short Form
align=center	"Pass the Courvoisier Pt. 2"	Best Rap Performance By a Duo or Group
align=center	"Touch It"	Best Rap Solo Performance
align=center	"Look At Me Now"	Best Rap Performance
align=center	"Look At Me Now"	Best Rap Song

Busta Rhymes has been nominated for 10 MTV Video Music Awards during his 15 year solo career, but has yet to win one.

MTV Video Music Awards

!Year	!Nominated work	!Award	!Result
align=center	"Woo-Hah! Got You All in Check"	Best Breakthrough Video
align=center	"Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See"	Best Rap Video
align=center	"Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See"	Best Male Video
align=center	"Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See"	Best Breakthrough Video
align=center	"What's It Gonna Be?"	Best Hip-Hop Video
align=center	"Gimme Some More"	Best Breakthrough Video
align=center	"Pass the Courvoisier Pt. 2"	Best Hip-Hop Video
align=center	"I Know What You Want"	Best Hip-Hop Video
align=center	"Touch It"	Best Rap Video
align=center	"Touch It"	Best Male Video

See also

List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart

List of number-one U.S. dance hits

References

External links

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from New York City Category:African American film actors Category:African American Muslims Category:African American rappers Category:Aftermath Entertainment artists Category:American people convicted of assault Category:American rappers of Jamaican descent Category:Members of the Nation of Gods and Earths Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Rappers from Long Island Category:Rappers from New York City

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Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Ivan Koumaev
birth date	October 16, 1987
birth place	Khabarovsk, Russia
birthname	Ivan Koumaev }}

Ivan Koumaev (born October 16, 1987) is an American dancer.

Koumaev was born in Khabarovsk, Siberia, Russia and moved to Mill Creek, Washington when he was seven years old. He started dancing at age 11, after watching the film ''Breakin'''.

In his younger years, Ivan was a part of "Cruz Control" in Seattle, Washington. He then moved to the Los Angeles area and graduated from Aliso Niguel High School, where he was a member of the selective dance-related club, "Dance Appreciation." In his last year of high school, Ivan taught at local dance studio- South Coast Freestyle. In Los Angeles, Ivan is active in "Breed Team Boogiezone." He has also appeared with Hannah Montana in two Disney Channel music videos.

Ivan also appeared on the second season of "So You Think You Can Dance." He made it to the top six, being eliminated in week eight. He has returned in season 8 as an "All-Star."

References

External links

Category:American dancers Category:So You Think You Can Dance contestants Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:People from Aliso Viejo, California Category:People from Seattle, Washington Category:American people of Russian descent Category:Aliso Niguel High School alumni

no:Ivan Koumaev