Tejano or Tex-Mex music is also a kind of music originating in Texas.

Tejanos

Lorenzo de Zavala • Juan Seguín • Henry B. Gonzalez • Eva Longoria • Robert Rodriguez
Total population
Tejanos 6,669,666 Americans up to 32.0% of the total Texan population in 2000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Texas
Languages
American English, Spanish language, American Spanish, Spanglish, Indigenous languages of Mexico, Ladino
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish
Related ethnic groups
Californios, Hispanos, Mexicans, Spaniards, Basques, Canarians, Texians, German Texan

Tejano or Texano (Spanish for "Texan") is a term used to identify a Texan of criollo spanish or Mexican heritage.

Historically, the Spanish term Tejano has been used to identify different groups of people. During the Spanish Colonial times and pre-Anglo colonization, the term primarily applied to Spanish settlers of the region now known as Texas (first as part of the New Spain and then in 1821 as part of Mexico).^[2] During the times of independent south Texas, the term also applied to Spanish-speaking Texans and Hispanicized Germans and other Europeans.^[3] In modern times, the term is more broadly used to identify a Texan of Mexican descent.

People[link]

History[link]

Spanish government [link]

Already in 1519, Alonso Alvarez de Pineda claimed Texas for Spain. However, Spain paid little attention to the province until 1685. In this year, Spain received news of the existence of a French colony in Texas that could endanger Spanish mines and shipping routes, so that the king of Spain sent 10 expeditions to the province to look for a French colony, that never came to see. Between 1690 and 1693 several Spanish expeditions took place in Texas, who helped obtain a better understanding of the place for the provincial government and the settlers who come later to Texas.

When settlers first arrived in Texas, Tejano settlements arose in three separate regions. The Northern Nacogdoches region, the Bexar–Goliad region along the San Antonio River, and the Rio Grande ranching frontier between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande River. These populations shared certain characteristics yet they were also independent from one another. The main unifying factor for these separate regions was their shared responsibility of defending the Tejas frontier. Some of the first Tejano settlers were from the Canary Islands. Their family units were among the first to settle at the Presidio of San Antonio de Béjar in 1731 (Modern-day San Antonio, Texas). Soon after, they established the first civil government in Texas at La Villa de San Fernando.

Ranching was a major activity in the Bexar-Goliad settlement, which consisted of a belt of ranches that extended along the San Antonio river between Bexar and Goliad. The Nacogdoches settlement was located in the North Texas region. Tejanos from Nacogdoches traded with the French and Anglo residents of Louisiana, and were culturally influenced by them. The third settlement was located North of the Rio Grande toward the Nueces River. These Southern ranchers were citizens of Spanish origin from Tamaulipas and Northern Mexico, and identified with both Spanish and Mexican culture.^[4] They were of the same stock as the original Tejano settlers. The Northern Mexican states of Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas seceded from Mexico in 1840 to establish la República del Río Grande (the Rio Grande Republic) with its capital in what is now Laredo, Texas. However, their much anticipated political marriage with their Tejano kin did not come to fruition.

Mexican government [link]

In 1821 at the end of the Mexican War of Independence, there were about 4,000 Tejanos living in what is now the state of Texas alongside a lesser number of immigrants. In the 1820s many settlers from the United States and other nations moved to Texas from the United States. The approval of the national colonization law, promoted the immigration of new settlers to Texas, so by 1830, the 30,000 settlers in Texas outnumbered the Hispanos Tejanos six to one.^[5] The Texians and Tejanos alike rebelled against the attempts of centralist authority of Mexico City and the measures implemented by Santa Anna. Tensions between the central Mexican government and the settlers eventually led to the Texas Revolution. After the revolution, many were dismayed by the treatments they received at the hands of Texians/Anglos, who suspected and accused the Tejanos of sabotage and of aiding Santa Anna.

Etymology and usage[link]

In the Spanish language, the term "tejano" is simply the term to identify an individual from Texas regardless of race or ethnic background. During the Spanish Colonial Period of Texas, before Texas became a part of independent Mexico in 1821, many (but not all) colonial settlers of Northern New Spain, including Northern Mexico, Texas and the American Southwest, understood themselves to be and called themselves descendants of Spaniards,.^[6]

Tejanos may variously consider themselves to be Mexican, Chicano /Mexican-American, Spanish and Hispano in ancestral heritage.^[7] In urban areas, as well as some rural communities, Tejanos tend to be well integrated into both Hispanic and mainstream American cultures, and a number of them, especially among younger generations, identify more with the mainstream and may understand little or no Spanish.^{[citation needed]}

While a large number of the people who have come mostly from Central and Southern Mexico since the Mexican Revolution up until the present have drawn their identity from the mestizo culture (a mix of indigenous and Spanish cultures) and had their history and identity in the history of Mexico, a portion of the people whose ancestors colonized Texas as well as most of the present-day Northern Mexican states in the Spanish Colonial Period drew their identity from the Spaniards, or criollos, or the local populations such as the genizaros. Many of these find their history and identity in the history of Spain and of the United States as a consequence of the participation of Spain and its colonial provinces of Texas and Louisiana in the American Revolution.

Regional difference have caused those people of Texas, the colonial Tejanos or Tejano Texians, to identify more with the people of Louisiana, which was a Spanish colony, and of the U.S., rather than with the people of Central and Southern Mexico.

Ethnic and national origins[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

In the 2007 American Community Survey (ACS) data, Tejanos consist mostly of Mexican Americans whose ancestors arrived in Texas prior to and during the Mexican Revolution.^[8] Colonial Tejanos, who can be correctly identified as Tejano Texians, are descended from the colonists who pioneered Texas as citizens of the Kingdom of Spain through the Spanish Colonial Period starting in the 17th century through the 19th century up to the Texas Revolution, and who were generally of only Spanish heritage, or Hispanicized European heritage, including Frenchmen like Juan Seguin, Italian like Jose Cassiano, or Corsican like Antonio Navarro. Spanish post-colonial settlers stayed in Texas as refugees fleeing Spanish Civil War, and their descendants were even added to the Tejano population. Also represented are Germans, who were heavily concentrated in the Edwards Plateau. The region's Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Danes, Dutch, Swedes, Irish (see also Irish Mexican), Scots, Welsh, and Anglo Americans – who arrived in the 19th century – were also considered Tejanos, as they were Hispanicized. The former two ethnicities (with Germans) would contribute greatly to Tex-Mex music. Some Arabs are also considered Tejanos after Arab Mexicans settled Texas during the Mexican Revolution. Natives of Texas with Spanish surnames and with Native American-Hispanic, and non-Spanish white American blood may be considered Tejanos as well.

Crypto-Jews, (see Crypto Jews) are descendants of Spanish Jews who were compelled to become Christian. They choose to remain hidden since the Spanish and Mexican Inquisitions, but practice secret Jewish rites in privacy. (Library of Congress, Microfiche 7906177). Safarditas (Sefardi Jews) are found particularly in the northern state of Nuevo León, Mexico, as well in the American Southwest i.e., New Mexico, Arizona, and South Texas (formerly part of Nuevo León, Spain/Mexico and Tejas).

The earliest settlers also included Sephardi Jews and Iberian Moors, who fled the Inquisition. There were also West Africans who initially were imported as slaves or indentured servants, native Amerindians who had integrated socially and religiously into colonial societies, and multiracial people ranging from mulattos to mestizos ^{[9][10][11][12]} who were excluded by the Spanish law of "limpieza de sangre", or "purity of blood", from participating in the colonization of Northern New Spain including Texas and the American Southwest. For these reasons colonial Tejanos, or Tejano Texians/Texans, which today can also include mestizos and mulattos, are more accurately classified as "Spaniard/Spanish Texans", "Spaniard/Spanish Texians", "Spanish Americans", or simply as "Texans of Spanish heritage", as opposed to the more familiar "new Tejanos" who are of mostly Mexican heritage. Tejanos today also include Hispanics of other national origins who settled Texas in the mid-20th century, such as Cuban and Salvadoran Americans.

Asian Hispanics have also settled Texas throughout its history. The earliest were Spanish Filipinos from the cross-Pacific Galleon Trade with Mexico. Natives of Texas with Spanish surnames and with Filipino and non-Spanish white American blood may be mistaken as Tejanos. A significant wave of Asian Mexicans arrived in Texas during the Mexican Revolution.

Millions of Tejanos migrated across the U.S. in the mid-20th century to other states where Hispanics tend to live. Tejanos found industrial work at urban centers in the North and East, and, as farm migrant laborers, came in contact with Mexican immigrants from the northern states of Mexico. It explains the massive "Tejano" influence and contribution to present-day Mexican-American culture in California and other Western states.

Culture[link]

Music[link]

In direct relation to this distinction, genuine Tejano music is related to, and sounds more like, the folk music of Louisiana, known as "Cajun music", blended with the sounds of Rock and Roll, R&B, Pop, and Country, with Mexican influences such as Mariachi. The American Cowboy culture and music was born from the meeting of the Anglo-American Texians who were colonists from the American South and the original Tejano Texian pioneers and their "vaquero" or "cow man" culture.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Food[link]

The cuisine that would come to be "Tex-Mex" originated with the Tejanos as a hybrid of Spanish and North American indigenous commodities with influences of the Mexican cuisine.^[17]

Tex-Mex cuisine is characterized by its heavy use of melted cheese, meat (particularly beef), beans, and spices, in addition to corn or flour tortillas. Chili con carne, crispy chalupas, chili con queso, enchiladas, and fajitas are all Tex-Mex inventions. A common feature of Tex-Mex is the combination plate, with several of the above on one large platter. Serving tortilla chips and a hot sauce or salsa as an appetizer is also an original Tex-Mex invention.^[18] Cabrito, barbacoa, carne seca, and other products of cattle culture have been common in the ranching cultures of South Texas and Northern Mexico. In the 20th century, Tex-Mex took on Americanized elements such as yellow cheese, as goods from the United States became cheap and readily available.^[19] Moreover, Tex-Mex has imported flavors from other spicy cuisines, such as the use of cumin.

Daniel D. Arreola states that there is a line of demarcation in the "South Texas Mexican" food region, using a "taco-burrito" and "taco-barbecue" line of demarcation. To the west of this line, Mexican food served in a flour tortilla is often called a burrito, due to the influence of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. To the south and east of this line, the same food may be simply called a taco, showing a Tex-Mex influence. To the north, this food gives way to barbecue sandwiches reflecting the influx of European, Southern Anglo, and African Americans.^[20]

Geography[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

The majority of Tejanos of both first generation (the first settlers) and those who descend from recent early and mid-20th century Mexican immigrants are concentrated in Southern Texas. Bexar County, especially San Antonio, is the historic center of Tejano culture.^{[citation needed]} Duval County has one of the highest concentrations of Tejanos.^{[citation needed]}

Famous Tejanos[link]

See also[link]

	Texas portal
32x28px	Hispanic and Latino Americans portal

• Texian
• History of the Mexican-Americans in Texas

References[link]

Roberto Pulido Jr. (born April 25, 1971), better known as Bobby Pulido, is a Mexican-American Tejano music performer who was born in Edinburg, Texas.

Family[link]

Pulido's father, Roberto Pulido Sr., is an accomplished singer. Bobby often attended his father's concerts as a child. His sister is fellow singer Alma Pulido. Bobby attended Edinburg High School and was a drum major and also was part of the Edinburg High School Mariachi group. He was very talented even in his early years. Bobby is the pride of Edinburg for many young people who can only dream of making it in the music business. While attending St. Mary's University of San Antonio, Texas he joined the Kappa Sigma Fraternity but left his studies to pursue his singing career. He got married on August 21, 1996 to his old sweetheart from high school. He now has 2 boys Darian Pulido and Remy Pulido

Discography[link]

• Desvelado (September 26, 1995)
• Enséñame (September 17, 1996)
• Llegaste A Mi Vida (September 23, 1997)
• En Vivo: Desde Monterrey (September 8, 1998)
• El Cazador (March 23, 1999)
• Zona de Peligro (March 28, 2000)
• Esto Es Lo Nuestro: 20 Exitos" (August 28, 2001)
• Siempre Pensando En Ti (March 27, 2001)
• Bobby (June 18, 2002)
• Móntame (September 30, 2003)
• Vive (February 1, 2005)
• Enfermo De Amor (September 7, 2007)
• Pure Tejano Gold (September 2, 2008)
• Dias De Ayer (March 16, 2010)

Bobby Pulido Coleccion Vaquera[link]

Bobby Pulido has launched a new line of clothing for men and women, called Bobby Pulido Coleccion Vaquera it is now available in Mexico, soon to be released in the United States.

References[link]

• Periodico AM - Newspaper
• Online Article

External links[link]

• Bobby Pulido Coleccion Vaquera official page
• Bobby Pulido Fan page
• Listen To Bobby Pulido

This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Emilio Navaira III (born August 23, 1962) is an American musician of Mexican descent, who performs both Country and Tejano music. Known to most by the mononym Emilio, he has charted more than ten singles on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks charts, in addition to six singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts. Emilio is also one of the few Tejano artists to have significant success in both the United States and Mexico, and has been called the "Garth Brooks of Tejano." His biggest country hit was the #27 "It's Not the End of the World" in late 1995, and his highest-charting single on any chart is "Por Siempre Unidos," which peaked at #7 on Latin Pop Airplay in 1996. Along with Selena, Emilio is one of the most prominent artists to help popularize Tejano music.

Early life[link]

Emilio Navaira III was born on August 23, 1962 in San Antonio, Texas to Emilio Navaira Jr., and Mary Navaira.^[1] Growing up on the south side of San Antonio, Navaira found early influence in not only tejano legends such as Little Joe y la Familia, Ramón Ayala, and Pedro Infante, but also Lone Star country music heroes such as Willie Nelson, Bob Wills, and George Strait. As a student, Navaria graduated from McCollum High School in 1980, received a music scholarship to Texas State University-San Marcos, and majored in music with plans to become a teacher before ultimately deciding to pursue a career as an artist.^[2]

Musical career[link]

In 1985 at age 23, Emilio began his performing career by singing lead vocals for David Lee Garza y Los Musicales. In 1987, Cuantas Veces by David Lee Garza Y Los Musicales beat out Alpha by Mexican American singer Selena for Album of the Year at the Tejano Music Awards. In 1989, Navaira formed his own band, Emilio y Groupo Rio.^[3] That same year Emilio signed with Columbia Records (then known as CBS Records). This relationship resulted in Emilio recording more than fifteen studio albums to date, including several with his Rio Band.

By the mid 1990s, Emilio began crediting himself solely as Emilio, eventually switching his focus to country music.^[4] Between 1989 and 1996, Emilio had released seven Spanish albums with cumulative sales of about 2 million.^[5] This success lead to mainstream commercial exposure, with companies such as Coca-Cola and Wrangler Jeans using his songs in their advertisements in the 1990s.^[4] Emilio had also gained a sponsorship with Miller Lite beer, who had persuaded him to use their slogan at the time, "Life is good," as the title of his first country album.^[6]

Emilio signed with Capitol Records and released his first country music single called "It's Not the End of the World" which reached the Top 30 on the country charts in 1995. His album was a surprise success as well reaching #13 on the country charts and also a high placing on the Top 200. Several more singles including a Spanish version of "It's Not the End of the World" followed but none of these singles came close to the Top 40 except "Even If I Tried" which reached #41 in 1996. In 1997, he released a second country album, "It's On The House" but it was not as successful as his first country album. Two more minor country singles followed and gradually Emilio faded from country music and increasingly came back to Tejano music.

Personal life[link]

Navaira has two siblings; Raul "Raulito" Navaira whom performs back-up vocals for Grupo Rio, and Yvette Navaira. ^[7]

Navaira has five children. His two children from his first marriage to Cynthia Navaira also perform for Grupo Rio. Emilio Navaira IV plays drums, and Diego Navaira plays guitar. He also has three from his second marriage to Maru Navaira. ^[7]

In June 2011 Navaira's second wife, Maru, filed for divorce.^[7]

Driving accidents[link]

Navaira was hospitalized in critical condition after his tour bus crashed early in the morning on March 23, 2008, in Bellaire (a small municipality partially surrounded by Houston, Texas). Navaira had performed the previous night at Hallabaloos, a Houston nightclub and he was at the wheel of the tour bus^[8] as it traveled north along west 610 Loop near the Southwest Freeway when it crashed into a set of freeway barrels shortly before 4 a.m. Emilio was taken by Life Flight to Memorial Hermann Hospital^[9][10] where a blood clot in his head was removed;^[11][12] Emilio's initial treatment included being kept in a medically-induced coma and induced hypothermia to minimize brain swelling. Doctors cautioned that he might not survive.^[13]

A March 27, 2008 press release from Memorial Hermann Hospital reported that on the evening of March 26 Emilio "opened his eyes and moved his arms and legs."^[14] On April 4, 2008, the hospital announced that Emilio underwent a surgical procedure on March 31 to repair a pseudoaneurysm in his right lung and that he remained in critical condition.^[15] On April 16, 2008, he was upgraded to fair condition.^[16][17] On April 23, the hospital announced that Emilio was transferred to The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) at Memorial Hermann as part of his rehabilitative care.^[18]

On May 1, 2008, police released initial reports that indicated that Emilio was intoxicated at the time of the crash.^[19] On May 8, the full report was released which indicated that Emilio had a blood alcohol content of 0.19, more than twice the legal limit in Texas.^[20] Authorities also indicated that Emilio was not licensed to drive a bus.^[21][22]

On September 24, 2008, Emilio was involved in another car accident in San Antonio as a passenger while his wife was driving. According to a witness, the Navairas were stopped in a turn lane when a truck crossed at least two lanes of traffic and struck their vehicle. Both Emilio and his wife Maria were released from the hospital the following day. Emilio's agent, Joe Casias, stated that Emilio and his wife were headed home from a rehabilitation therapy appointment stemming from the March tour bus accident.^[23]

Legal troubles[link]

Navaira has been arrested twice on DUI charges, paying a fine and serving probation for the first one in 2000 while the second arrest from 2005 remains unresolved.^[24]

He pleaded guilty to DWI charges stemming from the crash on March 13, 2009; he was sentenced to three days in jail and 27 days of house arrest.^[25]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• ^ASouthern Exposure also peaked at #39 on US Heatseekers.

Singles[link]

• ^ACredited to Emilio Navaira.
• ^B"No Es El Fin del Mundo" is a Spanish-language version of "It's Not the End of the World".
• ^C"Por Siempre Unidos" also peaked at #7 on Latin Pop Airplay.

Guest singles[link]

Music videos[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Emilio Navaira y Rio on Myspace
• Video of March 26, 2008, hospital press conference
• Memorial Hermann Hospital newsroom - updates on Emilio's condition
• Tejano star Emilio Navaira injured in Houston bus crash - Dash cam video, audios, and pictures of the crash scene