A duke (male) or duchess (female) can be either a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch. The title comes from French ''duc'', itself from the Latin ''dux'', 'leader', a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of Germanic or Celtic origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province.

In the Middle Ages the title signified first among the Germanic monarchies. Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the counts in the cities and later, in the feudal monarchies, the highest-ranking peers of the king.

During the 19th century many of the smaller German and Italian states were ruled by Dukes or Grand Dukes. But presently, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, there are no ruling dukes. Duke remains the highest titular peerage in France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The Pope, as a temporal sovereign, has also but rarely granted the title of Duke and Duchess to persons for services to the Holy See.

A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is the wife of a duke, is normally styled duchess. Queen Elizabeth II, however, is known as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and Duke of Lancaster in Lancashire.

Duchy versus dukedom

A duchy is the territory or geopolitical entity ruled by a duke. The term implies a territorial domain, within which the duke has actual subjects or significant land holdings, which are ruled by the duke, either directly or as a vassal to a higher (i.e. royal or imperial) authority. A dukedom is the title of duke, a rank of nobility, and is not necessarily attached to a duchy. A few examples exist today: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a fully independent state and its head, the Grand Duke, is a sovereign monarch ruling over his Luxembourgeois subjects. The Duke of Cornwall holds both the dukedom (title) and Duchy (estate holdings), the latter being the source of his personal income; both the Duke and those living in his estates are subjects of the British Sovereign. In Scotland the same person is always the Duke of Rothesay as well, but this is a dukedom (title) without a duchy (territorial ownership). Similarly, the British Sovereign rules and owns the Duchy of Lancaster as both Sovereign and Duke of Lancaster, with the income of the duchy estates providing the Sovereign's Privy Purse. He or she also rules the Channel Islands as Sovereign and Duke of Normandy, but without especial income from them.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces.

Visigoths

The Visigoths retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula and it seems that dukes ruled over these areas. They were the most powerful landowners and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own midst. They were the military commanders and in this capacity often acted independently from the king, most notably in the latter period before the Muslim invasions.

The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the thiufa, probably corresponding to about 1,000 people from each ''civitas'' (city district). The cities were commanded by counts, who were in turn answerable to the dukes, who called up the ''thiufae'' when necessary.

Lombards

When the Lombards entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders ''duces'' in the old fashion. These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government. Though nominally loyal to the king, the concept of kingship was new to the Lombards and the dukes were highly independent, especially in central and southern Italy, where the Duke of Spoleto and the Duke of Benevento were ''de facto'' sovereigns. In 575, when Cleph died, a period known as the Rule of the Dukes, in which the dukes governed without a king, commenced. It lasted only a decade before the disunited magnates, in order to defend the kingdom from external attacks, elected a new king and even diminished their own duchies to provide him with a handsome royal demesne.

The Lombard kings were usually drawn from the duke pool when the title was not hereditary. The dukes tried to make their own offices hereditary. Beneath them in the internal structure were the counts and gastalds, a uniquely Lombard title initially referring to judicial functions, similar to a count's, in provincial regions

Franks

The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far from their duchies. The dukes were the highest ranking officials in the realm, typically Frankish (whereas the counts were often Gallo-Roman), and formed the class from which the kings' generals were chosen in times of war. The dukes met with the king every May to discuss policy for the upcoming year, the so-called Mayfield.

In Burgundy and Provence, the titles of patrician and prefect were commonly employed instead of duke, probably for historical reasons relating to the greater Romanization of those provinces. But the titles were basically equivalent.

In late Merovingian Gaul, the mayors of the palace of the Arnulfing clan began to use the title ''dux et princeps Francorum'': "duke and prince of the Franks". In this title, "duke" implied supreme military control of the entire nation (''Francorum'', the Franks) and it was thus used until the end of the Carolingian dynasty in France in 987.

Stem duchies

See Stem duchy.

England

Anglo-Saxon times

The highest political division beneath that of kingdom among the Anglo-Saxons was the ealdormanry and, while the title ealdorman was replaced by the Danish ''eorl'' (later earl) over time, the first ealdormen were referred to as ''duces'' (the plural of the original Latin ''dux'') in the chronicles. So in Anglo-Saxon England, where the Roman political divisions were largely abandoned, the grade of duke was retained as supreme landlord after the king. But after the Norman conquest, their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman counts.

Late medieval times

Edward III of England created the first three English dukedoms (Cornwall, Lancaster, and Clarence) by naming his eldest son Edward, the Black Prince, as Duke of Cornwall in 1337. Upon the death of the Black Prince the duchy of Cornwall passed to his nine-year-old son, who would eventually succeed his grandfather as Richard II.

The duchy of Lancaster was created by Edward III in 1351 for Henry of Grosmont, but became extinct upon the duke's death in 1361. The following year, Edward III bestowed the title (2nd creation) on his fourth son, John of Gaunt, who was also married to the first duke's daughter. On the same day Edward III also created his second son, Lionel of Antwerp, as Duke of Clarence.

All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes. In 1385, ten years after their father's death, his heir Richard II created dukedoms for his last two uncles on the same day. Thomas of Woodstock was named Duke of Gloucester and Edmund of Langley became Duke of York, thereby founding the House of York, which later fought for the throne with John of Gaunt's Lancastrian descendants during the Wars of the Roses.

By 1483, a total of 16 ducal titles had been created: Cornwall, Lancaster, Clarence, Gloucester, York, Ireland, Hereford, Aumale, Exeter, Surrey, Norfolk, Bedford, Somerset, Buckingham, Warwick and Suffolk. Some became extinct, others had multiple creations, and some had merged with the crown upon the holder's accession to the throne. When the Plantagenet dynasty came to an end at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, only four ducal titles remained extant, of which two were now permanently associated with the crown. John de la Pole was Duke of Suffolk and John Howard was Duke of Norfolk (2nd creation), while the duchy of Cornwall was reserved as a title and source of income for the eldest son of the sovereign, and the duchy of Lancaster was now held by the monarch.

Norfolk perished alongside Richard III at Bosworth field, and the title was forfeit. It was restored to his son Thomas thirty years later by Henry VIII, as one of a number of dukes created or recreated by the Tudor dynasty over the ensuing century. England's premier ducal title, Norfolk, remains in the Howard family to this day.

The modern age

In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Anhalt, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Nassau, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization.

Since the unification of Italy in 1870 and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any reigning dukes in Europe; Luxembourg is ruled by a grand duke, a higher title, just below king.

In the United Kingdom, the inherited position of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a dukedom. However, the title of ''duke'' has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles: they hold dukedoms, not duchies (excepting the Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster). Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as "Your Grace" and referred to as "His Grace". Currently, there are twenty-seven dukedoms in the Peerage of England, Peerage of Scotland, Peerage of Great Britain, Peerage of Ireland and Peerage of the United Kingdom, held by twenty-four different people (see List of Dukes in order of precedence).

Equivalents in other European languages

Royal dukes

Various royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted titles, nominal dukedoms without any actual authority, often even without an estate. Such titles are still conferred on royal princes or princesses in the current European monarchies of Belgium, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Other historical cases occurred for example in Denmark, Finland (as a part of Sweden) and France, Portugal and some former colonial possessions such as Brazil and Haiti.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, ducal titles which have been given within the royal family include Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Bedford, Duke of Cumberland, Duke of Cambridge, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Albany, Duke of Ross, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Kent, Duke of Sussex, and Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.

List of dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles

Belgium

In Belgium, the title of Duke of Brabant (historically the most prestigious in the Low Countries, and containing the federal capital Brussels), if still vacant, has been awarded preferentially to the eldest son and heir presumptive of the king, other male dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown), such as Count of Flanders (King Leopold III's so-titled brother held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as prince-regent) and Prince of Liège (a secularised version of the historical prince-bishopric; e.g., the present King Albert II until he succeeded his older brother Baudouin I).

Denmark

Denmark's kings gave appanages in their twin-duchies of Schleswig-Holstein (now three-fourths of them is part of Germany, but then the Holstein half of it was part of the Holy Roman Empire in personal union with Denmark proper) to younger sons and/or their male-line descendants, with a specific though not sovereign title of Duke, e.g., Duke of Gottorp, Duke of Sonderburg, Duke of Augustenborg, Duke of Franzhagen, Duke of Beck, Duke of Glucksburg and Duke of Norburg.

Iberian peninsula

When the Christian Reconquista, sweeping the Moors from the former Caliphate of Córdoba and its taifa-remnants, transformed the territory of former Suevic and Visigothic realms into Catholic feudal principalities, none of these warlords was exactly styled Duke. A few (as Portugal itself) started as Count (even if the title of Dux was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of King.

Portugal

In Portugal, the title of Duke was granted for the first time in 1415 to infante Peter and infante Henry, the second and third sons of king John I, following their participation in the successful Conquest of Ceuta. Pedro became the first Duke of Coimbra and Henry the first Duke of Viseu.

From the reign of king Manuel I, the title of Duke of Beja was given to the second son of the monarch. This was changed during the Liberal regime in the 19th century (with queen Maria II), when the first infante (second son of the monarch) got the title of Duke of Porto and the second infante (third son) was known as Duke of Beja.

There are examples of Duke as a subsidiary title, granted to the most powerful noble Houses:

Duke of Barcelos, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Braganza;

Duke of Torres Novas, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Aveiro;

Duke of Miranda do Corvo, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Lafões.

Usually, the title of Duke was granted to relatives of the Royal Family, such as the infantes or natural sons of the monarch. There are exceptions, such as António José de Ávila, who, although not having any relation to the royal family, was given the title of duke of Ávila and Bolama in the 19th Century.

Spain

Spanish infantes and infantas were usually given a dukedom upon marriage, excepting the heir apparent who is the Prince of Asturias. This title is nowadays not hereditary but carries a Grandeza de España. The current royal duchesses are: HRH the Duchess of Badajoz (Infanta Maria del Pilar), HRH the Duchess of Soria (Infanta Margarita) (although she inherited the title of Duchess of Hernani from her cousin and is second holder of that title), HRH the Duchess of Lugo (Infanta Elena) and HRH the Duchess of Palma de Mallorca (Infanta Cristina).

In Spain all the dukes hold the court rank of ''Grande'', i.e., Grandee of the realm, which had precedence over all other feudatories.

Finland and Sweden

Sweden had a history of making the sons of its kings real ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. Title-wise, however, all Swedish princes since 1772, and princesses since 1980, are given a dukedom for life. Currently, there are one duke and three duchesses. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to five of the Provinces of Sweden.

Key parts of Finland were sometimes under a Duke of Finland during the Swedish reign.

France and other former monarchies

See appanage (mainly for the French kingdom) and the list in the geographical section below, which also treats special ducal titles in orders or national significance.

France

The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original pairies, which also had a traditional function in the royal coronation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the six secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate: The ''Prince-Bishops'' with ducal territories among them were:

The Archbishop of Reims, styled ''archevêque-duc pair de France'' (in Champagne; who crowns and anoints the king, traditionally in his cathedral)

Two suffragan bishops, styled ''evêque-duc pair de France'' :

*the bishop-duke of Laon (in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment)

* the bishop-duc de Langres (in Burgundy; bears the scepter)

Later, the Archbishop of Paris was given the title of ''duc de Saint-Cloud'' with the dignity of peerage, but it was debated if he was an ecclesiastical peer or merely a bishop holding a lay peerage.

The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:

the duc de Bourgogne, i.e., Duke of Burgundy (known as ''Grand duc''; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the 15th century Dukes, cousins of the Kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt)

Duke of Normandy or duc de Normandie (holds the first square banner)

Duke of Aquitaine or duc d'Aquitaine or - de Guyenne (holds the second square banner)

It should be noted that the theory of the participation of the peers in the coronation was laid down in the late 13th century, when some of the peerage (the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Toulouse) had already been merged in the crown.

At the end of this same century, the king elevated some counties into duchies, a practice that increased up until the Revolution. Many of this duchies were also peerages (the so-called 'new peerages').

Italy, Germany and Austria

In Italy, Germany and Austria the title of "duke" (''duca'' in Italian, and ''Herzog'' in German) was quite common. As the Holy Roman Empire was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands. As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes. Also, in Germany in many ducal families every agnate would bear the ducal title of the family as a courtesy title.

In Italy some important sovereign ducal families were the Visconti and the Sforza, who ruled Milan; the Capece Minutolo in Naples; the Savoia in Piemonte; the Medici of Florence; the Farnese of Parma and Piacenza; the Cybo-Malaspina of Massa; the Gonzaga of Mantua; the Este of Modena and Ferrara.

In Germany, important ducal families were the Wittelsbachs in Bavaria, the Welfs in Hannover, the ducal family of Cleves, the Wettins in Saxony (with its Ernestine branch divided into several duchies), the Württembergs, the Mecklenburgs and finally of course also the Habsburgs in Austria as "Archdukes". In the German Confederation the Nassaus, the Ascanians of Anhalt, the Welf branch of Brunswick and the Ernestine lines of the Saxon duchies were the sovereign ducal families.

Elsewhere in Europe

Nordic countries

In Denmark, the longest-surviving duchy was Schleswig, i.e., Sonderjylland (part of which later was transferred to Germany). Its southern neighbour Holstein in personal union with the Danish crown was always a German principality. Ultimately both ended up joined as the German federation's ''Bundesland'' of Schleswig-Holstein.

* duchies of Laland, Halland, Jutland, Reval, and Osilia.

In Sweden, medieval duchies of Finland, Södermanland, Skåne, and Halland, and in modern times almost every province.

Hungary

In the Kingdom of Hungary no ducal principalities existed but duchies were often formed for members of the dynasty as appanages. During the rule of the Árpád dinasty dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal. These duchies usually were

the Duchy of Nitra

the Duchy of Bihar

the Duchy of Slavonia, or whole Slavonia (consisting of Slavonia and Croatia)

the Duchy of Transylvania (consisting of the voivodship of Transylvania and some other counties)

In the Jagellonian era (1490–1526) only two dukes did not belong to the royal dynasty: John Corvin (the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus) and Lőrinc Újlaki (whose father was the king of Bosnia), and both bore the title as royal dukes.

After the Battle of Mohács the Habsburg kings rewarded Hungarian aristocrats (like the Esterházys) with princely titles, but they created these titles as Holy Roman Emperors, not as kings of Hungary.

Greece

As the Catholic crusaders overran Orthodox Christian parts of the Byzantine empire, they installed several crusader states (see Frangokratia), some of which were of ducal rank:

the Duchy of Athens, to which the duchy of Neopatras was later linked

the Aegean insular Duchy of Naxos, officially the "Duchy of the Archipelago"

The Byzantines retained the title ''dux'', transcribed as ''doux'' in Greek. As in the later Roman Empire, it remained a military office. In the 10th century, it was given to the military commanders over several ''themata'' (also known as ''katepano''), and in the late 11th century it became used for the governor of a ''thema''.

In Italy and other western countries, the later Byzantine appanages of the Palaiologan period were sometimes translated as duchies: the Morea, Mesembria, Selymbria and Thessaloniki. However, as these had Greek holders, they were titled ''Archon'' ("magistrate") or ''Despotes''.

In the independent Kingdom of Greece, the style of Duke of Sparta was instituted in 1868 upon the birth of Constantine I as a distinct title for the crown prince of Greece.

Slavic countries

Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual petty ruler titles, ''knyaz/ knez/ ksiaze'' etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;

in splintered Poland petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish Piast dynasty are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such: Kujavia, Masovia, Sandomir, Greater Poland and Kalisz as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived and/or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as Little Poland and Greater Poland, including (there are often also important Latin and/or German forms) Kraków, Łęczyca and Sieradz.

In Pomerelia and Pomerania (inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.

in Russia, before the imperial unification from Muscovy; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar Khan; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification gertsog was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title ''Herzog'', especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: ''Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya'' "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein [see above], Stormarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.

In Bohemia was Duchy of Krumlov, and short-lived Duchy of Reichstadt and Duchy of Friedland.

In Silesia were many petty duchies as Duchy of Brzeg, Duchy of Legnica, Duchy of Zator and Duchy of Racibórz. They were vassals of King of Bohemia.

Netherlands

After Belgium and the Netherlands separated in 1830, the title of duke no longer existed in the Netherlands. There is, however, one exception; the title ''Hertog van Limburg'' (''Duke of Limburg'') still exists. This title, however, is an exclusive title for the head of state (the monarch, i.e., the king or queen of the Netherlands).

Post-colonial non-European states

Empire of Brazil

In the Empire of Brazil duke was the highest rank for people born outside the imperial house and only three dukedoms were created. Two of these titles were for relatives of Emperor Dom Pedro I: an illegitimate daughter and a brother-in-law who received the title when married with Pedro I's daughter Dona Maria II. The third, given to Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, was the only dukedom created during the reign of Pedro II. None of these titles were hereditary, just like every other title in the Brazilian nobility system.

Haiti

The royal Christophe dynasty created eight hereditary dukedoms, in rank directly below the nominal princes. They were short-lived and only recognised in the country.

Equivalents

Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render (translate) certain titles in non-western languages. "Duke" is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank. The Indian cognate is Senapati (leader of an army).

China

During the era of feudalism in Ancient China (Spring and Autumn and the Warring States), the equivalent titles to Grand Marquis or Grand Duke were often granted to the nobility and governors of the individual kingdoms and principalities. Noble titles also existed in subsequent periods.

The Duke of Yansheng noble title was granted to the descendants of Confucius. In 1935, the Nationalist Government changed the title to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which still exists as an office of the Republic of China, de facto hereditary.

Nonhereditary dukedoms and other lesser titles were also awarded, sometimes posthumously (see posthumous names), during the imperial period of Chinese history to recognize distinguished civil and military officials without the burdens of supporting a feudal peerage. For example, Emperor Lizong of Song granted the posthumous title Duke of Hui (徽国公) to the Neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi.

Indonesia

The Javanese kingdom of Majapahit, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into ''nagara'' (provinces). The administration of these ''nagara'' was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of ''Bhre'' i. e. ''Bhra i'', "lord of" (the word ''bhra'' being akin to the Thai ''Phra''), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example a sister of king Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350-1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of Lasem". This system was similar to the apanage system in Western Europe.

Sultan Agung, king of Mataram in Central Java (r. 1613-1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of ''adipati''. Such territories were called ''kadipaten''.

The VOC (Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure. ''Adipati'' were called "''regenten''" in Dutch, and the territories they administered, "''regentschappen''".

In the 19th century, the Javanese term for ''regent'' was ''bupati''. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions ''bapati''.

The ''bupati'' have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a ''kabupaten'', the subdivision of a ''provinsi'' or province.

The word ''adipati'' is still found in the official title of the hereditary princes Mangkunegara of Surakarta and Paku Alam of Yogyakarta i. e. ''Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya'' (shortened into KGPAA).

See also

List of Dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles

Duchy of Amalfi

Duchy of Gaeta

Duchy of Naples

Archduke

Notes

References

Chan, Wing-tsit, ''Chu Hsi New Studies''. University of Hawaii Press: 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1201-0

Crouch, David, ''The Normans'' (2002) ISBN 1-85285-387-5

Hodgkin, Thomas. ''Italy and her Invaders''. Clarendon Press: 1895.

Lewis, Archibald R. "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550-751." ''Speculum'', Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410.

Stenton, Sir Frank M. ''Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition''. Oxford University Press: 1971.

Thompson, E. A. ''The Goths in Spain''. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1969.

Category:Noble titles Category:Peerage Category:Feudalism Category:Men's social titles

af:Hertog als:Herzog ar:دوق bg:Херцог ca:Duc cs:Vévoda da:Hertug de:Herzog et:Hertsog es:Duque eo:Duko fa:دوک fr:Duc fy:Hartoch gl:Duque ko:공작 (작위) hr:Vojvoda io:Duko id:Duke is:Hertogi it:Duca he:דוכס jv:Duke la:Dux lv:Hercogs lt:Hercogas li:Hertog hu:Herceg nl:Hertog ja:公爵 no:Hertug nn:Hertug pl:Diuk pt:Duque ro:Duce ru:Герцог sq:Hercogu simple:Duke sk:Vojvoda sl:Vojvoda fi:Herttua sv:Hertig th:ดยุก tr:Dük uk:Герцог ur:ڈیوک zh:公爵

name	Prince Harry
imgw	195
full name	Henry Charles Albert David
styles	''HRH'' Prince Henry of Wales
house	House of Windsor
father	Charles, Prince of Wales
mother	Diana, Princess of Wales
birth date	September 15, 1984
birth place	St Mary's Hospital, London
place of christening	St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
religion	Church of England

Prince Henry of Wales (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984), commonly known as Prince Harry, is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales, and fourth grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. As such, he is third in the line of succession (behind his father and elder brother) to the thrones of sixteen independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms. Consequently, as heir to the British throne, specifically, he is also third in line, again behind his father and elder brother, to the position Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

After an education at various schools around the United Kingdom and spending parts of his gap year in Australia and Lesotho, Harry, unlike his elder brother, Prince William, eschewed a university education in favour of following in the footsteps of various royal men by enrolling in the military. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry Regiment—serving temporarily with his brother—and completed his training as a tank commander. He served for 77 days on the front line in the Afghan War, although he was pulled out following publication of the story in an Australian magazine.

Early life

Harry was born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, England, on 15 September 1984. He was baptised at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, by then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie. Harry's godparents were Prince Andrew (his paternal uncle); Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (his paternal cousin once removed); Lady Vestey; Mrs. William Bartholomew; Bryan Organ; and Gerald Ward.

Persistent suggestions, based on a similarity of hair colour, have been made that Harry's father is not Charles but James Hewitt, with whom Diana had an affair. However, red hair is known to be a Spencer family trait, and Hewitt stated to the press in 2002 that Harry had already been born by the time his affair with Diana began, a statement corroborated by Diana's police bodyguard.

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Diana wanted William and Harry to have a broader range of experiences than previous royal children and took both to venues that ranged from Disney World and McDonald's to AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. Diana, Princess of Wales, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car collision in 1997. Harry, his brother and their father were staying at Balmoral Castle at the time, and the Prince of Wales waited until early the following morning to tell his sons about their mother's death. At his mother's funeral, Harry accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, and maternal uncle in walking behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.

Education

Like his father and elder brother, Harry was educated at public schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he attended Ludgrove School, and, after passing the entrance exams, was admitted to Eton College, where he studied geography, art history, and art at A-Level. The decision to place Harry in Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children to Gordonstoun (Harry's grandfather, father, two uncles, and two cousins all attended); it did, however, make the Prince follow in the Spencer family footsteps, as both Diana's father and brother had attended Eton. In June 2003, he completed his education at Eton with two A-Levels having decided to drop history of art after AS level. He excelled in sports, particularly polo and rugby union. .

After graduation, Harry took a gap year, during which he spent time in Australia, working (as his father had done in his youth) on a cattle station and participating in the Young England vs Young Australia Polo Test Match. He also travelled to Lesotho, where he worked with orphaned children and produced the documentary film ''The Forgotten Kingdom''.

Royal duties and career

Prince Harry began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age; his first overseas royal tour was with his parents to Italy in 1985. The earlier decision made by the Princess of Wales to take an infant William to Australia set the precedent for young royal children going on official visits. Harry then accompanied either both parents or his father on subsequent tours, though he did not begin solo official engagements until after his military training and active service. In August 1995, at the age of 10, Prince Harry attended the 50th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day at the Cenotaph in London. There he saluted the officers in the military parade, one of the most important ceremonies in the royal family agenda. In 2008, he began to undertake royal visits to schools and organisations in Wales.

Military career

Prince Harry entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 8 May 2005, where he was known as Officer Cadet Wales, and joined the Alamein Company. Within a year, in April 2006, Harry completed his officer's training and was commissioned as a Cornet in the Blues and Royals, a regiment of the Household Cavalry in the British Army. By April 2008, whereupon he reached two years' seniority, Harry was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.

The British Ministry of Defence and Clarence House made a joint announcement on 22 February 2007 that Prince Harry would be deployed with his regiment to the front line in Iraq, to serve as part of the 1st Mechanised Brigade of the 3rd Mechanised Divisiona move supported by Harry, who had stated that he would leave the army if he was told to remain in safety while his regiment went to war; he said: "There's no way I'm going to put myself through Sandhurst and then sit on my arse back home while my boys are out fighting for their country." Then head of the British army, General Sir Richard Dannatt, first said on 30 April 2007 that he had personally decided that the Prince would serve with his unit in Iraq, and Harry was scheduled for deployment in May or June 2007, to patrol the Maysan province. By 16 May, however, Dannatt announced that Prince Harry would not serve in Iraq; concerns included Harry being a high-value target (as several threats by various groups have already been made against him) and the dangers the soldiers around him would face should any attempt be made on the Prince's life or capture. Clarence House made public the Prince's disappointment with the decision, though he said he would abide by it. In May 2007, British soldiers in Iraq were reported to be wearing t-shirts bearing the statement "I'm Harry!"; a reference to the scene in the movie ''Spartacus'' in which the survivors of Spartacus's army, defeated by Roman legions, are offered leniency by Crassus if they will identify their leader. Every survivor declares: "I'm Spartacus!"

It was reported, in early June 2007, that Prince Harry had arrived in Canada to train, alongside soldiers of the Canadian Forces and British Army, at Canadian Forces base Suffield, near Medicine Hat, Alberta. It was said that this was in preparation for a tour of duty in Afghanistan, where Canadian and British forces were participating in the NATO led Afghan War; rumours that were confirmed in February the following year, when the British Ministry of Defence revealed that Harry had secretly been deployed as a Forward Air Controller to Helmand Province in the Asian country. The revelation came after the medianotably, the German newspaper ''Bild'' and Australian magazine ''New Idea''breached the blackout placed over the information by the Canadian and British authorities. It was later reported that, while in Afghanistan, Harry had called in United States Air Force air strikes, helped Gurkha troops repel an attack from Taliban insurgents, and performed patrol duty in hostile areas. His tour came 735 years after his ancestor, Edward I of England (then Prince Edward), had also been on military duty in the Middle East during the Ninth crusade, and also made Harry the first member of the Royal Family to have served in a war zone since his uncle, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, flew helicopters during the Falklands War. For his service, Prince Harry was decorated with the Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan by his aunt, the Princess Royal, at the Combermere Barracks in May 2008.

In October 2008, the news was revealed that Prince Harry was to follow his brother, father, and uncle with the wish to fly military helicopters. After passing the initial aptitude test, he was to undertake a month-long course; depending on whether or not he passed that course he would proceed onto full flight training in early 2009. Harry had to pass his flying assessment at the Army Air Corps Base (AAC), Middle Wallop, the result of which determined if he would pass on to train as a pilot of either the Apache, Lynx, or Gazelle helicopter.

Prince Harry was presented with his flying brevet (wings) by his father, on 7 May 2010 at a ceremony at the Army Air Corps Base (AAC), Middle Wallop. Prince Harry had also let it be known that he intended to fly Apache attack helicopters if he was successful in passing the rigorous Apache training course; after which time it could be possible for him to see active military service once again on the frontline in one of the warzones. During the ceremony, he switched his Blues and Royals' Officer's Service Dress cap for that of the Army Air Corps' sky blue beret with a Blues and Royals badge. On 10 March 2011, it was revealed that Prince Harry had passed his Apache flying test and he was awarded his Apache Flying Badge on 14 April 2011. There is speculation that he shall return to Afghanistan once again before the withdrawal in 2015. On 16 April 2011 it was announced that Prince Harry had been promoted to the Army rank of Captain after having held the rank of Lieutenant since 2008.

In June 2011, Clarence House announced that Prince Harry on completion of his training conversion course to use Apache helicopters in the war arena would be available for deployment, including in current operations in Afghanistan in his role as an Apache helicopter pilot. The final decision will ultimately rest with the Ministry of Defence's senior commanders including principally the Chief of the Defence Staff in consultation with the wishes of Harry, his father the Prince of Wales and The Queen. In October, Prince Harry was transferred to a US military base in California to complete his helicopter gunship training. This final phase will include live-fire training as well as "environmental and judgment training" at naval and air force facilities in California and Arizona. The majority of those completing the two-month Apache training are deployed to the front lines in Afghanistan. In the same month it was reported that Prince Harry was said to be a natural pilot who was reportedly top of his class in the extensive training he had undertaken at the Naval Air Facility, El Centro, California. On November 2011, Prince Harry returned to England from military training in the United States. Next, he will head to Wattisham Flying Station in Suffolk, southeast England, to complete his training to fly Apache helicopters.

Royal duties

At the age of 21, Prince Harry was appointed as a Counsellor of State, and began his royal duties by first serving in that capacity when the Queen was abroad to attend the 2005 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Malta. The following year, Harry was in Lesotho to visit again Mants'ase Children's Home near Mohale's Hoek (which he first toured in 2004), and along with Prince Seeiso of Lesotho launched Sentebale: The Princes' Fund for Lesotho, a charity to aid children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. He has also granted his patronage to a number of other organisations, including WellChild, Dolen Cymru, and MapAction. To aid Sentebale, as well as the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and Centrepoint, Harry and his brother organised the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, on 1 July 2007.

Sports have also been a way that Harry has helped charities and other organisations, such as when he trained as a Rugby Development Officer for the Rugby Football Union in 2004 and then coached students in schools in order to encourage them to learn the sport. He has also participated in polo matches, like his brother and father, in order to raise money for charitable causes.

On 6 January 2009, Harry and his brother Prince William were granted their own royal household by their grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II. It has three main staff members, supported by a "small" team. Sir David Manning, the former British ambassador to Washington, will work as a part-time adviser to the princes. Previously, William and Harry's affairs had been handled by the office of their father at Clarence House in central London. The brothers' new household released a statementcomplete with their own cyphers at the topannouncing that they have established their own office at nearby St. James's Palace to look after their public, military and charitable activities. Harry's cypher is similar to his brother's, but displays an ''H'' in a shade of blue similar to that used by his mother. In September, Prince William and Prince Harry set up The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to enable The Princes to take forward their charitable ambitions.The Foundation is the culmination of The Princes’ charitable lives so far.

In March 2012, Prince Harry led an official visit to Belize as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. He continued to the Bahamas and Jamaica, where the current Prime Minister, Portia Simpson-Miller is considering severing ties between Jamaica and the constitutional monarchy, During his visit to Jamaica, he stayed at a private five-bedroom, two-story villa with a private pool and beach access at Half Moon, A RockResort (a place that since the 1980s has been popular with the British Royal Family), located on Jamaica's North Coast near Montego Bay, and reportedly interacted well with the staff there, displaying his late mother's ability to relate to different groups of people.

Personal life and relationships

Prince Harry enjoys playing many sporting activities, playing competitive polo, as well as skiing and motocross. Harry also earned a reputation in his youth for being rebellious, leading the tabloid press to label him as a "wild child". He was found at age 17 smoking cannabis and partaking in under-age drinking with his friends, would clash physically with paparazzi outside nightclubs, and was photographed at Highgrove House at a "Colonial and Native" themed costume party wearing a Nazi German Afrika Korps uniform with a swastika armband. He later issued a public statement apologising for his behaviour.

Prince Harry is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club.

In January 2009, the British tabloid ''News of the World'' revealed a video made by Harry three years previously, in which he referred to a Pakistani fellow officer cadet as "our little Paki friend" and later called a soldier wearing a cloth on his head a "raghead". These terms were described by David Cameron as "unacceptable", and by ''The Daily Telegraph'' as "racist", and a British Muslim youth organisation called the Prince a "thug", a statement that was later retracted. Clarence House immediately issued an apology from Harry, who stated that no malice was intended in his remarks. A former British MP and Royal Marine, Rod Richards, said that such nicknames were common amongst military comrades, stating "in the Armed Forces people often used to call me Taffy. Others were called Yankie, Oz or Kiwi or whatever. I consider Paki as an abbreviation for Pakistani. I don't think on this occasion it was intended to be offensive." It later emerged that Prince Harry had personally apologised to the soldier.

While Harry's personal relationships have not been followed as much as those of his brother, most media attention has been focused on his relationship with Chelsy Davy. In an interview conducted for his 21st birthday, Harry referred to Davy as his girlfriend, and the press reported at that time that the couple had been together for 18 months, contradicting earlier reports that they were no longer together. Harry and Davy were also seen together publicly at the Concert for Diana. Chelsy also accompanied Harry to the wedding of Harry's cousin, Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly in May 2008, where she was introduced to the Queen for the first time. But, in early 2009 it was reported in the media that the pair had parted ways. Later that year the pair were photographed together at a rugby match, seemingly going public again with their relationship. As of 2010, Harry and Davy are no longer together following Davy's departure from England. In 2011, Harry confirmed the rumors by proclaiming himself "100 per cent single".

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

name	Prince Harry of Wales
dipstyle	His Royal Highness
offstyle	Your Royal Highness
altstyle	Sir }}

15 September 1984present: ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Henry of Wales

The Prince's style and title in full is ''His Royal Highness Prince Henry Charles Albert David of Wales''. As a British prince, Harry holds no surname; however, as with the other male-line grandchildren of Elizabeth II, he uses the name of the area over which his father holds title; i.e., ''Wales''. Past precedent is that such surnames are dropped from usage in adulthood, after which either title alone, or Mountbatten-Windsor is used when necessary. Prince Harry, however, continues to use Wales as his surname for military purposes and is known as Captain Harry Wales in such contexts. If his father succeeds to the throne he will be known as ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince Henry. Traditionally, male-line members of British royalty receive a dukedom a few hours before their marriage, the most recent being Prince William of Wales, who became Duke of Cambridge.

Military ranks

13 April 200613 April 2008: Cornet (Second Lieutenant), The Blues and Royals 13 April 200816 April 2011: Lieutenant, The Blues and Royals Since 16 April 2011: Captain, The Blues and Royals attached to Army Air Corps

Honours

;Appointments 6 March 2012: Honorary Fellow of the University of the West Indies

;Medals 6 February 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 5 May 2008: Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan 6 February 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal

Honorary military appointments

; Canada 10 November 2009: Canadian Ranger

; United Kingdom 3 October 2008: Honorary Air Commandant of RAF Honington 8 August 2006: Commodore-in-Chief of Small Ships and Diving

Arms

Notes	On his 18th birthday, Prince Harry was granted his own personal coat of arms, consisting of the arms of the sovereign in right of the United Kingdom with a label for difference.
Year adopted	15 September 2002
Escutcheon	Quarterly 1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langed azure 2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent
Other elements	The whole differenced by a Label of five points Argent the first, third and fifth points charged with an Escallop Gules
Symbolism	As the grandchild of the sovereign, Prince Harry's coat of arms has a label of five points. The ''escallops'' (seashells) allude to his late mother Diana, Princess of Wales, whose Spencer coat of arms includes three ''escallops argent''.
Previous versions	}}

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Prince Harry of Wales |2= 2. Charles, Prince of Wales |3= 3. Lady Diana Spencer |4= 4. Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark |5= 5. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom |6= 6. John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer |7= 7. Frances Ruth Burke Roche |8= 8. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark |9= 9. Princess Alice of Battenberg |10= 10. George VI of the United Kingdom |11= 11. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon |12= 12. Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer |13= 13. Cynthia Elinor Hamilton |14= 14. Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy |15= 15. Ruth Sylvia Gill |16= 16. George I of Greece |17= 17. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia |18= 18. Prince Louis of Battenberg |19= 19. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine |20= 20. George V of the United Kingdom |21= 21. Princess Mary of Teck |22= 22. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne |23= 23. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck |24= 24. Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer |25= 25. Margaret Baring |26= 26. James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn |27= 27. Rosalind Cecilia Bingham |28= 28. James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy |29= 29. Frances Work |30= 30. William Smith Gill |31= 31. Ruth Littlejohn }}

Through his maternal grandfather, Prince Harry is descended from King Henry IV of France, King Charles II and King James II and VII. Through his mother, both from The Earl Spencer and The Baron Fermoy Families, Harry is of English, Scottish, American descent and of remote Irish descent.

Prince Harry is descended from the kings and queens of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom with surviving offspring from William I. He is also descended from many of the pre-Union monarchs of Scotland and the pre-Conquest monarchs of England.

See also

British prince

British Royal Family

Canadian Royal Family

Line of succession to the British Throne

Genealogy of the British Royal Family

References

External links

Prince Harry's eulogy to Princess Diana delivered on 31 August 2007

Prince Harry's interview with NBC's Matt Lauer

Royal.gov.uk – Prince Harry

Prince Harry at His Hottest – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Personal Profile – Prince Harry – From Prince of Wales official Site

Illustrated biography of Prince Harry

Prince Harry Not Going to Iraq on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)

Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Blues and Royals officers Category:British Army Air Corps officers Category:English Anglicans Category:House of Windsor Category:Mountbatten-Windsor family Category:Old Etonians Category:People educated at Ludgrove School Category:People from Paddington Category:Princes of the United Kingdom Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Category:British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Category:Helicopter pilots Category:People educated at Wetherby School Category:Spencer-Churchill family

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name	Carly Rae Jepsen
background	solo_singer
birth date	November 20, 1985 Mission, British Columbia
label	604 (2008–present)Schoolboy/Interscope (2012–present) }}

Carly Rae Jepsen (born November 20, 1985) is a Canadian recording artist and singer/songwriter from Mission, British Columbia. In 2007, she placed third in the fifth season of ''Canadian Idol'', and was a part of the Canadian Idol Top 3 concert tour.

Shortly after competing on ''Idol'', she signed to Fontana and MapleMusic, and released her debut album, ''Tug of War'', on September 30, 2008. Three years later, she released a new single, entitled "Call Me Maybe", which was released by 604 Records, and was followed by the release of her debut extended play, ''Curiosity'', on February 14, 2012. "Call Me Maybe" was met with much success, reaching the Top 10 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and reaching the number 1 spot on the Canadian Hot 100. The single also went to number 1 in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Jepsen signed with Interscope Records in 2012.

Life and career

Jepsen attended Heritage Park Secondary School in Mission, BC and has since performed there post-graduation. She later attended the Canadian College of Performing Arts in Victoria, BC before auditioning for ''Canadian Idol''. After completing the Canadian Idol tour, Jepsen retreated to B.C. to focus on writing, recording and completing her band. Her demos attracted a flurry of attention, and she was eventually signed a joint management deal with Simkin Artist Management and Dexter Entertainment. A deal with Fontana/Maple Music quickly followed, leading Jepsen into the studio with producer/writer Ryan Stewart. She now is signed with Scooter Braun, Justin Bieber's manager.

2008–11: ''Tug of War''

On June 16, 2008, Jepsen released her debut single and another single, a cover of John Denver's song "Sunshine On My Shoulders". It is the only cover song on her debut album. On July 21, 2008, Jepsen added two new songs from the album to her MySpace page: "Bucket" and "Heavy Lifting". In August 2008, Jepsen's MySpace page announced that the album's title would be ''Tug of War'', and it was released on September 30, 2008. The page also mentioned two more songs that were included on the album: "Tug of War" and "Sweet Talker". The former was released as a single on iTunes on September 16, 2008, and has been receiving radio airplay on various stations across Canada. She performed the latter as her Canadian Idol audition. A music video for "Tug of War" was released in January 2009. "Bucket", her second single, was released in May 2009, and the video for "Sour Candy", a duet with Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench who has also help produce some of her songs including Call Me Maybe, has also been released. All of Jepsen's music videos have been directed by Ben Knechtel. In spring 2009, she toured western Canada with Marianas Trench and Shiloh. She then went on a cross-Canada tour with Marianas Trench, The New Cities and Mission District.

2012–present: ''Curiosity''

Jepsen's second album ''Curiosity'' was released on February 14, 2012. It was produced by Ryan Stewart and Kevin James Maher produced the track "Dear Julien". On the same day as the release, Justin Bieber made the announcement on the MuchMusic program ''New Music Live'' that Jepsen has been signed to Schoolboy Records, the label run by Justin Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun. The lead single, "Call Me Maybe", from her second studio album ''Curiosity'' was released on September 21, 2011 and was produced by Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench and co-written by Jepsen, Ramsay and Tavish Crowe. "Call Me Maybe" is the first song by a Canadian artist to reach the top of the digital chart since Justin Bieber's “Baby” in January 2010. It is also only the 11th song by a Canadian artist to reach No. 1 on the Digital Songs chart since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital download sales in 2005. The song has also peaked at #1 on ''Billboard'''s Canadian Hot 100, being the 4th Canadian artist to do so, after Avril Lavigne's "Girlfriend", Nikki Yanofsky's "I Believe", and the Young Artists for Haiti version of "Wavin' Flag", originally by Canadian rapper K'naan. Jepsen is currently touring on the Shout it Out World Tour. She is the opening act for the pop-rock trio Hanson. In February 2012, Jepsen visited Justin Bieber and Scooter Braun in Los Angeles, California, where she subsequently signed to Schoolboy Records and Interscope. Her music will still be distributed by 604 Records in Canada. On March 23, 2012, Jepsen made her first American television debut on ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'', performing "Call Me Maybe" (with Jared Manierka on keys), later joined by Justin Bieber. Carly was also the first Canadian Idol contestant to enter the UK charts, when Call Me Maybe debuted at #1. Carly played at Citywalk at Universal Studios on April 14 2012. 400 people who paid $5 were allowed to meet with the singer and get CDs autographed by her.

Canadian Idol performances

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !Episode !Song choice !Original artist !Order # !Result |- |Audition |"Sweet Talker" |Carly Rae Jepsen |N/A |Advanced |- |Top 80 |"I Try" |Macy Gray |Duets |Advanced |- |Top 40 |"Breathe (2 AM)" |Anna Nalick |N/A |Advanced |- |Top 22 |"Put Your Records On" |Corinne Bailey Rae |11 |Advanced |- |Top 18 |"Sweet Ones" |Sarah Slean |4 |Advanced |- |Top 14 |"Waiting in Vain" |Bob Marley & The Wailers |3 |Advanced |- |Top 10 |"Inside and Out" |Bee Gees |3 |Bottom 3 |- |Top 9 |"Georgia on My Mind" |Hoagy Carmichael |5 |Safe |- |Top 8 |"Torn" |Ednaswap |7 |Safe |- |Top 7 |"Killer Queen" |Queen |3 |Bottom 3 |- |Top 6 |"Come To My Window" |Melissa Etheridge |4 |Bottom 3 |- |Top 5 |"Chuck E's in Love" |Rickie Lee Jones |4 |Safe |- |rowspan="2"|Top 4 |"My Heart Belongs to Daddy" |Mary Martin |1 |rowspan="2"|Safe |- |"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)" |Ivie Anderson |5 |- |rowspan="2"|Top 3 |"At Seventeen" |Janis Ian |3 |rowspan="2"|Eliminated |- |"White Flag" |Dido |6 |}

Discography

Artist	Carly Rae Jepsen
Studio	1
Music videos	4
Singles	6
Option	1
Option name	Extended Plays
Option color	#50C878
1option name	Miscellaneous
1option color	chartreuse
2option name	Collaborations
2option color	violet
3option	4
3option name	Tours
3option color	#FF6961
Ref link	Notes and references }}

Albums

Title	Album details	Peak chart positions
		! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"
! scope="row"		* Released: September 29, 2008	Fontana Records>Fontana, MapleMusic	* Format:
Title	Details	Peak chart positions
		! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"
! scope="row"		* Released: February 14, 2012	* Label: [[604 Records">Compact Disc	—

Extended plays

Title

Details

Peak chart positions

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="row"

* Released: February 14, 2012

* Label: [[604 Records

* Format:

scope="col" rowspan="2"

Year

Title

Peak chart positions

! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"

Album

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"

rowspan="2"

2008

"[[Sunshine on My Shoulders">Compact Disc

6

Singles

— — — — 2 —

scope="col" rowspan="2"	Year	Title	Peak chart positions										! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"	Album
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"		! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"
rowspan="2"	2008	"[[Sunshine on My Shoulders"	—	—	|	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		rowspan="4"
scope="row"	"Tug of War"	36	—	|	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		Canadian Recording Industry Association>CAN: Gold
	scope="row"	"Bucket"	32	—	|	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		* CAN: Gold
scope="row"	"Sour Candy"(featuring Josh Ramsay)	—	—	|	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2011	scope="row"	"Call Me Maybe"	1	1	|	5	1	2	3	1	1	5		* CAN: 3× Platinum	Australian Recording Industry Association>AUS: 2× Platinum	Recording Industry Association of New Zealand>NZ: Platinum	Recording Industry Association of America>US: Platinum	rowspan="2"
2012	scope="row"	"Curiosity"	63	—	|	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Awards and nominations

! Year	! Association	! Category	! Result
	Canadian Radio Music Awards	Song of the Year, "Tug of War"
Western Canadian Music Awards	Song of the Year, "Tug of War"
Juno Awards	New Artist of the Year
Juno Awards	Songwriter of the Year (With Ryan Stewart)
Much Music Video Awards	UR FAVE New Artist

References

External links

Official website

Canadian Idol profile

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian pop singers Category:Canadian female singers Category:Canadian singer-songwriters Category:Canadian Idol participants Category:People from Mission, British Columbia Category:Musicians from British Columbia

da:Carly Rae Jepsen de:Carly Rae Jepsen es:Carly Rae Jepsen fa:کارلی جپسن fr:Carly Rae Jepsen it:Carly Rae Jepsen nl:Carly Rae Jepsen pt:Carly Rae Jepsen ru:Джепсен, Карли Рэй simple:Carly Rae Jepsen fi:Carly Rae Jepsen sv:Carly Rae Jepsen

name	Bomani "Bo" Jones
birth name	Bomani Jones
birth date	August 26, 1980
birth place	Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
show	The Evening Jones
station	The Score Satellite Radio
timeslot	08:00 p.m. EST Monday
style	Sports radio
country	American
website	http://www.theeveningjones.com/ }}

Bomani Jones (born August 26, 1980) is the host of "The Evening Jones" on The Score on Sirius radio channel 158. Jones is a regular panelist on ''Around the Horn'' and he also makes appearances on ''Outside the Lines'' on ESPN and ''ESPN First Take'' on ESPN 2. He also periodically writes on Page 2 for ESPN.com and SB Nation

Biography

Early Life

The Georgia native, who grew up in Texas, graduated from Clark Atlanta University with a bachelor’s degree in economics. He followed that up with a master’s in politics, economics and business from Claremont Graduate University and a master’s in economics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Career

In January 2010, Jones launched his radio show, The Morning Jones, which was hosted out of Durham, North Carolina. The show ended on August 30, 2011. Bomani currently hosts his own radio show, The Evening Jones every Monday.

As of April 10, 2012 Jones has 38 wins in 147 appearances on ESPN's Around the Horn.

External links

Bomani Jones (official)

The Morning Jones on Sirius

The Evening Jones

References

Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:American sports radio personalities Category:Claremont Graduate University alumni Category:Clark Atlanta University alumni Category:People from Houston, Texas Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni