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Cosmology
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Al-Birjandi
Abd Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi (died 1528) was a prominent 16th century Persian astronomer, mathematician and physicist who lived in Birjand, Iran.
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Al-Kindi
() (c. 801–873 CE), also known to the West by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus, was an Arab Iraqi polymath: an Islamic philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim Peripatetic philosophers, and is known for his efforts to introduce Greek and Hellenistic philosophy to the Arab world, and as a pioneer in chemistry, medicine, music theory, physics, psychology,the philosophy of science, and is also known for being one of the fathers of cryptography.
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Alan Guth
Alan Harvey Guth (born February 27, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist. Guth has researched elementary particle theory (and how particle theory is applicable to the early universe). Currently serving as Victor Weisskopf Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he is the originator of the inflationary universe theory.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. A German-Swiss Nobel laureate, he is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".
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Alexander Friedmann
Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman or Friedmann () (June 16, 1888, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – September 16, 1925, Leningrad, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet cosmologist and mathematician.
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Andrei Linde
Andrei Dmitriyevich Linde (b. March 2, 1948 in Moscow, USSR) is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and professor of Physics at Stanford University. Dr. Linde is best known for his work on the concept of the inflationary universe. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Moscow State University. In 1975, Linde was awarded a Ph.D. from the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow. Among the various awards he's received for his work on inflation, in 2002 he was awarded the Dirac Medal, along with Alan Guth of MIT and Paul Steinhardt of Princeton University.
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Aristarchus of Samos
Aristarchus (, Arístarchos; 310 BC – ca. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in Greece. He presented the first known heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe. He was influenced by the Pythagorean Philolaus of Croton, but, in contrast to Philolaus, he identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and put the other planets in their correct order of position around the Sun. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy until they were successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus and extensively developed and built upon by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
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Arno Penzias
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Arthur Eddington
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, OM, FRS (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was a British astrophysicist of the early 20th century. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour.
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Arthur Koestler
Arthur Koestler CBE (5 September 1905, Budapest – 3 March 1983, London) was an author of essays, novels and autobiographies. Koestler was born in Budapest but, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. His early career was in journalism. In 1931 he joined the Communist Party of Germany but, disillusioned, he resigned from it in 1938 and in 1940 published a devastating anti-totalitarian novel, Darkness at Noon, which propelled him to international fame.
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Aryabhata
Aryabhata (IAST: ; ) (476–550 CE) was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta.
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Barry Long
Barry Long (1 August 1926 – 6 December 2003) was an Australian spiritual teacher and writer.
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Edward Arthur Milne
Edward Arthur Milne FRS (14 February 1896 – 21 September 1950) was a British astrophysicist and mathematician.
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Edwin Hubble
Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer who profoundly changed our understanding of the universe by demonstrating the existence of galaxies other than our own, the Milky Way. He also discovered that the degree of "Doppler shift" (specifically "redshift") observed in the light spectra from other galaxies increased in proportion to a particular galaxy's distance from Earth. This relationship became known as Hubble's law, and helped establish that the universe is expanding. Hubble has sometimes been incorrectly credited with discovering the Doppler shift in the spectra of galaxies, but this had already been observed earlier by Vesto Slipher, whose data Hubble used.
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Epicurus
Epicurus (, "ally, comrade"; Samos, 341 BCE – Athens, 270 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.
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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Arabic/Persian: أبو عبدالله محمد بن عمر بن الحسین فخرالدین الرازي), also known as Fakhruddin Razi or Imam Razi, was a Persian polymath: a Sunni Islamic theologian of the Ash'ari school, Islamic legal scholar of the Shafi'i school, Madrasah professor, and expert in a wide variety of disciplines, including the traditional Islamic fields of Sharia law, Fiqh jurisprudence, Islamic literature, Tafsir exegesis, Kalam theology, Arabic grammar and Muslim history; the Islamic philosophies of ethics and metaphysics; the formal sciences of logic and mathematics; the natural sciences of astronomy, cosmology and physics; Islamic psychology; medicine; and the occult arts of alchemy and astrology. He was born in 1149 CE (543 AH) in Ray, Iran, and died in 1209 CE (606 AH) in Herat, Afghanistan.
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Fred Hoyle
Sir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer and mathematician noted primarily for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the "Big Bang" theory, a term originally coined by him as a jocular, perhaps disparaging, name for the theory which was the main rival to his own. In addition to his work as an astronomer, Hoyle was a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-written with his son Geoffrey Hoyle. Hoyle spent most of his working life at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge and served as its director for a number of years. He died in Bournemouth, England, after a series of strokes.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy," the "father of modern physics," the "father of science," and "the Father of Modern Science." Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."
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Georges Lemaître
Monsignor Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître ( July 17, 1894 – June 20, 1966) was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest, honorary prelate, professor of physics and astronomer at the Catholic University of Louvain. He sometimes used the title Abbé or Monseigneur.
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Harlow Shapley
Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was an American astronomer.
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Heber D. Curtis
http://wn.com/Heber_D_Curtis -
Herman Bondi
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant () (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg. Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the theory of knowledge during the Enlightenment beginning with thinkers John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 ) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most influential people in human history. His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
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Johann Lambert
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (; December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution. He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. They also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
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John Philoponus
John Philoponus (lang-el|; AD. 490–AD. 570), also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria, was a Christian and Aristotelian commentator and the author of a considerable number of philosophical treatises and theological works. A rigorous, sometimes polemical writer and an original thinker who was controversial in his own time, John Philoponus broke from the Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition, questioning methodology and eventually leading to empiricism in the natural sciences.
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Karl Schwarzschild
Karl Schwarzschild (October 9, 1873 – May 11, 1916) was a German physicist. He is also the father of astrophysicist Martin Schwarzschild.
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Leucippus
Leucippus or Leukippos (Greek: , first half of 5th century BC) was one of the earliest Greeks to develop the theory of atomism — the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms — which was elaborated in far greater detail by his pupil and successor, Democritus. Another possible earlier candidate for atomism is Moschus of Sidon, from the Trojan War era(13th or 12th century BCE)
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Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. He was the last of the "Five Good Emperors", and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
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Martinus Thomsen
Martinus Thomsen, referred to as Martinus (August 11, 1890 – March 8, 1981) was a Danish writer and mystic.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
' () (born 18 February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah, Baghdad), better known as ' (; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian"Tusi, Nasir al-Din al-." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 December 2007 . polymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed. He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. The Arab-Tunisian scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.
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Neil Turok
Neil Geoffrey Turok (born 1958 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is the director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. He is the son of Mary and Ben Turok, activists in the anti-apartheid movement and the African National Congress.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; in his youth, Niclas Koppernigk; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
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Nilakantha Somayaji
Nilakantha Somayaji (, Hindi: नीलकण्ठ सोमयाजि) (1444–1544) (also referred to as Nilakantha Somayajin, Nilakantha Somasutvan and Kelallur Comatiri) was a major mathematician and astronomer of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. One of his most influential works was the comprehensive astronomical treatise Tantrasamgraha completed in 1501. He had also composed an elaborate commentary on Aryabhatiya called the Aryabhatiya Bhasya. In this Bhasya, Nilakantha had discussed infinite series expansions of trigonometric functions and problems of algebra and spherical geometry. Grahapareeksakrama is a manual on making observations in astronomy based on instruments of the time.
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Oskar Klein
Oskar Benjamin Klein (September 15, 1894 – February 5, 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physicist.
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Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS ( ; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was a British theoretical physicist. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and spent the last fourteen years of his life at Florida State University.
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Paul Frampton
Paul Frampton (born 31 October 1943, in England) is a particle phenomenologist.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; c. AD 90 – c. 168), known in English as Ptolemy (), was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. He died in Alexandria around AD 168.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) (Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"), was a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is also apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system—allowing geometric shapes to be expressed in algebraic equations—was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
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Richard Tolman
http://wn.com/Richard_Tolman -
Robert H. Dicke
Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American physicist, who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity.
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Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empirical methods. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Plato and Aristotle.
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Seleucus of Seleucia
Seleucus (or Seleukos) of Seleucia (born c. 190 BC, fl. 150s BC) was a hellenized Babylonian astronomer and philosopher who stood in the tradition of Hellenistic astronomy.Chaldaean/Babylonian astronomer:William P. D. Wightman (1951, 1953), The Growth of Scientific Ideas, Yale University Press p. 38, where Wightman calls him "Seleukos the Chaldean"; : Greek astronomer:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000eaa..bookE3998. The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)]: [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Seleucus.html ScienceWorld]: Coming from Seleucia on the Tigris, the capital of the Seleucid empire, or, alternatively, Seleukia on the Red Sea, he is best known as a proponent of heliocentrism and for his theory of the origin of tides.
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Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
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Thomas Gold
Thomas Gold (May 22, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was an Austrian-born astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society (London). Gold was one of three young Cambridge scientists who in the 1950s proposed the now mostly abandoned 'steady state' hypothesis of the universe. Gold's work crossed academic and scientific boundaries, into biophysics, astronomy, aerospace engineering, and geophysics.
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Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe (14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601), born Tyge Ottesen Brahe, was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. Coming from Scania, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden, Tycho was well known in his lifetime as an astronomer and alchemist.
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Vincent Cronin
Vincent Cronin (born 24 May 1924 in Tredegar, Wales) is a British historical, cultural, and biographical writer. He is known for his biographies of Louis XIV, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Catherine the Great, and Napoleon, as well as for his books on the Renaissance.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Maragheh observatory
Maragheh observatory (Persian:رصدخانه مراغه Rasad Khaneh) is an ancient astronomical observatory, which was established in 1259 by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, an Iranian scientist and astronomer. Located in the heights west of Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province, Iran, it was once considered one of the most prestigious observatories in the world.
http://wn.com/Maragheh_observatory
Cosmology related sites on:
- Abrahamic religion
- Al-Birjandi
- Al-Ghazali
- Al-Kindi
- Alan Guth
- Albert Einstein
- Alexander Friedmann
- Ali Kuşçu
- Almagest
- Ambiplasma
- Anaxagoras
- Ancient Greek
- Andrei Linde
- Andromeda galaxy
- annihilation
- antimatter
- Aristarchus of Samos
- Aristotle
- Arno Penzias
- Arthur Eddington
- Arthur Koestler
- Aryabhata
- Astrology
- astronomy
- astrophysics
- atom
- Atomism
- Babylonian astronomy
- Barry Long
- Belgium
- Big Bang
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- Bindu
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- brane
- Brans-Dicke
- Carl H. Brans
- causality
- celestial mechanics
- celestial sphere
- celestial spheres
- Christian philosophy
- COBE
- Copernican principle
- cosmic inflation
- Cosmogony
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- cosmos
- creation myth
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- Cyclic model
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- deity
- dialectic
- Dmitry Grinevich
- Earth
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- Edward Arthur Milne
- Edwin Hubble
- elliptical orbit
- emanationism
- end of the universe
- entropy
- Epicurus
- epicycles
- equant
- eschatology
- esoteric cosmology
- esotericism
- existence
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- faith
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
- flatness problem
- Fred Hoyle
- Friedmann equations
- Galileo Galilei
- General Relativity
- Geocentric
- Geocentric model
- Georges Lemaître
- gods
- Hannes Alfvén
- Harlow Shapley
- Heber D. Curtis
- Heliocentric
- Herman Bondi
- horizon problem
- hylomorphism
- Hyperbolic space
- Ibn al-Shatir
- Immanuel Kant
- inertia
- Isaac Newton
- Islamic cosmology
- Island universe
- Jewish philosophy
- Johann Lambert
- Johannes Kepler
- John Philoponus
- Kalam
- Karl Schwarzschild
- Kepler's laws
- Leucippus
- M theory
- Mach's principle
- Maragheh observatory
- Marcus Aurelius
- Martinus Thomsen
- Medieval philosophy
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- Milky Way
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- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
- Neil Turok
- Nicolaus Copernicus
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- On the Heavens
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- Paul Dirac
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- René Descartes
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Cosmology | Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 103:03
- Published: 12 Jun 2009
- Updated: 09 Mar 2012
- Author: StanfordUniversity
Lecture 1 of Leonard Susskind's Modern Physics concentrating on Cosmology. Recorded January 13, 2009 at Stanford University. This Stanford Continuing Studies course is the fifth of a six-quarter sequence of classes exploring the essential theoretical foundations of modern physics. The topics covered in this course focus on classical mechanics. Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. Stanford University: www.stanford.edu Stanford Continuing Studies continuingstudies.stanford.edu About Leonard Susskind: www.stanford.edu Stanford University Channel on YouTube: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Cosmology_|_Lecture_1
'A Universe From Nothing' by Lawrence Krauss, AAI 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:52
- Published: 21 Oct 2009
- Updated: 09 Mar 2012
- Author: richarddawkinsdotnet
Lawrence Krauss gives a talk on our current picture of the universe, how it will end, and how it could have come from nothing. Krauss is the author of many bestselling books on Physics and Cosmology, including "The Physics of Star Trek." Books by Lawrence Krauss: www.amazon.com Download Quicktime version Small: c0116791.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com 720p HD: c0116791.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science richarddawkinsfoundation.org Atheist Alliance International http Produced by the Richard Dawkins Foundation and R. Elisabeth Cornwell Filmed & edited by Josh Timonen
http://wn.com/'A_Universe_From_Nothing'_by_Lawrence_Krauss,_AAI_2009
Cosmology 101: Dark matter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Published: 18 Aug 2009
- Updated: 03 Mar 2012
- Author: VAreAnonymous
Please visit and join to learn more. www.astronomy.com In this series I give you an overview of important ideas in the area of cosmology. This video is the second in the series, and focuses on dark matter. Using various detectors and research methods, astronomers have determined that the stuff we see in space — stars, gas, and dust — amounts to less than 5 percent of the universe. This stuff is ordinary matter, and it's made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Scientists call ordinary matter "baryonic matter" because protons and neutrons are subatomic particles called baryons. So if ordinary matter is only about 5 percent of the universe, what's the other 95 percent? Well, about 23 percent is something called dark matter. The remaining 72 percent is a mysterious pervasive force called dark energy. I'll explain more about dark energy in my next video. Alright, back to dark matter. This mysterious mass is a type of matter that doesn't emit, absorb, or reflect any type of light (so, for example, it doesn't emit X rays or absorb infrared radiation). Dark matter is therefore invisible. If it's invisible, how do astronomers have any idea it's there? Dark matter interacts with ordinary matter through gravity. Its gravitational interaction is how astronomers first found out dark matter exists. In 1933, a Swiss astrophysicist by the name of Fritz Zwicky first proposed dark matter's existence. While studying the Coma galaxy cluster, he found that the galaxies' gravity alone was <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Cosmology_101_Dark_matter
Inflationary cosmology on trial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:57
- Published: 04 Apr 2011
- Updated: 23 Feb 2012
- Author: VanderbiltUniversity
Watch video of the Seyfert Lecture featuring Dr. Paul J. Steinhardt, the Albert Einstein Professor in Science and director of the Princeton Center for Theoretical Science at Princeton University. Steinhardt, who is also on the faculty of both the Department of Physics and the Department of Astrophysical Sciences, spoke at Vanderbilt March 17, 2011. He is the author of over 200 refereed articles, six patents, and three technical books. In 2007, co-authored Endless Universe: The Big Bang and Beyond, a popular book on contemporary theories of cosmology. This talk introduces an alternative to the standard big bang model that challenges conventional ideas about space, time and the evolution of the universe.
http://wn.com/Inflationary_cosmology_on_trial
Mysteries of a Dark Universe
DARK ENERGY in Full HD 1080p. Cosmology, the study of the universe as a whole, has been turned on its head by a stunning discovery that the universe is flying apart in all directions at an ever-increasing rate. Is the universe bursting at the seams? Or is nature somehow fooling us? The astronomers whose data revealed this accelerating universe have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. And yet, since 1998, when the discovery was first announced, scientists have struggled to come to grips with a mysterious presence that now appears to control the future of the cosmos: dark energy. On remote mountaintops around the world, major astronomical centers hum along, with state of the art digital sensors, computers, air conditioning, infrastructure, and motors to turn the giant telescopes. Deep in Chile's Atacama desert, the Paranal Observatory is an astronomical Mecca. This facility draws two megawatts of power, enough for around two thousand homes. What astronomers get for all this is photons, tiny mass-less particles of light. They stream in from across time and space by the trillions from nearby sources, down to one or two per second from objects at the edge of the visible universe. In this age of precision astronomy, observers have been studying the properties of these particles, to find clues to how stars live and die, how galaxies form, how black holes grow, and more. But for all we've learned, we are finding out just how much still eludes our grasp, how short our <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Mysteries_of_a_Dark_Universe
TEDxCaltech - Sean Carroll - Cosmology and the Arrow of Time
Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist at Caltech. He received his Ph.D. in 1993 from Harvard University, and has previously worked at MIT, the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago. His research ranges over a number of topics in theoretical physics, focusing on cosmology, particle physics, and general relativity, with special emphasis on dark matter, dark energy, and the origin of the universe. He is the author of "From Eternity to Here," a popular book on cosmology and the arrow of time, and of "Spacetime and Geometry," a textbook on general relativity; has produced a set of introductory lectures for The Teaching Company entitled "Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe;" and is a co-founder of the popular science blog Cosmic Variance, blogs.discovermagazine.com About TEDx, x = independently organized event: In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized. (Subject to certain rules and regulations.) On January 14, 2011, Caltech hosted TEDxCaltech, an <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/TEDxCaltech__Sean_Carroll__Cosmology_and_the_Arrow_of_Time
Debunking the Kalam Cosmological Argument of William Lane Craig
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:39
- Published: 20 Jul 2011
- Updated: 09 Mar 2012
- Author: skydivephil
We hope this is the definitive take down of the Kalam Cosmological Argument. We show how it is contradictory and that the physics being used to support it doesn't do so. We also had this video reviewed by Marcus, one of the Cosmology Advisers on Physics Forums to make sure there were no errors, his words "I think it is excellent.Your narrator comes across as really smart and personable....I don't see any glaring errors, really amazingly good it's charming, intelligent, visually engaging, sporadically really beautiful like the brief cut of the Hubble telescope and the volcano etc. Well-made!"
http://wn.com/Debunking_the_Kalam_Cosmological_Argument_of_William_Lane_Craig
Lawrence Krauss: 2011 "Cosmic Connections"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:23
- Published: 03 Dec 2011
- Updated: 08 Mar 2012
- Author: nightjarflying
socraticmama.com [Inspiration & Support for Secular Families] Conway Hall, London Sunday 16th Oct. 2011 "Every atom in your body came from a star that exploded. And, the atoms in your left hand probably came from a different star than your right hand. It really is the most poetic thing I know about physics: You are all stardust" Lawrence Krauss Professor of Earth and Space Exploration, Lawrence Krauss, isn't immune to small irritations of daily living. However, he can see the bigger picture. In this 'secular sermon' he shows how each of us is connected to the cosmos in ways we'd never imagine. From the stardust we're made of, to the atoms we breathe, to the curving of space time that governs the way we make our way through traffic jams, to time travel itself. Dr Lawrence Krauss is a prolific and popular writer and an indefatigable fighter for science and critical thinking. At Arizona State University, he is Foundation Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration and Physics Departments, Associate Director of the Beyond Center, and Co-Director of the Cosmology Initiative. He is also Director of the exciting new Origins Initiative, which explores questions ranging from the origin of the Universe to the origins of human culture and cognition. He has studied and explained matters from the microscopic to astronomical. In performing with the Cleveland Orchestra, judging at the Sundance Film Festival, and his Grammy nominated notes for Telarc Records, Krauss has also <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Lawrence_Krauss_2011_Cosmic_Connections
Sean Carroll on Cosmology and Particle Physics Lecture 1 of 5
Full playlist: www.youtube.com Books by Sean M. Carroll: www.amazon.com This video is the intellectual property of CERN, only to be used for educational purposes! The talks can be found on CERN's archive at the following URL: cdsweb.cern.ch
http://wn.com/Sean_Carroll_on_Cosmology_and_Particle_Physics_Lecture_1_of_5
Infinite Minute #6: S106, A Cosmic Cauldron
facebook.com Sometimes an image just takes my breath away and I stare at it for hours. This video was inspired by this astronomy picture of the day: apod.nasa.gov Music used: www.jamendo.com Track: Return of the King Artist: Zero-project
http://wn.com/Infinite_Minute_#6_S106,_A_Cosmic_Cauldron
Cosmology, the Universe, & Evolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 151:54
- Published: 15 Jan 2012
- Updated: 09 Mar 2012
- Author: Boomdaddy01
WATCH THE LATEST UPDATED VIDEO HERE www.youtube.com Cosmology, the Universe, & Evolution FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance...
http://wn.com/Cosmology,_the_Universe,_Evolution
Cosmology And Time Travel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 114:05
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Updated: 03 Mar 2012
- Author: Boomdaddy01
WATCH THE LATEST UPDATED VIDEO HERE www.youtube.com Cosmology And Time Travel FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding...
http://wn.com/Cosmology_And_Time_Travel
The Pyramid Code - EP3- Sacred Cosmology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:28
- Published: 04 Feb 2011
- Updated: 09 Mar 2012
- Author: vangelis721
The Pyramid Code is a documentary series of 5 parts that explores the pyramid fields and ancient temples in Egypt as well as ancient megalithic sites around the world looking for clues to matriarchal consciousness, ancient knowledge and sophisticated technology in a Golden Age. The series is based on the extensive research done in 23 trips to Egypt and 50 other countries around the world by Dr. Carmen Boulter in the Graduate Division of Educational Research at the University of Calgary. This series strains to answer some very pertinent questions: * Who were the ancients and what did they know? * Could the pyramids be much older than traditional Egyptology would have us believe? * Could it be that the ancients were more technologically advanced than we are today? * Why do we have so little understanding of the ancient Egyptians? * Are there still secrets hidden in plain sight? * Do new discoveries force the issue of establishing a new chronology? * Are there little known sites that provide clues to a new understanding of our distant past? * Are we really the most advanced civilization to ever live on Earth? Episodes Include: 1. The Band of Peace 2. High Level Technology 3. Sacred Cosmology 4. The Empowered Human 5. A New Chronology
http://wn.com/The_Pyramid_Code__EP3_Sacred_Cosmology
Q-Cosmology
Cosmology -is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word cosmology is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis), study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, and religion. In recent times, physics and astrophysics have played a central role in shaping the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment; or what is known as physical cosmology shaped through both mathematics and observation in the analysis of the whole universe. In other words, in this discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scale and at the earliest moments, it is generally understood to begin with the big bang (possibly combined with cosmic inflation) an expansion of space from which the universe itself is thought to have emerged ~13.7±0.2×109 (13.7 billion) years ago.[1] From its violent beginnings and until its various speculative ends, cosmologists propose that the history of the universe has been governed entirely by physical laws. Theories of an impersonal universe governed by physical laws were first proposed by Roger Bacon, a somewhat persecuted member of the Catholic Church.[2] Later, another member of the Catholic Church, Dmitry Grinevich, supported Bacon's proposed laws through some experiments that he performed involving different physical laws. Between the domains of religion and science, stands the philosophical <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Q-Cosmology
Max Tegmark on "The Future of Life: a Cosmic Perspective" at Singularity Summit 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:55
- Published: 24 Oct 2011
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: SingularitySummits
The Singularity Summit 2011 was a TED-style two-day event at the historic 92nd Street Y in New York City. The next event will take place in San Francisco, on October 13 & 14, 2012. For more information, visit: www.singularitysummit.com
http://wn.com/Max_Tegmark_on_The_Future_of_Life_a_Cosmic_Perspective_at_Singularity_Summit_2011
God's Cosmic Handiwork - Real Science Supports a Biblical Cosmology - Dr. G. Charles Jackson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:05
- Published: 19 Sep 2011
- Updated: 03 Mar 2012
- Author: slaves4christ
Bible-Believers often self-inflict with a sense that "science" has a monopoly on truth and has "proven" the Bible not only ignorant on science fact, but actually in error when speaking on it. Not so. It is said, "The Bible is not a science book." That may be so. It is a book of mostly history and theology. But where it does speak of science, it has proven not only to be broadly reliable, but in fact hundreds or thousands of years ahead of man's own limited knowledge of his universe. This lively audio-augmented powerpoint lecture vividly brings home the point of biblical authority and factuality. It also fully demonstrates the totally hypothetical and perpetually tentative nature of what mankind falsely has called "science." Be encouraged in both science and the faith, through this message. They are one in the same, whether anybody is willing to admit it or not. We'd might as well admit it. Purchase this video on DVD: creationtruth.com Visit the Creation Truth Foundation at creationtruth.com About Dr. Charles Jackson Dr. Charles Jackson has four degrees in science and education (EdD Sci Ed, Univ of VA, 1994; MS Enviro Bio, George Mason Univ; MEd Sci Ed, GMU; BS Bio, GMU). From 1980 to 2002, he taught secondary school sciences 11 years, then college biology and chemistry 6 years, and then teacher education classes 6 yrs in VA, MD, VT and TN. In 2003, Dr. Jackson founded Points of Origins Ministries and began teaching, speaking, and debating in creation science education <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/God's_Cosmic_Handiwork__Real_Science_Supports_a_Biblical_Cosmology__Dr_G_Charles_Jackson
13:20 Cosmology - Book of the Cube (8/52)
Cosmic History Chronicles Vol. 7, Book of the Cube by José Argüelles and Stephanie South Permit the publication of "COSMIC HISTORY CHRONICLES" Dear....... I am writing today confirm that we, the Foundation for the Law of Time, authorize your usage of the Cosmic History Chronicles on YouTube.com. All we ask is that you please give proper credit to the authors, Jose Arguelles/Valum Votan and Stephanie South/Red Queen - as well as the website www.lawoftime.org We thank you for sharing this most important information with the world. Sincerely, Jacob Wyatt Operations Manager --------------------- Foundation for the Law of Time "Envisioning the Earth as a Work of Art!" www.lawoftime.org In lak'ech!
http://wn.com/1320_Cosmology__Book_of_the_Cube_8/52
Cosmological simulation of universe evolution
"Cosmological Simulation" presented by Volker Springel in PASCOS 2011 Conference, Cambridge, July 2011. www.damtp.cam.ac.uk "Predictions from N-body simulations: Abundance of objects (as a function of mass and time). Their spatial distribution. Internal structure of halos (eg density profiles, spin). Mean formation epochs. Merger rates. Detailed dark matter distribution on large and fairly small scales. Galaxy formation models. Gravitational lensing. Baryonic acoustic oscillations in the matter distribution. Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect. Dark matter annihilation rate. Morphology of large-scale structure ("cosmic web"). Etc."
http://wn.com/Cosmological_simulation_of_universe_evolution
Lawrence Krauss: Cosmology as Science? From Inflation to Eternity..
Lawrence M. Krauss (speaker) (Arizona State University) The last decade or two have represented the golden age of observational cosmology, producing a revolution in our picture of the Universe on its largest scales, and perhaps also its smallest ones. I will argue that these recent development bring to the forefront some vexing questions about whether various fundamental assumptions about the universe are in fact falsifiable. I will focus on 3 issues: (1) "Proving" Inflation, (2) Dark Energy and Anthropic Arguments, and (3) Cosmology of the far future.
http://wn.com/Lawrence_Krauss_Cosmology_as_Science?_From_Inflation_to_Eternity
Cosmology | Lecture 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:11
- Published: 12 Jun 2009
- Updated: 04 Mar 2012
- Author: StanfordUniversity
Lecture 2 of Leonard Susskind's Modern Physics concentrating on Cosmology. Recorded January 19, 2009 at Stanford University. This Stanford Continuing Studies course is the fifth of a six-quarter sequence of classes exploring the essential theoretical foundations of modern physics. The topics covered in this course focus on classical mechanics. Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. Stanford University: www.stanford.edu Stanford Continuing Studies continuingstudies.stanford.edu About Leonard Susskind: www.stanford.edu Stanford University Channel on YouTube: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Cosmology_|_Lecture_2
Dimensions And Cosmology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 116:01
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: Boomdaddy01
WATCH THE LATEST UPDATED VIDEO HERE www.youtube.com Dimensions And Cosmology FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding...
http://wn.com/Dimensions_And_Cosmology
C2CAM - 2012.01.14 - Cosmology, the Universe, & Evolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 152:06
- Published: 16 Jan 2012
- Updated: 02 Mar 2012
- Author: damjerminator
Coast to Coast AM Cosmology, the Universe, & Evolution Date: 01-14-12 Host: John B. Wells Guests: Lawrence M. Krauss, James Chiles Theoretical physicist Lawrence M. Krauss joined John B. Wells (email) to provide revelatory answers to the most basic philosophical questions: Where did our universe come from? Why is there something rather than nothing? In the first hour, researcher James Chiles commented on the failing Phobos-Grunt space probe and the Costa Concordia cruise ship disaster. Website(s): krauss.faculty.asu.edu disaster-wise.blogspot.com Book(s): A Universe from Nothing Hiding in the Mirror: The Mysterious Allure of Extra Dimensions Quantum Man Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the Edge of Technology Become a Coast to Coast Subscriber for most up-to-date archives dating back to 2004.. www.coasttocoastam.com List of over 500 stations that play Coast to Coast nightly.. Listen Here- tinyurl.com FAIR USE NOTICE: This Video may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding of ecological, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 USC Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/C2CAM__20120114__Cosmology,_the_Universe,_Evolution
Cosmology: Making Sense of the Universe
Guy Consolmagno SJ, Astronomer and Curator of Meteorites, Vatican Observatory, Castel Gandolfo, Vatican City State Presented as the initial lecture in the University of Arizona College of Science's Spring 2011 lecture series, "Cosmic Origins." Guy Consolmagno is curator of meteorites at the Vatican Observatory at Castel Gandolfo in the Vatican City State. cos.arizona.edu/cosmic/ Our "cosmology" is the sum of our assumptions and deductions of how the universe behaves. With the advent of modern physics, the term has been appropriated by physicists and astronomers to represent a scientific description of the origin and nature of the physical universe. But cosmologies can also be outlined in ways that don't use physics and astronomy. Indeed, there is continual feedback between prevailing nonscientific assumptions about the universe and the scientific picture, with each influencing the direction of the other. We'll look at a series of historical cosmologies, and discuss the sometimes hidden assumptions that underlie modern astronomy. "Cosmic Origins" is the story of the universe but it's also our story. The lectures in this series address the origin of space and time, mass and energy, the atoms in our bodies, the compact objects where matter can end up, and the planets and moons where life may flourish. Modern cosmology includes insights and triumphs, but mysteries remain. The six speakers explore cosmology's historical and cultural backdrop to explain the discoveries that <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Cosmology_Making_Sense_of_the_Universe
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Meme: 30 Days of Paganism - Day 2 - Cosmology
03 Apr 2012
The Examiner
1. Beliefs – Why Paganism? 2. Beliefs – Cosmology I'll admit that I had to look up what Cosmology actually was defined as so that I could accurately answer this question. It's what I thought, but I was fuzzy, so I checked (which is a good skill to have, I think): The science of the origin and...(size: 7.9Kb)
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Cosmology is the branch of metaphysics that deals with the origin, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe or a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe . Cosmologists study the universe as a whole: its birth, growth, shape, size and eventual fate. Modern cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy and particle physics. . A more in-depth look at the word shows that cosmology (from Greek - , ''kosmos'', "universe"; and , ''-logia'', "study"), in strict usage, refers to the study of the Universe in its totality as it is ''now'' (or at least as it can be observed now), and by extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word ''cosmology'' is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's ''Cosmologia Generalis''), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, and religion. (See Cosmogony for the study of origins of the Universe and Cosmography for the features of the Universe.)
What is the origin of the Universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see monism, pantheism, emanationism and creationism)
What are the ultimate material components of the Universe? (see mechanism, dynamism, hylomorphism, atomism)
What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the Universe? Does the cosmos have a purpose? (see teleology)
Does the existence of consciousness have a purpose? How do we know what we know about the totality of the cosmos? Does cosmological reasoning reveal metaphysical truths?
Absolute time and space
Astrology
Astronomy
Cosmogony
List of astrophysicists
Non-standard cosmology
Physical cosmology
Religious cosmology
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Tao
Cronin, Vincent, ''The View from Planet Earth: Man Looks at the Cosmos'', New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1981, ISBN 0-688-00642-6
Jean-Marc Rouvière, ''Brèves méditations sur la création du monde'', L'Harmattan, Paris 2006.
Roos, Matts ''Introduction to Cosmology''. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester: 2003.
Hawley, John F. & Katerine A. Holcomb ''Foundations of Modern Cosmology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1998.
Hetherington, Norriss S. ''Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives''. Garland Publishing, New York: 1993.
Long, Barry. ''The Origins of Man and the Universe'' ISBN 0-9508050-6-8
Martinus Thomsen's ''The Third Testament'' is about the explanation of life, everything inside it and the reason (or origin) of it.
Arthur Koestler's ''The Sleepwalkers'' (1959) provides a scholarly study of the history of cosmology from the Chaldeans to Kepler.
Schechner, Sara J. ''Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1997.
Weinberg, Steven. 1992. ''Dreams of a Final Theory'' (Pantheon Books, NY) ISBN 0-679-41923-3
Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics
Project Cosmology A schematic for the cosmos (3D, interactive unification of scientific schematics)
Introduction to Cosmology David Lyth's lectures from the ICTP Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology
The Sophia Centre The Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David
the Genesis ''cosmic chemistry'' module
Disciplines
In recent times, physics and astrophysics have played a central role in shaping the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment; or what is known as physical cosmology shaped through both mathematics and observation in the analysis of the whole universe. In other words, in this discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scale and at the earliest moments, it is generally understood to begin with the Big Bang (possibly combined with cosmic inflation) – an expansion of space from which the universe itself is thought to have emerged ~ (roughly 13.5-13.9 billion) years ago. From its violent beginnings and until its various speculative ends, cosmologists propose that the history of the universe has been governed entirely by physical laws. Theories of an impersonal universe governed by physical laws were first proposed by Roger Bacon . Later Dmitry Grinevich supported Bacon's proposed laws through some experiments that he performed involving different physical laws. Between the domains of religion and science, stands the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw intuitive conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, a supernatural creator and/or their relationships based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from spiritual experience and/or observation.
But metaphysical cosmology has also been observed as the placing of man in the universe in relationship to all other entities. This is demonstrated by the observation made by Marcus Aurelius of a man's place in that relationship: "He who does not know what the world is does not know where he is, and he who does not know for what purpose the world exists, does not know who he is, nor what the world is." This is the purpose of the ancient metaphysical cosmology.
Cosmology is often an important aspect of the creation myths of religions that seek to explain the existence and nature of reality. In some cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding humanity's role in the universe.
A more contemporary distinction between religion and philosophy, esoteric cosmology is distinguished from religion in its less tradition-bound construction and reliance on modern "intellectual understanding" rather than faith, and from philosophy in its emphasis on spirituality as a formative concept.
Recently, the concept of 'cultural cosmology', or the 'study of cosmology in culture', has been developed in The Sophia Centre at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in the UK.
There are many historical cosmologies:
"... the universe itself acts on us as a random, inefficient, and yet in the long run effective, teaching machine. ...our way of looking at the universe has gradually evolved through a natural selection of ideas." —Steven Weinberg
Historical cosmologies
| ! Name | ! Author and date | ! Classification | ! Remarks | ||||
| Plurality of heavens and earths | |||||||
| Hindu Rigveda (1700–1100 B.C.) | Cyclical or oscillating, Infinite in time | ||||||
| Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.) & later Epicurus | Infinite in extent | The universe contains only two things: an infinite number of tiny seeds, or atoms, and the void of infinite extent. All atoms are made of the same substance, but differ in size and shape. Objects are formed from atom aggregations and decay back into atoms. Incorporates Leucippus' principle of causality: "nothing happens at random; everything happens out of reason and necessity." The universe was not ruled by gods. | |||||
| Philolaus (d. 390 BC) | Existence of a "Central Fire" at the center of the Universe. | At the center of the Universe is a central fire, around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolve uniformly. The sun revolves around the central fire once a year, the stars are immobile. The earth in its motion maintains the same hidden face towards the central fire, hence it is never seen. This is the first known non-geocentric model of the Universe. | |||||
| Stoics (300 B.C. - 200 A.D.) | Island universe | The cosmos is finite and surrounded by an infinite void. It is in a state of flux, as it pulsates in size and periodically passes through upheavals and conflagrations. | |||||
| Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) | Geocentric, static, steady state, finite extent, infinite time | ||||||
| Aristarchean universe | Heliocentric | Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves annually about the sun in a circular orbit. Sphere of fixed stars is centered about the sun. | |||||
| Seleucian universe | Seleucus of Seleucia (circa 190 B.C.) | Heliocentric | Modifications to the Aristarchean universe, with the inclusion of the tide phenomenon to explain heliocentrism. | ||||
| Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.) | Geocentric | Universe orbits about a stationary Earth. Planets move in circular epicycles, each having a center that moved in a larger circular orbit (called an eccentric or a deferent) around a center-point near the Earth. The use of equants added another level of complexity and allowed astronomers to predict the positions of the planets. The most successful universe model of all time, using the criterion of longevity. Almagest (the Great System). | |||||
| Aryabhata (499) | Geocentric or Heliocentric | ||||||
| Finite in time | The universe that is finite in time and has a beginning is proposed by the Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, who argues against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past. Logical arguments supporting a finite universe are developed by the early Muslim philosopher, Alkindus; the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon; and the Muslim theologian, Algazel. | ||||||
| Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) | Multiverse, multiple worlds & universes | There exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and God has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes. | |||||
| Geocentric | Various modifications to Ptolemaic model and Aristotelian universe, including rejection of equant and eccentrics at Maragheh observatory, and introduction of Tusi-couple by Al-Tusi. Alternative models later proposed, including the first accurate lunar model by Ibn al-Shatir, a model rejecting stationery Earth in favour of Earth's rotation by Ali Kuşçu, and planetary model incorporating "circular inertia" by Al-Birjandi. | ||||||
| Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544) | Geocentric and Heliocentric | A universe in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth, similar to the later Tychonic system. | |||||
| Nicolaus Copernicus (1543) | Heliocentric | ||||||
| Tychonic system | Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) | Geocentric and Heliocentric | |||||
| Static Newtonian | Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) | Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle. Matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed. Gravitationally balanced but unstable. | |||||
| René Descartes | 17th century | Static (evolving), steady state, infinite | A system of huge swirling whirlpools of aethereal or fine matter produces what we would call gravitational effects. His vacuum was not empty. All space was filled with matter that swirled around in large and small vortices. | ||||
| Hierarchical universe | Immanuel Kant, Johann Lambert 18th century | Static (evolving), steady state, infinite | Matter is clustered on ever larger scales of hierarchy. Matter is endlessly being recycled. | ||||
| Albert Einstein 1917 | Static (nominally). Bounded (finite) | "Matter without motion." Contains uniformly distributed matter. Uniformly curved spherical space; based on Riemann's hypersphere. Curvature is set equal to Λ. In effect Λ is equivalent to a repulsive force which counteracts gravity. Unstable. | |||||
| De Sitter universe | Willem de Sitter 1917 | Metric expansion of space | Steady state. | Λ > 0 | "Motion without matter." Only apparently static. Based on Einstein's acceleration. Scale factor (radius of universe) increases exponentially, i.e. constant inflation. | ||
| MacMillan universe | William Duncan MacMillan 1920s | Static & | steady state | New matter is created from radiation. Starlight is perpetually recycled into new matter particles. | |||
| Alexander Friedmann 1922 | Spherical expanding space. | k= +1 ; no Λ | Positive curvature. Curvature constant k = +1 | Metric expansion of space>Expands then Big crunch | |||
| [[Alexander Friedmann 1924 | k= -1 ; no Λ | ||||||
| Dirac large numbers hypotheses | Paul Dirac 1930s | Expanding | Demands a large variation in G, which decreases with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves. | ||||
| Friedmann zero-curvature, a.k.a. the Einstein-DeSitter universe | Einstein & DeSitter 1932 | Expanding flat space. | k= 0 ; Λ = 0 | Critical density | |||
| Georges Lemaître | the original Big Bang. | a.k.a. Friedmann-Lemaître Model | Georges Lemaître 1927-29 | Expansion | Λ > 0 | Λ > | Λ is positive and has a magnitude greater than Gravity. Universe has initial high density state ('primeval atom'). Followed by a two stage expansion. Λ is used to destabilize the universe. (Lemaître is considered to be the father of the big bang model.) |
| Oscillating universe | (a.k.a. Friedmann-Einstein; was latter's 1st choice after rejecting his own 1917 model) | Favored by Friedmann | 1920s | Expanding and contracting in cycles | Time is endless and beginningless; thus avoids the beginning-of-time paradox. Perpetual cycles of big bang followed by big crunch. | ||
| Eddington | Arthur Eddington 1930 | First Static | then Expands | Static Einstein 1917 universe with its instability disturbed into expansion mode; with relentless matter dilution becomes a DeSitter universe. Λ dominates gravity. | |||
| Milne universe of kinematic relativity | William H. McCrea, | 1930s | Kinematic expansion with NO space expansion | Rejects general relativity and the expanding space paradigm. Gravity not included as initial assumption. Obeys cosmological principle & rules of special relativity. The Milne expanding universe consists of a finite spherical cloud of particles (or galaxies) that expands WITHIN flat space which is infinite and otherwise empty. It has a center and a cosmic edge (the surface of the particle cloud) which expands at light speed. His explanation of gravity was elaborate and unconvincing. For instance, his universe has an infinite number of particles, hence infinite mass, within a finite cosmic volume. | |||
| Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker class of models | Howard Percy Robertson | Uniformly expanding | Class of universes that are homogenous and isotropic. Spacetime separates into uniformly curved space and cosmic time common to all comoving observers. The formulation system is now known as the FLRW or Robertson-Walker metrics of cosmic time and curved space. | ||||
| [[Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold 1948 | Expanding, steady state, infinite | Matter creation rate maintains constant density. Continuous creation out of nothing from nowhere. Exponential expansion. Deceleration term q = -1. | |||||
| Steady-state expanding (Hoyle) | Fred Hoyle 1948 | Expanding, steady state; but unstable | Matter creation rate maintains constant density. But since matter creation rate must be exactly balanced with the space expansion rate the system is unstable. | ||||
| Ambiplasma | Hannes Alfvén 1965 Oskar Klein | Cellular universe, expanding by means of matter-antimatter annihilation | |||||
| Brans-Dicke | Carl H. Brans; Robert H. Dicke | Expanding | Based on Mach's principle. G varies with time as universe expands. "But nobody is quite sure what Mach's principle actually means." | ||||
| Cosmic inflation | Alan Guth 1980 | Big Bang with modification to solve horizon problem and flatness problem. | Based on the concept of hot inflation. The universe is viewed as a multiple quantum flux —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic expansion kept the bubbles separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting. | ||||
| Big Bang with cosmic inflation | A multiverse, based on the concept of cold inflation, in which inflationary events occur at random each with independent initial conditions; some expand into bubble universes supposedly like our entire cosmos. Bubbles nucleate in a spacetime foam. | ||||||
| Cyclic model | Paul Steinhardt; Neil Turok 2002 | Expanding and contracting in cycles; M theory. | |||||
| Cyclic model | Lauris Baum;Paul Frampton 2007 | into large number of disconnected patches. Our patch | contracts containing only dark energy with zero entropy. | ||||
Table Notes: the term "static" simply means not expanding and not contracting. Symbol G represents Newton's gravitational constant; Λ (Lambda) is the cosmological constant.
Physical cosmology
Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe. It also includes the study of the nature of the Universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as celestial mechanics, the study of the heavens. The Greek philosophers Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. This is known as one of the most famous examples of epistemological rupture in physical cosmology.
With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of ''Principia Mathematica'', the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philosophical advance in physical cosmology.
Modern scientific cosmology is usually considered to have begun in 1917 with Albert Einstein's publication of his final modification of general relativity in the paper "Cosmological Considerations of the General Theory of Relativity," (although this paper was not widely available outside of Germany until the end of World War I). General relativity prompted cosmogonists such as Willem de Sitter, Karl Schwarzschild and Arthur Eddington to explore the astronomical consequences of the theory, which enhanced the growing ability of astronomers to study very distant objects. Prior to this (and for some time afterwards), physicists assumed that the Universe was static and unchanging.
In parallel to this dynamic approach to cosmology, one long-standing debate about the structure of the cosmos was coming to a climax. Mount Wilson astronomer Harlow Shapley championed the model of a cosmos made up of the Milky Way star system only ; while Heber D. Curtis argued for the idea that spiral nebulae were star systems in their own right - island universes. This difference of ideas came to a climax with the organization of the Great Debate at the meeting of the (US) National Academy of Sciences in Washington on 26 April 1920. The resolution of this debate came with the detection of novae in the Andromeda galaxy by Edwin Hubble in 1923 and 1924. Their distance established spiral nebulae well beyond the edge of the Milky Way and has galaxies of their own.
Subsequent modeling of the universe explored the possibility that the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein in his 1917 paper may result in an expanding universe, depending on its value. Thus the big bang model was proposed by the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 which was subsequently corroborated by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the red shift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. These findings were a first step to rule out some of many alternative physical cosmologies.
Recent observations made by the COBE and WMAP satellites observing this background radiation have effectively, in many scientists' eyes, transformed cosmology from a highly speculative science into a predictive science, as these observations matched predictions made by a theory called Cosmic inflation, which is a modification of the standard big bang model. This has led many to refer to modern times as the "Golden age of cosmology."
Metaphysical cosmology
In philosophy and metaphysics, cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the Universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approaches these questions using philosophical methods (e.g. dialectics). Modern metaphysical cosmology tries to address questions such as:
See also
Notes
References
External links
Category:Astrophysics Category:Physical cosmology
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| Region | Western Philosophy |
|---|---|
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Color | #B0C4DE |
| Name | William Lane Craig |
| Birth date | August 23, 1949 |
| Birth place | Peoria, Illinois |
| School tradition | Analytic Philosophy |
| Main interests | Philosophy of religion, Natural theology, Philosophy of time, Christian Apologetics |
| Notable ideas | Kalam cosmological argument |
| Influences | Alvin Plantinga, Francis Schaeffer, Edward John Carnell, Stuart Hackett, John Hick, Wolfhart Pannenberg |
| Influenced | J. P. Moreland, Francis Beckwith }} |
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist in the evidentialist tradition. Craig is a prolific debater, philosophical theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his work on the existence of God, defense of Christian theism, philosophy of religion, historicity of Jesus and the philosophy of time. In 1979, he authored ''The Kalam Cosmological Argument'', a defense of the argument of the same name. He is currently a Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, Biola University.
Biography
Craig received a BA in Communications from Wheaton College, Illinois in 1971 and two MA degrees from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois, in 1975, in philosophy of religion and church history. He earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University of Birmingham, England in 1977 and Th.D. under Wolfhart Pannenberg at the University of Munich in 1984.From 1980 to 1986 he was an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. He briefly held the position of associate professor of Religious Studies at Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California in 1986-1987. Between 1987 and 1994 Craig pursued further research at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Since 1996 he has been a Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, La Mirada, California.
Career
He is a fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, which is the hub of the intelligent design movement, and a fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design(ISCID).Craig is a Molinist who embraces a Reformed epistemology and in regard to biological origins is inclined towards progressive creationism, although he concedes the possibility of theistic evolution. He has published on the historicity of the resurrection accounts of Jesus and the philosophy of time for which he advocates a tensed or A-theory of time and a Neo-Lorentzian interpretation of the theory of relativity. He argues for a finely tuned theistic universe, a personal cause of the universe and a theistic objective morality. His work in Christian apologetics includes advocacy of intelligent design, and critiques of "New Atheism," liberal theology, metaphysical naturalism, logical positivism and scientism, postmodernism, anti-realism, moral relativism and subjectivism, Mormonism, Islam, and the methodology and conclusions of the Jesus Seminar.
Bibliography
See also
References
External links
Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni Category:American philosophers Category:American religion academics Category:American theologians Category:Analytic philosophers Category:Biblical scholars Category:Biola University faculty Category:Intelligent design advocates Category:Christian philosophers Category:Christian apologists Category:Christian writers Category:Christian scholars Category:Discovery Institute fellows and advisors Category:Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design Category:Philosophers of religion Category:People from Keokuk, Iowa Category:American Christians Category:Trinity Evangelical Divinity School alumni Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
de:William Lane Craig es:William Lane Craig fr:William Lane Craig no:William Lane Craig pl:William Lane Craig pt:William Lane Craig fi:William Lane Craig sv:William Lane CraigThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
William Lane (6 September 1861 – 26 August 1917) was a journalist, advocate of Australian labour politics and a utopian.
Gavin Souter's account of Lane and New Australia in his ''A Peculiar People''
Peter Bruce's thesis (Univ Sydney) ''The Journalistic Career of William Lane''.
''Larry Petrie (1859-1901) - Australian Revolutionist?'' by Bob James
Whitehead, Anne (1997) ''Paradise Mislaid — in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay'' University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia
''Workingman's Paradise'', Pdf at University of Sydney
Early life
Lane was born in Bristol, England, eldest son of James Lane, a Protestant Irishman and landscape gardener, and his English wife Caroline, ''née'' Hall. When Lane was born his father was earning a miserable wage, but later his circumstances improved and he became an employer. The boy was educated at Bristol Grammar School and showed ability, but he was sent early to work as an office boy. Lane's mother died when he was 14 years of age, and at age 16 he migrated to Canada, then to the United States, where he worked first as a printer, then as a reporter for the Detroit Free Press (1881), there meeting his future wife Ann MacGuire. In 1885 they migrated to Brisbane, Australia, where Lane immediately got work as a feature writer for the weekly newspaper ''Queensland Figaro'', then as a columnist for the newspapers Brisbane Courier and Evening Telegraph, using a number of pseudonyms ("Lucinda Sharpe", which some consider to be the work of Annie Lane, "John Miller" and "Sketcher").A life-long abstainer from alcohol, in 1886 he created an Australia-wide sensation by spending a night in the Brisbane lock-up disguised as a drunk, and subsequently reporting the conditions of the cells as "Henry Harris". Lane's father was a drunk who impoverished the family.
With the growth of the Australian labour movement, "Sketcher"'s columns, especially his "Labour Notes" in the ''Evening Telegraph'', increasingly promoted labourist philosophy, and Lane himself attended meetings supporting all manner of popular causes, speaking with his "American twang" against repressive laws and practices and Chinese immigrants.
After becoming the de facto editor of the Courier, Lane departed during November 1887 to found the weekly ''The Boomerang'', "a live newspaper, racy, of the soil", in which pro-worker themes and lurid racism were brought to a fever-pitch by both "Sketcher" and "Lucinda Sharpe". He became a powerful supporter of Emma Miller and Women's suffrage. A strong proponent of Henry George's Single Tax Movement, Lane became increasingly committed to a radically alternative society, and ended his relationship with the ''Boomerang'' due to its private ownership.
In May 1890 he began the community-funded Brisbane weekly ''The Worker'', the rhetoric of which became increasingly threatening towards the employers, the government, and the British Empire itself. The defeat of the 1891 Australian shearers' strike convinced Lane that there would be no real social change without a completely new society, and ''The Worker'' became increasingly devoted to his New Australia utopian idea.
''The Workingman's Paradise'', an allegorical novel written in sympathy with the shearers involved in the 1891 Shearer's Strike, was published under his pseudonym ''John Miller'' in early 1892. In the novel Lane articulated the belief that anarchism is the noblest social philosophy of all. Through the novel's philosopher and main protagonist he relates his belief that society may have to experience a period of State socialism to achieve the ideal of Communist anarchism. Mary Gilmore, later a celebrated Australian writer, said in one of her letters ''"the whole book is true and of historical value as Lane transcribed our conversations as well as those of others"''.
New Australia Colony
Contriving a division among Australian labour activists between the permanently disaffected and those who later formed the Australian Labor Party, Lane refused the Queensland Government's offer of a grant of land on which to create a utopian settlement, and began an Australia-wide campaign for the creation of a new society elsewhere on the globe, peopled by rugged and sober Australian bushmen and their proud wives.
Eventually Paraguay was decided upon, and Lane and his family and several hundred acolytes from New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia departed Mort Bay in Sydney in the ship ''Royal Tar'' on 1 July 1893.
New Australia soon had its crisis, brought on by the issues of inter-racial relationships (Lane singled out the Guarani as racially taboo) and alcohol. Lane's dictatorial manner soon alienated many in the community, and by the time the second boat-load of utopians arrived from Adelaide a year later, Lane had left with a core of devotees to form a new colony nearby named Cosme.
Eventually Lane became disillusioned with the process, and returned to Australia in 1899.
Later life
Lane then went with his family to New Zealand. After initial melancholia, he soon refound his old verve as a pseudonymous feature-writer from 1900 for the newspaper ''New Zealand Herald'' ("Tohunga"), only this time as ultra-conservative and pro-Empire. He had strong racial antipathy toward East Asians, and during World War I he developed extreme anti-German sentiments. He died on 26 August 1917 in Auckland, New Zealand, having been editor of the ''Herald'' from 1913 to 1917, much admired, having lost one son Charles at a cricket match in Cosme in Paraguay, and another Donald on the first day of the ANZAC landings (25 April 1915) on the beaches of Gallipoli.
References
External links
Category:1861 births Category:1917 deaths Category:Australian anarchists Category:Australian trade unionists Category:Australian journalists Category:New Zealand journalists Category:Old Bristolians Category:People from Bristol Category:Georgists
de:William Lane (Utopist) it:William Lane pl:William LaneThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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