name	Young Artist Award
alt	The Young Artist Award statuette, depicting a gilded figure of a man displaying a five-pointed star above its head.
description	Excellence of young performers in motion pictures, television, theatre, and music.
presenter	Young Artist Foundation
country	United States of America
year	1979
website	YoungArtistAwards.org }}

The Young Artist Award (originally known as the Youth In Film Award) is an accolade bestowed by the Young Artist Foundation, a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to recognize and award excellence of youth performers, and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically and/or financially challenged.

The Young Artist Foundation was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.

The first Youth In Film Award ceremony was held in November 1979, at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season. The most recent 32nd Annual Young Artist Award ceremony, honoring young performers of the year 2010, was held at the Sportsmen's Lodge on March 13, 2011.

Young Artist Foundation

The Young Artist Foundation is a non-profit 501(c) organization founded in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press (Golden Globes) member Maureen Dragone and dedicated to presenting scholarships to physically and/or financially challenged aspiring young artists, allowing them to pursue a career in entertainment by attending a performing arts school of their choice. The scholarship program is funded exclusively by donations, one of its most prominent contributors being the Hollywood Foreign Press Association.

Young Artist Awards

History

The Young Artist Awards (also known as the YAA) are presented annually by the Young Artist Foundation. Originally known as the Youth In Film Awards for the first twenty years, the name was officially changed to the Young Artist Awards for the 21st annual awards ceremony in March 2000. Playfully referred to as the "Kiddie Oscars", the Young Artist Awards are regarded as young Hollywood's answer to the Academy Awards, recognizing children for their work within the entertainment industry.

First presented for the 1978-1979 entertainment season, the awards were envisioned by Maureen Dragone, as a way to honor talented young people in film, television and music who might otherwise be eclipsed by their adult co-stars. Two notable examples that year being young Ricky Schroder in ''The Champ'' and Justin Henry in ''Kramer vs. Kramer'', who were each nominated for Golden Globes in the same categories as their adult counterparts. Originally held in November or December in its early years, the awards ceremony has traditionally taken place in March or April for more than 20 years.

Statuette

The original Youth In Film Award was a statuette which bore a striking resemblance to a miniature Oscar. A gilded figure of a man holding a laurel wreath instead of a sword and standing upon a relatively large "trophy" style base. The more recognizable incarnation is the current Young Artist Award statuette, still reminiscent of a child-size Oscar, but now displaying a star above its head and standing upon a decidedly smaller base, much less cumbersome for its young recipients. In addition to the Young Artist Award statuette presented to the winners, all nominees are presented with a special nomination plaque at the ceremony, commemorating their nominations in their respective categories.

Voting

Candidates considered for nomination are usually submitted by producers or by the young artist's agent and/or manager, and are due by the end of January. Nominees are announced about one month later at an annual nomination ceremony and party. Originally conceived of as a way to acknowledge young artists under the age of 21, the focus of the awards has shifted over time to focus primarily on young artists who were under the age of 18 at the time of principal production of the project for which they are nominated.

Winners are selected by members of the Young Artist Association. Originally known as the Hollywood Women's Photo and Press Club, and later, the Youth in Film Association, the general membership was originally composed of 88 journalists and photographers, who were active in various branches of the arts. Today, the Young Artist Association has a voting board of over 125 members composed of journalists, agents, and former child performers. Winners are selected by secret ballot of all associated with the Young Artist Association as well as former nominees.

Categories

The various Young Artist Awards categories have evolved extensively since the first awards were presented. Originally beginning with only 11 competitive categories in 1979, the first categories included "Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a Motion Picture", "Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a TV Series or Special", "Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a Daytime TV Series", and "Best Male and Female Juvenile Recording Artist", as well as competitive categories honoring studios and networks for "family friendly" films and television programming.

Over time, the competitive categories have been expanded to include "Best Young Actor and Actress in an International Feature Film", "Best Young Actor and Actress in a Short Film", "Best Young Supporting Actor and Actress in Film", "Best Young Ensemble Cast", "Best Young Recurring Actor and Actress in a TV Series", and "Best Young Guest-starring Actor and Actress in a TV Series", with many of the categories being split to acknowledge young artists age 10 and under in their own separate categories. In addition to its well known film and television awards, the association has also recognized the achievements of youth in other fields of the performing arts over the years, including theater, dance, commercials, journalism, radio and stand-up comedy.

Special Awards

While many of the acting categories have been expanded over time, some early competitive categories such as "Best Juvenile Recording Artist", "Best Family Motion Picture" and "Best Family TV Series" have been phased out over the years, with accolades for those achievements now being bestowed in the form of special "Honorary" awards.

The foundation's most notable annual Honorary awards include the "Jackie Coogan Award", often presented to film studios, producers or directors for their "Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment", and the "Former Child Star Award", presented as the foundation's "Lifetime Achievement Award" honoring former child stars for their achievements.

Ceremony

The ceremony is held annually in Hollywood and has traditionally been considered one of the more formal children's awards ceremonies, with honorees and their chaperones "dressing-up" for the occasion, and arriving in limousines. All press is invited to attend the pre-show red carpet arrivals as young celebrity attendees make their entrances and sign autographs, and each year's presenters are often selected from the previous year's young winners or from that year's list of nominees. After the ceremony is the annual banquet dinner and then dancing with live musical entertainment often provided by talented young musical artists of the day.

The first Youth In Film Awards were presented in November 1979 at a banquet ceremony held at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood, California. Subsequent venues over the years have included the Ambassador Hotel's Coconut Grove, the Globe Theater, the Beverly Garland Hotel, and the Sportsmen's Lodge.

[[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts1979 in film1980 in film1981 in film1982 in film1983 in film1984 in film1985 in film1986 in film1987 in film1989 in film1990 in film1991 in film1991 in film1992 in film1993 in film1995 in film1996 in film1997 in film1998 in film1999 in film2000 in film2001 in film2002 in film2003 in film2004 in film2005 in film2006 in film2007 in film2008 in film2009 in film2010 in film

colspan= 5 style="background:#EEDD82;"	Youth In Film Awards / Young Artist Awards - Ceremonies
! Ceremony !! Year Honored !! Venue !! City !! Date
1st Youth In Film Awards	1978 in film	Sheraton Universal Hotel ||	Universal City	November 1979
2nd Youth In Film Awards	1979 / 1980 ||	Sheraton Universal Hotel	Universal City	October 18, 1980
3rd Youth In Film Awards	1980 / 1981 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	December 1981
4th Youth In Film Awards	1981 / 1982 ||	Sheraton Universal Hotel	Universal City	November 21, 1982
5th Youth In Film Awards	1982 / 1983 ||	Beverly Hilton Hotel	Beverly Hills	December 4, 1983
6th Youth In Film Awards	1983 / 1984 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	December 2, 1984
7th Youth In Film Awards	1984 / 1985 ||	Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)>Ambassador Hotel	Los Angeles	December 15, 1985
8th Youth In Film Awards	1985 / 1986 ||	Ambassador Hotel	Los Angeles	November 1986
9th Youth In Film Awards	1986 / 1987 ||	Hollywood Palladium	Hollywood	December 5, 1987
10th Youth In Film Awards	1987 / 1988 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	May 6, 1989
11th Youth In Film Awards	1989 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	March / April 1990
12th Youth In Film Awards	1990 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	Late 1990 / Early 1991
13th Youth In Film Awards	1991 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	December 1, 1991
14th Youth In Film Awards	1991 / 1992 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	January 16, 1993
15th Youth In Film Awards	1992 / 1993 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	February 5, 1994
16th Youth In Film Awards	1993 / 1994 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 19, 1995
17th Youth In Film Awards	1995 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	1996
18th Youth In Film Awards	1996 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	1997
19th Youth In Film Awards	1997 ||	(Unknown)	(Unknown)	March 14, 1998
20th Youth In Film Awards	1998 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 6, 1999
21st Young Artist Awards	1999 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 19, 2000
22nd Young Artist Awards	2000 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	April 1, 2001
23rd Young Artist Awards	2001 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	April 7, 2002
24th Young Artist Awards	2002 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 29, 2003
25th Young Artist Awards	2003 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	May 8, 2004
26th Young Artist Awards	2004 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	April 30, 2005
27th Young Artist Awards	2005 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 25, 2006
28th Young Artist Awards	2006 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 10, 2007
29th Young Artist Awards	2007 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 30, 2008
30th Young Artist Awards	2008 ||	Globe Theatre (disambiguation)>Globe Theatre	Universal City	March 29, 2009
31st Young Artist Awards	2009 ||	Beverly Garland#Business career>Beverly Garland Hotel	Studio City	April 11, 2010
32nd Young Artist Awards	2010 ||	Sportsmen's Lodge	Studio City	March 13, 2011

See also

Juvenile Academy Award

References

External links

Young Artist Awards photographs at LIFE.com

Category:Acting awards Category:Young Artist Awards Category:Awards established in 1979 Category:American film awards Category:American television awards

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Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina, (, ) (born October 24, 1931) is a Russian composer of half Russian, half Tatar ethnicity.

Gubaidulina's music is marked by the use of unusual instrumental combinations. In ''In Erwartung'', she combines percussion (bongos, güiros, temple blocks, cymbals, and tam-tams, among others), bayan and saxophone quartet. She has written pieces for 17-stringed Japanese bass kotos and four 13-stringed Japanese kotos and Western orchestra and works for zheng.

Career

Gubaidulina was born in Chistopol, in the Tatar ASSR. In her youth she would spend much time praying in the fields near her home that she might one day become a composer. She studied composition and piano at the Kazan Conservatory, graduating in 1954. In Moscow she undertook further studies at the Conservatory with Nikolay Peyko until 1959, and then with Shebalin until 1963. She was awarded with Stalin-fellowship. Her music was deemed "irresponsible" during her studies in Soviet Russia, due to its exploration of alternative tunings. She was supported, however, by Dmitri Shostakovich, who in evaluating her final examination encouraged her to continue down her "mistaken path". However, she was allowed to express her modernism in various scores she composed for documentary films, including the 1968 production, ''On Submarine Scooters'', a 70mm film shot in the unique Kinopanorama widescreen format.

In the mid-1970s Gubaidulina founded Astreja, a folk-instrument improvisation group with fellow composers Viktor Suslin and Vyacheslav Artyomov. In 1979, she was blacklisted as one of the "Khrennikov's Seven" at the Sixth Congress of the Union of Soviet Composers for unapproved participation in some festivals of Soviet music in the West.

Gubaidulina became better known abroad during the early 1980s through Gidon Kremer's championing of her violin concerto ''Offertorium''. She later composed an homage to T. S. Eliot, using the text from the poet's spiritual masterpiece ''Four Quartets''. In 2000, Gubaidulina, along with Tan Dun, Osvaldo Golijov, and Wolfgang Rihm, was commissioned by the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart project to write a piece for the Passion 2000 project in commemoration of Johann Sebastian Bach. Her contribution was the ''Johannes-Passion''. In 2002 she followed this by the ''Johannes-Ostern'' ("Easter according to John"), commissioned by Hannover Rundfunk. The two works together form a "diptych" on the death and resurrection of Christ, her largest work to date. Invited by Walter Fink, she was the 13th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2003, the first female composer of the series. Her work ''The Light at the End'' preceded Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in the 2005 proms. In 2007 her second violin concerto ''In Tempus Praesens'' was performed at the Lucerne Festival by Anne-Sophie Mutter. Its creation has been depicted in Jan Schmidt-Garre's film ''Sophia - Biography of a Violin Concerto''.

Since 1992, Gubaidulina has lived in Hamburg, Germany. She is a member of the musical academies in Frankfurt, Hamburg and the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.

Aesthetic

For Gubaidulina, music was an escape from the terrifying socio-political atmosphere of Soviet Russia. For this reason, she associated music with human transcendence and mystical spiritualism, which manifests itself as a longing inside the soul of humanity to locate its true being, a longing she continually tries to capture in her works. These abstract religious and mystical associations are concretized in Gubaidulina's compositions in various ways. Gubaidulina is a convinced Russian-Orthodox believer. The influence of electronic music and improvisational techniques is exemplified in her unusual combination of contrasting elements, novel instrumentation, and the use of traditional Russian folk instruments in her solo and chamber works, such as ''De profundis'' for bayan, ''Et expecto- Sonata'' for bayan, and ''In croce'' for cello and organ or bayan. The koto, a traditional Japanese instrument is featured in her work ''In the Shadow of the Tree'', in which one solo player performs three different instrument—Koto, Bass Koto, and Chang. The ''Canticle of the Sun'' is a cello concerto/choral hybrid, dedicated to Rostropovich. The use of the lowest possible registers on the cello opens new possibilities for the instrument while the limited use of chorus also adds a mystical ambience to the work.

Another influence of improvisation techniques can be found in her fascination with percussion instruments. She associates the indeterminate nature of percussive timbres with the mystical longing and the potential freedom of human transcendence.

She was also preoccupied by experimentation with non-traditional methods of sound production, and as already mentioned, with unusual combinations of instruments, i.e. ''Concerto for Bassoon and Low Strings'' (1975), ''Detto- I'' – Sonata for Organ and Percussion (1978), ''The Garden of Joy and Sorrow'' for Flute, Harp and Viola (1980), and ''Descensio'' for 3 Trombones, 3 Percussionists, Harp, Harpsichord/Celesta and Celesta/Piano (1981).

Gubaidulina notes that the two composers to whom she experiences a constant devotion are J.S. Bach and Webern. Among some non-musical influences of considerable import are Carl Jung (Swiss thinker and founder of analytical psychology) and Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdiaev (Russian religious philosopher, whose works were forbidden in USSR, but nevertheless found and studied by the composer).

Style

Being a profoundly religious person, Gubaidulina defines “re-ligio” as re-legato or as restoration of the connection between oneself and the Absolute. She finds this re-connection through the artistic process and has developed a number of musical symbols to express her ideals. She does it through narrower means of intervallic and rhythmic relationship within the primary material of her works, by seeking to discover the depth and mysticism of the sound, as well as on a larger scale, through carefully thought architecture of musical form.

Melodically, Gubaidulina’s is characterized by the frequent use of intense chromatic motives rather than long melodic phrases. She often treats musical space as a means of attaining unity with the divine—a direct line to God—concretely manifest by the lack of striation in pitch space. She achieves this through the use of micro-chromaticism (i.e., quarter tones) and frequent glissandi, exemplifying the lack of “steps” to the divine. This notion is furthered by her extreme dichotomy characterized by chromatic space vs. diatonic space viewed as symbols of darkness vs. light and human/mundane vs. divine/heavenly. Finally, the use of short motivic segments allows her to create a musical narrative that is seemingly open-ended and disjunct rather than smooth.

Harmonically, Gubaidulina’s music resists traditional tonal centers and triadic structures in favor of pitch clusters and intervallic design arising from the contrapuntal interaction between melodic voices. For example, in the ''Cello Concerto Detto-2'' (1972) she notes that a strict and progressive intervallic process occurs, in which the opening section utilizes successively wider intervals that become narrower toward the last section. Rhythmically, Gubaidulina places significant stress on the fact that temporal ratios should not be limited to local figuration; rather, the temporality of the musical form should be the defining feature of rhythmic character. As Gerard McBurney states:

In conversation she is most keen to stress that she cannot accept the idea (a frequent post-serial one) of rhythm or duration as the material of a piece. . . . To her, rhythm is nowadays a generating principle as, for instance, the cadence was to tonal composers of the Classical period; it therefore cannot be the surface material of a work. . . . [S]he expresses her impatience with Messiaen, whose use of rhythmic modes to generate local imagery, she feels, restricts the effectiveness of rhythm as an underlying formal level of the music.

To this end, Gubaidulina often devises durational ratios in order to create the temporal forms for her compositions. Specifically, she is prone to utilizing elements of the Fibonacci sequence or the Golden Ratio, in which each succeeding element is equal to the sum of the two preceding elements (i.e., 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.). This numerical layout represents the balanced nature in her music through a sense of cell multiplication between live and non-live substances. She firmly believes that this abstract theory is the foundation of her personal musical expression. The “Golden Ratio “between the sections are always marked by some musical event, and composer explores her fantasy fully in articulating this moments.

The first work in which Gubaidulina experiments with this concept of proportionality is ''Perceptions'' for Soprano, Baritone, and Seven String Instruments (1981, rev. 1983–86). The 12th movement, “Montys Tod” (Monty’s Death), uses the Fibonacci series in its rhythmical structure with the number of quarter notes in individual episodes corresponding to numbers from Fibonacci series.

In the early 1980s, she began to use the Fibonacci sequence as a way of structuring the form of the work. The sequence was especially appealing because it provides a basis for composition while still allowing the form to "breathe". It plays a prominent role in such pieces as ''Perception'', ''Im Anfang war der Rhythmus'', ''Quasi hoketus'' and the symphony ''Stimmen... Verstummen...''). Later the Lucas and Evangelist series, sequences derived from that of Fibonacci, were added to her repertoire.

Piano music

Gubaidulina’s entire piano output belongs to her earlier compositional period and consists of the following works: ''Chaconne'' (1962), ''Piano Sonata'' (1965), ''Musical Toys'' (1968), ''Toccata-Troncata'' (1971), ''Invention'' (1974) and ''Piano Concerto “Introitus”'' (1978). Some of the titles reveal her interest in baroque genres and the influence of J.S. Bach.

The ''Piano Sonata'' is dedicated to Henrietta Mirvis, a pianist greatly admired by the composer. The work follows the classical formal structure in 3 movements: ''Allegro'' (Sonata form), ''Adagio'', and ''Allegretto''. Four motives (pitch sets) are utilized throughout the entire sonata, which also constitute the cyclical elements upon which the rhetoric of the piece is constructed. Each motive is given a particular name: “spring”, “struggle”, “consolation,” and “faith.”

There are two elements in the primary thematic complex of the first movement: (1) a “swing” theme, characterized by syncopation and dotted rhythms and (2) a chord progression, juxtaposing minor and major seconds over an ostinato pattern in the left hand. The slower secondary theme introduces a melodic element associated with the ostinato element of the previous theme. In the development section, these sets are explored melodically, while the dotted rhythm figure gains even more importance. In the recapitulation, the chord progression of the first thematic complex is brought to the higher registers, preparing the coda based on secondary theme cantabile element, which gradually broadens. The second movement shifts to a different expressive world. A simple ternary form with a cadenza–AB (cadenza) A, the B section represents an acoustic departure as the chromatic figurations in the left hand, originating in section A, are muted. In the cadenza the performer improvises within a framework given by the composer, inviting a deeper exploration of the secrets of sound. It consists of two alternating elements– open-sounding strings, stroke by fingers, with no pitch determination, and muted articulation of the strings in the bass register—separated by rests marked with fermatas. The third movement is constructed of 7 episodes, in which there is a continuous liberation of energy accumulated during the previous movement.

Musical expression in this work is achieved through a variety of means. Rhythm is a very important element in the construction of the work, articulating a distinct rhetoric, as well as in the development of the musical material. Exploration of a wide range of sounds, within the possibilities of the instrument, involving both traditional and nontraditional methods of sound productions are another important mean.

Some examples of the nontraditional sounds produced are a glissando performed with a bamboo stick on the piano pegs against a cluster performed on the keyboard, placing the bamboo stick on vibrating strings, plucking the strings, glissando along the strings using fingernail, touching the strings creating a muted effect.

Two distinct aspects of the sonata—the driving force and the meditative state—can be seen through the architecture of the work as portraying the image of the cross. The first movement is related to the “horizontal” line, which symbolizes human experience while the second movement reflects the “vertical” line, which represents man’s striving for full realization in the Divine. The meeting point of these two lines in music happens at the end of second movement, and that reflects transformation of the human being at crossing this two dimensions. The third movement “celebrates the newly obtained freedom of the spirit”.

Selected chamber works

Garden of Joy and Sorrow

''Garten von Freuden und Trauigkeiten'' (Garden of Joy and Sorrow) for flute, harp, and viola (1981) is dedicated to the Austrian poet, Francisco Tanzer. Although the instrumental combination is rather traditional, Gubaidulina’s compositional technique broadens the performance possibilities of each instrument and opens a new path to unique sounds. As the title hints, there are two literary connections between the music and her inspiration: Russian writer Iv Oganov’s poem ''Sayat-Nova'' (eastern storyteller, singer) and the verses of Tanzer, a twentieth-century German poet whose poem is to be recited ad libitum at the end of the performance. The lines from Oganov’s poem (The revelation of the rose, the ordeal of a flower’s pain, the peal of the singing garden grew, the lotus was set aflame by music, the white garden began to ring gain with diamond borders) are the answers to the philosophical questions recited at the end of the piece—When is it really over? What is the true end? The number 3 plays an important role throughout the piece, overtly exemplified in the form—ABA. There are three thematic materials: one by the meditative flute moving by semitone; a second by the harp, imitating flute’s semitone movement and using tuning key glissando to add an exotic sound; and a third by the viola’s continuous arpeggio pattern using harmonics on the D string. The bright D arpeggio pattern and semitone movement are relatively symbolic of “joy” and “sorrow.”

String quartets

Gubaidulina’s four string quartets perfectly exemplify her improvisational stylistic quality. Typical analyses of this selection of works have focused on the sectional quality rather than the compositional consistency which unites each individual work. The ''First quartet'' (1971) exemplifies a “wedge” structure in which pitches series of pitches spiral outward in pitch space from a central axis. This simultaneous ascent/descent combines with additive rhythmic series, either by adding a set duration to each previously established rhythm (à la Messiaen) or by increasing each duration by a set ratio. These compositional procedures inherent in the musical structure create a coherent narrative unifying the work.

The ''Second quartet'' (1987) exemplifies another compositional process often found in Gubaidulina’s works. This process, known as “gap-fill”, is created when a specific registral gap is formed in pitch space between two pitches and gradually filled in with the intervening tones. This quartet is organized into two large formal sections. In the first, a three-octave gap is established as registral extremes via the wedge technique in a quicksilver texture. The second section, characterized by long sustained sonorities, sees this gap gradually filled. The ''Third quartet'' (1987) is characterized by a focus on interval classes, in which a dichotomy is established between ic5 (P4/P5) and ic1 (m2/M7). Individual melodic lines and sections are segmented by the interaction between these intervals. It should also be noted how these structural elements correspond to the composer’s aesthetic connections of diatonic vs. chromatic as light vs. dark.

The ''Fourth quartet'' (1994) is perhaps one of the most experimental works Gubaidulina has composed. The work not only utilizes radical new sounds, in which a hollow plastic ball is loosely attached to the soundboards and allowed to vibrate when each instrument is played, but also incorporates visual elements through the use of colored lights that fade in and out throughout the performance. The quartet is technically a trio of quartets with two ensembles being recorded prior to the performance and played back while the live quartet performs on stage. The taped quartets perform an eight-bar rhythmic ostinato as a canon between the eight voices; however, only the rhythm is canonized since the individual voices maintain individual pitch sets, gradually resulting in a sound mass over which the live ensemble performs un-metered melodic segments. The final section of the work incorporates only the live ensemble as the pitch space is gradually saturated with every possible microtone in three octaves.

Awards and recognition

Gubaidulina has received the Prix de Monaco (1987), the Premio Franco Abbiati (1991), the Heidelberger Künstlerinnenpreis (1991), the Russian State Prize (1992), the Koussevitzky International Record Award (in 1989 and 1994), the Ludwig-Spohr-Preis der Stadt Braunschweig (1995), the Kulturpreis des Kreises Pinneberg (1997), the Praemium Imperiale in Japan (1998), the Sonning Award in Denmark (1999), the Preis der Stiftung Bibel und Kultur (1999), the Goethe-Medaille der Stadt Weimar (2001), the Moscow „Silenzio“-Preis (2001), den Polar-Musikpreis (2002), the Polar Music Prize in Sweden (2002), the Great Distinguished Service Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2002), the Living Composer Prize of the Cannes Classical Awards in 2003, Europäischen Kulturpreis (2005), the Russian cultural Prize „Triumph“ (2007), the Bachpreis der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (2007) and the Honour Prize of the Moscow Regiment and the International Council of Russian Compatriots "The Compatriot of the Year -- 2007". In 2011 she was awarded a "Doctor of Humane Letters" honorary degree from University of Chicago.

In 2001 she became Honour Professor of the Kazan Conservatory, in 2004, she was elected as a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, in 2009, she became Dr. honoris causa of the Yale University.

Works

''Phacelia'', vocal cycle for soprano and orchestra based on Mikhail Prishvin's poem (1956)

Quintet for piano, two violins, viola, and violoncello (1957)

Piano Sonata (1965)

''Night in Memphis'', cantata for mezzo-soprano, orchestra and male choir on tape (1968)

''Rubaijat'', cantata for baryton and chamber ensemble (1969)

''Musical Toys'' fourteen piano pieces for children (1969)

''Vivente - Non Vivente'' for electronics (1970)

''Concordanza'' for chamber ensemble (1971)

String Quartet No. 1 (1971)

''Ten Preludes'' for solo cello (1974)

''Rumore e silenzio'' for percussion and harpsichord (1974)

''Hour of the Soul'' poem by Marina Tsvetaeva for large wind orchestra and mezzo-soprano/contralto (1974), for percussion, mezzo-soprano, and large orchestra (1976)

Sonata for double bass and piano (1975)

Concerto for bassoon and low strings (1975)

''Hell und Dunkel'' for organ (1976)

''Two Ballads'' for two trumpets and piano (1976)

Trio for three trumpets (1976)

''Lied ohne Worte'' for trumpet and piano (1977)

Duo sonata for two bassoons (1977)

''Lamento'' for tuba and piano (1977)

''Misterioso'' for 7 percussionists (1977)

''Introitus'' concerto for piano and chamber orchestra (1978)

''In Croce'' for cello and organ (1979), for bayan and cello (1991)

''Jubilatio'' for 4 percussionists (1979)

''Offertorium (Жертвоприношение)'' concerto for violin and orchestra (1980, rev. 1982, 1986)

''Garten von Freuden und Traurigkeiten'' for flute, viola, harp and narrator (1980)

''Perception'' for soprano, baritone (speaking voices) and 7 string instruments (1981, rev. 1983, 1986)

''Descensio'' for 3 trombones, 3 percussionists, harp, harpsichord and piano (1981)

''Rejoice'', sonata for violin and cello (1981)

''Sieben Worte'' for cello, bayan, and strings (1982)

''Quasi hoquetus'' for viola, bassoon, and piano (1984)

''Hommage à Marina Tsvetayeva'' for a capella choir (1984)

''Stimmen... Verstummen...'' symphony in twelve movements (1986)

String Quartet No. 2 (1987)

String Quartet No. 3 (1987)

''Hommage à T.S. Eliot'' for sopran and octet (1987)

String Trio (1988)

''Jauchzt vor Gott'' for mixed choir and organ (1989)

''The Unasked Answer (Antwort ohne Frage)'' collage for three orchestras (1989)

''Alleluja'' for mixed chorus, boy soprano, organ and large orchestra (1990)

''Hörst Du uns, Luigi? Schau mal, welchen Tanz eine einfache Holzrassel für Dich vollführt (Слышишь ты нас, Луиджи? Вот танец, который танцует для тебя обыкновенная деревянная трещотка)'' for six percussionists (1991)

''Aus dem Studenbuch'' on a text of Rainer Maria Rilke for cello, orchestra, male choir, and a woman speaker (1991)

''Gerade und ungerade (Чет и нечет)'' for seven percussionists, including cymbalom (1991)

''Silenzio'' for bayan, violin, and cello (1991)

''Lauda'' for alto, tenor, baritone, narrator, mixed choir, and large orchestra (1991)

''Stufen'' for orchestra (1992)

''Tartarische Tanz'' for bayan and two contrabass (1992)

''Dancer on a Tightrope (Der Seiltänzer)'' for violin and string piano (1993)

''Jetzt immer Schnee (Теперь всегда снега)'' on verses of Gennadi Aigi for chamber ensemble and chamber choir (1993)

''Meditation über den Bach-Choral "Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit" for harpsichord, two violins, viola, cello, and contrabass (1993)

''Рано утром перед пробуждением'' for three 17-string Japanese bass kotos and four 13-string Japanese kotos (1993)

''Allegro Rustico: Klänge des Waldes'' for flute and piano (1993)

''And: The Feast is in Full Procession (И: Празднество в разгаре)'' for violoncello and orchestra (1993)

String Quartet No. 4 with tape (1993)

''In Erwartung (В ожидании)'' for saxophone quartet and six percussionists (1994)

''Ein Engel'' for alto and double bass (1994)

''Figures of Time (Фигуры времени)'' for large orchestra (1994)

''Aus der Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen'' for alto (1994)

''Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion'' (1994)

''Impromptu'' for flute (flute and alto flute), violin, and strings (1996)

''Quaternion'' for cello quartet (1996)

''Galgenlieder à 3'' fifteen pieces for mezzo-soprano, percussion, and contrabass (1996)

''Galgenlieder à 5'' fourteen pieces for mezzo-soprano, flute, percussion, bayan, and contrabass (1996)

Concerto for viola and orchestra (1996)

''Ritorno perpetuo'' for cymbalom (1997)

''The Canticle of the Sun of St Francis of Assisi'' for cello, chamber choir, and orchestra (1997)

''Im Schatten des Baumes (В тени под деревом)'' for koto, bass koto, zheng, and orchestra (1998)

''Two Paths: A Dedication to Mary and Martha'' for two viola solo and orchestra (1998)

''Johannes-Passion'' for soprano, tenor, baritone, bass, two mixed choirs, organ, and large orchestra (2000)

''Risonanza'' for three trumpets, four trombones, organ, and six strings (2001)

''Johannes-Ostern'' for soprano, tenor, baritone, bass, two mixed choirs, organ, and large orchestra (2001)

''The Rider on the White Horse'' for large orchestra and organ (2002)

''Reflections on the theme B-A-C-H'' for string quartet (2002)

''Mirage: The Dancing Sun'' for eight violoncelli (2002)

''On the Edge of Abyss'' for seven violoncelli and two waterphones (2002)

''The Light of the End (Свет конца)'' for large orchestra (2003)

''Under the Sign of Scorpio'' variants on six hexachords for bayan and large orchestra (2003)

''Verwandlung (Transformation)'' for trombone, saxophone quartet, violoncello, double bass, and tam-tam (2004)

''...The Deceitful Face of Hope and Despair'' for flute and orchestra (2005)

''Feast During a Plague'' for large orchestra (2006)

''The Lyre of Orpheus'' for violin, percussion, and strings (2006)

''In Tempus Praesens'' concerto for violin and orchestra (2007)

''Ravvedimento'', for cello and guitar quartet (2007)

''Pentimento'', an arrangement of 'Ravvedimento' for double-bass and three guitars (2007)

''Repentance'', an arrangement of 'Ravvedimento' for cello, double-bass and three guitars (2008)

''Glorious Percussion'' concerto for percussions and orchestra (2008)

''Fachwerk'', concerto for bayan, percussion and strings (2009)

''Sotto voce'', for viola, double bass and two guitars (2010)

''Labyrinth'', for 12 celli (2011)

Film scores

''Adventures of Mowgli'' (1967–1971)

''The Cat Who Walked by Herself'' (1988)

A more complete list of her scores for animated films may be found on her profile at Animator.ru.

Discography

''The Canticle of the Sun'' (1997) and ''Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion'' (1994). The first performed by cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich and London Voices conducted by Ryusuke Numajiri, the second by flutist Emmanuel Pahud and the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rostropovich. Gubaidulina attended the recording of both pieces.

''Johannes-Passion'' (2000). Performed by Natalia Korneva, Soprano; Viktor Lutsiuk, Tenor; Fedor Mozhaev, Baritone; Genady Bezzubenkov, Bass; St. Petersburg Chamber Choir (dir. Nikolai Kornev); Choir of the Mariinsky Theatre St. Petersburg (dir. Andrei Petrenko); Orchestra of the Mariinsky Theatre St. Petersburg conducted by Valery Gergiev. World premiere recorded live at the European Music Festival in Stuttgart, 01.09.2000.

References

External links

Classical.net: Sofia Gubaidulina

Schirmer: Sofia Gubaidulina

Hans Sikorski: Sofia Gubaidulina

Sofia Gubaidulina on the Official site of the Moscow Regiment

Sofia Gubaidulina on the Site of the first President of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev

Sofia Gubaidulina on the Site "Biograph"

Sofia Gubaidulina on the Site "Krugosvet"

Interview with Sofia Gubaidulina by Bruce Duffie, April 18, 1997

Мария Коренева. Лидеры русского мира. – Вечерняя Москва, 27 февраля 2008 г. (Mariya Koreneva, "Leaders of the Russian World", "Vechernyaya Moskva", 27 February 2008)

Category:1931 births Category:Living people Category:People from Chistopol Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:Women classical composers Category:Russian composers Category:People of Tatar descent Category:Russian expatriates in Germany Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Category:Moscow Conservatory alumni Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

ca:Sofia Gubaidulina cv:Губайдулина София Асгатовна da:Sofija Gubajdulina de:Sofia Asgatowna Gubaidulina es:Sofia Gubaidulina fr:Sofia Goubaïdoulina fy:Sofja Goebajdoelina it:Sofija Asgatovna Gubajdulina he:סופיה גוביידולינה lv:Sofija Gubaiduļina nl:Sofia Goebaidoelina ja:ソフィア・グバイドゥーリナ no:Sofia Gubaidulina pl:Sofia Gubajdulina pt:Sofia Gubaidulina ru:Губайдулина, София Асгатовна sk:Sofia Asgatovna Gubajdulinová fi:Sofija Gubaidulina sv:Sofija Gubajdulina tt:Софья Гобәйдуллина uk:Губайдуліна Софія Асгатівна zh:索菲娅·阿斯戈托芙娜·古拜杜丽娜

Name	Mike Tyson
Realname	Michael Gerard Tyson
Nationality	American
Nickname	Kid DynamiteIron MikeThe Baddest Man on the Planet
Height
Weight	Heavyweight
Reach
Birth date	June 30, 1966
Birth place	Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Style	Orthodox
Total	58
Wins	50
Ko	44
Losses	6
Draws	0
No contests	2

Michael Gerard "Mike" Tyson (also known as Malik Abdul Aziz) (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles, he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold and only Heavyweight to individually unify the WBA, WBC and IBF titles.

In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks in the first 91 seconds of the fight. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. Tyson lost his titles to 42-to-1 underdog James "Buster" Douglas on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan, by a knockout in round 10. Tyson continued in his quest to regain the titles, defeating Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991. Tyson was then scheduled to take on the undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield but pulled out due to injury.

In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington, for which he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After being released from prison in 1995, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, Tyson won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November, 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting off part of Holyfield's ear.

In 2002, he fought for the world heavyweight title at the age of 35, losing by knockout to Lennox Lewis. Tyson retired from professional boxing in 2006 after he was knocked out in consecutive matches against Danny Williams and Kevin McBride. Tyson declared bankruptcy in 2003, despite receiving over US$30 million for several of his fights and $300 million during his career.

Throughout his career, Tyson became well known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior both inside and outside the ring. Tyson is considered to have been one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time. He is ranked No. 16 on ''The Ring'''s list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.

Early years

Tyson was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He has a brother, Rodney, who is five years older than he. His sister, Denise, died of a heart attack at age 25 in 1991. Tyson's father, Jimmy Kirkpatrick, abandoned his family when Tyson was 2, leaving his mother, Lorna Smith Tyson, to care for them on her own. The family lived in Bedford-Stuyvesant until their financial burdens necessitated a move to Brownsville when Tyson was 10 years old. Tyson's mother died six years later, leaving 16-year-old Tyson in the care of boxing manager and trainer Cus D'Amato, who would become his legal guardian. Tyson has been quoted saying, "I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something: She only knew me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didn't pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but it's crushing emotionally and personally."

Throughout his childhood, Tyson lived in and around high-crime neighborhoods. According to an interview in ''Details'' his first fight was with a bigger youth who had pulled the head off one of Tyson's pigeons. He was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times. He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. It was at the school that Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer. Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato.

Tyson was later removed from the reform school by Cus D'Amato. Kevin Rooney also trained Tyson, and he was occasionally assisted by Teddy Atlas, although he was dismissed by D'Amato when Tyson was 15. Rooney eventually took over all training duties for the young fighter.

Tyson's brother is a physician assistant in the trauma center of the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. He has always been very supportive of his brother's career and was often seen at Tyson's boxing matches in Las Vegas, Nevada. When asked about their relationship, Mike has been quoted saying, "My brother and I see each other occasionally and we love each other," and "My brother was always something and I was nothing."

Education

Although Mike Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior and never graduated, in 1989, along with Don King, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane letters from Central State University, in Wilberforce, Ohio by university President Arthur E. Thomas.

Career

Amateur career

Tyson competed at the 1981 and 1982 Junior Olympic Games, and won the gold medal twice: in 1981 against Joe Cortez and in 1982 against Kelton Brown, whose corner threw in the towel within the first round. He holds the Junior Olympic quickest knockout record with 8 seconds. In addition he won every bout at the Junior Olympic Games by knockout.

He fought Henry Tillman twice as an amateur losing both bouts by close decision. Tillman went on to win heavyweight Gold at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Rise to stardom

Tyson made his professional debut as an 18 year old on March 6, 1985, in Albany, New York. He defeated Hector Mercedes via a first round knockout. He had 15 bouts in his first year as a professional. Fighting frequently, Tyson won 26 of his first 28 fights by KO/TKO – 16 in the first round. The quality of his opponents gradually increased to journeyman fighters and borderline contenders, like James Tillis, David Jaco, Jesse Ferguson, Mitch Green and Marvis Frazier. His win streak attracted media attention, leading to his being billed as the next great heavyweight champion. D'Amato died in November 1985, relatively early into Tyson's professional career; some speculate that his death was the genesis of many of the troubles Tyson was to experience later as his life and career progressed.

Tyson's first nationally televised bout took place on February 16, 1986, at Houston Field House in Troy, New York against journeyman heavyweight Jesse Ferguson. Tyson knocked down Ferguson with an uppercut in the fifth round that broke Ferguson's nose. During the sixth round, Ferguson began to hold and clinch Tyson in an apparent attempt to avoid further punishment. After admonishing Ferguson several times to obey his commands to box, the referee finally stopped the fight near the middle of the sixth round. Initially ruled a win for Tyson by disqualification (DQ) of his opponent, the ruling was subsequently "adjusted" as a win by technical knockout (TKO) after Tyson's corner protested that a DQ win would end Tyson's string of knockout victories, and that a knockout would have been the inevitable result. The rationale offered for the revised outcome was that the fight was actually stopped because Ferguson could not (rather than would not) continue boxing.

On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by second round TKO, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history. Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: "The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano and Ali."

Because of Tyson's strength, many fighters were intimidated by him. This was backed up by his outstanding hand speed, accuracy, coordination, power, and timing. Tyson was also noted for his defensive abilities. Holding his hands high in the Peek-a-Boo style taught by his mentor Cus D'Amato, he slipped and weaved out of the way of the opponent's punches while closing the distance to deliver his own punches. One of Tyson's trademark combinations was to throw a right hook to his opponent's body, then follow it up with a right uppercut to his opponent's chin; very few boxers would remain standing if caught by this combination. Boxers knocked down with this combination include Jesse Ferguson and Jose Ribalta.

Undisputed champion

:''See also: Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks'' Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he embarked on an ambitious campaign to fight all the top heavyweights in the world. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. 'Tyson mania' in the media was becoming rampant. He beat Pinklon Thomas in May with a knockout in the sixth round. On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision. He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF – at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympics Super Heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by knockout in the seventh round.

During this time, Tyson came to the attention of gaming company Nintendo: after witnessing one of Tyson's fights, Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa was impressed by the fighter's "power and skill", prompting him to suggest Tyson be included in the upcoming Nintendo Entertainment System port of the ''Punch Out!!'' arcade game. The idea was implemented, and in 1987 Nintendo released ''Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!'', which was well-received and sold more than a million copies.

Tyson had three fights in 1988. He faced Larry Holmes on January 22, 1988, and defeated the legendary former champion by a fourth round KO. This was the only knockout loss Holmes suffered in 75 professional bouts. In March, Tyson then fought contender Tony Tubbs in Tokyo, Japan, fitting in an easy two-round victory amid promotional and marketing work.

On June 27, 1988, Tyson faced Michael Spinks. Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via a 15-round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. Holmes had previously given up all but the IBF title, and that was eventually stripped from Spinks after he elected to fight Gerry Cooney (winning by a 5th-round TKO) rather than IBF Number 1 Contender Tony Tucker, as the Cooney fight provided him a larger purse. However, Spinks did become the lineal champion by beating Holmes and many (including ''Ring'' magazine) considered him to have a legitimate claim to being the true heavyweight champion. The bout was, at the time, the richest fight in history and expectations were very high. Boxing pundits were predicting a titanic battle of styles, with Tyson's aggressive infighting conflicting with Spinks' skillful outfighting and footwork. The fight ended after 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round; many consider this to be the pinnacle of Tyson's fame and boxing ability. Spinks, previously unbeaten, would never fight professionally again.

Controversy and upset

During this period, Tyson's problems outside boxing were also starting to emerge. His marriage to Robin Givens was heading for divorce, and his future contract was being fought over by Don King and Bill Cayton. In late 1988, Tyson parted with manager Bill Cayton and fired longtime trainer Kevin Rooney, the man many credit for honing Tyson's craft after the death of D'Amato. Without Rooney, Tyson's personal discipline declined. In 1989, Tyson had only two fights amid personal turmoil. He faced the popular British boxer Frank Bruno in February in a fight where Bruno managed to stun Tyson at the end of the 1st round, although Tyson went on to knock out Bruno in the fifth round. Tyson then knocked out Carl "The Truth" Williams in one round in July. In 1989, Tyson was granted an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Central State University in Ohio.

By 1990, Tyson seemed to have lost direction, and his personal life and training habits were in disarray. In a fight on February 11, 1990, he lost the undisputed championship to Buster Douglas in Tokyo. Tyson was a huge betting favorite, but Douglas (priced at 42/1) was at an emotional peak after losing his mother to a stroke 23 days prior to the fight, and fought the fight of his life. Tyson failed to find a way past Douglas's quick jab that had a reach advantage over his own. Tyson did send Douglas to the floor in the eighth round, catching him with an uppercut, but Douglas recovered sufficiently to hand Tyson a heavy beating in the subsequent two rounds (after the fight, the Tyson camp would complain that the count was slow and that Douglas had taken longer than ten seconds to get to his feet). Just 35 seconds into the 10th round, Douglas unleashed a brutal combination of hooks that sent Tyson to the canvas for the first time in his career. He was counted out by referee Octavio Meyran. Though Tyson has been reputed to have been out of shape for this fight, in fact he weighed in at 220 and 1/2 pounds, only 2 pounds more than he had weighed when he beat Michael Spinks 20 months earlier. Mentally, however, he was not prepared for the inspired Douglas.

The knockout victory by Douglas over Tyson, the previously undefeated "baddest man on the planet" and arguably the most feared boxer in professional boxing at that time, has been described as one of the most shocking upsets in modern sports history.

After Douglas

After the loss, Tyson recovered by knocking out Henry Tillman and Alex Stewart in the first round in his next two fights. Tyson's victory over the 1984 Olympics Boxing Heavyweight gold medalist (and 1983 Boxing Heavyweight silver medalist of the Pan American Games) Tillman enabled Tyson to avenge his early career amateur losses at Tillman's hands. These bouts set up an elimination match for another shot at the undisputed world heavyweight championship, which Evander Holyfield had taken from Douglas in his first defense of the title.

Tyson, who was the No.1 contender, faced No.2 contender Donovan "Razor" Ruddock on March 18, 1991, in Las Vegas. Ruddock at the time was seen as the most dangerous heavyweight around and was thought of as one of the hardest punching heavyweights. Tyson and Ruddock went back and forth for most of the fight, until referee Richard Steele controversially stopped the fight during the seventh round in favor of Tyson. This decision infuriated the fans in attendance, sparking a post-fight melee in the audience and the referee had to be escorted from the ring.

Tyson and Ruddock met again on June 28 that year, with Tyson knocking down Ruddock twice and winning a 12 round unanimous decision. A fight between Tyson and Holyfield for the undisputed championship was arranged for the autumn of 1991.

The match between Tyson and reigning champion Holyfield did not occur, with Tyson pulling out of the scheduled November 8, 1991 title fight at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, with a rib cartilage injury sustained during training.

Rape conviction, prison, and conversion

Tyson was arrested in July 1991 for the rape of 18-year-old Desiree Washington, Miss Black Rhode Island, in an Indianapolis hotel room. Tyson's rape trial took place in the Indianapolis courthouse from January 26 to February 10, 1992. As part of its case, the prosecution documented Tyson's history of problems with attractive young women. Tyson's defense contended that Tyson was the victim and that Washington was a cold and calculated vixen out to hurt Tyson for publicity.

Desiree Washington testified that she received a phone call from Tyson at 1:36 am on July 19, 1991 inviting her to a party. Having joined Tyson in his limousine, Washington testified that Tyson made sexual advances towards her. She testified that upon arriving at his hotel room, Tyson pinned her down on his bed and raped her despite her pleas to stop. She afterwards ran out of the room and asked Tyson's chauffeur to drive her back to her hotel.

Partial corroboration of Washington's story came via testimony from Tyson's chauffeur, Virginia Foster, who confirmed Desiree Washington's state of shock. Further testimony came from Thomas Richardson, the emergency room physician who examined Washington more than 24 hours after the incident and confirmed that Washington's physical condition was consistent with rape.

Taking the witness stand, under Tyson's lead defense lawyer Vincent Fuller's direct examination, Tyson claimed that everything had taken place with Washington's full cooperation and he claimed not to have forced himself upon her. When he was cross-examined by the lead prosecutor, Gregory Garrison, Tyson denied claims that he had misled Washington and insisted that she wanted to have sex with him. Because of Tyson's hostile and defensive responses to the questions during cross-examination, some have speculated that his behavior made him unlikable to the jury who saw him as brutish and arrogant.

Tyson was convicted on the rape charge on February 10, 1992 after the jury deliberated for nearly 10 hours.

Alan Dershowitz filed an appeal on Tyson's behalf alleging that the victim had a history of at least one false accusation of rape and that the judge had blocked testimony from witnesses who would have contradicted Washington. The Indiana Court of Appeals ruled against Tyson in a 2–1 vote.

Under Indiana law, a defendant convicted of a felony must begin serving his prison sentence immediately after the sentence is imposed. On March 26, he was given a sentence of 10 years, six in prison and four on probation. He was assigned to the Indiana Youth Center (now the Plainfield Correctional Facility) in April 1992, and he was released in March 1995 after serving three years. During his incarceration, Tyson converted to Islam. On July 2, 2010 he visited Mecca to perform the Umrah (Minor Islamic pilgrimage).

Comeback

Tyson did not fight again until later in 1995 after he was paroled from prison. He had two comeback bouts against Peter McNeeley and Buster Mathis Jr., which he won easily. Interest in Tyson's first comeback fight since his incarceration was high enough that it grossed more than US$96 million worldwide, including a United States record $63 million for PPV television. The fight was purchased by 1.52 million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records for that time. The brief, 89-second fight wherein McNeeley swiftly crumpled on facing Tyson, elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up "Tomato Cans", easily defeatable and unworthy boxers for his return. ''TV Guide'' included the Tyson-McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998.

He regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title from Frank Bruno (their second fight) in March 1996 by knocking him out in the third round. Tyson added the WBA belt by defeating champion Bruce Seldon in one round in September that year. Seldon was severely criticized and mocked in the popular press for seemingly collapsing to innocuous punches from Tyson in the fight.

Tyson–Holyfield fights

''Tyson vs. Holyfield I''

Tyson attempted to defend the WBA title against Evander Holyfield. Holyfield was in the fourth fight of his own comeback after retiring in 1994 following the loss of his championship to Michael Moorer (who subsequently lost to George Foreman by knockout during his first defense). It was said that Don King and others saw Holyfield, the former champion, who was 34 at the time of the fight and a huge underdog, as a washed-up fighter.

On November 9, 1996, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Tyson faced Holyfield in a title bout dubbed '' 'Finally.' '' In a surprising turn of events, Holyfield, who was given virtually no chance to win by numerous commentators, defeated Tyson by TKO when referee Mitch Halpern stopped the bout in round 11. Holyfield made history with the upset win by being the second person ever to win a heavyweight championship belt three times, after Muhammad Ali. However Holyfield's victory was marred by allegations from Tyson's camp of Holyfield's frequent headbutts during the bout. Although the headbutts were ruled accidental by the referee, they would become a point of contention in the subsequent rematch.

''Tyson vs. Holyfield II'' and aftermath

Tyson and Holyfield fought again on June 28, 1997. Originally, Halpern was supposed to be the referee, but after Tyson's camp protested, Halpern stepped aside in favor of Mills Lane. The highly anticipated rematch was dubbed ''The Sound and the Fury'', and was held at the Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena, site of the first bout. It was a lucrative event, drawing even more attention than the first bout and grossing $100 million. Tyson received $30 million and Holyfield $35 million—the highest paid professional boxing purses ever until 2007. The fight was purchased by 1.99 million households, setting a pay-per-view buy rate record that stood until the May 5, 2007, De La Hoya-Mayweather boxing match.

Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports, the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified for biting Holyfield on both ears. The first time he bit him the match was temporarily stopped. Referee Mills Lane deducted two points from Tyson and the fight resumed. However, after the match resumed, Tyson did it again: this time Tyson was disqualified and Holyfield won the match. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight. Tyson later stated that his actions were retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly headbutting him without penalty. In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot erupted in the arena and several people were injured in the ensuing melee.

Tyson's former trainer, Teddy Atlas, had predicted that Tyson would be disqualified. "He planned this," Atlas said. "That's the only reason he went through with this fight. This was a charade so he could get out and live with himself as long as in his world he would be known as savage and brutal. In his world, he was the man who attacked like an animal and people would say he was trying to annihilate Holyfield, trying to kill him, when nothing could be further from the truth."

As a subsequent fallout from the incident, US$3 million was immediately withheld from Tyson's $30-million purse by the Nevada state boxing commission (the most it could legally hold back at the time). Two days after the fight, Tyson issued a statement, apologizing to Holyfield for his actions and asked not to be banned for life over the incident. Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson.

On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license.

During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV.

1999 to 2005

After Holyfield

In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring to fight the South African Francois Botha, in another fight that ended in controversy. While Botha initially controlled the fight, Tyson allegedly attempted to break Botha's arms during a tie-up and both boxers were cautioned by the referee in the ill-tempered bout. Botha was ahead on points on all scorecards and was confident enough to mock Tyson as the fight continued. Nonetheless, Tyson landed a straight right-hand in the fifth round that knocked out Botha.

Legal problems caught up with Tyson once again. On February 5, 1999, Tyson was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, fined $5,000, and ordered to serve two years probation and perform 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee from the off-the-clinch-punch when he went down and said he was unable to continue the fight. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest.

In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first was staged at the MEN Arena, Manchester, England against Julius Francis. Following controversy as to whether Tyson should be allowed into the country, he took four minutes to knock out Francis, ending the bout in the second round. He also fought Lou Savarese in June 2000 in Glasgow, winning in the first round; the fight lasted only 38 seconds. Tyson continued punching after the referee had stopped the fight, knocking the referee to the floor as he tried to separate the boxers. In October, Tyson fought the similarly controversial Andrzej Gołota, winning in round three after Gołota refused to continue after his jaw was broken. The result was later changed to no contest after Tyson refused to take a pre-fight drug test and then tested positive for marijuana in a post-fight urine test. Tyson fought only once in 2001, beating Brian Nielsen in Copenhagen with a seventh round TKO.

Lewis vs. Tyson

Tyson once again had the opportunity to fight for a heavyweight championship in 2002, against Lennox Lewis, who held the WBC, IBF, IBO & Lineal titles at the time. As promising amateurs, Tyson and Lewis had sparred together at a training camp, in a meeting arranged by Cus D'Amato in 1984. Tyson sought to fight Lewis in Nevada for a more lucrative box-office venue, but the Nevada boxing commission refused him a license to box as he was facing possible sexual assault charges at the time.

Two years prior to the bout, in a post-fight interview following the Savarese fight, Tyson had made several inflammatory remarks to Lewis, "I want your heart, I want to eat your children." On January 22, 2002, a brawl involving the two boxers and their entourages occurred at a press conference held in New York to publicize the planned event. The melee put to rest any chance of a Nevada fight and alternative arrangements had to be made, with the fight eventually occurring on June 8 at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis dominated the fight and knocked out Tyson with a right hook in the eighth round. Tyson was magnanimous after the fight and praised Lewis on his victory. This fight was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history at that time, generating $106.9 million from 1.95 million buys in the USA.

Late career, bankruptcy and retirement

On February 22, 2003, Tyson beat fringe contender Clifford Etienne 49 seconds into round one, once again in Memphis. The pre-fight was marred by rumors of Tyson's lack of fitness and that he took time out from training to party in Las Vegas and get a new facial tattoo. This would be Tyson's final professional victory in the ring.

In August 2003, after years of financial struggles, Tyson finally filed for bankruptcy. In 2003, amid all his economic troubles, he was named by ''Ring Magazine'' at number 16, right behind Sonny Liston, among the 100 greatest punchers of all time.

On August 13, 2003, Tyson entered the ring for a face to face confrontation against then K-1 fighting phenom Bob Sapp immediately after Sapp's win against Kimo Leopoldo in Las Vegas. K-1 signed Tyson to a contract with the hopes of making a fight happen between the two, but Tyson's status as a convicted felon made him unable to obtain a visa to enter Japan, where the fight would have been most profitable. Alternate locations were discussed, but the fight never came to fruition. It is unknown if he actually profited from this arrangement.

On July 30, 2004, Tyson faced the British boxer Danny Williams in another comeback fight, this time staged in Louisville, Kentucky. Tyson dominated the opening two rounds. The third round was even, with Williams getting in some clean blows and also a few illegal ones, for which he was penalized. In the fourth round, Tyson was unexpectedly knocked out. After the fight, it was revealed that Tyson was trying to fight on one leg, having torn a ligament in his other knee in the first round. This was Tyson's fifth career defeat. He underwent surgery for the ligament four days after the fight. His manager, Shelly Finkel, claimed that Tyson was unable to throw meaningful right-hand punches after the knee injury.

On June 11, 2005, Tyson stunned the boxing world by quitting before the start of the seventh round in a close bout against journeyman Kevin McBride. After losing the third of his last four fights, Tyson said he would quit boxing because he no longer had "the fighting guts or the heart anymore."

Exhibition tour

To help pay off his debts, Tyson returned to the ring on a world tour in a series of four-round exhibitions against journeyman heavyweight Corey "T-Rex" Sanders in Youngstown, Ohio 2006. Tyson, without headgear at 5 ft 10.5 in and 216 pounds, was in great shape, but far from his prime against Sanders, with headgear at 6 ft 8 in and 293 pounds, a loser of his last seven pro bouts and nearly blind from a detached retina in his left eye. Tyson appeared to be "holding back" in these exhibitions to prevent an early end to the "show". "If I don't get out of this financial quagmire there's a possibility I may have to be a punching bag for somebody. The money I make isn't going to help my bills from a tremendous standpoint, but I'm going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed," explained Tyson about the reasons for his "comeback".

Legacy

A 1998 ranking of "The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time" by Ring magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list.

In Ring Magazine's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years, released in 2002, Tyson was ranked at No. 72. He is ranked No. 16 on ''Ring Magazine'''s 2003 list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.

After professional boxing

On the front page of ''USA Today'' on June 3, 2005, Tyson was quoted as saying: "My whole life has been a waste – I've been a failure." He continued: "I just want to escape. I'm really embarrassed with myself and my life. I want to be a missionary. I think I could do that while keeping my dignity without letting people know they chased me out of the country. I want to get this part of my life over as soon as possible. In this country nothing good is going to come of me. People put me so high; I wanted to tear that image down." Tyson began to spend much of his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona.

Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. He has also done entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts.

On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession after he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving a nightclub. According to a police probable-cause statement, filed in Maricopa County Superior Court, "[Tyson] admitted to using [drugs] today and stated he is an addict and has a problem." Tyson pleaded not guilty on January 22, 2007, in Maricopa County Superior Court to felony drug possession and paraphernalia possession counts and two misdemeanor counts of driving under the influence of drugs. On February 8 he checked himself into an in-patient treatment program for "various addictions" while awaiting trial on the drug charges.

On September 24, 2007, Mike Tyson pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine and driving under the influence. He was convicted of these charges in November 2007 and sentenced to 24 hours in jail, 360 hours community service and 3 years probation. Prosecutors had requested a year-long jail sentence, but the judge praised Tyson for seeking help with his drug problems.

On November 11, 2009, Mike Tyson was arrested after getting into a scuffle at Los Angeles International airport with a photographer. No charges were filed.

Tyson appeared on WWE Monday Night Raw as the guest host on January 11, 2010 and even made his return to the ring in a tag team match with Chris Jericho against D-Generation X. At first, the duo had their way until Tyson revealed a DX T-shirt he was wearing underneath a black shirt he was wearing and knocked-out Jericho, which allowed Shawn Michaels to pin Jericho, giving DX the win.

On June 12, 2011, Tyson was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame, alongside legendary Mexican champion Julio César Chávez, light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu, and actor/screenwriter Sylvester Stallone.

On August 7, 2011, CBS aired an episode of The Same Name, featuring Mike Tyson.

This year, Mike participed in the Argentinian dance TV program Bailando 2011

On the Janurary 30, 2012 edition of Monday Night Raw, after ESPN, TMZ, and others had leaked the news earlier in the day, it was confirmed that Tyson will be inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame.

Personal life

Tyson has been legally married three times and he had eight children with several different women.

His first marriage was to actress Robin Givens from February 7, 1988 to February 14, 1989. Givens was known for her work on the sitcom ''Head of the Class''. Tyson's marriage to Givens was especially tumultuous with allegations of violence, spousal abuse and mental instability on Tyson's part. Matters came to a head when Tyson and Givens gave a joint interview with Barbara Walters on the ABC TV newsmagazine show ''20/20'' in September 1988, in which Givens described life with Tyson as "torture, pure hell, worse than anything I could possibly imagine." Givens also described Tyson as "manic depressive" on national television while Tyson looked on with an intent and calm expression. A month later, Givens announced that she was seeking a divorce from the allegedly abusive Tyson. They had no children but she claims to have had a miscarriage while Tyson claims she was never pregnant and only used that to get him to marry her. During their marriage, the couple lived in a mansion in Bernardsville, New Jersey.

His second marriage was to Monica Turner from April 19, 1997 to January 14, 2003. At the time of the divorce filing, Turner worked as a pediatric resident at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington DC. She is also the sister of Michael Steele, the former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland and former Republican National Committee Chairman. Turner filed for divorce from Tyson in January 2002, claiming that he committed adultery during their five-year marriage, an act that "has neither been forgiven nor condoned." The couple had two children: Rayna and Amir.

Tyson appears in the 2009 film The Hangover as a caricature of himself. In the film his character pursues the main characters after they have stolen a tiger from his home. He appears in their hotel room, where he threatens them if they do not return the tiger in one hour, and later at his home when they return the tiger and try to get information from him about their missing friend.

On May 25, 2009, Tyson's 4-year-old daughter, Exodus, was found by her 7-year-old brother, Miguel, unconscious and tangled in a cord, dangling from an exercise treadmill. The child's mother untangled her, administered CPR and called for medical attention. Exodus was listed in "extremely critical condition" and was on life support at Phoenix's St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center. She subsequently died of her injuries on May 26, 2009. Ten days later, Tyson wed for the third time, to girlfriend Lakiha Spicer, age 32, exchanging vows on Saturday, June 6, 2009, in a short, private ceremony, at the La Bella Wedding Chapel at the Las Vegas Hilton hotel-casino. Spicer was a resident of nearby suburban Henderson, Nevada. County marriage records in Las Vegas show the couple got a marriage license 30 minutes before their ceremony. Spicer is the mother of Tyson's daughter, Milan and son, Morocco. His other children include Mikey (born 1990), Miguel (born 2002) and D'Amato (born 1990). He has a total of eight children including the deceased Exodus.

While on the American talk show ''The View'' in early May 2010, Tyson revealed that he is now forced to live paycheck to paycheck. He went on to say: "I'm totally destitute and broke. But I have an awesome life, I have an awesome wife who cares about me. I'm totally broke. I had a lot of fun. It (losing his money) just happened. I'm very grateful. I don't deserve to have the wife that I have; I don't deserve the kids that I have, but I do, and I'm very grateful."

In March 2011, Tyson appeared on ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'' to discuss his new Animal Planet reality series ''Taking on Tyson''. In the interview with DeGeneres, Tyson discussed some of the ways he had improved his life in the past two years, including sober living and a vegan diet.

Also, in March 2011, Mike Tyson appeared at the SXSW Screenburn Arcade for the launch of his new iPhone app Mike Tyson: Main Event.

In May 2011, Tyson sent an autographed boxing gloves to soccer superstar Cristiano Ronaldo. 'To Cristiano' is what written on the gloves, along with Tyson's signature.

Also, in May 2011, Tyson was a contestant in the Argentinian dance contest Bailando 2011, and he was paired with his wife, Lahika Spicer. The couple withdrew from the competition after the second round.

In September 2011, Tyson gave an interview in which he made comments about former Alaska governor Sarah Palin that included crude and violent descriptions of interracial sex. These comments were then reprinted on the Daily Caller website. Journalist Greta van Susteren criticized Tyson and the Daily Caller over the comments, which she described as "smut" and "violence against women".

Popular culture

At the height of his fame and career in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, Tyson was one of the most recognized sports personalities in the world. Apart from his many sporting accomplishments, his outrageous and controversial behavior in the ring and in his private life has kept him in the public eye and in the courtroom. As such, Tyson has appeared in myriad popular media in cameo appearances in film and television. He has also been featured in video games and as a subject of parody or satire.

Published in 2007, author Joe Layden's book ''The Last Great Fight: The Extraordinary Tale of Two Men and How One Fight Changed Their Lives Forever'', chronicled the lives of Tyson and Douglas before and after their heavyweight championship fight. The book received positive reviews and claimed the fight was essentially the beginning of the end of boxing's popularity in mainstream sports.

In 2008, the documentary ''Tyson'' premiered at the annual Cannes Film Festival in France. The film was directed by James Toback and has interviews with Tyson and clips of his fights and from his personal life. It received high critical praise, scoring an 86% approval rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes from a pool of over 100 film critics.

Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|50 Wins (44 knockouts, 5 decisions, 1 disqualification), 6 Losses, 0 Draws, 2 No Contests |- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;" | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponnent | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes |- align=center |Loss |50–6 |align=left| Kevin McBride |TKO |6 | |align=left| MCI Center, Washington, D.C.}} |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |50–5 |align=left| Danny Williams |KO |4 | |align=left| Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |50–4 |align=left| Clifford Etienne |KO |1 | |align=left| The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee}} |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |49–4 |align=left| Lennox Lewis |KO |8 | |align=left| The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |49–3 |align=left| Brian Nielsen |RTD |7 | |align=left| Parken Stadium, Copenhagen}} |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#ddd;"|NC |48–3 |align=left| Andrew Golota |NC |3 | |align=left| The Palace, Auburn Hills, Michigan}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |48–3 |align=left| Lou Savarese |TKO |1 | |align=left| Hampden Park, Glasgow}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |47–3 |align=left| Julius Francis |TKO |2 | |align=left| M.E.N. Arena, Manchester}} |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#ddd;"|NC |46–3 |align=left| Orlin Norris |NC |1 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |46–3 |align=left| Francois Botha |KO |5 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |45–3 |align=left| Evander Holyfield |DQ |3 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |45–2 |align=left| Evander Holyfield |TKO |11 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |45–1 |align=left| Bruce Seldon |TKO |1 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |44–1 |align=left| Frank Bruno |TKO |3 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |43–1 |align=left| Buster Mathis, Jr. |KO |3 | |align=left| Core States Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |42–1 |align=left| Peter McNeeley |DQ |1 | |align=left| MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |41–1 |align=left| Donovan Ruddock |UD |12 | |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |40–1 |align=left| Donovan Ruddock |TKO |7 | |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |39–1 |align=left| Alex Stewart |TKO |1 | |align=left| Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |38–1 |align=left| Henry Tillman |KO |1 | |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |37–1 |align=left| Buster Douglas |KO |10 | |align=left| Tokyo Dome, Tokyo}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |37–0 |align=left| Carl Williams |TKO |1 | |align=left| Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |36–0 |align=left| Frank Bruno |TKO |5 | |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |35–0 |align=left| Michael Spinks |KO |1 | |align=left| Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |34–0 |align=left| Tony Tubbs |TKO |2 | |align=left| Tokyo Dome, Tokyo}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |33–0 |align=left| Larry Holmes |TKO |4 | |align=left| Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |32–0 |align=left| Tyrell Biggs |TKO |7 | |align=left| Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |31–0 |align=left| Tony Tucker |UD |12 | |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |30–0 |align=left| Pinklon Thomas |TKO |6 | |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |29–0 |align=left| James Smith |UD |12 | |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |28–0 |align=left| Trevor Berbick |TKO |2 | |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |27–0 |align=left| Alfonso Ratliff |TKO |2 | |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada}} | |- align=center |Win |26–0 |align=left| José Ribalta |TKO |10 | |align=left| Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |25–0 |align=left| Marvis Frazier |KO |1 | |align=left| Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |24–0 |align=left| Lorenzo Boyd |KO |2 | |align=left| Stevensville Hotel, Swan Lake, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |23–0 |align=left| William Hosea |KO |1 | |align=left| Houston Field House, Troy, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |22–0 |align=left| Reggie Gross |TKO |1 | |align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |21–0 |align=left| Mitch Green |UD |10 | |align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |20–0 |align=left| James Tillis |UD |10 | |align=left| Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |19–0 |align=left| Steve Zouski |KO |3 | |align=left| Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |18–0 |align=left| Jesse Ferguson |TKO |6 | |align=left| Houston Field House, Troy, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |17–0 |align=left| Mike Jameson |TKO |5 | |align=left| Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |16–0 |align=left| David Jaco |TKO |1 | |align=left| Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |15–0 |align=left| Mark Young |TKO |1 | |align=left| Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |14–0 |align=left| Sammy Scaff |TKO |1 | |align=left| Felt Forum, New York, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |13–0 |align=left| Conroy Nelson |TKO |2 | |align=left| Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |12–0 |align=left| Eddie Richardson |KO |1 | |align=left| Ramada-Houston Hotel, Houston, Texas}} | |- align=center |Win |11–0 |align=left| Sterling Benjamin |TKO |1 | |align=left| Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |10–0 |align=left| Robert Colay |KO |1 | |align=left| Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |9–0 |align=left| Donnie Long |TKO |1 | |align=left| Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |8–0 |align=left| Michael Johnson |KO |1 | |align=left| Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |7–0 |align=left| Lorenzo Canady |KO |1 | |align=left| Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |6–0 |align=left| Larry Sims |KO |3 | |align=left| Mid-Hudson Civic Center, Poughkeepsie, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |5–0 |align=left| John Alderson |TKO |2 | |align=left| Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |4–0 |align=left| Ricardo Spain |TKO |1 | |align=left| Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} | |- align=center |Win |3–0 |align=left| Don Halpin |KO |4 | |align=left| Albany, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |2–0 |align=left| Trent Singleton |TKO |1 | |align=left| Albany, New York}} | |- align=center |Win |1–0 |align=left| Hector Mercedes |TKO |1 | |align=left| Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York}} |align=left|

Boxing championships and accomplishments

Tyson established an impressive list of accomplishments, mostly early in his career:

Titles

Junior Olympic Games Champion Heavyweight 1982

National Golden Gloves Champion Heavyweight 1984

Undisputed Heavyweight champion (held all three major championship belts; WBA, IBF, and WBC) – August 1, 1987 – February 11, 1990

WBC Heavyweight Champion – November 22, 1986 – February 11, 1990, March 16, 1996 – September 24, 1996 (Vacated)

WBA Heavyweight Champion – March 7, 1987 – February 11, 1990, September 7, 1996 – November 9, 1996

IBF Heavyweight Champion – August 1, 1987 – February 11, 1990

Records

Youngest Heavyweight champion – 20 years and 4 months

Junior Olympic quickest KO – 8 seconds

Awards

Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year—1986 & 1988

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality—1989

Ring magazine Prospect of the Year—1985

References

External links

Official website

Mike Tyson's Amateur Boxing Record

Joyce Carol Oates on Mike Tyson, 1986–1997

June 2005 SI Tyson Retrospective Photo Gallery

Mike Tyson Film Takes a Swing at His Old Image by Tim Arango, ''The New York Times'', May 11, 2008

Profile at Online World of Wrestling

"The Suburbanization of Mike Tyson," New York Times Magazine, March 15, 2011

{{s-ttl | title=WBC Heavyweight Champion | years=November 22, 1986 – February 11, 1990}} {{s-ttl | title=WBA Heavyweight Champion | years=March 7, 1987 – February 11, 1990}} {{s-ttl | title=IBF Heavyweight Champion | years=August 1, 1987 – February 11, 1990}} |- {{s-ttl | title=Undisputed Heavyweight Champion | years=August 1, 1987 – February 11, 1990}} {{s-ttl | title= WBC Heavyweight Champion | years=March 16, 1996 – September 24, 1996Vacated}}

Category:1966 births Category:African American boxers Category:African American Muslims Category:American people convicted of assault Category:American rapists Category:American sportspeople in doping cases Category:American vegans Category:Boxers from New York Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity Category:D-Generation X members Category:Doping cases in boxing Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Living people Category:National Golden Gloves champions Category:People convicted of drug offenses Category:People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn Category:People from Bernardsville, New Jersey Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers Category:People with bipolar disorder Category:people who did not finish High school Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:World heavyweight boxing champions Category:Vegan sportspeople

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Little Soldier was the head chief of the Yankton Sioux. He was a member of a delegation that signed a treaty with the United States government on June 22, 1825. He signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868. He also took part in the Battle of Little Bighorn.

References

"Famous Indian Chiefs" from www.axel-jacob.de, URL accessed on March 6, 2006

Category:Year of death missing Category:Native American leaders Category:Sioux people Category:People of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77 Category:Year of birth unknown

Name	Dr. Dre
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Andre Romelle Young
Born	February 18, 1965Compton, California, U.S.
Origin	Los Angeles, California,U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, synthesizer, keyboards, turntables, drum machine, sampler
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper, DJ, record producer, actor
Years active	1983–present
Label	Priority, Death Row, Aftermath, Interscope, Ruthless
Associated acts	World Class Wreckin' Cru, N.W.A, Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Soul Assassins, Ice Cube, 2Pac, Nate Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Xzibit, Warren G, 50 Cent
Website	}}

Andre Romelle Young (born February 18, 1965), primarily known by his stage name Dr. Dre, is an American record producer, rapper, record executive, and occasional actor. He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and a former co-owner and artist of Death Row Records. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers signed to those record labels, such as Snoop Dogg, Eminem and 50 Cent. As a producer he is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk, a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow, heavy beats.

Dr. Dre began his career in music as a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru and he later found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A with Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Mc Ren, and DJ Yella which popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life. His 1992 solo debut, ''The Chronic'', released under Death Row Records, led him to become one of the best-selling American performing artists of 1993 and to win a Grammy Award for the single "Let Me Ride". In 1996, he left Death Row to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. Under that label, he produced a compilation album titled ''Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath'' in 1996, and released a solo album titled ''2001'' in 1999, for which he won the Grammy producer's award the next year.

During the 2000s, he focused his career on production for other artists, while occasionally contributing vocals to other artists' songs. Dr. Dre signed Eminem and 50 Cent to his record label in 1996 and 2003 respectively while contributing production on their albums. ''Rolling Stone'' named Dr. Dre among the highest-paid performers of 2001 and 2004. Dr. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as ''Set It Off'', and the 2001 films ''The Wash'' and ''Training Day''.

Life and career

Early life

The first child of Theodore and Verna Young, Dr. Dre was born André Romelle Young on February 18, 1965, when his mother and father were ages 16 and 17; they married in 1964. Young's middle name, "Romelle," came from his father's unsigned amateur R&B; singing group, The Romells. In 1968, his parents divorced, and his mother later married Curtis Crayon. They had three more children together, two sons named Jerome and Tyree (both deceased) and daughter Shameka.

In 1976 Young began attending Vanguard Junior High School but due to gang violence around Vanguard he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School. Verna later married Warren Griffin, whom she met at her new job in Long Beach, which added three new stepsisters and one new stepbrother to the family. That stepbrother, Warren Griffin III, would eventually become rapper Warren G.

Young attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to Fremont High School due to poor grades. Young attempted to enroll in an apprenticeship program at Northrop Aviation Company, but poor grades at school made him ineligible. Thereafter, he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years. Young fathered a son, Curtis, born December 15, 1981, with Lisa Johnson. Curtis Young was brought up by his mother and first met his father 20 years later, when Curtis became rapper Hood Surgeon.

1984–85: World Class Wreckin' Cru

Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel", he often attended a club called The Eve After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live. Thus, he became a DJ in the club, initially under the name "Dr. J", based on the nickname of Julius Erving, his favorite basketball player. At the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member DJ Yella of N.W.A. Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre, a mix of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, referring to himself as the "Master of Mixology". He later joined the musical group World Class Wreckin' Cru under the independent Kru-Cut Records in 1984. The group would become stars of the electro-hop scene that dominated early 1980s West Coast hip hop, and their first hit "Surgery" would prominently feature Dr. Dre on the turntables and sell 50,000 copies within the Compton area. Dr. Dre and DJ Yella also performed mixes for local radio station KDAY, boosting ratings for its afternoon rush-hour show ''The Traffic Jam''. Dr. Dre's earliest recordings were released in 1994 on a compilation titled ''Concrete Roots''. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website ''Allmusic'' described the compiled music, released "several years before Dre developed a distinctive style", as "surprisingly generic and unengaging" and "for dedicated fans only".

His frequent absences from school jeopardized his position as a diver on his school's swim team. After high school, he attended Chester Adult School in Compton following his mother's demands for him to get a job or continue his education. After brief attendance at a radio broadcasting school, he relocated to the residence of his father and residence of his grandparents before returning to his mother's house. He later dropped out of Chester to focus on performing at the Eve's After Dark nightclub.

1986–91: N.W.A and Ruthless Records

In 1986, Dr. Dre met rapper Ice Cube, who collaborated with Dr. Dre to record songs for Ruthless Records, a rap record label run by local rapper Eazy-E. N.W.A and fellow West Coast rapper Ice-T are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre, a profanity-heavy subgenre of hip hop, replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle. Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as Public Enemy or Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics, offering stark descriptions of violent, inner-city streets. Propelled by the hit "Fuck tha Police", the group's first full album ''Straight Outta Compton'' became a major success, despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song's content.

After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes, Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of the group's second album ''Efil4zaggin''. He also produced tracks for a number of other rap acts on Ruthless Records, including Above the Law, and The D.O.C. for his 1989 album ''No One Can Do It Better''. In 1991, at a music industry party in Hollywood, he assaulted television host Dee Barnes of the Fox television program ''Pump it Up'', feeling dissatisfied with a news report of hers regarding the feud between the remaining N.W.A members and Ice Cube. Thus, Dr. Dre was fined $2,500 and given two years' probation and 240 hours of community service, as well as a spot on an anti-violence public service announcement on television.

1992–95: ''The Chronic'' and Death Row Records

After a dispute with Eazy-E, Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend, and N.W.A lyricist, The D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time, Suge Knight. Knight, a notorious strongman and intimidator, was able to have Eazy-E release Young from his contract and, using Dr. Dre as his flagship artist, founded Death Row Records. In 1992 Young released his first single, the title track to the film ''Deep Cover'', a collaboration with rapper Snoop Dogg, whom he met through Warren G. Dr. Dre's debut solo album was ''The Chronic'', released under Death Row Records. Young ushered in a new style of rap, both in terms of musical style and lyrical content.

On the strength of singles such as "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", "Let Me Ride", and "Fuck wit Dre Day (and Everybody's Celebratin')" (known as "Dre Day" for radio and television play), all of which featured Snoop Dogg as guest vocalist, ''The Chronic'' became a cultural phenomenon, its G-funk sound dominating much of hip hop music for the early 1990s. In 1993 the Recording Industry Association of America certified the album multi-platinum, and Dr. Dre also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his performance on "Let Me Ride". For that year, ''Billboard'' magazine also ranked Dr. Dre as the eighth best-selling musical artist, ''The Chronic'' as the sixth best-selling album, and "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" as the 11th best-selling single.

Besides working on his own material, Dr. Dre produced Snoop Dogg's debut album ''Doggystyle'', which became the first debut album for an artist to debut at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 album charts. In 1994 Dr. Dre produced some songs on the soundtracks to the films ''Above the Rim'' and ''Murder Was the Case''. He collaborated with fellow N.W.A member Ice Cube for the song "Natural Born Killaz" in 1995. For the film ''Friday'', Dre recorded "Keep Their Heads Ringin'", which reached No.10 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and No.1 on the Hot Rap Singles (now Hot Rap Tracks) charts.

In 1995, just as Death Row Records was signing rapper 2Pac and positioning him as their major star, Young left the label amidst a contract dispute and growing concerns that label boss Suge Knight was corrupt, financially dishonest and out of control. Thus, in 1996, he formed his own label, Aftermath Entertainment, under the distribution label for Death Row Records, Interscope Records. Consequently, Death Row Records suffered poor sales by 1997, especially following the death of 2Pac and the racketeering charges brought against Knight.

1996–98: Move to Aftermath Entertainment

The ''Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath'' album, released on November 26, 1996, featured songs by Dr. Dre himself, as well as by newly signed Aftermath Entertainment artists, and a solo track "Been There, Done That", intended as a symbolic farewell to gangsta rap. Despite being classified platinum by the RIAA, the album was not very popular among music fans. In October 1996, Dre performed "Been There, Done That" on ''Saturday Night Live''. In 1997, Dr. Dre produced several tracks on The Firm's ''The Album''; it was met with largely negative reviews from critics. Rumors began to abound that Aftermath was facing financial difficulties. Aftermath Entertainment also faced a trademark infringement lawsuit by the underground thrash metal band Aftermath. ''First Round Knock Out'', a compilation of various tracks produced and performed by Dr. Dre was also released in 1996, with material ranging from World Class Wreckin' Cru to N.W.A to Death Row recordings.

Despite the mixed reception to his label's album, Dr. Dre was featured on two Billboard Hot 100 No.1 singles in 1996, those being 2Pac's "California Love" and R&B; group Blackstreet's "No Diggity". They were Dr. Dre's first No.1 singles as a lead or featured artist.

The turning point for Aftermath came in 1998, when Jimmy Iovine, the head of Aftermath's parent label Interscope, suggested that Dr. Dre sign Eminem, a rapper from Detroit. Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem's successful and controversial debut album ''The Slim Shady LP'', released in 1999. The Dr. Dre-produced lead single from that album, "My Name Is", would help propel Eminem into stardom. The album was eventually certified 4x Platinum and helped to revive the Aftermath label. Also during this time, Dre assisted on the mix for Nine Inch Nails track "Even Deeper", from 1999 album ''The Fragile''.

1999–2000: ''2001''

Dr. Dre's second solo album, ''2001'', released on November 16, 1999, was considered an ostentatious return to his gangsta rap roots. It was initially titled ''The Chronic 2000'' to imply being a sequel to his debut solo effort ''The Chronic'' but was re-titled ''2001'' after Death Row Records released an unrelated compilation album with the title ''Chronic 2000: Still Smokin'' in May 1999. Other tentative titles included ''The Chronic 2001'' and ''Dr. Dre''. The album featured numerous collaborators, including Devin the Dude, Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, Nate Dogg and Eminem. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website Allmusic described the sound of the album as "adding ominous strings, soulful vocals, and reggae" to Dr. Dre's style. The album was highly successful, charting at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200 charts and has since been certified six times platinum, validating a recurring theme on the album: Dr. Dre was still a force to be reckoned with, despite the lack of major releases in the previous few years. The album included popular hit singles "Still D.R.E." and "Forgot About Dre", both of which Dr. Dre performed on NBC's ''Saturday Night Live'' on October 23, 1999. Dr. Dre won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical in 2000, and joined the Up in Smoke Tour with fellow rappers Eminem, Snoop Dogg, and Ice Cube that year as well.

During the course of ''2001'''s popularity, Dr. Dre was involved in several lawsuits. Lucasfilm Ltd., the film company behind the Star Wars film franchise, sued him over the use of the THX-trademarked "Deep Note". The Fatback Band also sued Dr. Dre over alleged infringement regarding its song "Backstrokin'" in his song "Let's Get High" from the ''2001'' album; Dr. Dre was ordered to pay $1.5 million to the band in 2003. The online music file-sharing company Napster also settled a lawsuit with him and heavy metal rock band Metallica in the summer of 2001, agreeing to block access to certain files that artists do not want to have shared on the network.

2001–08: Focus on production

Following the success of ''2001'', Dr. Dre focused on producing songs and albums for other artists. He co-produced six tracks on Eminem’s landmark ''Marshall Mathers LP'', including the Grammy-winning lead single, “The Real Slim Shady”. The album itself earned a Grammy and proved to be the fastest-selling rap album of all time, moving 1.76 million units in its first week alone. He produced the single "Family Affair" by R&B; singer Mary J. Blige for her album ''No More Drama'' in 2001. He also produced "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", a duet by rapper Eve and No Doubt lead singer Gwen Stefani and signed R&B; singer Truth Hurts to Aftermath in 2001. Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem’s 2002 release, ''The Eminem Show''. He produced three songs on the album, one of which was released as a single, and he appeared in the award-winning video for “Without Me”.

Another copyright-related lawsuit hit Dr. Dre in the fall of 2002, when Sa Re Ga Ma, a film and music company based in Calcutta, India, sued Aftermath Entertainment over an uncredited sample of the Lata Mangeshkar song "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" on the Aftermath-produced song "Addictive" by singer Truth Hurts. In February 2003, a judge ruled that Aftermath would have to halt sales of Truth Hurts' album ''Truthfully Speaking'' if the company would not credit Mangeshkar.

Another successful album on the Aftermath label was ''Get Rich or Die Tryin''', the 2003 major-label debut album by Queens, New York-based rapper 50 Cent. Dr. Dre produced or co-produced four tracks on the album, including the hit single "In da Club", a joint production between Aftermath, Eminem's boutique label Shady Records and Interscope. Eminem's fourth album since joining Aftermath, ''Encore'', again saw Dre taking on the role of executive producer, and this time he was more actively involved in the music, producing or co-producing a total of eight tracks, including three singles. In November 2004, at the ''Vibe'' magazine awards show in Los Angeles, Dr. Dre was attacked by a fan named Jimmy James Johnson, who was supposedly asking for an autograph. In the resulting scuffle, then-G-Unit rapper Young Buck stabbed the man. Johnson claimed that Suge Knight, president of Death Row Records, paid him $5,000 to assault Dre in order to humiliate him before he received his Lifetime Achievement Award. Knight immediately went on CBS's ''The Late Late Show'' to deny involvement and insisted that he supported Dr. Dre and wanted Johnson charged. In September 2005, Johnson was sentenced to a year in prison and ordered to stay away from Dr. Dre until 2008.

Dr. Dre also produced "How We Do", a 2005 hit single from rapper The Game from his album ''The Documentary''. For an issue of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine in April 2005, Dr. Dre was ranked 54th out of 100 artists for ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's list "The Immortals: The Greatest Artists of All Time". Kanye West wrote the summary for Dr. Dre, where he stated Dr. Dre's song "Xplosive" as where he "got (his) whole sound from".

In November 2006 Dr. Dre began working with Raekwon on his album ''Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II''. He also produced tracks for the rap albums ''Buck the World'' by Young Buck, ''Curtis'' by 50 Cent, ''Tha Blue Carpet Treatment'' by Snoop Dogg, and ''Kingdom Come'' by Jay-Z. Dre also appeared on Timbaland's track "Bounce", from his 2007 solo album, ''Timbaland Presents Shock Value'' along side, Missy Elliott, and Justin Timberlake.

Planned but unreleased albums during Dr. Dre's tenure at Aftermath have included a full-length reunion with Snoop Dogg titled ''Breakup to Makeup'', an album with fellow former N.W.A member Ice Cube which was to be titled ''Heltah Skeltah'', an N.W.A reunion album, and a joint album with fellow producer Timbaland titled ''Chairmen of the Board''. Other upcoming albums for which he will produce include ''The Reformation'' by Bishop Lamont, ''The Nacirema Dream'' by Papoose, ''Flirt'' by Eve, and an upcoming album by Queen Latifah.

2009–present: ''Detox'' and ''The Planets''

''Detox'' is to be Dr. Dre's final album. In 2002, Dre told Corey Moss of MTV News that he intended ''Detox'' to be a concept album. Work for the album dates back to early 2004, but later in that year he decided to stop working on the album to focus on producing for other artists, but then changed his mind; the album had initially been set for a fall 2005 release. After several delays, the album was finally scheduled to be released sometime in 2010 by Interscope Records, which has not set a firm release date for the album as of July 2010. Producers confirmed to work on the album include DJ Khalil, Nottz, Bernard "Focus" Edwards Jr., Hi-Tek, J.R. Rotem, RZA, Jay-Z, Warren G, and Boi-1da. Snoop Dogg claimed that ''Detox'' was finished, according to a June 2008 report by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine.

After another delay based on producing other artists' work, ''Detox'' was then scheduled for a 2010 release, coming after 50 Cent's ''Before I Self Destruct'' and Eminem's ''Relapse'', an album for which Dr. Dre handled the bulk of production duties. Dre appeared in the remix of the song "Set It Off" by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall (also with Pusha T); the remix debuted on DJ Skee's radio show in December 2008. At the beginning of 2009, Dre produced, and made a guest vocal performance on, the single "Crack a Bottle" by Eminem and the single sold a record 418,000 downloads in its first week. and reached the top of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart on the week of February 12, 2009. Along with this single, in 2009 Dr. Dre produced or co-produced 19 of 20 tracks on Eminem's album ''Relapse''. These included other hit singles "We Made You", "Old Time's Sake", and "3 a.m.". (the only track Dre didn't produce was the Eminem produced single "Beautiful")

In a Dr Pepper commercial that debuted on May 28, 2009, he premiered the first official snippet of ''Detox''. 50 Cent and Eminem asserted in an interview on BET's ''106 & Park'' that Dr. Dre had around a dozen songs finished for ''Detox''. ''Detox'' is likely to be released sometime in 2011. The first two singles, "Kush" and "I Need a Doctor", were released in September 2010 and February 2011 respectively. "Kush" has become a top 40 hit in the United States and "I Need a Doctor" peaked at Number Four on the Billboard Hot 100. The third single, "The Psycho" featuring 50 Cent is set to release sometime this year respectively.

The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers will honor Dr. Dre with its Founders Award for inspiring other musicians.

In an August 2010 interview, Dr. Dre stated that an instrumental album titled ''The Planets'' is in its first stages of production; each song being named after a planet in the Solar System. On September 3, Dr. Dre showed support to longtime protégé Eminem, and appeared on his and Jay-Z's Home & Home Tour, performing hit songs such as "Still D.R.E.," "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang," and "Crack a Bottle," alongside Eminem and another protégé, 50 Cent. Sporting an "R.I.P. Proof" shirt, Dre was honored by Eminem telling Detroit's Comerica Park to do the same. They did so, by chanting "DEEE-TOX," to which he replied, "I'm coming!"

Dr. Dre was featured on the cover of XXL in the December/January 2011 issue. After ''Detox'' he will be one of the producers of Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins' album ''Still Cool.''

Other ventures

Film career

Dr. Dre made his first on screen appearance as a weapons dealer in the 1996 bank robbery movie ''Set It Off''. In 2001, Dr. Dre also appeared in the movies ''The Wash'' and ''Training Day''. A song of his, "Bad Intentions" (featuring Knoc-Turn'Al) and produced by Mahogany, was featured on ''The Wash'' soundtrack. Dr. Dre also appeared on two other songs "On the Blvd." and "The Wash" along with his co-star Snoop Dogg. In February 2007 it was announced that Dr. Dre would produce dark comedies and horror films for New Line Cinema-owned company Crucial Films, along with longtime video director Phillip Atwell. Dr. Dre announced "This is a natural switch for me, since I've directed a lot of music videos, and I eventually want to get into directing." Along with fellow member Ice Cube, Dr. Dre will produce a biographical film about N.W.A tentatively titled ''Straight Outta Compton''.

Entrepreneur

In July 2008, Dr. Dre released his high-performance brand of headphones, ''Beats by Dr. Dre''. The line consists of Beats Studio, a circumaural headphone, Beats Tour, an in-ear headphone, Beats Solo & Solo HD, a supra-aural headphone, Beats Spin, Heartbeats by Lady Gaga, also an in-ear headphone, and Diddy Beats. The headphones are made by Monster. He is also planning to release an "Aftermath Cognac and vodka" at around the same time he releases ''Detox''. For the 2009 Fall season, HP and Dr. Dre are teaming up to release Beats By Dr. Dre with the sale of all HP laptops and headsets. HP and Dr. Dre announced the deal on October 9, 2009, at a press event in Santa Monica, California. The new laptop, known as HP ENVY 15 Beats limited edition, will be available for sale October 22 and be priced around $2,299. Besides the laptop, the PC comes with Dr. Dre's signature headphones.

Legal Battle with China Counterfeit Headphones

On 10th August Dr Dre initiated a legal battle with China Music Headphones company SacrementoMusic for counterfeit headphones manufactured in Shenzhen, China. Dr Dre has provided full patent information to the High Court in China and are currently reviewing the process of application. The counterfeit headphones has been reported to be losing $5 million per year manufactured by partner company Monster. On 11th August 2011 Dr Dre sold the brand name to HTC for £191 million

Personal life

Relationships and family

Dr. Dre's eldest son is named Curtis Young. When Curtis Young was born, Greene was 16, and Dr. Dre was 17. Curtis Young is an aspiring rapper who goes by the rap moniker "Hood Surgeon". In 1988, Dr. Dre had his second son, Andre Young Jr., with Jenita Porter. Porter sued Dr. Dre in 1990 in Orange County Superior Court seeking $5,000 of child support per month. From 1990 to 1996, Dr. Dre dated singer Michel'le, who frequently contributed vocals to Death Row Records albums. In 1991, the couple had a son, Marcel. In 1996, Dr. Dre married Nicole Threatt, the ex-wife of NBA player Sedale Threatt. They have two children together: a son named Truth (born 1997) and a daughter named Truly (born 2001).

On August 23, 2008, Young's second son, Andre Young Jr., died at the age of 20 at his mother's Woodland Hills home. The coroner determined that he died from an overdose of heroin and morphine.

Income

In 2001, Dr. Dre earned a total of about US$52 million from selling part of his share of Aftermath Entertainment to Interscope Records and his production of such hit songs that year as "Family Affair" by Mary J. Blige. ''Rolling Stone'' magazine thus named him the second highest-paid artist of the year. Dr. Dre was ranked 44th in 2004 from earnings of $11.4 million, primarily from production royalties from such projects as albums from G-Unit and D12 and the single "Rich Girl" by singer Gwen Stefani and rapper Eve.

Musical influences and style

Dr. Dre has said that his primary instrument in the studio is the Akai MPC3000, a drum machine and sampler, and that he often uses as many as four or five to produce a single recording. He cites 1970s funk musicians such as George Clinton, Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield as his primary musical influences. Unlike most rap producers, he tries to avoid samples as much as possible, preferring to have studio musicians re-play pieces of music he wants to use, because it allows him more flexibility to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo. In 2001 he told ''Time'' magazine, "I may hear something I like on an old record that may inspire me, but I'd rather use musicians to re-create the sound or elaborate on it. I can control it better." Other equipment he uses include the E-mu SP-1200 drum machine and other keyboards from such manufacturers as Korg, Rhodes, Wurlitzer, Moog, and Roland.

After founding Aftermath Entertainment in 1996, Dr. Dre took on producer Mel-Man as a co-producer, and his music took on a more synthesizer-based sound, using fewer vocal samples (as he had used on "Lil' Ghetto Boy" and "Let Me Ride" on ''The Chronic'', for example). Mel-Man has not shared co-production credits with Dr. Dre since approximately 2002, but fellow Aftermath producer Focus has credited Mel-Man as a key architect of the signature Aftermath sound.

In 1999 Dr. Dre started working with Mike Elizondo, a bassist, guitarist, and keyboardist who has also produced, written and played on records for female singers such as Poe, Fiona Apple and Alanis Morissette, In the past few years Elizondo has since worked for many of Dr. Dre's productions. Dr. Dre also told ''Scratch'' magazine in a 2004 interview that he has been studying piano and music theory formally, and that a major goal is to accumulate enough musical theory to score movies. In the same interview he stated that he has collaborated with famed 1960s songwriter Burt Bacharach by sending him hip hop beats to play over, and hopes to have an in-person collaboration with him in the future.

Work ethic

Dr. Dre has stated that he is a perfectionist and is known to pressure the artists with whom he records to give flawless performances. In 2006 Snoop Dogg told the website Dubcnn.com that Dr. Dre had made new artist Bishop Lamont re-record a single bar of vocals 107 times. Dr. Dre has also stated that Eminem is a fellow perfectionist, and attributes his success on Aftermath to his similar work ethic. He gives a lot of input into the delivery of the vocals and will stop an MC during a take if it isn't to his liking. However, he does give MCs he works with room to write lyrics without too much instruction unless it is a specifically conceptual record, as noted by Bishop Lamont in the book ''How to Rap''.

A consequence of his perfectionism is that some artists that initially sign deals with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label never release albums. In 2001, Aftermath released the soundtrack to the movie ''The Wash'', featuring a number of Aftermath acts such as Shaunta, Daks, Joe Beast and Toi. To date, none have released full-length albums on Aftermath and have apparently ended their relationships with the label and Dr. Dre. Other noteworthy acts to leave Aftermath without releasing albums include King Tee, ''2001'' vocalist Hittman, Joell Ortiz, Raekwon and Rakim.

Collaborators/co-producers

Over the years word of other collaborators has surfaced. During his tenure at Death Row Records, it was alleged that Dr. Dre's stepbrother Warren G and Tha Dogg Pound member Daz made many uncredited contributions to songs on his solo album ''The Chronic'' and Snoop Doggy Dogg's album ''Doggystyle'' (Daz received production credits on Snoop's similar-sounding, albeit less successful album ''Tha Doggfather'' after Young left Death Row Records).

It is known that Scott Storch, who has since gone on to become a successful producer in his own right, contributed to Dr. Dre's second album ''2001''; Storch is credited as a songwriter on several songs and played keyboards on several tracks. In 2006 he told ''Rolling Stone'':

"At the time, I saw Dr. Dre desperately needed something," Storch says. "He needed a fuel injection, and Dr. Dre utilized me as the nitrous oxide. He threw me into the mix, and I sort of tapped on a new flavor with my whole piano sound and the strings and orchestration. So I'd be on the keyboards, and Mike [Elizondo] was on the bass guitar, and Dr. Dre was on the drum machine".

Current collaborator Mike Elizondo, when speaking about his work with Young, describes their recording process as a collaborative effort involving several musicians. In 2004 he claimed to ''Songwriter Universe'' magazine that he had written the foundations of the hit Eminem song "The Real Slim Shady", stating, "I initially played a bass line on the song, and Dr. Dre, Tommy Coster Jr. and I built the track from there. Eminem then heard the track, and he wrote the rap to it." This account is essentially confirmed by Eminem in his book ''Angry Blonde'', stating that the tune for the song was composed by a studio bassist and keyboardist while Dr. Dre was out of the studio but Young later programmed the song's beat after returning.

A group of disgruntled former associates of Dr. Dre complained that they had not received their full due for work on the label in the September 2003 issue of ''The Source''. A producer named Neff-U claimed to have produced the songs "Say What You Say" and "My Dad's Gone Crazy" on ''The Eminem Show'', the songs "If I Can't" and "Back Down" on 50 Cent's ''Get Rich or Die Tryin''', and the beat featured on Dr. Dre's commercial for Coors beer.

Although Young studies piano and musical theory, he serves as more of a conductor than a musician himself, as Josh Tyrangiel of ''TIME'' magazine has noted:

Every Dre track begins the same way, with Dre behind a drum machine in a room full of trusted musicians. (They carry beepers. When he wants to work, they work.) He'll program a beat, then ask the musicians to play along; when Dre hears something he likes, he isolates the player and tells him how to refine the sound. "My greatest talent," Dre says, "is knowing exactly what I want to hear." Dr. Dre's prominent studio collaborators, including Scott Storch, Elizondo, Mark Batson and Dawaun Parker, have shared co-writing, instrumental, and more recently co-production credits on the songs where he is credited as the producer.

Ghostwriters

It is acknowledged that most of Dr. Dre's raps are written for him by others, though he retains ultimate control over his lyrics and the themes of his songs. As Aftermath producer Mahogany told ''Scratch'': "It's like a class room in [the booth]. He'll have three writers in there. They'll bring in something, he'll recite it, then he'll say. 'Change this line, change this word,' like he's grading papers." As seen in the credits for tracks Young has appeared on, there are often multiple people who contribute to his songs (although often in hip hop many people are officially credited as a writer for a song, even the producer).

In the book ''How to Rap'', RBX explains that writing ''The Chronic'' was a "team effort"

Discography

; Solo albums *''The Chronic'' (1992), Death Row

''2001'' (1999), Aftermath

''Detox'' (2011), Aftermath

; Instrumental albums ''The Planets'' (2011), Aftermath

Awards and nominations

Wins

"Let Me Ride" – Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance – 1994

Rap In A Video Dr. Dre (featuring Eminem) — "Forgot About Dre" MTV VIDEO MUSIC AWARDS - 2000

"Forgot About Dre" – Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group – 2001 | (with Eminem)

''The Marshall Mathers LP'' – Grammy Award for Best Rap Album – 2001 (with Eminem)

''Various Productions'' – Grammy Award for Producer of the Year – 2001

"Crack a Bottle" – Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group – 2010 | (with Eminem and 50 Cent)

''Relapse'' – Grammy Award for Best Rap Album – 2010 (with Eminem)

Nominations

"California Love" – Grammy Award Nomination as Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with 2Pac and Roger Troutman) – 1997

"Still D.R.E." – Grammy Award Nomination Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with Snoop Dogg) and The Source Awards Nomination Single of the year – 2000

Filmography

''Set It Off'' ''Up in Smoke Tour'' ''Training Day'' ''Shady Talez (2012 film)

Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
1992	''Niggaz4Life: The Only Home Video''	Himself
1996	|	Black Sam
2000	|	Himself	Documentary
rowspan="2"	2001	|	Paul
''The Wash (film)	The Wash''	Sean
	2012	Shady Talez'' ||		Filming

Notes

References

External links

Official website

Official ''Detox'' blog

Beats by Dr. Dre official site

Dr. Dre at WhoSampled

Dr. Dre at Beatbuggy

Category:1965 births Category:African American film actors Category:African American rappers Category:African American record producers Category:Aftermath Entertainment artists Category:American hip hop record producers Category:American music industry executives Category:American music video directors Category:American people convicted of assault Category:Death Row Records artists Category:G-funk Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Living people Category:N.W.A members Category:People from Compton, California Category:Priority Records artists Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California Category:Ruthless Records artists Category:Pseudonymous rappers

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