thumb|300px|Film production on location in Newark, New Jersey.

Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production.

Principal photography is usually the most expensive phase of film production, generally due to actor, director, and set crew salaries, the costs of certain shots, including any props or on-set special effects. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, because until it is complete there is unlikely to be enough material filmed to release a final product needed to recoup costs. While it is common for a film to lose its greenlight status during pre-production (for example, because an important cast member drops out), it is extremely uncommon for finance to be withdrawn once principal photography has commenced, and it is usually regarded as a catastrophe.

Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, and a wrap party may be organized to celebrate. During post-production, it may become clear that certain shots or sequences are missing or incomplete and are required to complete the film, or that a certain scene is not playing as expected, or even that a particular actor has failed to turn in a performance of the required caliber. In these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, but if the material is new and relatively minor, it is often referred to as a pick-up.

Category:Film making Category:Film production

de:Dreharbeiten fr:Tournage (audiovisuel) it:Lavorazione (cinema) pt:Filmagem wa:Filmaedje (d' on fime)

Coordinates	8°′″N124°18′″N
name	Rip Torn
birth name	Elmore Rual Torn, Jr.
birth date	February 06, 1931
birth place	Temple, Texas, U.S.
occupation	Actor
years active	1956–present
spouse	Ann Wedgeworth''(1955–61; divorced, 1 child)''Geraldine Page''(1963–87; her death, 3 children)''Amy Wright''(1989–present, 2 children)'' }}

Elmore Rual "Rip" Torn, Jr. (born February 6, 1931), is an American actor of stage, screen and television.

Torn received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his role in the 1983 film ''Cross Creek''. His work includes the role of Artie, the producer, on ''The Larry Sanders Show'', for which he was nominated for six Emmy Awards, winning in 1996. Torn also won an American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Series, and two CableACE Awards for his work on the show, and was nominated for a Satellite Award in 1997 as well.

Early life

Torn was born Elmore Rual Torn, Jr. in Temple, Texas, the son of Thelma Mary (née Spacek) and Elmore Rual Torn, an agriculturalist and economist. Being given the name "Rip" is a family tradition of men in the Torn family for several generations. It was given to him by his father, who was also called Rip; although as a young child and teenager he was referred to as "Skippy". He is the brother of Sam Torn, who is the owner of Camp Ozark. He graduated from Texas A&M; University in 1952. He was a member of the Texas A&M; Corps of Cadets and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Film career

Following graduation from Texas A&M;, Torn relocated from his native Texas to Hollywood, making his debut in the 1956 film ''Baby Doll''. Torn then headed to New York where he studied at the Actors Studio under Lee Strasberg, becoming a prolific stage actor, appearing in the original cast of Tennessee Williams' play ''Sweet Bird of Youth'', and reprising the role in the film and television adaptations. While in New York, Torn introduced his cousin, the Oscar-winning actress Sissy Spacek, to the entertainment business, and helped her enroll in Strasberg's Actors Studio.

One of his earliest roles was in the film ''Pork Chop Hill'', playing the brother-in-law of Gregory Peck's character. He also played an uncredited role in ''A Face in the Crowd'' as Barry Mills, touted as the down-home successor to Andy Griffith's megalomaniacal TV star Lonesome Rhodes. In 1957 Torn played "Jody", a young man trying to avenge the death of his father in an early episode so titled of John Payne's NBC western television series, ''The Restless Gun''. He also played an arrogant young thief on ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' – the episode is entitled, "Number Twenty-Two". Rip also played Judas Iscariot in MGM's ''King of Kings'' released in 1961.

In 1963 he appeared as a graduate student with multiple degrees at fictitious Channing College in the ABC drama ''Channing'' starring Jason Evers and Henry Jones. That same year, he appeared as Roy Kendall in the episode "Millions of Faces" in the ABC medical drama about psychiatry, ''Breaking Point'' with Paul Richards. In 1964 Torn appeared as Eddie Sanderson in the episode "The Secret in the Stone" of the NBC psychiatric drama, ''The Eleventh Hour'' with Ralph Bellamy and Jack Ging. That same year, he appeared in the premiere of the short-lived CBS drama ''The Reporter'', starring Harry Guardino as a New York City journalist. In 1965 he portrayed Colonel Royce in the "The Lorelei" episode of ''12 O-Clock High (TV series)''.

He has been a character actor in numerous films since then, including roles such as those of New Orleans blackmailer Slade opposite Steve McQueen and Karl Malden in 1965's ''The Cincinnati Kid'' or the gruff boss Agent Zed in ''Men in Black''.

The part of lawyer George Hanson in the Peter Fonda-Dennis Hopper road movie ''Easy Rider'' was written for Torn by Terry Southern (who was a close friend), but according to Southern's biographer Lee Hill, Torn withdrew from the project after he and co-director Dennis Hopper got into a bitter argument in a New York restaurant. On the Tonight Show in 1994, Hopper said that the argument ended with Torn pulling a knife – a statement that was later rescinded. As a result, Torn was replaced by Jack Nicholson, whose appearance in the film catapulted him to stardom.

Torn portrayed a psychiatrist who installed a hidden camera in his New York office to record his own mental breakdown in ''Coming Apart'' (1969). In 1972 he won rave reviews for his portrayal of a country & western singer in the cult film ''Payday''. In 1976 he starred in the cult classic science fiction movie ''The Man Who Fell to Earth''. In 1979 Torn along with Conchata Ferrell starred in the Richard Pearce directed film "Heartland" about early homestead life in western America. He received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his role in the 1983 film ''Cross Creek''.

In 1988 he ventured into directing with the offbeat comedy ''The Telephone'', starring Whoopi Goldberg. The screenplay was written by Terry Southern and Harry Nilsson, and the film was produced by their company Hawkeye. The story, which focused on an unhinged, out-of-work actor, had been written with Robin Williams in mind. After he turned it down, Goldberg expressed a strong interest, but when production began Torn reportedly had to contend with Goldberg constantly digressing and improvising, and he had to plead with her to perform takes that stuck to the script. Goldberg was backed by the studio, who also allowed her to replace Torn's chosen DP, veteran cinematographer John Alonzo, with her then-husband. As a result of the power struggle, Torn, Southern and Nilsson cut their own version of the film, using the takes that adhered to the script, and this was screened at the Sundance Film Festival, but the studio put together a rival version using other takes and it was poorly reviewed when it premiered in January 1988. In 1990 he played the ultra-hawkish Colonel Fargo in the cold war drama ''By Dawn's Early Light''. In 1991 he portrayed Albert Brooks' defense attorney in the comedy ''Defending Your Life''. In 1993 Torn played the OCP CEO in the science fiction film, ''Robocop 3'', and was Gord's dad, James "Jim" Brody, in ''Freddy Got Fingered''.

Stage career

Broadway

Torn has appeared in ten Broadway plays, and directed one. He made his feature Broadway debut in 1959, when he played Tom Junior in ''Sweet Bird of Youth'', for which he won a Theater World Award, also receiving a Tony Award nomination. He returned next in 1962 in the play ''Daughter of Silence'' as Carlo, following that with a role in the 1963 production of ''Strange Interlude''. In 1964, he played Lyle Britten in ''Blues for Mister Charlie'', and four years later he was Roberto in ''The Cuban Thing'' for its only performance on September 24, 1968. In 1971 he played Edgar in ''Dance of Death'', and directed his first Broadway play in 1973: ''Look Away''. He played The Son in the Broadway revival of ''The Glass Menagerie'' in 1975, and five years later played Don in ''Mixed Couples''. Torn was absent from Broadway for thirteen years, but returned in 1993 to play Chris Christopherson in ''Anna Christie''. In his last Broadway appearance he played Will Kidder in ''The Young Man from Atlanta'' in 1997.

Off Broadway

Torn made his feature Off Broadway acting debut as Eben Cabot in the play ''Desire Under the Elms'', followed by Peter in ''The Kitchen'' at the 81st Street Theatre. His third Off Broadway role was Marion-Faye-A-Pimp in ''The Deer Park'', for which he won the 1967 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance. He performed at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the play ''Dream of a Blacklisted Actor'', and later in the Joseph Papp Public Theater's Anspacher Theater as William McLeod in ''Barbary Shore''. He last acted Off Broadway at the American Place Theatre as Henry Hackamore in the play ''Seduced''.

Torn's Off Broadway debut as director was for the Evergreen Theater with the play ''The Beard''; he won the 1968 Obie for Distinguished Direction for that work. He next directed ''The Honest-to-God Schnozzia'' at the Gramercy Arts Theater, followed by Strindberg's ''Creditors'' and ''The Stronger'' – in which he also acted beside he wife at the time, Geraldine Page and his future wife, Amy Wright – in the Anspacher Theater of the Joseph Papp Public Theater. Torn and Page also co-produced that production, and had previously presented the two plays along with ''Miss Julie'' at the off-off-Broadway Hudson Guild Theatre'' the year before.

''The Larry Sanders Show''

From 1992 to 1998 Torn played veteran television producer "Artie" on the HBO series ''The Larry Sanders Show'', a satire about celebrity-driven Hollywood talk shows. For his work, Torn received six consecutive Emmy award nominations as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and won the award once (1996). Torn is the only actor on the show who won an Emmy Award for his work. Other than the Emmys, Torn received two American Comedy Awards nominations for Funniest Male Performance in a Series, winning once, and two CableACE Awards for his work on the show.

Later career

Following ''The Larry Sanders Show'', Torn has appeared in many comedic roles in films such as ''Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story'', ''Freddy Got Fingered'', ''Canadian Bacon'' and ''Rolling Kansas'', as well as dramatic roles in films such as ''The Insider'' and ''Marie Antoinette''. Torn is also known for his voice work, and has done voice-overs for many animated films. He lent his voice to the Jerry Seinfeld film ''Bee Movie''.

In 2007 and 2008 Torn made five guest appearances on the Emmy-award winning NBC comedy ''30 Rock'' as the fictional Chief Executive Officer of General Electric, Don Geiss. He was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, but lost to Tim Conway, who also guest starred in the same sitcom. Torn's character was reportedly killed off as a direct result of his 2010 arrest, though Tina Fey denied this in a DVD commentary. Torn voiced the character of Hephaestus in the 2010 video game, God of War III. He will also star once again as Chief Zed on the film Men in Black III.

Personal life

Family

Torn has been married 3 times and has 6 children:

Torn was married to actress Ann Wedgeworth from 1956 to 1961 with whom he had a daughter, Danae Torn.

After his divorce from Wedgeworth, he married the Oscar-winning actress Geraldine Page in 1963. Page and Torn remained married until her death in 1987. They had three children: Tony Torn, Jon Torn (an Electronic Media and Film teacher at Northern Arizona University) and actress Angelica Torn. Torn apparently delighted in the fact that their country estate was called Torn Page.

His first cousin, Sissy Spacek, lived with Torn and Page when she first moved to New York (circa 1966) to pursue a show business career. Torn helped her enroll in the Actors Studio.

He currently is married to actress Amy Wright with whom he has two children, Katie and Claire.

Legal troubles

In January 2004 Torn was arrested in New York City after his car collided with a taxi. A video of his arrest in which he curses at officers and angrily refuses a breathalyzer test was aired on television news outlets. In October 2004 a jury acquitted Torn of any wrongdoing.

In December 2006 Torn was again arrested for drunk driving in North Salem, New York, after colliding with a tractor trailer. In April 2007 Torn pleaded guilty and had his drivers license suspended for 90 days and was required to pay a $380 fine.

On December 14, 2008, Torn was again arrested on suspicion of drunk driving. A bartender at the White Hart Inn in Salisbury, Connecticut reportedly served Torn, but apparently noticed he appeared intoxicated as he was leaving the establishment, according to a police report. Torn reportedly refused a ride home and got into his vehicle with a Christmas tree tied on top and drove away. He was convicted and sentenced to probation in May 2009.

On January 29, 2010, Torn was arrested after breaking into a closed Litchfield Bancorp branch office in Lakeville, Connecticut, where Torn maintains a residence. He was charged with carrying a firearm without a permit, carrying a firearm while intoxicated, first-degree burglary, second-degree criminal trespassing and third-degree criminal mischief. The Connecticut State Police said that Torn broke into the bank thinking it was his home. On February 1, 2010, Torn appeared in court where his attorney, A. Thomas Waterfall, told the judge that his client needed help with his alcohol abuse and that he could start treatment immediately in New York state. Torn was released on $100,000 bail. As a condition of his release, the judge said Torn must be evaluated for substance abuse.

On August 11, 2010, Torn was denied special probation which would have allowed his name to be cleared of charges. The judge in the case cited Torn's history of alcohol abuse, and the possession of a loaded weapon while intoxicated, which carries a minimum one-year sentence.

On-set conflicts

Appearing as an interview subject in Studs Terkel's 1974 oral-history book ''Working'', Torn confessed, "I have certain flaws in my make-up. Something called irascibility. I get angry easily. I get saddened by things easily."

While filming ''Maidstone'' (1970) Torn, apparently unhappy with the film, struck director and star of the film Norman Mailer in the head with a hammer. With the camera rolling, Mailer bit Torn's ear and they wrestled to the ground. The fight continued until it was broken up by cast and crew members as Mailer's children screamed in the background. The fight is featured in the film. Although the scene may have been planned by Torn, the blood shed by both actors is real, and Torn was reportedly truly outraged by Mailer's direction.

In 1999 Torn filed a defamation lawsuit against Dennis Hopper over a story Hopper told on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. Hopper claimed that Torn pulled a knife on him during pre-production of the film ''Easy Rider'' (1969). According to Hopper, Torn was originally cast in the film but was replaced with Jack Nicholson after the incident. According to Torn's suit, it was actually Hopper who pulled the knife on him. A judge ruled in Torn's favor and Hopper was ordered to pay $475,000 in damages. Hopper then appealed but the judge again ruled in Torn's favor and Hopper was required to pay another $475,000 in punitive damages.

Filmography

:''See Filmography of Rip Torn''

References

;Notes

External links

Rip Torn at The TV IV

Production: Anna Christie - ''Working in the Theater Seminar'' video at American Theatre Wing.org, January 1993

Category:1931 births Category:Living people Category:People from Temple, Texas Category:Actors from Texas Category:Texas Republicans Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Texas A&M; University alumni

cy:Rip Torn da:Rip Torn de:Rip Torn es:Rip Torn fr:Rip Torn it:Rip Torn he:ריפ טורן nl:Rip Torn ja:リップ・トーン no:Rip Torn nds:Rip Torn pl:Rip Torn pt:Rip Torn ro:Rip Torn ru:Торн, Рип sh:Rip Torn fi:Rip Torn sv:Rip Torn tl:Rip Torn

Coordinates	8°′″N124°18′″N
Name	Norman Mailer
Pseudonym	Andreas Wilson
Birth name	Norman Kingsley Mailer
Birth date	January 31, 1923
Birth place	Long Branch, New Jersey, U.S.
Death date	November 10, 2007
Death place	New York City, U.S.
Occupation	Novelist, essayist, journalist, columnist, poet, playwright
Nationality	American
Genre	Fiction, non-fiction
Influences	John Dos Passos, George Eliot, Leo Tolstoy, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Henry James, Marcel Proust, Henry Miller
Influenced	Don DeLillo, Martin Amis, Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, Lester Bangs, Jim Morrison
Portaldisp	yes }}

Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American novelist, journalist, essayist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and film director.

Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Hunter S. Thompson, John McPhee, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer is considered an innovator of creative nonfiction, a genre sometimes called New Journalism, which superimposes the essay onto the nonfiction novel. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once. In 1955, Mailer, together with John Wilcock, Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published ''The Village Voice'', which began as an arts and politics oriented weekly newspaper distributed in Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation.

In 1992, Mailer received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award. The Helmerich Award is presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust.

Early life

Norman Kingsley Mailer was born to a well-known Jewish family in Long Branch, New Jersey. His father, Isaac Barnett Mailer, was a South African-born accountant, and his mother, Fanny Schneider, ran a housekeeping and nursing agency. Mailer's sister, Barbara, was born in 1927. His second sister, Norma, was born in 1930. Raised in Brooklyn, New York, he graduated from Boys' High School and entered Harvard University in 1939, where he studied aeronautical engineering. At Harvard, he became interested in writing and published his first story at the age of 18, winning ''Story'' magazine's college contest in 1941. As an undergraduate, he was a member of The Signet Society. After graduating in 1943, he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In World War II, he served in the Philippines with the 112th Cavalry. He was not involved in much combat and completed his service as a cook, but the experience provided enough material for ''The Naked and the Dead''.

Literary career

Novels

In 1948, while continuing his studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, Mailer published ''The Naked and the Dead,'' (1948) based on his military service in World War II. A ''New York Times'' best seller for 62 weeks, it was hailed by many as one of the best American wartime novels and named one of the "one hundred best novels in English language" by the Modern Library.

''Barbary Shore'' (1951) was a surreal parable of Cold War left politics set in a Brooklyn rooming-house. His 1955 novel ''The Deer Park'' drew on his experiences working as a screenwriter in Hollywood in 1949–50. It was initially rejected by seven publishers due to its purportedly sexual content before being published by Putnam's.

In the tradition of Dickens and Dostoevsky, Mailer wrote his fourth novel, ''An American Dream'', as a serial in ''Esquire'' magazine over eight months (January to August 1964), publishing the first chapter only two months after he wrote it. In March 1965, Dial Press published a revised version. His editor was E. L. Doctorow. The novel received mixed reviews, but was a best seller. Joan Didion praised it in a review in ''National Review'' (April 20, 1965) and John W. Aldridge did the same in ''Life '' (March 19, 1965), while Elizabeth Hardwick panned it in ''Partisan Review'' (spring 1965). Except for a brief period, the novel has never gone out of print.

In 1980, ''The Executioner's Song''—Mailer's novelization of the life and death of murderer Gary Gilmore—won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction.

Mailer spent a longer time writing ''Ancient Evenings''—his novel of Egypt in the XX dynasty (about 1100 B.C.E.)—than any of his other books, working on it off and on from 1972 until 1983. It was also a bestseller, although reviews were generally negative.

''Harlot's Ghost'', Mailer's longest novel (1310 pages), appeared in 1991. It is an exploration of the unspoken dramas of the CIA from the end of WWII to 1965. He performed a huge amount of research for the novel, which is still on CIA reading lists. He ended the novel with the words "To be continued," and planned to write a sequel, titled ''Harlot's Grave''. But other projects intervened and he never wrote it. ''Harlot's Ghost'' sold well.

His final novel, ''The Castle in the Forest'', which focused on Hitler's childhood, reached number five on the ''Times'' best-seller list after publication in January 2007, and received stronger reviews than any of his books since ''The Executioner's Song.'' ''Castle'' was intended to be the first volume of a trilogy, but Mailer died several months after it was completed. ''The Castle in the Forest'' was awarded a Bad Sex in Fiction Award by the ''Literary Review'' magazine.

Mailer wrote over 40 books. He published 11 novels over a 59-year span.

The New Journalism

From the mid-1950s, Mailer became known for his counter-cultural essays. In 1955, he co-founded ''The Village Voice'' for which he wrote a column from January to April 1956. Mailer's famous essay "The White Negro" (1957) "analyzes and partly defends the moral radicalism of the outsider and hipster." It is one of the most anthologized, and controversial, essays of the postwar period.

In 1960, Mailer wrote "Superman Comes to the Supermarket" for ''Esquire'' magazine, an account of the emergence of John F. Kennedy during the Democratic party convention. The essay was an important breakthrough for the New Journalism of the nineteen sixties. Mailer's contributions to the New Journalism include major books such as ''The Armies of the Night'' (1968—awarded a Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award); ''Miami and the Siege of Chicago'' (1968); ''Of a Fire on the Moon'' (1971); and ''The Prisoner of Sex'' (1971). Hallmarks of these works are a highly subjectivized style and a greater application of techniques from fiction-writing than common in journalism.

Mailer wrote a ''Playboy'' article about Elmo Henderson, a boxer who had defeated Muhammad Ali in 1972. In the 1970s Henderson filed a $1 million lawsuit against Mailer and ''Playboy''. The magazine and Mailer lost the lawsuit.

The Big Screen

In addition to his experimental fiction and nonfiction novels, Mailer produced a play version of ''The Deer Park'' (staged at the Theatre De Lys in Greenwich Village in 1967), and in the late 1960s directed a number of improvisational avant-garde films in a Warhol style, including ''Maidstone'' (1970), which includes a spontaneous and brutal brawl between Norman T. Kingsley, played by Mailer, and Kingsley's brother, played by Rip Torn. Mailer received a head injury when Torn struck him with a hammer. In 1987, he adapted and directed a film version of his novel ''Tough Guys Don't Dance'', starring Ryan O'Neal and Isabella Rossellini, which has become a minor camp classic.

Political activism

A number of Mailer's nonfiction works, such as ''The Armies of the Night'' and ''The Presidential Papers'', are political. He covered the Republican and Democratic National Conventions in 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1992, and 1996, although his account of the 1996 Democratic convention has never been published. In the early 1960s he was fixated on the figure of President John F. Kennedy, whom he regarded as an "existential hero." In the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s and 1970s his work mingled autobiography, social commentary, history, fiction, and poetry in a formally original way that influenced the development of New Journalism. In October 1967, he was arrested for his involvement in an anti-Vietnam War demonstration at the Pentagon. In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

At the December 15, 1971, taping of ''The Dick Cavett Show'', with Janet Flanner and Gore Vidal, Mailer, annoyed with a less-than-stellar review by Vidal of ''Prisoner of Sex'', apparently headbutted Vidal and traded insults with him backstage. As the show began taping, a visibly belligerent Mailer, who admitted he had been drinking, goaded Vidal and Cavett into trading insults with him on air and continually referred to his "greater intellect". He openly taunted and mocked Vidal (who responded in kind), finally earning the ire of Flanner, who announced that the discussion had become "extremely boring", telling Mailer "You act as if you're the only people here." As Cavett made jokes comparing Mailer's intellect to his ego, Mailer stated "Why don't you look at your question sheet and ask your question?", to which Cavett responded "Why don't you fold it 5 ways and shove it where the moon don't shine."

The headbutting and later on-air altercation was described by Mailer himself in his essay "Of a Small and Modest Malignancy, Wicked and Bristling with Dots." The Wikipedia article about landmark episodes of the show states:

A 1971 interview with Norman Mailer was not going well. Mailer moved his chair away from the other guests (Gore Vidal and Janet Flanner), and Cavett joked that "perhaps you'd like two more chairs to contain your giant intellect?" Mailer replied "I'll take the two chairs if you'll all accept finger-bowls." Mailer later said to Cavett "Why don't you look at your question sheet and ask your question?", to which Cavett replied "Why don't you fold it five ways and put it where the moon don't shine?"

A long laugh ensued, after which Mailer asked Cavett if he had come up with that line and Cavett replied "I have to tell you a quote from Tolstoy?".

In 1980, Mailer spearheaded convicted killer Jack Abbott's successful bid for parole. In 1977, Abbott had read about Mailer's work on ''The Executioner's Song'' and wrote to Mailer, offering to enlighten the author about Abbott's time behind bars and the conditions he was experiencing. Mailer, impressed, helped to publish ''In the Belly of the Beast'', a book on life in the prison system consisting of Abbott's letters to Mailer. Once paroled, Abbott committed a murder in New York City six weeks after his release, stabbing to death 22-year-old Richard Adan. Consequently, Mailer was subject to criticism for his role. In a 1992 interview with the ''Buffalo News'', he conceded that his involvement was "another episode in my life in which I can find nothing to cheer about or nothing to take pride in."

In 1989, Mailer joined with a number of other prominent authors in publicly expressing support for colleague Salman Rushdie in the wake of the ''fatwa'' calling for Rushdie's assassination issued by Iran's Islamic government for his having authored ''The Satanic Verses''.

In 2003, in a speech to the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco, just before the invasion of Iraq, Mailer said: "Fascism is more of a natural state than democracy. To assume blithely that we can export democracy into any country we choose can serve paradoxically to encourage more fascism at home and abroad. Democracy is a state of grace that is attained only by those countries who have a host of individuals not only ready to enjoy freedom but to undergo the heavy labor of maintaining it."

From 1980 until his death in 2007, he contributed to Democratic Party candidacies for political office.

Mayoral campaign

In 1969, at the suggestion of Gloria Steinem, his friend the political essayist Noel Parmentel and others, he ran unsuccessfully in the Democratic Party primary for Mayor of New York City, allied with columnist Jimmy Breslin (who ran for City Council President), proposing New York City secession and creating a 51st state. Mailer "foresaw the city, its independence secured, splintering into townships and neighborhoods, with their own school systems, police departments, housing programs, and governing philosophies." Their slogan was "throw the rascals in". Mailer was endorsed by libertarian economist Murray Rothbard, who "believed that 'smashing the urban government apparatus and fragmenting it into a myriad of constituent fragments' offered the only answer to the ills plaguing American cities," and called Mailer's campaign “the most refreshing libertarian political campaign in decades.” He came in fourth in a field of five. Looking back on the campaign, journalist and historian Theodore White called it “one of the most serious campaigns run in the United States in the last five years. . . . [H]is campaign was considered and thoughtful, the beginning of an attempt to apply ideas to a political situation."

Biographical subjects

His biographical subjects included Pablo Picasso, Muhammad Ali, Gary Gilmore and Lee Harvey Oswald, and Marilyn Monroe.

His 1973 ''Marilyn'' was particularly controversial. Arthur Miller, playwright and former husband to Marilyn Monroe, wrote in his 1987 autobiography Timebends of Mailer's biography that, "[Marilyn] was himself in drag, acting out his own Hollywood fantasies of fame and sex unlimited and power."

In its final chapter he stated that Monroe was murdered by agents of the FBI and CIA who resented her supposed affair with Robert F. Kennedy. Despite its problems, the biography was enormously successful, selling more copies than any of his works except ''The Naked and the Dead''. It stayed in print for decades, but was out of print in the United States.

(Two works he co-wrote presented imagined words and thoughts in Monroe's voice; these were the 1980 book ''Of Women and Their Elegance'' and the 1986 play ''Strawhead'', which was produced off Broadway with his daughter, Kate Mailer, starring.)

Personal life

Marriages and children

Norman Mailer was married six times and had nine children. He fathered eight children by his various wives and also raised and informally adopted Norris' son from another marriage, Matthew.

Norman's first marriage was in 1944, to Beatrice Silverman, whom he divorced in 1952. They had one child, Susan.

Mailer married his second wife, Adele Morales, in 1954. They had two daughters, Danielle and Elizabeth. Mailer was violent to his wife. He punched her in the stomach when she was six months pregnant, and coerced her to have group sex with his friends. In 1960, Mailer stabbed Adele with a penknife after a party, nearly killing her. He cut through her breast, only just missing her heart. Then he stabbed her in the back. As she lay there, haemorrhaging, one man reached down to help her. He snapped: "Get away from her. Let the bitch die." He was involuntarily committed to Bellevue Hospital for 17 days; his wife would not press charges, and he later pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of assault, and was given a suspended sentence. While in the short term, Morales made a physical recovery, in 1997 she published a memoir of their marriage entitled ''The Last Party'', which recounted the violence and its aftermath. This incident has been a focal point for feminist critics of Mailer, who point to themes of sexual violence in his work.

His third wife, whom he married in 1962, and divorced in 1963, was the British heiress and journalist Lady Jeanne Campbell (1929–2007), the only daughter of Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll and a granddaughter of the press baron Lord Beaverbrook. The couple had a daughter, Kate Mailer, who is an actress.

His fourth marriage, in 1963, was to Beverly Bentley, a former model turned actress. She was the mother of his producer son Michael Mailer and his actor son Stephen Mailer. They divorced in 1980.

His fifth wife was Carol Stevens, a jazz singer whom he married on November 7, 1980, and divorced in Haiti on November 8, 1980, thereby legitimating their daughter Maggie, born in 1971.

His sixth and last wife, whom he married in 1980, was Norris Church Mailer (née Barbara Davis, 1949–2010), an art teacher. In her autobiography ''A Ticket to the Circus'', Norris Church recounts of a rape and a miscarriage. They had one son together, John Buffalo Mailer, a writer and actor, and Mailer informally adopted Matthew Norris, her son by her first husband, Larry Norris. Living in Brooklyn, New York and Provincetown, Massachusetts with Mailer, Church worked as a model, wrote and painted.

Works with children

In 2005, Mailer co-wrote a book with his youngest child, John Buffalo Mailer, entitled ''The Big Empty''.

Mailer appeared in an episode of ''Gilmore Girls'' entitled "Norman Mailer, I'm Pregnant!" with his son Stephen Mailer.

Death and legacy

Mailer died of acute renal failure on the morning of November 10, 2007, a month after undergoing lung surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York.

The papers of the two-time Pulitzer Prize author may be found at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin.

In 2008, Carole Mallory sold seven boxes of documents and photographs to Harvard University, Norman Mailer's Alma Mater. They contain extracts of her letters, books and journals.

Mailer was widely quoted, e.g. "Culture is worth a little risk" (see link below to "Wikiquotes": Mailer quotes).

Cultural References

In the comedy ''Sleeper'', Woody Allen remarks that Mailer "donated his ego to the Harvard Medical School." He's referenced in the Red Hot Chili Peppers song "Animal Bar" in the lyrics "Ever loving mug of Mr. Norman Mailer".

Selected bibliography

Fiction

Novels

''The Naked and the Dead''. New York: Rinehart, 1948.

''Barbary Shore''. New York: Rinehart, 1951.

''The Deer Park''. New York: Putnam's, 1955.

''An American Dream''. New York: Dial, 1965.

''Why Are We in Vietnam?'' New York: Putnam's, 1967.

''The Executioner's Song'' Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979.

''Of Women and Their Elegance''. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1980

''Ancient Evenings''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1983.

''Tough Guys Don't Dance''. New York: Random House, 1984.

''Harlot's Ghost''. New York: Random House, 1991.

''The Gospel According to the Son''. New York: Random House, 1997.

''The Castle in the Forest''. New York: Random House, 2007.

Plays

''The Deer Park: A Play''. New York: Dial, 1967.

Short Stories

''The Short Fiction of Norman Mailer''. New York: Dell, 1967.

Non-fiction

General Non-fiction

''The Armies of the Night''. New York: New American Library, 1968.

''Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968''. New York: New American Library, 1968.

''Of a Fire on the Moon''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.

''The Prisoner of Sex''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.

''St. George and The Godfather''. New York: Signet Classics, 1972.

''The Faith of Graffiti''. New York: Praeger, 1974.

''The Fight''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1975.

''Of a Small and Modest Malignancy, Wicked and Bristling with Dots''. Northridge, CA: Lord John Press, 1980.

''Why Are We At War?''. New York: Random House, 2003 ISBN 978-0812971118

''The Spooky Art: Some Thoughts on Writing''. New York: Random House, 2003.

''The Big Empty: Dialogues on Politics, Sex, God, Boxing, Morality, Myth, Poker and Bad Conscience in America''. New York: Nation Books, 2006

''On God: An Uncommon Conversation''. New York: Random House, 2007 ISBN 978-1400067329

Essay Collections

''Advertisements for Myself''. New York: Putnam's, 1959.

''The Presidential Papers''.New York: Putnam, 1963.

''Cannibals and Christians''. New York: Dial, 1966.

''Pieces and Pontifications''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982.

Biographies

''Marilyn: A Biography''. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1973.

''Portrait of Picasso as a Young Man: An Interpretive Biography''. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995.

''Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery''. New York: Random House, 1996 ISBN 978-0679425359

Famous Essays and Articles

"The White Negro". San Francisco: City Lights, 1957.

References

Further reading

''Norman Mailer'' by Michael K. Glenday. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

''Radical Fictions and the Novels of Norman Mailer'' by Nigel Leigh. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

''Norman Mailer: Works and Days'' by J. Michael and Donna P. Lennon. Westport, MA: Sligo Press, 2000. Comprehensive, annotated primary and secondary bibliography with life chronology.

''Norman Mailer: The Man and His Work,'' edited by Robert F. Lucid. Boston: Little, Brown. The first collection of essays on Mailer.

''Norman Mailer'' by Philip Bufithis. New York: Ungar, 1978. Perhaps the most readable and reliable study of Mailer's early work.

''Acts of Regeneration: Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer'' by Robert J. Begiebing. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1980. Fine discussion of Mailer's "heroic consciousness."

''The Enduring Vision of Norman Mailer'' by Barry H. Leeds. Bainbridge, WA: Pleasure Boat Studio, 2002.

''Political Fiction and the American Self'' by John Whalen-Bridge. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. Subtle examination of Mailer's dual aptitude of representing and resisting American mythologies.

''Critical Essays on Norman Mailer,'' edited by J.Michael Lennon: Boston, G.K.Hall and Co., 1986.

''Norman Mailer,'' by Richard Poirier. New York: Viking,1972. One of the best studies of Mailer's writing, tracking his career through the early Eighties.

''Norman Mailer'' by Richard Jackson Foster. University of Minnesota Press, 1968. Pamphlet.

''The Structured Vision of Norman Mailer'' by Barry H. Leeds, New York University Press,1969.

''Norman Mailer Revisited'' by Robert Merrill. Twayne, 1992. Contains perhaps the best analysis of ''The Executioner's Song''

''Mailer: His Life and Times,'' edited by Peter Manso. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. Highly readable, but controversial "oral" biography of Mailer created by cross-cutting interviews with friends, enemies, acquaintances, relatives, wives of Mailer and Mailer himself.

''Conversations with Norman Mailer,'' edited by J. Michael Lennon. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1988.

''Norman Mailer: A Collection of Critical Essays'' edited by Leo Braudy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972. Contains useful insights on ''Miami and the Siege of Chicago.''

''Existential Battles: The Growth of Norman Mailer'' by Laura Adams. Athens: University of Ohio Press, 1976. Good discussion of early narrators.

''Time to Murder and Create: The Contemporary Novel in Crisis'' by John W. Aldridge. New York: David McKay, 1966. Contains Aldridge's important essay on ''An American Dream.''

''The Portable Beat Reader,'' edited by Ann Charters, Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (pbk). Contains "The White Negro."

''The Norman Mailer Review,'' edited by Phillip Sipiora. New periodical co-sponsored by the University of South Florida and The Norman Mailer Society (www.normanmailersociety.com).

The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture: Francis Irby Gwaltney http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3034

Van A. Tyson http://www.atkinschronicle.com/vantyson.htm

External links

Transcript of interview with Ramona Koval, Edinburgh International Book Festival, August 2000 broadcast on ''The Book Show'', ABC Radio National, November 12, 2007

The Norman Mailer Society

"Superman Comes to the Supermarket," article by Norman Mailer on John F. Kennedy, Esquire magazine, November 1960

Sunday New York Times review by Lee Siegel of ''The Castle in the Forest''

Norman Mailer on American Masters (PBS Broadcast)

Norman Mailer: The American (Documentary)

Norman Mailer's writing on The Huffington Post

A conversation with Norman Mailer (Minnesota Public Radio)

Norman Mailer and Günter Grass interviewed by Andrew O'Hagan at The New York Public Library, June 2007

Norman Mailer speech at UC Berkeley Vietnam Teach-In, 1965 (RealAudio) (via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center)

Joyce Carol Oates on Norman Mailer

Category:Actors Studio alumni Category:American anti–Iraq War activists Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists Category:American biographers Category:American essayists Category:American journalists Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American novelists Category:American screenwriters Category:American tax resisters Category:Chicago Seven Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:Harvard University alumni Category:University of Paris alumni Category:Légion d'honneur recipients Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Category:New York City politicians Category:People from Long Branch, New Jersey Category:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners Category:United States Army soldiers Category:Writers from New Jersey Category:1923 births Category:2007 deaths Category:American Jews Category:American technology writers Category:American science writers Category:People from Provincetown, Massachusetts Category:Jewish American novelists Category:Postmodern writers

am:ኖርማን ሜይለር an:Norman Mailer bn:নরম্যান মেইলার bg:Норман Мейлър ca:Norman Mailer cs:Norman Mailer cy:Norman Mailer da:Norman Mailer de:Norman Mailer et:Norman Mailer el:Νόρμαν Μέιλερ es:Norman Mailer eo:Norman Mailer fa:نورمن میلر fr:Norman Mailer gl:Norman Mailer hr:Norman Mailer io:Norman Mailer it:Norman Mailer he:נורמן מיילר la:Normannus Mailer lb:Norman Mailer hu:Norman Mailer nl:Norman Mailer ja:ノーマン・メイラー no:Norman Mailer nn:Norman Mailer oc:Norman Mailer pl:Norman Mailer pt:Norman Mailer ro:Norman Mailer ru:Мейлер, Норман simple:Norman Mailer sk:Norman Mailer fi:Norman Mailer sv:Norman Mailer th:นอร์มัน เมลเลอร์ tr:Norman Mailer uk:Норман Мейлер yo:Norman Mailer zh:諾曼·梅勒

Coordinates	8°′″N124°18′″N
name	Ernst Lubitsch
birth name	Ernst Lubitsch
birth date	January 28, 1892
birth place	Berlin, Germany
death date	November 30, 1947
death place	Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, United States
occupation	Director, Actor, Writer, Producer
years active	1914–48
spouse	Helene Kraus (1922–1930)Vivian Gaye (1935–1944) }}

Ernst Lubitsch (January 28, 1892November 30, 1947) was a German-born film director. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywood's most elegant and sophisticated director; as his prestige grew, his films were promoted as having "the Lubitsch touch."

In 1947 he received an Honorary Academy Award for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture, and he was nominated three times for Best Director.

Biography

Lubitsch was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish tailor Simcha (Simon) Lubitch () and his wife Anna, both Russian immigrants. He turned his back on his father's tailoring business to enter the theater, and by 1911, he was a member of Max Reinhardt's Deutsches Theater. He made his film debut the following year as an actor, but he gradually abandoned acting to concentrate on directing.

Weimar years (1918-1922)

In 1918, he made his mark as a serious director with ''Die Augen der Mumie Ma'' (''The Eyes of the Mummy''), starring Pola Negri. Lubitsch alternated between escapist comedies and large-scale historical dramas, enjoying great international success with both. His reputation as a grand master of world cinema reached a new peak after the release of his spectacles ''Madame Du Barry'' (retitled ''Passion'', 1919) and ''Anna Boleyn'' (''Deception'', 1920). Both of these films found American distributorship by early 1921. They, along with Lubitsch's ''Carmen'' (released as ''Gypsy Blood'' in the U.S. in 1921) were selected by ''The New York Times'' on its list of the 15 most important movies of 1921.

With glowing reviews under his belt, and American money flowing his way, Lubitsch formed his own production company and set to work on the high-budget spectacular ''The Loves of Pharaoh'' (1921). Lubitsch sailed to the United States for the first time in December 1921 for what was intended as a lengthy publicity and professional factfinding tour, scheduled to culminate in the February premiere of ''Pharaoh''. However, with World War I still fresh, and with a slew of German "New Wave' releases encroaching on American movie workers' livelihoods, Lubitsch was not gladly received. He cut his trip short after little more than three weeks and returned to Germany. But he had already seen enough of the American film industry to know that its resources far outstripped the spartan German companies.

Career in Hollywood

Lubitsch finally left Germany for Hollywood in 1922, contracted as a director by Mary Pickford. He directed Pickford in the film ''Rosita''; the result was a critical and commercial success, but director and star clashed during its filming, and it ended up as the only project that they made together. A free agent after just one American film, Lubitsch was signed to a remarkable three-year, six-picture contract by Warner Brothers that guaranteed the director his choice of both cast and crew, and full editing control over the final cut.

Settling in America, Lubitsch established his reputation for sophisticated comedy with such stylish films as ''The Marriage Circle'' (1924), ''Lady Windermere's Fan'' (1925), and ''So This Is Paris'' (1926). But his films were only marginally profitable for Warner Brothers, and Lubitsch's contract was eventually dissolved by mutual consent, with MGM-Paramount buying out the remainder. His first film for MGM, ''The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg'' (1927), was well regarded, but lost money.

Lubitsch seized upon the advent of talkies to direct musicals. With his first sound film, ''The Love Parade'' (1929), starring Maurice Chevalier and Jeanette MacDonald, Lubitsch hit his stride as a maker of worldly musical comedies (and earned himself another Oscar nomination). ''The Love Parade'' (1929), ''Monte Carlo'' (1930), and ''The Smiling Lieutenant'' (1931) were hailed by critics as masterpieces of the newly emerging musical genre. Lubitsch served on the faculty of the University of Southern California for a time.

His next film was a romantic comedy, written with Samson Raphaelson, ''Trouble in Paradise'' (1932). Later described (approvingly) as "truly amoral" by critic David Thomson, the cynical comedy was popular both with critics and with audiences. But it was a project that could only have been made before the enforcement of the Production Code, and after 1935, ''Trouble in Paradise'' was withdrawn from circulation. It was not seen again until 1968. The film was never available on videocassette and only became available on DVD in 2003.

Writing about Lubitsch's work, critic Michael Wilmington observed: :At once elegant and ribald, sophisticated and earthy, urbane and bemused, frivolous yet profound. They were directed by a man who was amused by sex rather than frightened of it-- and who taught a whole culture to be amused by it as well.

Whether with music, as in MGM's opulent ''The Merry Widow'' (1934) and Paramount's ''One Hour with You'' (1932), or without, as in ''Design for Living'' (1933), Lubitsch continued to specialize in comedy. He made only one other dramatic film, the antiwar ''Broken Lullaby'' (also known as ''The Man I Killed'', 1932).

In 1935, he was appointed Paramount's production manager, thus becoming the only major Hollywood director to run a large studio. Lubitsch subsequently produced his own films and supervised the production of films of other directors. But Lubitsch had trouble delegating authority, which was a problem when he was overseeing sixty different films. He was fired after a year on the job, and returned to full-time moviemaking. In 1936, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

On July 27, 1935 he married British actress Vivian Gaye. They had one daughter, Nicola Lubitsch, on October 27, 1938. When war was declared in Europe, Vivian Lubitsch and her daughter were staying in London. Vivian sent her baby daughter, accompanied by her nursemaid, Consuela Strohmeier, to Montreal aboard the Donaldson Atlantic Line's ''SS Athenia'', which was sunk by a German submarine on September 3, 1939 with a loss of 118 passengers. The child and the nurse survived.

In 1939, Lubitsch moved to MGM, and directed Greta Garbo in ''Ninotchka''. Garbo and Lubitsch were friendly and had hoped to work together on a movie for years, but this would be their only project. The film, co-written by Billy Wilder, is a satirical comedy in which the famously serious actress' laughing scene was heavily promoted by studio publicists with the tagline "Garbo Laughs!"

In 1940, he directed ''The Shop Around the Corner'', an artful comedy of cross purposes. The film reunited Lubitsch with his ''Merry Widow'' screenwriter Raphaelson, and starred James Stewart and Margaret Sullavan as a pair of bickering co-workers in Budapest, each unaware that the other is their secret romantic correspondent. David Thomson wrote of it: :''The Shop Around the Corner''... is among the greatest of films... This is a love story about a couple too much in love with love to fall tidily into each other's arms. Though it all works out finally, a mystery is left, plus the fear of how easily good people can miss their chances. Beautifully written (by Lubitsch's favorite writer, Samson Raphaelson), ''Shop Around the Corner'' is a treasury of hopes and anxieties based in the desperate faces of Stewart and Sullavan. It is a comedy so good it frightens us for them. The cafe conversation may be the best meeting in American film. The shot of Sullavan's gloved hand, and then her ruined face, searching an empty mail box for a letter is one of the most fragile moments in film. For an instant, the ravishing Sullavan looks old and ill, touched by loss.

Biographer Scott Eyman attempted to characterize the famed "Lubitsch touch": :With few exceptions Lubitsch's movies take place neither in Europe nor America but in Lubitschland, a place of metaphor, benign grace, rueful wisdom... What came to preoccupy this anomalous artist was the comedy of manners and the society in which it transpired, a world of delicate sangfroid, where a breach of sexual or social propriety and the appropriate response are ritualized, but in unexpected ways, where the basest things are discussed in elegant whispers; of the rapier, never the broadsword... To the unsophisticated eye, Lubitsch's work can appear dated, simply because his characters belong to a world of formal sexual protocol. But his approach to film, to comedy, and to life was not so much ahead of its time as it was singular, and totally out of any time.

Lubitsch went independent to direct ''That Uncertain Feeling'' (1941, a remake of his 1925 film ''Kiss Me Again''), and the dark anti-Nazi farce ''To Be or Not to Be'' (1942), which was Jack Benny's only major screen success and Carole Lombard's last picture.

Later career

Lubitsch spent the balance of his career at 20th Century Fox, but a heart condition curtailed his activity, and he spent much of his time in supervisory capacities. It has been claimed that the last picture made by the director with his distinctive "touch" was ''Heaven Can Wait'' (1943), another Raphaelson collaboration. The film is about Henry Van Cleve (played by Don Ameche) who presents himself at the gates of Hell to recount his life and the women he has known from his mother onwards, concentrating on his happy but sometimes difficult 25 years of marriage to Martha (Gene Tierney).

After ''Heaven Can Wait'', Lubitsch worked with Edwin Justus Mayer on the scripting process of ''A Royal Scandal'' (1945), a remake of Ernst Lubitsch's silent film ''A Forbidden Paradise''. Mayer wrote the screenplay for ''A Royal Scandal'', and had worked with Lubitsch on ''To Be or Not to Be'' (1942). The script of ''A Royal Scandal'' (1945) was written and prepared under Ernst Lubitsch, and he was the original director of this film, and directed the rehearsals. He became ill during shooting, so Lubitsch hired Otto Preminger to do the rest of the shooting. But ''A Royal Scandal'' is considered "a Lubitsch picture." After ''A Royal Scandal'', Ernst Lubitsch regained his health, and directed ''Cluny Brown'' (1946), with Charles Boyer and Jennifer Jones.

In March 1947, Lubitsch was awarded a Special Academy Award for his "25-year contribution to motion pictures". Presenter Mervyn LeRoy, calling Lubitsch "a master of innuendo", described some of his attributes as a filmmaker: "He had an adult mind and a hatred of saying things the obvious way." Lubitsch was the subject of several interviews at that time, and consistently cited ''The Shop Around the Corner'' as his favorite of his films. Considering his overall career, he mused, "I made sometimes pictures which were not up to my standard, but then it can only be said about a mediocrity that all his works live up to his standard."

He died later that year in Hollywood of a heart attack, his sixth. His last film, ''That Lady in Ermine'' with Betty Grable, was completed by Otto Preminger and released posthumously in 1948.

Leaving Lubitsch's funeral, Billy Wilder ruefully said, "No more Lubitsch." William Wyler responded, "Worse than that. No more Lubitsch pictures." Wilder had a sign over his office door, which read "How would Lubitsch do it?". He has a Star on the Walk of Fame at 7040 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California.

Filmography

References

Further reading

Bourget, J.-L. & O'Neil, E.: ''Lubitsch o la sátira romántica - Lubitsch: Satire and Romance'', Festival Internacional de cine de San Sebastián and Filmoteca Española, San Sebastián/Madrid, Spain, 2006 (bilingual edition, originally published in French, 1987.)

Eyman, Scott: ''Ernst Lubitsch: Laughter in Paradise'', Simon & Schuster, New York, 1993. ISBN 0671749366

Weinberg, Herman G.: ''The Lubitsch Touch: a Critical Study'', New York, Dutton, c1968.

External links

The Cinema of Ernst Lubitsch

Photographs and bibliography

Category:1892 births Category:1947 deaths Category:Actors from Berlin Category:German Jews Category:German emigrants to the United States Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:German film directors Category:German people of Russian descent Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:University of Southern California faculty Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:German film actors Category:American film directors Category:German screenwriters Category:American screenwriters Category:American film producers

an:Ernst Lubitsch ca:Ernst Lubitsch cs:Ernst Lubitsch da:Ernst Lubitsch de:Ernst Lubitsch es:Ernst Lubitsch eo:Ernst Lubitsch eu:Ernst Lubitsch fa:ارنست لوبیچ fr:Ernst Lubitsch gl:Ernst Lubitsch id:Ernst Lubitsch it:Ernst Lubitsch he:ארנסט לוביטש nl:Ernst Lubitsch ja:エルンスト・ルビッチ pl:Ernst Lubitsch pt:Ernst Lubitsch ru:Любич, Эрнст fi:Ernst Lubitsch sv:Ernst Lubitsch zh:恩斯特·劉別謙