Coordinates	9°8′28.36″N78°35′36.86″N
Group	SiouxOčhéti Šakówį
Poptime	150,000+
Popplace	(SD, MN, NE, MT, ND), Canada (MB, SK, AB)
Rels	Christianity (incl. syncretistic forms), Midewiwin
Langs	English, Sioux, French
Related	Assiniboine, Stoney (Nakoda), and other Siouan peoples }}

The Sioux () are Native American and First Nations people in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on Siouan dialect and subculture:

''Isáŋyathi'' or ''Isáŋathi'' ("Knife," originating from the name of a lake in present-day Minnesota): residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa, and are often referred to as the Santee or Eastern Dakota.

''Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ'' and ''Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna'' ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"): residing in the Minnesota River area, they are considered to be the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the Yankton and the Yanktonai, or, collectively, as the ''Wičhíyena'' (endonym) or the Western Dakota (and have been erroneously classified as “Nakota”) .

''Thítȟuŋwaŋ'' or Teton (uncertain, perhaps "Dwellers on the Prairie"; this name is archaic among the natives, who prefer to call themselves ''Lakȟóta''): the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, are often referred to as the Lakota.

Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada.

Name origins

The name "Sioux" is an abbreviated form of ''Nadouessioux'' borrowed into French Canadian from ''Nadoüessioüak'' from the early Odawa exonym: ''naadowesiwag'' "Sioux". Jean Nicolet recorded the use in 1640. The Proto-Algonquian form ''*na·towe·wa'', meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (massasauga, ''Sistrurus''). This information was interpreted by some that the Ottawa borrowing was an insult. However, this Proto-Algonquian term most likely was ultimately derived from a form ''*-a·towe·'', meaning simply to "speak foreign language", Later this was extended in meaning in some Algonquian languages to refer to the massasauga. Thus, contrary to many accounts, the old Odawa word ''naadowesiwag'' did not equate the Sioux with snakes. This is not confirmed though, since usage over the previous decades has led to this term having negative connotations to those tribes to which it refers. This would explain why many tribes have rejected this term as an exonym.

Some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the ''Sičháŋǧu Oyáte'', and the Oglala often use the name ''Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte'', rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper.

Očhéthi Šakówiŋ

The historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the (pronounced ), meaning "Seven Council Fires". Each fire was symbolic of an oyate (people or nation). The seven nations that comprise the Sioux are: Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ (Mdewakanton), Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ (Wahpeton), Waȟpékhute (Wahpekute), Sisíthuŋwaŋ (Sisseton), the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ (Yankton), Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yanktonai) Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota). The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, and participate in the Sun Dance. The seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division. Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850.

Today the Teton, Santee, and Ihantowan/Ihanktowana are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota. In any of the three main dialects, "Lakota" or "Dakota" translate to mean "friend," or more properly, "ally." Usage of Lakota or Dakota may then refer to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation.

History

Early history

The Dakotas are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi river during the seventeenth century. By 1700 some of them relocated to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants. The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudson's Bay Company.

Dakota War of 1862

By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass." On August 17, 1862 the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.

On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in courts-martial, 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witness were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge. President Abraham Lincoln commuted the death sentence of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the execution of 38 Santee men by hanging on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota. It was the largest mass-execution in U.S. history.

Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died.

During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri. A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.

Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.

Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on eight small Dakota Reserves, four of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain [Dakota Tipi], Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

Red Cloud's War

Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming, which lay along the Bozeman Trail, a primary access route to the Montana gold fields.

The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Oglala chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the U.S. military. The war ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country.

Great Sioux War of 1876-77

The Great Sioux War comprised a series of battles between the Lakota and allied tribes such as the Cheyenne against the United States military. The earliest engagement was the Battle of Powder River, and the final battle was the Wolf Mountain. Included are the Battle of the Rosebud, Battle of the Little Bighorn, Battle of Warbonnet Creek, Battle of Slim Buttes, Battle of Cedar Creek, and the Dull Knife Fight.

Wounded Knee Massacre

The massacre at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States. It was described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns (a lightweight artillery piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska.

By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. Some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "friendly fire" because the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from hypothermia.

Reserves and First Nations

Later in the 19th century, the railroads hired hunters to exterminate the buffalo herds, the Indians' primary food supply. The Santee and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands, and domestic cattle and corn in exchange for buffalo. They became dependent upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty.

In Minnesota, the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 left the Sioux with a reservation twenty miles (32 km) wide on each side of the Minnesota River. Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off the reservation. Enrolled members in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have ancestry that is at least 1/4 degree Sioux (the equivalent to one grandparent).

In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as "First Nations". The land-holdings of the these First Nations are called "Reserves".

Modern reservations, reserves, and communities of the Sioux

! Reserve/Reservation	! Community	! Bands residing	! Location
Fort Peck Indian Reservation	Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes	Hunkpapa, Upper Yanktonai (Pabaksa), Mdewakantonwan, Wahpekute, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Assiniboine (Canoe Paddler, Red Bottom)	Montana, USA
Spirit Lake Reservation	(Formerly Devil's Lake Reservation)	Spirit Lake Tribe	(Mni Wakan Oyate)	Wahpeton, Sisseton, Upper Yanktonai	North Dakota, USA
Standing Rock Indian Reservation	Standing Rock Sioux Tribe	Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa	North Dakota, South Dakota, USA
Lake Traverse Indian Reservation	Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate	Sisseton, Wahpeton	South Dakota, USA
Flandreau Indian Reservation	Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe	Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton	South Dakota, USA
Cheyenne River Indian Reservation	Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe	Minneconjou, Blackfoot, Two Kettle, Sans Arc	South Dakota, USA
Crow Creek Indian Reservation	Crow Creek Sioux Tribe	Lower Yanktonai	South Dakota, USA
Lower Brule Indian Reservation	Lower Brule Sioux Tribe	Brulé	South Dakota, USA
	Yankton Sioux Tribe	Yankton	South Dakota, USA
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation	Oglala Lakota	Oglala, few Brulé	South Dakota, USA
Rosebud Indian Reservation	Rosebud Sioux Tribe (also as Sicangu Lakota or Upper Brulé Sioux Nation)	(Sičháŋǧu Oyate)	Sićangu (Brulé), few Oglala	South Dakota, USA
Upper Sioux Indian Reservation	Upper Sioux Community	(Pejuhutazizi Oyate)	Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton	Minnesota, USA
Lower Sioux Indian Reservation	Lower Sioux Indian Community	Mdewakanton, Wahpekute	Minnesota, USA
Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation	(Formerly Prior Lake Indian Reservation)	Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community	Mdewakanton, Wahpekute	Minnesota, USA
Prairie Island Indian Community	Prairie Island Indian Community	Mdewakanton, Wahpekute	Minnesota, USA
Santee Indian Reservation	Santee Sioux Nation	Mdewakanton, Wahpekute	Nebraska, USA
Sioux Valley First Nation#Reserves	[[Sioux Valley First Nation	Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute	Manitoba, Canada
Dakota Plains Indian Reserve 6A	Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation	Wahpeton, Sisseton	Manitoba, Canada
Dakota Tipi 1 Reserve	Dakota Tipi First Nation	Wahpeton	Manitoba, Canada
Birdtail Creek 57 Reserve, Birdtail Hay Lands 57A Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve*	Birdtail Sioux First Nation	Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Yanktonai	Manitoba, Canada
Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation Reserve, Oak Lake 59A Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve*	Canupawakpa Dakota Nation	Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai	Manitoba, Canada
Standing Buffalo 78 Reserve	Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation	Sisseton, Wahpeton	Saskatchewan, Canada
Whitecap Reserve	Whitecap Dakota First Nation	Wahpeton, Sisseton	Saskatchewan, Canada
	Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation	Wahpeton	Saskatchewan, Canada
Wood Mountain 160 Reserve, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reservation 77*	Wood Mountain	Hunkpapa	Saskatchewan, Canada

:* Reserves shared with other First Nations

20th century activism

Wounded Knee incident

: Beginning in the late 1960s, young Native Americans began to agitate for improved conditions, respect for their civil rights, and better programs in education and economic development. Dramatic protests were conceived, such as the occupation of Alcatraz Island in California.

The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement. The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while various state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the F.B.I. and the United States Marshals Service laid siege. Two members of A.I.M. were killed by gunfire during the incident.

Republic of Lakotah

The ''Lakotah Freedom Delegation'', a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007 the Lakotah were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One of the activists, Russell Means, claims that the action is legal and cites Natural, International and U.S. law. The group considers Lakotah to be a sovereign nation, although as yet the state is generally unrecognized. The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana.

Political organization

The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe’s way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.

Political leaders were members of the ''Načá Omníčiye'' society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.

Societies were similar to fraternities; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions. There were two types of societies: ''Akíčhita'', for the younger men, and ''Načá'', for elders and former leaders.

''Akíčhita'' (Warrior) societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community. There were many smaller Akíčhita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.

Leaders in the ''Načá'' societies, per Načá Omníčiye, were the tribal elders and leaders. They elected seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as ''Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ'' ("chief man"). Each Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Načá.

The ''Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ'' would elect two to four ''Shirt Wearers'', who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations. Shirt Wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leaderships skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. Crazy Horse is an example of a common-born "Shirt Wearer".

A ''Wakíčhuŋza'' ("Pipe Holder") ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The Pipe Holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akíčhita societies during buffalo hunts.

Linguistics

The Sioux comprise three closely related language groups:

# Eastern Dakota (a.k.a. Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta) #* Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute) #* Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ) # Western Dakota (a.k.a. Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta) #* Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ) #* Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna) # Lakota (a.k.a. Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)

The earlier linguistic three-way division of the Sioux language identified ''Lakota'', ''Dakota'', and ''Nakota'' as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai. However, the latest studies show that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the autonym ''Nakhóta'', but pronounced their name roughly the same as the Santee (i.e. ''Dakȟóta'').

These later studies identify Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three similar dialects: Lakota, Western Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and Eastern Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Assiniboine and Stoney speakers refer to themselves as ''Nakhóta'' or ''Nakhóda'' (cf. Nakota).

The term ''Dakota'' has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as ''Teton Dakota'', ''Santee Dakota'', etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which ''Sioux'' is derived.

Modern geographic divisions

The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada.

The earliest known European record of the Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country.

Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)

The Santee migrated north and westward from the Southeast United States, first into Ohio, then to Minnesota. Some came up from the Santee River and Lake Marion, area of South Carolina. The Santee River was named after them, and some of their ancestors' ancient earthwork mounds have survived along the portion of the dammed-up river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were a Woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and subsistence farming.

Migrations of Anishinaabe/Chippewa (Ojibwa) people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters.

Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)

The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the anglicized spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to ''Nasunatanka'' and ''Matononpa'' in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).

They were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato region of Minnesota.

Lakota (Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ)

The Sioux likely obtained horses sometime during the seventeenth century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720, and credit the Cheyenne with introducing horse culture to the Lakota). The Teton (Lakota) division of the Sioux emerged as a result of this introduction. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the Rocky Mountains (which they call ''Heska'', "white mountains"). The Lakota once subsisted on the buffalo hunt, and on corn. They acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri.

Ethnic divisions

The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands.

The Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada.

Most of the Yanktons live on the Yankton Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation and Crow Creek Reservation. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of Standing Rock Reservation, on the Spirit Lake Reservation in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the Fort Peck Reservation in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.

The Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.

Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.

Santee division (Eastern Dakota) (''Isáŋyathi'')

Mdewakantonwan (''Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ'' "Spirit Lake Village")

*: notable persons: Taoyateduta

* Sisseton (''Sisíthuŋwaŋ'', perhaps meaning "Fishing Grounds Village")

Wahpekute (''Waȟpékhute'', "Leaf Archers")

*:notable persons: Inkpaduta

Wahpetonwan (''Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ'', "Leaf Village")

Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota) (''Wičhíyena'')

Yankton (, "End Village")

Yanktonai (, "Little End Village")

**Upper Yanktonai

*Unkpatina or Lower Yanktonai

*: notable persons: Wanata, Chief War Eagle

Teton division (Lakota) (, perhaps meaning "Dwellers on the Prairie"):

* Oglála (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")

*: notable persons: Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Black Elk and Billy Mills (Olympian)

Hunkpapa (, meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")

*: notable persons: Sitting Bull

Sihasapa (''Sihásapa'', "Blackfoot Sioux," not to be confused with the Algonquian-speaking Blackfeet)

Minniconjou (, "Those who Plant by Water")

*: notable persons: Lone Horn, Touch the Clouds

Brulé (French translation of , "Burned Thigh")

Sans Arcs (French translation of ''Itázipčho'', "Those Without Bows")

Two Kettles (''Oóhenupa'', "Two Boilings")

In popular media

The Richard Harris film ''A Man Called Horse'' and its two sequels depicts Sioux customs and histories.

The HBO movie ''Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee'' depicts the relocation and reservations of the people from the Sioux perspective, based on the book by Dee Brown.

The films ''Dances with Wolves'' and ''Thunderheart'' contain depictions of the Sioux People.

"Elegy to the Sioux," a poem by Norman Dubie

The mini-series ''Into the West'' depicts the Sioux, specifically the Lakota, during some of first ventures of the "white men" into the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains.

The novel ''A Death for Beauty'' depicts the Lakota Sioux and their battles with the U.S. Cavalry during the Civil War.

The Film ''Hidalgo'' depicts the events of Frank Hopkins, a rider for the United States Army, who was at the Wounded Knee Massacre as he wrestles with his Sioux heritage.

Aaron Huey's TED presentation "America's Native Prisoners of War." - Sept. 2010

Famous Sioux

Historical

Siŋté Gleśká (Spotted Tail) — Brulé chief who resisted joining Red Cloud's War

Thaóyate Dúta (Little Crow) — Chief famous for role in the Dakota War of 1862

Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull) — Chief famous for role in the Battle of Little Bighorn

Tȟašúŋke Witkó (Crazy Horse) — Famous for leadership and courage in battle

Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagye (Touch the Clouds) - Famous for his legendary strength and size, a great warrior

Maȟpíya Lúta (Red Cloud) — Chief famous for role in Red Cloud's War

Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi (Young Man Afraid Of His Horses) — Oglala chief who participated in Red Cloud's War

Ištáȟba (Sleepy Eye) — Chief of the Sisseton band in the mid-19th century; signed four treaties

Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk) — Lakota holy man, source of ''Black Elk Speaks'' and other books

Tȟáȟča Hušté (Lame Deer) — Lakota holy man, carried traditional knowledge into modern era

Ohíyes’a (Charles Eastman) — Author, physician and reformer

Colonel Gregory "Pappy" Boyington — World War II Fighter Ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux

Waŋbdí Tháŋka (Big Eagle) - Mdewakanton Dakota chief who narrated his account of the Dakota War of 1862

Tamaha (One Eye) - Mdewekanton Dakota chief who supported the United States in the War of 1812.

Iŋkpáduta (Scarlet Point) - Waȟpékhute Dakota chief famous for his indomitable opposition to US forces (he took part in all the Sioux Wars from the 1857 Spirit Lake Massacre to the Battle of Little Bighorn, and fought until he died)

Contemporary

Robert "Tree" Cody, Native American flutist (Dakota)

Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, activist, academic, and writer

Mary Crow Dog, writer and activist

Vine Deloria, Jr., activist and essayist

Indigenous, blues band (Nakota)

Illinois Jacquet, jazz saxophonist (half Sioux and half African American)

Eddie Little Sky, actor (Oglala)

Russell Means, activist (Oglala)

Ed McGaa, author, (Oglala) CPT US Marine Corp F-4 Phantom Fighter Pilot

Billy Mills, only American ever to win the 10,000 meters at the Olympics (1964) – Oglala

Eddie Spears, actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)

Michael Spears, actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)

Terry Ree, comedian

John Trudell, activist, poet, actor (Dakota)

Floyd Red Crow Westerman, singer and actor (Dakota)

Kim Winona (1930–1978), actress

Leonard Peltier, activist, imprisoned for allegedly killing two FBI agents in 1975

Woodrow Keeble, (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) first Sioux Medal of Honor recipient for his valor during the Korean War

Luther Standing Bear, Sioux author, actor, and rights activist

J. Medicine Hat, Comedian, and hypnotist.

Chaske Spencer, actor

Waziyatawin (a.k.a. Angela Wilson), author, professor, and activist (from the Upper Sioux Community/Pezihutazizi)

Legacy

A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected at the Spruce Woods Provincial Park by the province to commemorate Assiniboin (Nakota) First Nation's role in Manitoba's heritage.

Gallery

File:John Grass.jpg| File:Little-Wound-Oglala-1877.jpg| File:Chief Two Strike.jpg| a Yankton Sioux chief (Karl Bodmer)

References

Further reading

External links

Native American Heritage Association NAHA - Native American Heritage Association Charity Organization

Category:Plains tribes

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Coordinates	9°8′28.36″N78°35′36.86″N
name	Mariee Sioux
background	solo_singer
birth name	Mariee Sioux Sobonya
born	February 4, 1985Humboldt County, California
origin	Nevada City, California
instrument	Acoustic guitar
genre	Folk, psych folk
occupation	Singer, songwriter, musician
years active	2006–present
label	Grass Roots Records
website	http://www.myspace.com/marieesioux/
notable instruments	Acoustic guitar, Native American flute, mandolin }}

Mariee Sioux (born February 4, 1985) is an American folk singer-songwriter. Her father Gary Sobonya is a mandolin player of Polish and Hungarian descent, and her mother Felicia is of Spanish, Paiute, and Indigenous Mexican descent.

Biography

She grew up in Nevada City, California, where she wrote verses since she was a young child. At 17 she traveled to Patagonia to volunteer at a school for indigenous children where she taught herself to play the guitar, and in 2006 she debuted her first self-released album ''A Bundled Bundle of Bundles''. A year later in 2007 she released her first studio album ''Faces in the Rocks'' which featured her delicate acoustic guitar music alongside the Native American flute by Gentle Thunder, and mandolin played by her father Gary Sobonya. The album had a Native American theme to it, filled with references to nature and the Native American people. Since the debut of her first album, she has drawn comparisons from Joanna Newsom to Joni Mitchell, and she has toured through North America and Europe, often alongside fellow folk singer Alela Diane.

She released a cover version of The Cure's "Lovesong", on the Manimal Vinyl tribute record to The Cure, entitled ''Perfect As Cats''.

Discography

''Pray Me A Shadow'' (self released, 2004)

''A Bundled Bundle of Bundles'' (self released, 2006)

''Faces in the Rocks'' (Grass Roots Records, 2007)

''Two Tongues At One Time/Buried In Teeth 7"'' (Grass Roots Records, 2007)

References

External links

Mariee Sioux on Grass Roots Records

Mariee Sioux Official Myspace Page

Mariee Sioux Lastfm Page

live video February, 12th 2009 Rouen, France

acoustic session for Europe and co Rouen, France

Category:American female singers Category:Songwriters from California Category:American folk singers Category:Psych folk musicians Category:New Weird America Category:People from Nevada City, California Category:Living people Category:1985 births

fr:Mariee Sioux

Coordinates	9°8′28.36″N78°35′36.86″N
name	Siouxsie Sioux
background	solo_singer
birth name	Susan Janet Ballion
born	May 27, 1957London, England
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, bass, percussion
genre	Punk rock Post-punk New wave Gothic rock Alternative rock
occupation	Musician, songwriter, singer, producer
years active	1976–present
label	Polydor, Geffen Records, Sioux Records, W14
associated acts	Siouxsie and the BansheesThe Creatures
website	www.siouxsie.com
notable instruments	}}

Siouxsie Sioux (born Susan Janet Ballion; 27 May 1957) is an English singer-songwriter. She is best known as the lead singer of the critically acclaimed rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees (1976–1996) and of its splinter group The Creatures (1981–2005). The Banshees produced eleven studio albums and a string of hit singles including "Hong Kong Garden", "Happy House", "Peek-a-Boo" and "Kiss Them for Me". With The Creatures, Siouxsie recorded four studio albums and the hit single "Right Now".

She has also sung with artists such as Morrissey and John Cale. In the mid 2000s, she began a solo career and released ''MantaRay'' in 2007.

Siouxsie is considered to be "one of the most influential British singers of the rock era". Her songs have been covered by Jeff Buckley, Tricky, Massive Attack, and LCD Soundsystem. Her records have also been praised by a wide range of other artists including PJ Harvey and TV on the Radio.

Biography

Early life (1957–76)

Originally named Susan Janet Ballion, Siouxsie was born on 27 May 1957 at Guy's Hospital in Southwark, south east London, England. She was the youngest of three children; ten years separate her from her elder brother and sister. Her two elder siblings were born while the family was based in the Belgian Congo.

During her adolescence, she was a self-described "loner," who enjoyed listening to the music of male outsiders: David Bowie, Lou Reed, Marc Bolan, Bryan Ferry of Roxy Music and Iggy Pop of The Stooges. Pop culture was important in her life, she didn't miss TV programmes with her favourite singers. At that time, she went out in town with other young people who were interested in the same kind of music and glam fashion.

At 17, she left school. It was during this period that she began frequenting the local gay discos where most of her sister's friends used to go. She introduced her own friends to that scene. In November 1975, a new young group called the Sex Pistols performed at the local college art in Chislehurst. Siouxsie didn't attend but one of her friends did. He related how their singer threatened the string of students present at that gig. He added that they sounded like The Stooges. In February 1976, Siouxsie and one of her new friends Steven Severin, went to see them in the capital. They quickly decided to follow them regularly after chatting with them at the concert. In the following months, journalist Caroline Coon coined the term "Bromley Contingent" to describe this newly group of eccentric teenagers devoted to the Sex Pistols.

Siouxsie became well known in the London club scene for her glam, fetish and bondage attire, which were later notable of punk fashion. She would also later popularise the gothic style of dress with her trademark feline-style eye makeup, deep red lipstick, spiky dyed-black hair, and black clothing.

In early September 1976, the Bromley Contingent followed the Pistols to France, where Siouxsie was beaten up for wearing a black armband with a swastika on it. She claimed her intent was to shock the bourgeoisie, not to make a political statement. She would later write the songs "Metal Postcard (Mittageisen)" (in memory of the anti-Nazi artist John Heartfield) and the single "Israel".

Following the adage of DIY and the idea that the people in the audience could be the people on stage, Siouxsie and Severin decided to form a band. When a support slot for the 100 Club Punk Festival organised by Malcolm McLaren was unblocked, they decided to tempt their chance even if at that time, they did not know or play any songs. On 20 September 1976, they improvised music as Siouxsie recited poems and prayers she had memorised. The performance lasted twenty minutes.

For critic Jon Savage, Siouxsie was "unlike any female singer before or since, commanding yet aloof, entirely modern." It opened a new era for women in music as Viv Albertine from The Slits would later comment:

"Siouxsie just appeared fully made, fully in control, utterly confident. It totally blew me away. There she was doing something that I dared to dream but she took it and did it and it wiped the rest of the festival for me, that was it. I can't even remember everything else about it except that one performance."

One of Siouxsie's first public appearances was with the Sex Pistols on Bill Grundy's television show on Thames Television in December 1976. Siouxsie who was standing next to the band, teased the presenter and told him in the end : "I've always wanted to meet you, Bill". Grundy who was slightly drunk, topped it and flirted with her. This directly provoked a reaction of Pistols guitarist Steve Jones who pronounced a series of rude words never heard before on access prime time television. This episode created a media furore with front covers of several tabloids, including the ''Daily Mirror'' with the title: "Siouxsie: A Punk Shocker". This event had a major impact on the Pistols' subsequent career and within a week, they became a household name. It completely changed their status like the face of pop culture.

Not liking the clichés put forwards by the press, Siouxsie took her distance from that scene and stopped seeing the Pistols. She then decided to focus all her energy to her own band: The Banshees.

Siouxsie and the Banshees (1977–96)

In 1977, she changed her stage name and extensively toured in England with her friend Steven Severin on bass guitar as Siouxsie and the Banshees. One year later, their first single, "Hong Kong Garden" with its xylophone motif, instantaneously reached the top 10 in the UK. It was pictured by critics as "a bright, vivid narrative, something like snapshots from the window of a speeding Japanese train, power charged by the most original, intoxicating guitar playing heard in a long, long time."

Their first album, 1978's ''The Scream'', was described by Nick Kent in the ''NME'' in the following terms: "The band sounds like some unique hybrid of The Velvet Underground mated with much of the ingenuity of ''Tago Mago''-era Can, if any parallel can be drawn." At the end of the article, he added this remark: "Certainly, the traditional three-piece sound has never been used in a more unorthodox fashion with such stunning results." ''The Scream'' was later hailed by the ''NME'' as one of the best debut albums of all time with Patti Smith's ''Horses''. ''Join Hands'' followed in 1979.

The 1980 album ''Kaleidoscope'' marked a change of musical direction with the arrival of John McGeoch, considered "one of the most innovative and influential guitarists of the past thirty years". The hit single "Happy House" was qualified as "great pop" with "liquid guitar" and other songs like "Red Light" were layered with electronic sounds. ''Kaleidoscope'' widened her audience, reaching the top 5 in the UK charts. ''Juju'' followed in 1981, reaching number 7, including the singles "Spellbound" and "Arabian Knights" qualified as "pop marvels" by the ''Guardian''.

During the recording sessions, the singer decided to form a second act, The Creatures, with Banshees drummer Budgie, to record music more based on percussion. The first record of the duo was the EP ''Wild Things''.

In 1982, the British press greeted the Siouxsie and the Banshees' album ''A Kiss in the Dreamhouse'' enthusiastically. Richard Cook in the ''NME'' finished his review with "I promise. This music will take your breath away."

In 1983, Siouxsie went to Hawaii to record The Creatures' first album ''Feast'', which included the hit-single "Miss the Girl". During the summer, Siouxsie and Budgie hit again the charts with "Right Now", a song of the Mel Tormé's repertoire : the Creatures re-orchestrated it with brass arrangements. Then with the Banshees and guitarist Robert Smith of The Cure, she covered The Beatles' "Dear Prudence", reaching number three on the UK Singles Chart. Two albums followed with Smith: ''Nocturne'', recorded live in London and ''Hyæna'' in 1984. 1986's ''Tinderbox'' and the 1987 covers album ''Through the Looking Glass'' both reached the top 15 in the UK.

In 1988, the single "Peek-a-Boo" marked a musical departure from her previous work: it anticipated hip hop-inspired rock with the use of samples. The song was praised by the ''NME'' as "oriental marching band hip hop with farting horns and catchy accordion" and hailed by the ''Melody Maker'' as "a brightly unexpected mixture of black steel and pop disturbance." The ''Peepshow'' album was considered by critics as her most successful album in years.

Siouxsie then temporarily reformed the Creatures with Budgie and went to Spain to record ''Boomerang''. In his review, Simon Reynolds said that it was her "most inventive and invigorated music since ''A Kiss in the Dreamhouse''.".

In 1991 with the "Kiss Them for Me" single, she used South Asian instrumentation which had become popular in the UK club scene due to the growth of bhangra. Tabla player Talvin Singh (future percussionist of Björk on her 1993's ''Debut'' album) took part in the sessions and also sang during the bridge. With ''Kiss Them for Me'', the singer scored a hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number 23. After the release of ''Superstition'' that encountered enthusiastic reviews, she co-headlined the first Lollapalooza tour further increasing her American following. thumb|Siouxsie at the first Lollapalooza in Irvine, California, 1991 In 1992, Siouxsie recorded the single "Face to Face" and marked a pause of a few years. She then released the last Banshees studio album ''The Rapture''. After the accompanying tour, the Banshees announced their split during a press conference called "20 minutes into 20 years".

The Creatures and Collaborations (1994–2003)

In the mid-1990s, Siouxsie started to make one-off collaborations with other artists.

Morrissey recorded a duet with her in 1994. They both sang on the single "Interlude", a track that was initially performed by Timi Yuro, a female torch singer of the 1960s.

In 1995, she released the song "The Lighthouse" on the French producer Hector Zazou's album ''Chansons des mers froides'' which translates to ''Songs from the Cold Seas''. Siouxsie and Zazou adapted the poem "Flannan Isle" by English poet Wilfred Wilson Gibson.

In February 1998, former Velvet Underground member John Cale invited her at a festival called "With a Little Help From My Friends" that took place at the Paradiso in Amsterdam. The concert was shown on Dutch national television and featured an unreleased composition of Sioux, "Murdering Mouth" sung in duet with Cale. The collaboration between the two artists worked so well that they later both decided to tour the USA during the summer, singing some songs together like Siouxsie's "Murdering Mouth" and Cale's "Gun".

The following year, Siouxsie and Budgie released the first Creatures album since the split of the Banshees. ''Anima Animus'' was described by ''The Times'' as "hypnotic and inventive". The singer later made another collaboration, making this time a duet with Marc Almond on the track "Threat Of Love".

In 2002, she was rated the number seven female rock artist by ''Q'' magazine in 2002. Universal put out shortly after ''The Best of Siouxsie and the Banshees'' as the first re-issue of her back catalogue.

In 2003, she was asked to compose and sing the title track to Basement Jaxx's album ''Kish Kash'': the record then received a prize at the Grammy Awards. Shortly after, Siouxsie released the last Creatures album, ''Hai!'' which was in part recorded in Japan. Peter Wratts wrote in ''Time Out'': "her voice is the dominant instrument here, snaking and curling around the bouncing drumming backdrop, elegiac and inhuman as she chants, purrs and whispers her way around the album" and it's a "spine-tingling achievement".

Solo career (2004–present)

One year later, she toured for the first time as a solo act combining Banshees and Creatures songs: a live DVD called ''Dreamshow'' recorded the last London concert of September 2004, performed with the Millennia Ensemble. Released in August 2005, this DVD reached the number one position in the UK music DVD charts.

Her first solo album ''MantaRay'' was released on September 2007. ''Pitchfork Media'' wrote "She really ''is'' pop" before finishing the review by declaring "It's a success." ''Mojo magazine'' stated "a thirst for sonic adventure radiates from each track".

In 2008, Siouxsie took part in ''The Edge of Love'' soundtrack by composer Angelo Badalamenti, frequent collaborator with director David Lynch. She sang on the title "Careless Love". She later performed another Badalamenti number "Who Will Take My Dreams Away" at the annual edition of the World Soundtrack Awards.

After a year of touring, the singer played the last show of her tour in London in September. A live DVD of this performance called ''Finale: The Last Mantaray And More Show'' was released in 2009.

Influence on other artists

Siouxsie's influence on modern music has been considerable.

Siouxsie had a strong impact on two trip-hop acts. Tricky covered the 1983's pre-trip-hop "Tattoo" to open his second album ''Nearly God'' and Massive Attack sampled "Metal Postcard" on their song "Superpredators (Metal Postcard)" for the soundtrack to the film ''The Jackal.''

Other acts also covered Siouxsie's songs. Jeff Buckley, who took inspiration in various female singers, performed live "Killing Time", composed by Siouxsie and Budgie in 1989 for the Creatures album ''Boomerang'': Buckley first sang it in 1992 for radio WFMU. LCD Soundsystem recorded a cover of "Slowdive" for the B-side of "Disco Infiltrator": their version was also released on ''Introns''. Santigold based one of her tracks on the music of "Red Light" : "'My Superman' is an interpolation of a Siouxsie Sioux song, 'Red Light'". In 2003, The Beta Band sampled "Painted Bird" and changed the title in "Liquid Bird" on their ''Heroes to Zeros'' album. Red Hot Chili Peppers performed "Christine" at the V2001 festival and introduced it to their British audience as "your national anthem". Lo-fi songwriter Jeremy Jay revisited "Lunar Camel" on his debut ''Airwalker'' EP. Indie folk group DeVotchKa covered the ballad "The Last Beat of My Heart" on the suggestion of Arcade Fire singer, Win Butler; it was released on the ''Curse Your Little Heart'' EP.

Siouxsie has also been hailed by other critically acclaimed groups. Morrissey, previously of The Smiths said that "Siouxsie and the Banshees were excellent. They were one of the great groups of the late 70s, early 80s". He also stated of modern groups in 1994: "None of them are as good as Siouxsie and the Banshees at full pelt. That's not dusty nostalgia, that's fact." Another ex-member of The Smiths, Johnny Marr mentioned that he rated very high guitarist John McGeoch for his work on Siouxsie's single "Spellbound". Marr qualified it as "clever" with "really good picky thing going on which is very un-rock'n'roll." Radiohead also cited McGeoch-era Siouxsie records when mentioning the recording of "There There".

Siouxsie has influenced other bands ranging from contemporaries U2 and The Cure to later acts like Jane's Addiction and TV on the Radio. U2 Frontman Bono named her as model in the band's 2006 autobiography ''U2 by U2''. He was inspired by her way of singing. With his band, he selected "Christine" for a compilation made for ''Mojo'''s readers. U2 guitarist The Edge also was the presenter of an award given to Siouxsie at a Mojo ceremony in 2005. The Cure's Robert Smith declared in 2003: "Siouxsie and The Banshees and Wire were the two bands I really admired. They meant something." He also pinpointed what the Join Hands tour brought him musically. "On stage that first night with the Banshees, I was blown away by how powerful I felt playing that kind of music. It was so different to what we were doing with The Cure. Before that, I'd wanted us to be like The Buzzcocks or Elvis Costello, the punk Beatles. Being a Banshee really changed my attitude to what I was doing." For his record ''The Head on the Door'' in 1985, he stated : "It reminds me of the ''Kaleidoscope'' album, the idea of having lots of different sounding things, different colors". Dave Navarro of Jane's Addiction once made a parallel between his band and the Banshees: "there are so many similar threads: melody, use of sound, attitude, sex-appeal. I always saw Jane's Addiction as the masculine Siouxsie & the Banshees." From a younger generation, Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio mentioned the poppiest songs of Siouxsie for the arrangements: "I've always tried to make a song that begins like "Kiss Them for Me". I think songs like "I Was a Lover" or "Wash the Day away" came from that element of surprise mode where all of a sudden this giant drum comes in and you're like, what the fuck?! That record was the first one where I was like, okay, even my friends're going to fall for this. I feel like that transition into that record was a relief for me. Really beautiful music was always considered too weird by the normal kids and that was the first example where I thought, we've got them, they're hooked! I watched people dance to that song, people who had never heard of any of the music that I listened to, they heard that music in a club and went crazy.

Siouxsie has also been hailed by female singers. PJ Harvey selected ''Anima Animus'' album by Siouxsie's second band The Creatures, in her top ten favourite albums of the year 1999. Garbage's singer, Shirley Manson cited her as an influence : "I learned how to sing listening to ''The Scream'' and ''Kaleidoscope''." The singer of Garbage also mentioned that Siouxsie embodied everything she wanted to be as a young woman. Gossip cited her as one of their influences for their 2009's ''Music For Men''. Ana Matronic of Scissor Sisters named Sioux as a source of inspiration and the Banshees as her favourite band.

Electronica female singer Santigold also said :

Musical genre

Garbage's singer Shirley Manson said:

Personal life

Sioux married Budgie in May 1991. The following year, they moved to the south west of France.

In June 2005, she won the Icon Award at the Mojo Honours in London.

In an interview with ''The Sunday Times'' in August 2007, she clarified that she and Budgie had divorced. In an interview with ''The Independent'', she said, "I've never particularly said I'm hetero or I'm a lesbian. I know there are people who are definitely one way, but not really me. I suppose if I am attracted to men then they usually have more feminine qualities."

Discography

''For her works with Siouxsie and the Banshees, see Siouxsie and the Banshees discography.''

''For her works with The Creatures, see The Creatures discography.''

Solo album

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions
		! width="40"	! width="40"
2007		* Release date: 10 September 2007	* Label: Universal Records	39	132

Solo singles

Year	Single	Peak positions	Album
		! width="60"
		59
	103
2008		154

Featured singles

Year	Single	Artist	Peak positions	Album
			UK
1994	align="left"	Morrissey	25

DVD

2005 ''Dreamshow'' #1 UK

2009 ''Finale: The Last Mantaray and More Show'' #4 UK

Collaborations with other artists

Morrissey: "Interlude" (single recorded in duet) (1994)

Hector Zazou: "The Lighthouse" (song recorded as guest on the ''Chansons des mers froides'' ''Songs from the Cold Seas'' album) (1995)

Marc Almond: "Threat of Love" (song recorded in duet for the ''Open All Night'' album) (1999)

Basement Jaxx: "Cish Cash" (song recorded as guest on the ''Kish Kash'' album) (2003)

Angelo Badalamenti: "Careless Love" (song recorded as guest for ''The Edge of Love'' film soundtrack) (2008)

Sioux also performed with Suede a cover of "Carolyne Says" by Lou Reed, on 30 July 1993 at a "Red Hot & AIDS Benefit" concert.

Film appearances of songs include ''The Punk Rock Movie'' (Don Letts, 1977); ''Jubilee'' (Derek Jarman, 1977); ''Out of Bounds'' (Richard Tuggle, 1986); ''Batman Returns'' (Tim Burton,1992); ''Showgirls'' (Paul Verhoeven, 1995); ''The Craft'' (Andrew Fleming, 1996); ''Grosse Pointe Blank'' (George Armitage, 1997); ''The Filth and the Fury'' (Julien Temple, 2000); ''24 Hour Party People'' (Michael Winterbottom, 2002); ''Marie Antoinette'' (Sofia Coppola, 2006); ''Monster House'' (Gil Kenan, 2006); ''Notes on a Scandal'' (Richard Eyre, 2006); ''Doomsday'' (Neil Marshall, 2008)

Notes

References

Paytress, Mark. ''Siouxsie & the Banshees: The Authorised Biography''. Sanctuary, 2003. ISBN 1-86074-375-7

Johns, Brian. ''Entranced : the Siouxsie and the Banshees story''. Omnibus Press, 1989. ISBN 0-7119-1773-b

External links

Official site

The Banshees & Other Creatures U.K. A comprehensive website with an array of information.

Untiedundone A site with several articles and interviews from 1977.

Category:1957 births Category:English contraltos Category:English female singers Category:English punk rock singers Category:Female punk rock singers Category:Female New Wave singers Category:Gothic rock musicians Category:Living people Category:Melodica players Category:Musicians from London Category:People from Bromley Category:Siouxsie and the Banshees members

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