| Coordinates | 3°8′51″N101°41′36″N |
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| Name | Crete |
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| Native name | Κρήτη |
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| Skyline | Knossos R01.jpg |
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| Sky caption | The Minoan Palace at Knossos |
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| Map | GR_Kreta.PNG |
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| Coordinates | |
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| Archipelago | Cretan |
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| Isles | 80+ |
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| Area | 8336 |
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| Highest mount | Mt. Psiloritis |
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| Elevation | 2456 |
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| Periph | Crete |
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| Prefect | Chania, Rethymno, Heraklion, Lasithi. |
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| Capital | Heraklion |
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| Population | 623666 |
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| Pop as of | 2005 |
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| Postal | 72x xx, 70x xx, 71x xx, 73x xx, 740 55, 74x xx |
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| Telephone | 284 x0, 2810, 289x0, 282x0, 28310, 283x0 |
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| License | AN, HK, HP, XN, PE |
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| Website | www.crete-region.gr
}} |
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Crete () is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own dialect, poetry, and music). Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (), one of the first civilizations in Europe.
Other names for the island
Under
Roman rule, in
Classical Latin, the island was called
Creta. During the
Arab conquest of Crete, they called the island
AqrīTish or
IqrīTish (). Under
Venetian rule, it was known as
Candia (sometimes anglicized as 'Candy'), a Venetian adaptation of the earlier Greek name
Chandax (, "moat") or
Chandakas (), which in turn came from the
Arabic ''ربض الخندق rabḍ al-ḫandaq'' 'castle of the moat' (the Arabic name for the capital city,
Heraklion). Under
Ottoman rule, in
Turkish, Crete was called
Girit (written in
Ottoman Turkish as
كريت, as recorded by
Piri Reis).
Physical geography
Crete is the largest island in Greece and the second largest in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (after Cyprus). It is located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea separating the Aegean from the Libyan Sea.
Island morphology
The island has an elongated shape: it spans from east to west, is at its widest point, and narrows to as little as (close to
Ierapetra). Crete covers an area of , with a coastline of ; to the north, it broaches the
Sea of Crete (Greek: Κρητικό Πέλαγος); to the south, the
Libyan Sea (Greek: Λιβυκό Πέλαγος); in the west, the
Myrtoan Sea, and toward the east the Karpathion Sea. It lies approximately south of the Greek mainland.
Mountains and valleys
Crete is extremely mountainous, and its character is defined by a high mountain range crossing from west to east, formed by three different groups of mountains:
The White Mountains or
Lefka Ori ()
The Idi Range (
Psiloritis () )
The
Dikti Mountains ()
Kedros ()
Thripti ()
These mountains gifted Crete with valleys, such as Amari valley, fertile plateaus, such as Lasithi plateau, Omalos and Nidha; caves, such as Diktaion and Idaion (the birthplace of the ancient Greek god Zeus); and a number of gorges.
Gorges, rivers, and lakes
The island has a number of gorges such as the famous
gorge of Samaria, the
Imbros Gorge, the
Kourtaliotiko Gorge, the
Ha Gorge, the
Platania Gorge, the Gorge of the Dead (at
Kato Zakros,
Sitia) and the
Richtis Gorge and Waterfall at Exo Mouliana in
Sitia (
Pictures1,
Pictures2).
The rivers of Crete include the Ieropotamos River, the Koiliaris, the Anapodiaris, the Almiros, and Megas Potamos. There are only two freshwater lakes including Lake Kournas and Lake Agia which are both in Chania prefecture. Lake Voulismeni at the coast, at Aghios Nikolaos, was formerly a sweetwater lake but is now connected to the sea, in Lasithi.
Surrounding islands
A large number of islands, islets, and rocks hug the coast of Crete. Many are visited by tourists, some are visited only by archaeologists and biologists. Some are environmentally protected. A small sample of the islands include:
Gramvousa (Kissamos, Chania) the pirate island opposite the Balo lagoon.
Elafonisi (Chania), which commemorates a shipwreck and an Ottoman massacre.
Chrysi island (Ierapetra, Lasithi), which hosts the largest natural Lebanon cedar forest in Europe.
Paximadia island (Agia Galini, Rethymno) where the god Apollo and the goddess Artemis were born.
The Venetian fort and leper colony at Spinalonga opposite the beach and shallow waters of Elounda (Ag. Nikolaos, Lasithi).
Dionysades islands which are in an environmentally protected region together the Palm Beach Forest of Vai in the municipality of Sitia, Lasithi.
Climate
Crete straddles two climatic zones, the
Mediterranean and the
North African, mainly falling within the former. As such, the climate in Crete is primarily
temperate. The atmosphere can be quite humid, depending on the proximity to the sea, while winter is fairly mild. Snowfall is common on the mountains between November and May, but rare in the low lying areas. While mountain tops remain snow-capped year long, near the coast snow only stays on the ground for a few minutes or hours. However, a truly exceptional cold snap swept the island in February 2004, during which period the whole island was blanketed with snow. During the Cretan summer, average temperatures reach the high 20s-low 30s Celsius (mid 80s to mid 90s Fahrenheit), with maxima touching the upper 30s-mid 40s (above ).
The south coast, including the Mesara Plain and Asterousia Mountains, falls in the North African climatic zone, and thus enjoys significantly more sunny days and high temperatures throughout the year. There, date palms bear fruit, and swallows remain year-round rather than migrate to Africa. The fertile region around Ierapetra, on the southeastern corner of the island, is renowned for its exceptional year-round agricultural production, with all kinds of summer vegetables and fruit produced in greenhouses throughout the winter.
Human geography
Crete is the most populous island in Greece with a population of more than 600,000 people. Approximately 42% live in Crete's main cities and towns whilst 45% live in rural areas.
Administration
Crete with its nearby islands form the
Crete Periphery (), one of the 13
peripheries of Greece which were established in the 1987 administrative reform. With the 2010
Kallikratis plan, the powers and authority of the peripheries were redefined and extended. The periphery is based at
Heraklion and is divided into four
peripheral units (pre-Kallikratis
prefectures). From west to east these are:
Chania,
Rethymno,
Heraklion and
Lasithi. These are further subdivided into 24
municipalities.
The periphery's governor is, since 1 January 2011, Stavros Arnaoutakis, who was elected in the November 2010 local administration elections for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement.
Cities
Heraklion is the largest city and capital of Crete. The principal cities are:
Heraklion (''Iraklion'' or ''Candia'') (130,914 inhabitants)
Chania (''Haniá'') (53,373 inhabitants)
Rethymno (27,868 inhabitants)
Ierapetra (23,707 inhabitants)
Agios Nikolaos (19,462 inhabitants)
Sitia (14,338 inhabitants)
Culture
The Greek language spoken on the island has a distinct Cretan Greek dialect with an extended vocabulary that is Crete-specific. Crete has its own distinctive Mantinades poetry. The island is known for its Mantinades-based music (typically performed with the Cretan lyra and the laouto) and has many indigenous dances, the most noted of which is the Pentozali.
Cretan authors have made important contributions to Greek Literature throughout the modern period; major names include Vikentios Kornaros, creator of the 17th century epic romance Erotokritos (Greek Ερωτόκριτος), and in the 20th century Nikos Kazantzakis. In the Renaissance, Crete was the home of the Cretan School of icon painting, which influenced El Greco and through him subsequent European painting.
Cretans are fiercely proud of their island and customs, and men often don elements of traditional dress in everyday life: knee-high black riding boots (''stivania''), ''vráka'' breeches tucked into the boots at the knee, black shirt and black headdress consisting of a fishnet-weave kerchief worn wrapped around the head or draped on the shoulders (the ''sariki''). Black is the color of mourning, and since Cretan families are notionally considered so extended as to include great-grandparents or second cousins (although they may have little actual contact) as well as all their respective in-laws, one is theoretically justified to be in continuous mourning for some relative or other, however distant. On festive occasions those who are not in mourning wear white, most notably white boots and headdress. In the small villages in the mountains some men unabashedly carry weapons including knives and guns which also appear at special occasions such as weddings.
Cretan society is well-known for notorious family and clan vendettas which remain on the island to date. Cretans also have a tradition of keeping firearms at home, a tradition lasting from the era of resistance against the Ottoman Empire. Nearly every rural household on Crete has at least one unregistered gun. Guns are subject to strict regulation from the Greek government, yet the authorities turn the blind eye on Cretans, accepting gun possession as their tradition.
Economy
The economy of Crete is predominantly based on agriculture and is one of the few Greek islands that can support itself independently without a tourism industry. The economy began to change visibly during the 1970s as tourism gained in importance. While an emphasis remains on agriculture and stock breeding, due to the climate and terrain of the island, there has been a drop in manufacturing, and an observable expansion in its service industries (mainly tourism-related). All three sectors of the Cretan economy (agriculture/farming, processing-packaging, services), are directly connected and interdependent. The island has a per capita income much higher than the Greek average, while unemployment is at approximately 4%, of that of the country overall.
As in many regions of Greece, viticulture and olive groves are significant; oranges and citrons are also cultivated. Until recently there were restrictions on the import of bananas to Greece, therefore bananas were grown on the island, predominantly in greenhouses. Dairy products are important to the local economy and there are a number of speciality cheeses such as mizithra, anthotyros, and kefalotyri.
Transport infrastructure
The island has three significant airports,
Nikos Kazantzakis at
Heraklion, the
Daskalogiannis airport at
Chania and a smaller one in
Sitia. The first two serve international routes, as the main gateways to the island for travellers.
The island is served by ferries mostly from Athens by ferry companies such as Minoan Lines and ANEK Lines.
Tourism
Crete is one of the most popular holiday destinations in Greece. Fifteen percent of all arrivals in Greece come through the city of
Heraklion (port and airport), while charter journeys to
Heraklion last year made up 20% of all charter flights in Greece. Overall, more than two million tourists visited Crete last year, and this increase in tourism is reflected on the number of hotel beds, rising by 53% in the period between 1986 and 1991, when the rest of Greece saw increases of only 25%. Today, the island's tourism infrastructure caters to all tastes, including a very wide range of accommodation; the island's facilities take in large luxury hotels with their complete facilities, swimming pools, sports and recreation, smaller family-owned apartments, camping facilities and others. Visitors reach the island via two international airports in Heraklion and
Chania, or by boat to the main ports of Heraklion, Chania,
Rethimno and
Agios Nikolaos. Popular tourist attractions include the archaeological sites of the Minoan civilisation, the Venetian old city and port of
Chania, the Venetian castle at
Rethymno, the gorge of
Samaria, the islands of
Chrysi,
Elafonisi,
Gramvousa, and
Spinalonga and the Palm Beach of
Vai, which is the largest natural palm forest in Europe.
Sport
Crete has 2 football clubs:
OFI Crete and
Ergotelis F.C.. OFI Crete is in the
Beta Ethniki league and Ergotelis F.C. is in
Superleague Greece. Both clubs are based in
Heraklion at the
Pankritio Stadium.
Archaeological sites and museums
There are a large number of archaeological sites which include the Minoan sites of
Knossos and
Phaistos, the classical site of
Gortys, and the diverse archaeology of the island of
Koufonisi which includes Minoan, Roman, and World War II ruins.
There are a number of museums throughout Crete. The Heraklion Archaeological Museum displays most of the archaeological finds of the Minoan era.
Environmentally protected areas
There are a number of environmentally protected areas. One such area is located at the island of
Elafonisi on the coast of southwestern Crete. Also, the palm forest of
Vai in eastern Crete and the
Dionysades (both in the municipality of
Sitia,
Lasithi), have diverse animal and plant life. Vai has a palm beach and the largest natural palm forest in Europe. The island of
Chrysi, 15 km south of
Ierapetra, has the largest naturally grown
Lebanon Cedar forest in Europe.
Development
Newspapers have reported that the Ministry of Mercantile Marine is ready to support the agreement between Greece,
South Korea,
Dubai Ports World and
China for the construction of a large international
container port and
free trade zone in southern Crete near
Tympaki; the plan is to expropriate 850 ha of land. The port would handle 2 million containers per year, while as of 2007, there has been no official announcement of a project not universally welcomed due to its environmental, economic and cultural impact. As of January 2009, it appears the project has been canceled, in part due to the strong opposition from the local population, mostly on environmental grounds.
Holiday homes and immigration
Crete's mild climate attracts interest from
northern Europeans who want a holiday home or residence on the island.
EU citizens have the right to freely buy property and reside with little formality. A growing number of real estate companies cater to mainly British expatriates, followed by
German,
Dutch,
Scandinavian and other European nationalities wishing to own a home in Crete. The
British expatriates are concentrated in the western prefectures of
Chania and
Rethymno and to a lesser extent in
Heraklion and
Lasithi.
Fauna and flora
Crete is isolated from mainland Europe, Asia, and Africa, and this is reflected in the diversity of the fauna and flora. As a result the fauna and flora of Crete have many clues to the evolution of species. There are no animals that are dangerous to humans on the island of Crete compared to other parts of Greece. Indeed, the ancient Greeks attributed the lack of large mammals such as bears, wolves, jackals, and poisonous snakes, to the labour of Hercules (who took a live Cretan bull to the Peloponnese). Hercules wanted to honor the birthplace of Zeus by removing all "harmful" and "poisonous" animals from Crete. Later, Cretans believed that the island was cleared of dangerous creatures by the Apostle Paul, who lived on the island of Crete for two years, with his exorcisms and blessings. There is a Natural History Museum operating under the direction of the University of Crete and an aquarium displaying sea creatures common in Cretan waters.
Mammals
Mammals of Crete include the vulnerable
Kri-kri, that can be seen in the national parks of the Samaria Gorge and the
Agioi Theodoroi (islands), the
Cretan wildcat and the
Cretan spiny mouse. Other terrestrial mammals include subspecies of the Cretan marten, the Cretan weasel, the Cretan badger, the
long-eared hedgehog, the
edible dormouse, and the
Cretan shrew, a unique endemic species of mammal in Greece, that is unfortunately threatened with extinction.
Bat species include: Blasius's horseshoe bat, the lesser horseshoe bat, the greater horseshoe bat, the lesser mouse-eared bat, Geoffroy's bat, the whiskered bat, Kuhl's pipistrelle, the common pipistrelle, Savi's pipistrelle, the serotine bat, the long-eared bat, Schreiber's bat, and the European free-tailed bat.
Birds
A large variety of birds includes eagles (can be seen in
Lasithi), swallows (throughout Crete but throughout the year in the south of the island), pelicans (along the coast), and cranes (including
Gavdos and
Gavdopoula). The Cretan mountains and gorges are refuges for the endangered
Lammergeier vulture. Bird species include: the
golden eagle,
Bonelli's eagle, the
bearded vulture or Lammergeier, the
griffon vulture,
Eleanora's falcon,
peregrine falcon,
lanner falcon,
European kestrel,
tawny owl,
little owl,
hooded crow,
alpine chough,
red-billed chough, and the
hoopoe.
Reptiles and amphibians
Reptiles and tortoises can be seen throughout the island. Snakes can be found hiding under rocks. Toads and frogs reveal themselves when it rains.
Reptiles include the aegean wall lizard, balkan green lizard, european chameleon, ocellated skink, snake-eyed skink, moorish gecko, turkish gecko, Kotschy's gecko, spur-thighed tortoise, and the stripe-necked terrapin.
There are four species of snake on the island and these are not dangerous to humans. The four species include the leopard snake (locally known as Ochendra), the Balkan whip snake (locally called Dendrogallia), the dice snake (called Nerofido in Greek), and the only venomous snake is the nocturnal cat snake which has evolved to deliver its venom in to geckos and small lizards and is not dangerous to humans.
Turtles include the green turtle and the loggerhead turtle which are both endangered species. The loggerhead turtle nests and hatches on north-coast beaches around Rethymno and Chania, and south-coast beaches along the gulf of Mesara.
Amphibians include the green toad, American toad, common tree frog, and the Cretan marsh frog.
Arthropods
Crete has an unusual variety of insects.
Xylophagous, known locally as ''Tzitzikia'', make a distinctive repetitive ''tzi tzi'' noise that becomes louder and more frequent on hot summer days. Butterfly species include the
swallowtail butterfly. Moth species include the
hummingbird moth. There are several species of scorpion such as
Euscorpius carpathicus whose venom is generally no more potent than a mosquito bite.
Crustaceans and molluscs
River crabs include the semi-terrestrial
potamon potamios crab. Edible snails are widespread and can cluster in the hundreds waiting for rainfall to reinvigorate them.
Sealife
Apart from terrestrial mammals, the seas around Crete are rich in large marine mammals, a fact unknown to most Greeks, although reported since ancient times. Indeed, the Minoan frescoes depicting dolphins in Queen's Megaron at Knossos, indicate that Minoans knew many things about these creatures and respected them. Apart from the famous endangered
Mediterranean monk seal, which lives in almost all the coasts of the country, Greece hosts
whales,
sperm whales,
dolphins and
porpoises. These are either permanent residents of the Mediterranean, or just occasional visitors. The area south of Crete, known as the Greek Abyss, hosts many of them.
Squid and
octopus can be found along the coast and
Sea turtles and
Hammerhead sharks swim in the sea around the coast. The
Cretaquarium and the
Aquaworld Aquarium, are two of only three aquariums in Greece, they are located in
Heraklion and
Hersonissos respectively, and examples of the local sealife can be seen there.
Some of the fish that can be seen in the waters around Crete include: scorpion fish, dusky grouper, east Atlantic peacock wrasse, five-spotted wrasse, weever fish, common stingray, brown ray, mediterranean black goby, pearly razorfish, star-gazer, painted comber, damselfish, and the flying gurnard.
Flora
Common wildflowers include: camomile, daisy, gladioli, hyacinth,
iris, poppy, and tulip. There are more than 200 different species of wild
orchid on the island and this includes 14 varieties of
Ophrys Cretica. Crete has a rich variety of indigenous herbs including common
sage,
rosemary,
thyme, and
oregano. Rare herbs include
Cretan dittany. Varieties of cactus include the edible
Prickly Pear. Common trees on the island include the
chestnut,
cypress,
oak,
olive tree,
pine,
plane, and
tamarisk. Trees tend to be taller to the west of the island where water is more abundant.
History
Hominids settled in Crete at least 130,000 years ago. In the later Neolithic and Bronze Age period, under the Minoans, Crete had a highly developed, literate civilization. It has been ruled by various ancient Greek entities, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Emirate of Crete, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. After a brief period of autonomy (1897–1913) under a provisional Cretan government, it joined the Kingdom of Greece. It was occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
Prehistoric Crete
The first human settlement in Crete dates before 130,000 years ago, during the
Paleolithic age.
Settlements dating to the
aceramic Neolithic in the 7th Millenium B.C., used
cattle,
sheep,
goats,
pigs and
dogs as well as domesticated
cereals and
legumes; ancient
Knossos was the site of one of these major Neolithic (then later
Minoan) sites. Other neolithic settlements include those at
Kephala,
Magasa, and
Trapeza.
Minoan civilization
Crete was the center of
Europe's first advanced civilization, the
Minoan (). This civilization wrote in the undeciphered script known as
Linear A. Early
Cretan history is replete with legends such as those of
King Minos,
Theseus,
Minotaur,
Daedalus and
Icarus passed on orally via poets such as
Homer. The
Minoan eruption of
Thera devastated the Minoan civilization.
Mycenean civilization
Beginning in 1420 BC, the Minoan civilization was overrun by the
Mycenean civilization from mainland Greece. The oldest samples of writing in the Greek language, as identified by
Michael Ventris, is the
Linear B archive from Knossos, dated approximately to 1425–1375 BC.
Roman rule
Crete was involved in the
Mithridatic Wars, initially repelling an attack by Roman general
Marcus Antonius Creticus in 71 BCE. Nevertheless, a ferocious three-year campaign soon followed under
Quintus Caecilius Metellus, equipped with three legions and Crete was finally conquered by Rome in 69 BCE, earning for Metellus the title "''Creticus''".
Gortyn was made capital of the island, and Crete became a Roman province, along with
Cyrenaica that was called
Creta et Cyrenaica.
Byzantine Empire – first period
Crete came under the rule of the
Byzantine Empire and Crete was separated from Cyrenaica ca. 297. During the first Byzantine period Crete was subjected to an attack by
Vandals in 467, the great earthquakes of 365 and 415, a raid by
Slavs in 623, Arab raids in 654 and the 670s, and again in the 8th century. Circa 732, the Emperor
Leo III the Isaurian transferred the island from the jurisdiction of the
Pope to that of the
Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Emirate of Crete
In the 820s when Crete was part of the
Byzantine Empire, it was captured by
Andalusian
Arabs led by
Abu Hafs who established the
Emirate of Crete. Byzantium launched a campaign to liberate the island in 842 and 843 under
Theoktistos with some success. Further Byzantine campaigns in 911 and 949 failed. In 960/1
Nikephoros Phokas' campaign successfully restored Crete to Byzantium.
Byzantine Empire – second period
In 961,
Nikephoros Phokas liberated the island, for the Byzantine Empire, by expelling the Arabs. During the
Fourth Crusade Crete was granted to
Boniface of Montferrat as a
pronoia by the Byzantine emperor
Alexios IV Angelos. However, Boniface sold his rights cheaply to the
Republic of Venice but the island was seized by Venice's rival the
Republic of Genoa and it was not until 1212 that Venice secured Crete as a colony.
Venetian rule
From 1212, during Venice's rule, which lasted more than four centuries, a Renaissance swept through the island as is evident from the plethora of artistic works dating to that period. The most notable representatives of this Cretan renaissance were the painter El Greco and the writers Nicholas Kalliakis (1645–1707), Georgios Kalafatis (professor) (ca. 1652–1720), Andreas Musalus (ca. 1665–1721) and Vitsentzos Kornaros.
Under the rule of the Catholic Venetians, the city of Candia was reputed to be the best fortified city of the Eastern Mediterranean. The three main forts were located at Gramvousa, Spinalonga, and Fortezza. Other fortifications include the Kazarma fortress. In 1492, Jews expelled from Spain settled on the island. In 1574–77, Crete was under the rule of Giacomo Foscarini as Proveditor General, Sindace and Inquistor. According to Starr (1942), the rule of Giacomo Foscarini was a dark age for Jews and Greeks. Under his rule, non-Catholics had to pay high taxes with no allowances. In 1627, there were 800 Jews in the city of Candia, about seven percent of the city's population.
Ottoman rule
The
Ottomans conquered Crete in 1669, after the
siege of Candia. Many Greek Cretans fled to other regions of the
Republic of Venice after the
Ottoman–Venetian Wars, some even prospering such as the family of
Simone Stratigo (ca. 1733 – ca. 1824) who migrated to Dalamatia from Crete in 1669.
Islamic presence on the island, aside from the interlude of the
Arab occupation, was cemented by the
Ottoman conquest. Most
Cretan Muslims were local Greek converts who spoke Cretan
Greek, but in the island's 19th century political context they came to be viewed by the Christian population as Turks. Contemporary estimates vary, but on the eve of the Greek War of Independence, as much as 45% of the population of the island may have been Muslim. A number of
Sufi orders were widespread throughout the island, the
Bektashi order being the most prevalent, possessing at least five
tekkes. Many amongst them were
crypto-Christians who converted back to Christianity in subsequent years, while many others fled Crete because of the unrest, settling in Turkey, Rhodes, Syria and elsewhere. By 1900, 11% of the population was Muslim. Those remaining were relocated in the 1924
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey.
Uprisings by Christians were met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities who executed bishops, regarded as ringleaders on several occasions..
During Easter of 1770, a notable revolt against Ottoman rule, in Crete, was started by Daskalogiannis, a shipowner from Sfakia who was promised support by Orlov's fleet which never arrived. Daskalogiannis eventually surrendered to the Ottoman authorities who skinned him alive. Today, the airport at Chania is named after him.
Crete was left out of the modern Greek state by the London Protocol of 1830, and soon it was yielded to Egypt by the Ottoman sultan. Egyptian rule was short-lived and sovereignty was returned to the Ottoman Empire by the Convention of London on July 3, 1840.
Heraklion was surrounded by high walls and bastions and extended westward and southward by the 17th century. The most opulent area of the city was the northeastern quadrant where all the elite were gathered together. The city had received another name under the rule of the Ottomans, "the deserted city". The urban policy that the Ottoman applied to Candia was a two-pronged approach. The first was the religious endowments. It made the Ottoman elite contribute to building and rehabilitating the ruined city. The other method was to boost the population and the urban revenue by selling off urban properties. According to Molly Greene (2001) there were numerous records of real-estate transactions during the Ottoman rule. In the deserted city, minorities received equal rights in purchasing property. Christians and Jews were also able to buy and sell in the real-estate market.
Between 1833 and 1897, several more Christian uprisings took place, and in 1898, Crete, a complex autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty.
Cretan State
Crete was garrisoned by an international military force, with a High Commissioner (''Armostis'') appointed by the government of Greece, Alexandros Zaimis. The island was partitioned in to four quarters by the four main powers jostling for power at that time. The four quarters were divided between Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom, and France, who controlled Chania, Rethymnon, Heraklion, and Lasithi respectively. Crete was joined in union with Greece on 1 December 1913.
World War II
During
World War II, the island was the scene of the famous
Battle of Crete in May 1941.
German paratroopers sustained almost 7,000 casualties, meeting fierce resistance from both locals and the
British Commonwealth force, commanded by General Sir
Bernard Freyberg. As a result,
Adolf Hitler forbade further large-scale airborne operations. During the occupation, German firing squads were routinely used to execute male civilians, who were randomly gathered at local villages, in reprisal for the death of German soldiers, such as at
Kondomari.
Mythology
Crete has a rich mythology mostly connected with the ancient Greek Gods but also connected with the Minoan civilization.
The Idaion cave at Mount Ida was the birthplace of the god Zeus. The Paximadia islands were the birthplace of the goddess Artemis and the god Apollo. Their mother, the goddess Leto, was worshipped at Phaistos. The goddess Athena bathed in Lake Voulismeni. The ancient Greek god Zeus launched a lightning bolt at a giant lizard that was threatening Crete. The lizard immediately turned to stone and became the island of Dia. The island can be seen from Knossos and it has the shape of a giant lizard. The islets of Lefkai were the result of a musical contest between the Sirens and the Muses. The Muses were so anguished to have lost that they plucked the feathers from the wings of their rivals; the Sirens turned white and fell into the sea at Aptera ("featherless") where they formed the islands in the bay that were called Lefkai (the islands of Souda and Leon). Hercules, in one of his labors, took the Cretan bull to the Peloponnese. Europa and Zeus made love at Gortys and conceived the Kings of the Minoan civilization.
The labyrinth of the palace of Knossos has the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur where the Minotaur was slayed by Theseus. Icarus and Daedalus were captives of King Minos and crafted wings to escape. King Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades.
Notable people from Crete
Internationally famous people from Crete include:
John Aniston, actor, best known for his role as Victor Kiriakis on the NBC daytime drama Days of our Lives also father of Jennifer Aniston
Ross Daly, a world music musician who has lived in Crete for most of his life, originally from Ireland.
Eleni Daniilidou, an international tennis player, born in Chania.
Odysseas Elytis, an internationally-renowned poet, who was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1979, was born in
Heraklion.
El Greco, a Renaissance artist, born in Fodele.
Nana Mouskouri, a international singer, born in Chania.
Georgios Samaras, a international football player, born in Heraklion.
Eleftherios Venizelos, a internationally-renowned former Greek Prime Minister, born in Chania Prefecture.
Nikos Kazantzakis, an internationally-published author, born in Heraklion.
See also
Cretan dialect
Mantinades
Music of Crete
List of Greek islands
List of novels set in Crete
References
Sources
External links
Natural History Museum of Crete at the University of Crete.
Cretaquarium Thalassocosmos, Heraklion, Crete.
Aquaworld Aquarium, Hersonissos, Crete.
"Ancient Crete." Oxford Bibliographies Online: Classics.
Category:Crete
Category:Islands of Greece
Category:Mediterranean islands
Category:Aegean islands
Category:Tourism in Greece
Category:Minoan civilization
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