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Wednesday, 18 April 2012
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Shakira - Loca (Spanish Version) ft. El Cata
  • Order:
  • Published: 13 Oct 2010
  • Duration: 2:42
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: shakiraVEVO
Music video by Shakira performing Loca (Featuring El Cata). (C) 2010 Sony Music Entertainment (Holland) BV
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/Shakira - Loca (Spanish Version) ft. El Cata
EL SHADDAI BY AMY GRANT
  • Order:
  • Published: 27 Feb 2008
  • Duration: 4:12
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: DanielMAwale
beautiful images awesome song amy grant watch and please add coments and rate
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/EL SHADDAI BY AMY GRANT
El condor pasa - PERU
  • Order:
  • Published: 24 Sep 2008
  • Duration: 4:45
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: IIrenzoII
Peruvian melody
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/El condor pasa - PERU
Chino & Nacho - El Poeta
  • Order:
  • Published: 14 Sep 2011
  • Duration: 4:16
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: ChinoNachoVEVO
Music video by Chino & Nacho performing El Poeta. (C) 2011 Machete Music
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/Chino & Nacho - El Poeta
Shakira - Rabiosa (Spanish Version) ft. El Cata
  • Order:
  • Published: 08 Jun 2011
  • Duration: 2:51
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: shakiraVEVO
Music video by Shakira performing Rabiosa (Featuring El Cata). (C) 2011 Sony Music Entertainment (Holland) BV
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/Shakira - Rabiosa (Spanish Version) ft. El Cata
el ONESHOTS
  • Order:
  • Published: 04 Mar 2010
  • Duration: 2:00
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: h33element
frags by el Song: Holiday Parade - Time For Me www.myspace.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/el ONESHOTS
The Black Keys - Lonely Boy (First Listen)
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 Oct 2011
  • Duration: 3:14
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: theblackkeys
© 2011 WMG "Lonely Boy" is the first single off the new album, El Camino. Download the album today - Official store - wbr.fm iTunes - www.smarturl.it Directed by Jesse Dylan
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/The Black Keys - Lonely Boy (First Listen)
El Paso - Marty Robbins
  • Order:
  • Published: 06 Jan 2010
  • Duration: 4:41
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: SweetCountryGirlx
El Paso - Marty Robbins Out in the West Texas town of El Paso I fell in love with a Mexican girl. Night-time would find me in Rosa's cantina; Music would play and Felina would whirl. Blacker than night were the eyes of Felina, Wicked and evil while casting a spell. My love was deep for this Mexican maiden; I was in love but in vain, I could tell. One night a wild young cowboy came in, Wild as the West Texas wind. Dashing and daring, A drink he was sharing With wicked Felina, The girl that I loved. So in anger I Challenged his right for the love of this maiden. Down went his hand for the gun that he wore. My challenge was answered in less than a heart-beat; The handsome young stranger lay dead on the floor. Just for a moment I stood there in silence, Shocked by the FOUL EVIL deed I had done. Many thoughts raced through my mind as I stood there; I had but one chance and that was to run. Out through the back door of Rosa's I ran, Out where the horses were tied. I caught a good one. It looked like it could run. Up on its back And away I did ride, Just as fast as I Could from the West Texas town of El Paso Out to the bad-lands of New Mexico. Back in El Paso my life would be worthless. Everything's gone in life; nothing is left. It's been so long since I've seen the young maiden My love is stronger than my fear of death. I saddled up and away I did go, Riding alone in the dark. Maybe tomorrow A bullet may find me. Tonight nothing's worse than this Pain in my heart. And at last <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/El Paso - Marty Robbins
El Camino del Rey [High Quality]
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Dec 2008
  • Duration: 6:31
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: danielahnen
The original version. Filmed with a Sony handycam. No clipping. Watch www.youclimb.de for more stuff. Many thanks to Michael Darius for the soundtrack "Magic of politics"!
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/El Camino del Rey [High Quality]
El camino del rey 2010
  • Order:
  • Published: 02 Jun 2010
  • Duration: 9:27
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: danielahnen
Same old way, now in HD. See the whole walkway soon on www.youclimb.de.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/El camino del rey 2010
Meneaito (El Meneaito) on the album Party Hardy Baby Vol. 1
  • Order:
  • Published: 21 Jun 2007
  • Duration: 3:44
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: meneaitomania
iTunes itunes.apple.com Visit Ragga Force Radio www.live365.com Support Raggaforce.com who authorized this video on You Tube. You can download 10 different versions of the original. This is the original "one and only" Meneaito "El Meneaito", the worldwide hit that started it all. It was not recorded by El General, it was recorded by Gaby (original Artist). It is not spelled Meneito, it is spelled Meneaito. It was produced by Big Daddy G. and The Karma Master. The video was directed by Gary H. Mason. Thanks to Ragga Force® Music for providing the video for us all to enjoy. You can download 10 different versions of El Meneaito (Meneaito) on the Meneaito Mania CD or Party Hardy Baby Vol. 1 available on iTunes or your favorite digital download service as well as the Reggaeton BC CD. ©1989-2007 SEI Corp. all rights reserved. Re-broadcast of this video without the expressed written permission of copyright owner prohibited. Presented by www.shoptoearn4less.com "Great advise at the best price "Free".
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/Meneaito (El Meneaito) on the album Party Hardy Baby Vol. 1
EL Greco (2007 Greek-Spanish production) In English
  • Order:
  • Published: 25 Feb 2011
  • Duration: 1:52:23
  • Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Author: TheBaronofBallstein
EL Greco. 2007 Greek-Spanish joint production. Full movie.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/EL Greco (2007 Greek-Spanish production) In English
Antonio Banderas - Cancion del Mariachi (Music Video)
  • Order:
  • Published: 04 Mar 2007
  • Duration: 2:35
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: BroodingAngel
It's different to the start of the movie, which you can see here: www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/Antonio Banderas - Cancion del Mariachi (Music Video)
Classic Toy Room - 1968 EL CAMINO Hot Wheels review
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 May 2011
  • Duration: 3:42
  • Updated: 25 Mar 2012
Author: InecomCompany
Classic Game Room presents: Classic Toy Room reviews 1968 EL CAMINO Hot Wheels from Mattel. This sparkly green and beige El Camino has what it takes to make Lord Karnage happy. It's an EL CAMINO. Part truck, part car, all f'n awesome.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120418113047/http://wn.com/Classic Toy Room - 1968 EL CAMINO Hot Wheels review
  • Shakira - Loca (Spanish Version) ft. El Cata...2:42
  • EL SHADDAI BY AMY GRANT...4:12
  • El condor pasa - PERU...4:45
  • Chino & Nacho - El Poeta...4:16
  • Shakira - Rabiosa (Spanish Version) ft. El Cata...2:51
  • el ONESHOTS...2:00
  • The Black Keys - Lonely Boy (First Listen)...3:14
  • El Paso - Marty Robbins...4:41
  • El Camino del Rey [High Quality]...6:31
  • El camino del rey 2010...9:27
  • Meneaito (El Meneaito) on the album Party Hardy Baby Vol. 1...3:44
  • EL Greco (2007 Greek-Spanish production) In English...1:52:23
  • Antonio Banderas - Cancion del Mariachi (Music Video)...2:35
  • Classic Toy Room - 1968 EL CAMINO Hot Wheels review...3:42
Music video by Shakira performing Loca (Featuring El Cata). (C) 2010 Sony Music Entertainment (Holland) BV
2:42
Shaki­ra - Loca (Span­ish Ver­sion) ft. El Cata
4:12
EL SHAD­DAI BY AMY GRANT
4:45
El con­dor pasa - PERU
4:16
Chino & Nacho - El Poeta
2:51
Shaki­ra - Ra­biosa (Span­ish Ver­sion) ft. El Cata
2:00
el ONESHOTS
3:14
The Black Keys - Lone­ly Boy (First Lis­ten)
4:41
El Paso - Marty Rob­bins
6:31
El Camino del Rey [High Qual­i­ty]
9:27
El camino del rey 2010
3:44
Me­neaito (El Me­neaito) on the album Party Hardy Baby Vol. 1
112:23
EL Greco (2007 Greek-Span­ish pro­duc­tion) In En­glish
2:35
An­to­nio Ban­deras - Can­cion del Mari­achi (Music Video)
3:42
Clas­sic Toy Room - 1968 EL CAMINO Hot Wheels re­view
5:40
El más grande im­i­ta­dor de Michael Jack­son
1:50
el sur El paso doble
3:02
Self-Driv­ing Car Test: Steve Mahan
2:54
Madrid, Spain: Side-trip to El Es­co­ri­al
2:00
Mr Bean en el den­tista
3:49
Cone el- Jenny Rivera
4:39
EL GUARDAES­PAL­DAS
48:01
An­i­mal X Nat­u­ral Mys­tery Unit - el Chu­pacabra


  • Director Héctor Babenco at the release of El Pasado DVD in São Paulo, Brazil. March 2008.
    Public Domain / Caiodovalle at en.wikipedia
  • An Egyptian Muslim cleric shouts slogans with hundreds of supporters of Muslim Brotherhood presidential hopeful Khairat el-Shater outside the Higher Presidential Elections Commission, in Cairo, Egypt, Thursday, April 5, 2012.
    AP / Amr Nabil
  • Edgardo Boeninger Kausel en el marco de una exposición en 2008. Edgardo Boeninger Kausel (Santiago, 23 de agosto de 1925 - Santiago, 13 de septiembre de 2009) fue un ingeniero, economista, politólogo, académico y político chileno.
    Creative Commons / B1mbo
  • 3 April 2012. El Fasher: Ismael Ibrahim Omar (20 years old) is pictured in his house in Al Salam camp for displaced persons. Ismael lost his right hand due to a detonation of an unexploded ordnance (UXO). It happened five years ago in Korma, his original village, when Ismael was farming with his cattle. He found an UXO on the ground and he started playing with it until it detonated. Abdurrahim, who wants to become a pharmacist, is still struggling to learn how to write with his left hand. UXOs a
    UN / Albert González Farran
  • 3 April 2012. El Fasher: (Center) Abdurrahim Ahmed Mohamed (12 years old) is pictured in his house in Al Salam camp for displaced persons with his closest friends (from left to right) Maggi Issa (10), Mohammed Abdalla (8), Jamil Ala Abbakar (12) and Faris Kharoum (7). Abdurrahim lost his right hand and the sight on his left eye due to a detonation of an unexploded ordnance (UXO). It happened in 2008 in Kabkabiya, his original village, when Abdurrahim and his friends found the UXO near his house.
    UN / Albert González Farran
  • 3 April 2012. El Fasher: Abdurrahim Ahmed Mohamed (12 years old) is pictured in his house in Al Salam camp for displaced persons with his mother Zakia Idris Abdalla and his little brother Mohammed. Abdurrahim lost his right hand and the sight on his left eye due to a detonation of an unexploded ordnance (UXO). It happened in 2008 in Kabkabiya, his original village, when Abdurrahim and his friends found the UXO near his house. They started playing with it until it detonated. Abdurrahim, who wants
    UN / Albert González Farran
  • 3 April 2012. El Fasher: Abdurrahim Ahmed Mohamed (12 years old) is pictured in his house in Al Salam camp for displaced persons. Abdurrahim lost his right hand and the sight on his left eye due to a detonation of an unexploded ordnance (UXO). It happened in 2008 in Kabkabiya, his original village, when Abdurrahim and his friends found the UXO near his house. They started playing with it until it detonated. Abdurrahim, who wants to become a doctor, is still struggling to learn how to write with
    UN / Albert González Farran
  • Hammamet (Arabic: الحمامات‎ El-Ḥammāmāt) is a town in Tunisia. Due to its beaches it is a popular destination for swimming and water sports. It was the first tourist destination in Tunisia.
    Creative Commons / BishkekRocks
  • En el energy solutions arena de los Utah Jazz. ( subiendo fotos de enero ) Subiendo fotos de enero. En Utah fuimos a ver un partidazo de la NBA en casa de los Utah Jazz
    Creative Commons / Salva de Castro-Palomino Terra
  • Kofi Annan, Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian Crisis, meets with Nabil El Araby, Secretary General, League of Arab States, at UN Geneva.
    UN / Fabrice Arlot
  • Kofi Annan, Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian Crisis, meets with Nabil El Araby, Secretary General, League of Arab States, at UN Geneva.
    UN / Fabrice Arlo
  • Venezuela's sign, Demolition of the Sixth Avenue el resulted in accelerated commercial development of the avenue in Midtown. Beginning in the 1960s, the avenue was entirely rebuilt above 42nd Street as an all-but-uninterrupted avenue of corporate headquarters housed in glass slab towers of International Modernist style.
    Creative Commons / CoolGuy
  • Barcelona's Lionel Messi from Argentina, right, reacts after scoring against Racing de Santander during their La Liga soccer match at El Sardinero stadium in Santander, Spain, Sunday, March 11, 2012.
    AP / Juan Manuel Serrano
  • EL SEGURO AGRÍCOLA SE APLICARÁ DESDE EL MES DE JUNIO DE 2012
    WN / Instituto del Seguro Agrario
  • Tele-Conference: H.E. Mr. Nabil El-Araby (Secretary-General, LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES) and H.E. Mr. Kofi Annan (former UN Secretary-General and now UN-Arab League Joint Special Envoy for Syria)
    UN / Eskinder Debebe
  • Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt): Soho Square shopping mall at White Knight Bay
    Creative Commons / Marc Ryckaert
  • One of the streets dzielincy of Sharm el-Sheikh - Na'ama Bay.Na top is neon with the word
    Creative Commons / Piotr.S
  • View of El Gouna in Egypt.
    Creative Commons / caspeR
  • Naama beach in Sharm-El-Sheikh
    Creative Commons / Marc Ryckaert
  • Isolated rural house snuggled next to mountain in northern El Paso County is the most populous of the 64 counties of the state of Colorado of the United States, now more populous than Denver County.
    Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
  • Summer greenery of El Paso County is the most populous of the 64 counties of the state of Colorado of the United States, now more populous than Denver County.
    Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
  • El Paso County Fairgrounds in Calhan, Colorado.
    Creative Commons / David Shankbone
  • El Paso County Justice Center in Colorado Springs. El Paso County is governed by a Board of County Commissioners.
    Creative Commons / David Shankbone
  • Peyton, Colorado businesses, El Paso County is the most populous of the 64 counties of the state of Colorado of the United States, now more populous than Denver County.
    Creative Commons / David Shankbone
  • Van Horn City-County Library. Culberson County was established in 1911 from El Paso County and named after David B. Culberson.
    Creative Commons / WhisperToMe
  • Bristol Head, el. 12,713 feet (3,875 meters). Mineral County is the second least populous of the 64 counties of the State of Colorado of the United States.
    Creative Commons / Tim Engleman
  • Barcelona's Coach Josep Guardiola reacts during a La Liga soccer match against Sporting de Gijon's at El Molinon stadium in Gijon northern Spain, Sunday, Oct. 2, 2011.
    AP / uan Manuel Serrano Arce
  • Inside the theater, Ostia appears briefly towards the end of the Roman Empire section of the 1981 comedy film History of the World, Part I, where the main characters board a galleon (bearing the El Al logo) bound for Judaea.
    Creative Commons / Oliver-Bonjoch
  • Law enforcement officers stand outside another residence of Amine El Khalifi in Arlington, Va., Friday, Feb., 17, 2012.
    AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
  • Another residence of Amine El Khalifi in Arlington, Va., Friday, Feb., 17, 2012.
    AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
photo: WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
Cloudy weather during monsoon-India.
Indian Express
18 Apr 2012
The country is likely to see normal monsoon this year, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) officials have said, dissipating fears of any drought-like conditions. All indicators point towards a "normal...

photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
FC Barcelona's coach Pep Guardiola gives instructions to Javier Alejandro Mascherano from Argentina during a match against Atletico de Madrid during a Spanish La Liga soccer match at the Camp Nou stadium in Barcelona, Spain, Saturday, Sept. 24, 2011.
The Independent
18 Apr 2012
Fabregas scored on his league debut, Mascherano was taken off at half-time on his, yet as both players prepare for tonight's tie at Stamford Bridge it is Mascherano's name that will go down first on...

photo: AP Photo / Michael Probst
Germany's Mario Gomez is seen in action during a soccer friendly match between Switzerland and Germany in Basel
The Daily Telegraph
18 Apr 2012
Real Madrid suffered the indignity of boots and shirts being stolen from their dressing room prior to kick-off - Cristiano Ronaldo lost three pairs of his garish, monogrammed footwear - and were then...


The Times of India SHARE AND DISCUSSTweetIndia's monsoon is likely to have average rainfall in 2012 despite fears the El Nino weather pattern may emerge in the second half of the season, top weather official said. NEW DELHI: India's I is likely to have average rainfall in 2012 despite fears the El Nino weather pattern...(size: 3.6Kb)
LA Daily News By Gerry Gittelson Special to the Daily NewsPosted: 04/17/2012 10:39:36 PM PDTUpdated: 04/17/2012 10:55:30 PM PDT It's a big week in City Section baseball, as Chatsworth (15-2-1, 2-0) plays El Camino Real in a two-game series beginning at...(size: 1.7Kb)
The Examiner With the hip hop scene being at moderate pace one can't help but think, "Theres got to be more than what we see at "most" hip hop venues in Cincinnati". Redundant styles and complacent medicore production, no breath control when on stage, simple nursery rhymes, filtered the slang word thats been ran...(size: 7.2Kb)
PR Newswire Los ingresos del cuarto trimestre se redujeron un 1,9%..."/> My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about INFY ...(size: 35.4Kb)
Keys to El Clasico 17 Apr 2012
Sky Sports Who will be the most important player on the pitch when Barcelona and Real Madrid square off in Saturday's Clasico? LIVE ON SKY SPORTS Barcelona v Real Madrid 6.30pm, Sat, Sky Sports 1 HD Also showing on Sky 3D Watch on the move with Sky Go How to remote record Will the flair of Cristiano Ronaldo or...(size: 5.2Kb)
El Paso Home & Living 17 Apr 2012
The Examiner a customized plantApril 7, 2012 To bring out the best features in plants can be done with simply remembering the importance of removing leaves that need to be discarded.In this... Read more Reseeding the grass area Reseeding established grassMarch 31, 2012 Begin outdoors with revitalizing the grass...(size: 5.4Kb)
StreetInsider EE Hot Sheet EPS Growth %: -22.2% Financial Fact: Utilities operating expense, total: 114.74M Today's EPS Names: WABC, PRK, MBWM,...(size: 0.9Kb)
Colorado Springs Gazette El Paso County Veterans Services is hosting an open house from 12 to 5 p.m. on Wednesday, April...(size: 0.6Kb)
more news on: El

EL, El or el may refer to:

  • El (deity), a Semitic word for "God"; also a senior god mentioned in the Ugarit and Ebla texts found in ancient Syria.
  • El (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet
  • El (letter), the letter L
  • ''El'' (hentai), an h game by ELF Corporation
  • ''Él'' (film), a 1953 film by Luis Buñuel
  • ''El'' (album), an album by Lucero
  • El, family name of Kal-El (Superman) and his father Jor-El in ''Superman''
  • Acura EL, an automobile
  • El (crater), a crater on Ganymede
  • El (Shugo Chara!), a character from the manga series ''Shugo Chara!'' by Peach-Pit
  • el (street art), a street artist working internationally on major campaigns using stickers, photography, silkscreen, sewing, and literary techniques.
  • Abbreviations

    Sports

  • UEFA Europa League, (formerly the UEFA Cup) is a competition for eligible European football clubs.
  • Eastern League (U.S. baseball), a Class AA League in Minor League Baseball
  • Fiction

  • El rune, a rune in the video game ''Diablo II: Lord of Destruction''
  • Eternal Lands, an MMORPG video game
  • El, the main character of Robert Rodriguiez's ''Mariachi Trilogy''
  • Elfen Lied, an Anime series
  • Electronics

  • Electroluminescence (EL)
  • Electroluminescent display, a display made with electroluminescent material
  • Computing

  • Expression Language, a feature of the JavaServer Pages software technology
  • Enciclopedia Libre, a spin-off project of the Spanish Wikipedia
  • .el, a computer file extension used for Emacs Lisp source code
  • Transportation

  • Air Nippon's IATA code
  • Erie Lackawanna Railway's reporting mark
  • El, nickname of elevated rapid transit systems:
  • * Market-Frankford Line, in Philadelphia
  • * Chicago 'L' rapid transit system (part of the system is elevated)
  • Other

  • Electrum (El), an alloy of gold and silver
  • Equilibrium level, the height in the atmosphere where unstable air becomes stable
  • European Left, a political party at European level
  • Everyman's Library, a series of reprinted classic literature
  • Greek language's ISO 639 language code
  • EL, an abbreviation for Tablespoon in German (:de:Esslöffel)
  • See also

  • El Gordo (disambiguation)
  • Ell (disambiguation)
  • Elle (disambiguation)
  • Elf (disambiguation)
  • cs:EL da:El de:EL es:El (desambiguación) eo:El fr:EL ko:EL it:EL sw:EL lt:EL nl:El ja:EL no:El sk:El fi:El sv:EL tl:El

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    nameAmy Grant
    backgroundsolo_singer
    birth nameAmy Lee Grant
    birth dateNovember 25, 1960
    birth placeAugusta, Georgia,
    originNashville, Tennessee
    occupationSinger-songwriter, musician, author, actress
    genreContemporary Christian, pop rock, soft rock
    years active1976–present
    instrumentVocals, guitar, piano/keyboard
    labelMyrrh, Word, Sparrow
    website
    associated actsVince Gill, Gary Chapman, Michael W. Smith, Peter Cetera }}

    Amy Lee Grant (born November 25, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, author, media personality and actress, best known for her Christian music. She has been referred to as "The Queen of Christian Pop". As of 2009, Grant remains the best-selling contemporary Christian music singer ever, having sold over 30 million units worldwide.

    Grant made her debut as a teenager, and gained fame in Christian music during the 1980s with such hits as "Father's Eyes," "El Shaddai", and "Angels". In 1986, she scored her first number one charting Billboard Hot 100 hit song in a duet with Peter Cetera The Next Time I Fall. During the 1980s and 1990s, she became one of the first gospel artists to cross over into mainstream pop on the heels of her successful albums ''Unguarded'' and ''Heart in Motion'', the latter of which included the number-one single "Baby Baby."

    Grant has won six Grammy Awards, 25 Gospel Music Association Dove Awards, and had the first Christian album ever to go Platinum. ''Heart in Motion'' is her highest selling album, with over five million copies sold in the United States alone. She was honored with a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2005 for her contributions to the entertainment industry.

    Biography

    Early years

    Grant (born in Augusta, Georgia) is the youngest of four sisters. She and her family settled in Nashville, Tennessee in 1967.

    During 1976, Grant wrote her first song ("Mountain Man"), performed in public for the first time—at Harpeth Hall School—the all-girls school she attended, recorded a demo tape for her parents with church youth-leader Brown Bannister, then later when Bannister was dubbing a copy of the tape, Chris Christian, the owner of the recording studio, heard the demo and called Word Records. He played it over the phone, and she was offered a recording contract, five weeks before her 16th birthday. In 1977, she recorded her first album titled ''Amy Grant'', produced by Brown Bannister (who would also produce her next 11 albums). It was released in the Spring of 1978, one month before her high school graduation. That fall she performed her first ticketed concert—in Fort Worth, Texas—after beginning her freshman year at Furman University. In May 1979, while at the album release party for her second album, ''My Father's Eyes'', Grant met Gary Chapman, writer of the title track (and future husband). Grant & Chapman toured together the summer of 1979. In the fall of 1980, she transferred to Vanderbilt University, where she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta. Grant then made a few more albums before dropping out of college to pursue a career in music—''Never Alone'', followed by a pair of live albums in 1981 (''In Concert'' and ''In Concert Volume Two''), both backed by an augmented edition of the DeGarmo & Key band. It was during these early shows that Grant also established one of her concert trademarks: performing barefoot. To date, Grant continues to take off her shoes midway through performances, as she has said "it is just more comfortable."

    1982 saw the release of her breakthrough album ''Age to Age''. The album contains the signature track, "El Shaddai" (written by Michael Card) and the Grant-Chapman penned song, "In a Little While". "El Shaddai" was later awarded one of the "Songs of the Century" by the RIAA in 2001. Grant received her first Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Gospel Performance, as well as two GMA Dove Awards for Gospel Artist of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year. ''Age to Age'' became the first Christian album by a solo artist to be certified gold (1983) and the first Christian album to be certified platinum (1985).

    In the mid-1980s, Grant began touring and recording with young up-and-coming songwriter Michael W. Smith. Grant and Smith continue to have a strong friendship and creative relationship, often writing songs for or contributing vocals to each other's albums. During the 1980s, Grant was also a backup singer for Bill Gaither.

    Grant followed up this album with the first of her Christmas albums - albums that later would be the basis for her trademark holiday shows. In 1984, she released another pop-oriented Christian hit, ''Straight Ahead,'' earning Grant her first appearance at the Grammy Awards show in 1985. The head of NBC took notice of Grant's performance and called her manager to book her for her own Christmas special.

    Widening audience

    Hardly had Grant established herself as the "Queen of Christian Pop" when she changed directions to widen her fan base (and hence her musical message). Her goal was to become the first Christian singer-songwriter who was also successful as a contemporary pop singer. ''Unguarded'' (1985) surprised some fans for its very mainstream sound (and Grant's leopard-print jacket, in four poses for four different covers). "Find a Way", from ''Unguarded'', became the first Christian song to hit Billboard's Top 40 list, also reaching #7 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Amy Grant scored her first Billboard Number One hit in 1986 with "The Next Time I Fall", a duet with former Chicago singer/bassist Peter Cetera. That year, she also recorded a duet with singer Randy Stonehill for his ''Love Beyond Reason'' album, entitled "I Could Never Say Goodbye", and recorded ''The Animals' Christmas'' with Art Garfunkel.

    ''Lead Me On'' (1988) contained many songs that were about Christianity and love relationships, but some interpreted it as not being an obviously "Christian" record. Years later, ''Lead Me On'' would be chosen as the greatest Contemporary Christian album of all time by ''CCM Magazine''. The mainstream song "Saved by Love" was a minor hit, receiving airplay on radio stations featuring the newly emerging Adult Contemporary format. The album's title song received some pop radio airplay and crossed over to #96 on the Billboard Hot 100, and "1974 (We Were Young)" and "Saved By Love" also charted as Adult Contemporary songs. In 1989 she appeared in a Target ad campaign, performing songs off the album.

    In the mainstream

    When ''Heart in Motion'' was released in 1991, many fans were surprised that the album was so clearly one of contemporary pop music. Grant's desire to widen her audience was frowned upon by the confines of the popular definitions of ministry at the time. The track "Baby Baby" (written for Grant's newborn daughter, Millie, whose "six-week-old face was my inspiration,") became a pop hit (hitting number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100), and Grant was established as a name in the mainstream music world. "Baby Baby" received Grammy nominations for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and Record and Song of the Year (although it failed to win in any of those categories). Four other hits from the album made the Pop top 20: "Every Heartbeat" (#2), "That's What Love Is For" (#7), "Good For Me" (#8), and "I Will Remember You" (#20). On the Adult Contemporary chart, all five songs were top 10 hits, with two of the five ("Baby Baby" and "That's What Love Is For") reaching #1. Many Christian fans remained loyal, putting the album atop Billboard's Contemporary Christian Chart for 32 weeks. ''Heart in Motion'' is Grant's best-selling album, having sold over 5 million copies according to the RIAA. Grant followed the album with her second Christmas album, ''Home For Christmas'' in 1992, which included the song "Breath of Heaven (Mary's Song)", written by Chris Eaton and Grant, and would later be covered by many artists, including Donna Summer, Jessica Simpson (who acknowledged Grant as one of her favorite artists), Vince Gill, Sara Groves, Point of Grace, and Broadway star Barbara Cook.

    ''House of Love'' in 1994 continued in the same vein, boasting catchy pop songs mingled with spiritual lyrics. The album was a multi-platinum success and produced the pop hit "Lucky One" (#18 pop and #2 AC; #1 on Radio & Records) as well as the title track (a duet with country music star and future husband Vince Gill) (#37 pop) and a cover of Joni Mitchell's frequently covered "Big Yellow Taxi" (#67 pop) (in which she changed the line "And they charged the people ''a dollar and a half'' just to see em" to "And then they charged the people ''25 bucks'' just to see em").

    Grant participated in Lifetime's 1st Annual "Girls & Guitars" benefit, singing numerous songs, including a duet with Melissa Etheridge on "You Can Sleep While I Drive".

    After she covered the 10cc song "The Things We Do For Love" for the ''Mr. Wrong'' soundtrack, ''Behind the Eyes'' was released in September 1997. The album struck a much darker note, leaning more towards downtempo, acoustic soft-rock songs, with more mature (yet still optimistic) lyrics. She called it her "razor blades and Prozac" album. Although "Takes A Little Time" was a moderate hit single, the album failed to sell like the previous two albums, which had both gone multi-platinum. ''Behind The Eyes'' was eventually certified Gold by the RIAA. The video for "Takes A Little Time" was a new direction for Grant; with a blue light filter, acoustic guitar, the streets and characters of New York City, and a plot, Grant was re-cast as an adult light rocker. She followed up "Behind The Eyes" with ''A Christmas To Remember'', her third Christmas album, in 1999. The album was certified Gold in 2000.

    Return to gospel

    Grant returned to her gospel music roots with the 2002 release of ''Legacy... Hymns and Faith''. The album featured a Vince Gill-influenced mix of bluegrass and gospel and marked Grant's 25th anniversary in the music industry. Grant followed this up with the pop release ''Simple Things'' in 2003. The album did not have the success of her previous pop or gospel efforts. However, soon after ''Simple Things'', Grant and Interscope/A&M; parted ways. The same year, Grant was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame by the Gospel Music Association, an industry trade organization of which she is a longstanding member, in her first year of eligibility. Grant released a sequel to her hymns collection in 2005 titled ''Rock of Ages... Hymns & Faith''.

    Looking ahead

    Although neither of her latest hymn releases have captured the popularity of her previous gospel career, Grant still remains a popular concert draw and enjoys popularity amongst both fan bases. For years in the 1990s and early 2000s, she toured in November and December for her Christmas and holiday tours. Often her husband and many special guests performed along with her on stage.

    Grant joined the reality television phenomenon by hosting ''Three Wishes'', a show in which she and a team of helpers make wishes come true for small-town residents. The show debuted on NBC in the fall of 2005 and was canceled at the end of its first season because of high production costs. After ''Three Wishes'' was canceled, Grant won her 6th Grammy Award for ''Rock of Ages... Hymns & Faith''. In a February 2006 webchat, Amy stated she believes her "best music is still ahead".

    In April 2006, a live CD/DVD entitled ''Time Again...Amy Grant Live'' was recorded in Fort Worth, Texas, at Bass Performance Hall. (Grant's first paid public performance was at the Will Rogers Auditorium in Fort Worth, TX.) The concert was released on September 26, 2006. In addition to receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, media appearances included write-ups in ''CCM Magazine'', and a performance on The View.

    In a February 2007 web chat on her web site, Amy discussed a book she was working on entitled ''Mosaic: Pieces of My Life So Far'': "It's not an autobiography, but more a collection of memories, song lyrics, poetry and a few pictures." The book was released on October 16, 2007. In November, it debuted at #35 on the New York Times Best Seller list. In the same web chat, Amy noted that she is "anxious to get back in the studio after the book is finished, and reinvent myself as an almost-50 performing woman."

    2007 was Grant's 30th year in music. She left Word/Warner, and contracted with EMI CMG who re-released her regular studio albums as remastered versions on August 14, 2007. Marking the start of Grant's new contract is a career-spanning greatest hits album, with all the songs digitally remastered. The album was released as both a single-disc CD edition, and a 2-Disc CD/DVD Special Edition, the DVD featuring music videos and interviews.

    Grant appeared with Gill on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' for a holiday special in December 2007. Grant has plans to appear on CMT, a Food Network special, the Gospel Music Channel, and The Hour of Power.

    In February 2008, Grant joined the writing team from Compassionart as a guest vocalist at the Abbey Road studios, London, to record a song called "Highly Favoured", which was included on the album ''CompassionArt''.

    On June 24, 2008, Grant re-released her 1988 album, ''Lead Me On'', in honor of its 20th anniversary. The two-disc release includes the original album and a second disc with new acoustic recordings, live performances from 1989, and interviews with Amy. Grant recreated the ''Lead Me On'' tour in the fall of 2008.

    On June 27, 2008, Grant surprised everyone at the Creation Northeast Festival by being the special guest. She performed "Lead Me On" and a few other songs backed with the Hawk Nelson band. At the end of the concert, Grant returned to the stage and sang "Thy Word". She appeared on the 2008 album ''Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends'' singing "Could I Have This Dance".

    In May 2009 for Mother's Day, Amy released an EP on iTunes containing two new songs, "She Colors My Day," and "Unafraid," as well as the older songs "Baby Baby" and "Oh How The Years Go By."

    During Disney's D23 Expo in September 2009, Imagineer Steven Davison announced Amy Grant as the "signature voice" for the ''World of Color'' hydrotechnic show at Disney's California Adventure theme park.

    In 2010, Grant released ''Somewhere Down the Road'', featuring the hit single "Better Than a Hallelujah", which peaked at No. 8 on Billboard's Top Christian Songs chart. When asked about the new album during an interview with CBN.com, Grant says, "...my hope is just for those songs to provide companionship, remind myself and whoever else is listening what’s important. I feel like songs have the ability to connect us to ourselves and to each other, and to our faith, to the love of Jesus, in a way that conversation doesn’t do. Songs kind of slip in and move you before you realize it."

    Personal life

    Grant married fellow Christian musician Gary Chapman on June 19, 1982. Their marriage produced three children: Matthew Garrison Chapman (born 1987), Gloria Mills Chapman (called "Millie", born 1989), and Sarah Cannon Chapman (born 1992), who was named after country legend Minnie Pearl, a family friend. (Pearl's real name was Sarah Ophelia Colley Cannon.) Citing "irreconcilable differences", Grant filed for divorce from Chapman in March 1999, and the divorce was final in June 1999.

    On March 10, 2000, Grant married Vince Gill, who had been previously married to country singer Janis Oliver of Sweethearts of the Rodeo. Grant and Gill have a daughter together, Corinna Grant Gill, born March 12, 2001.

    In the December 1999 ''Baptist Standard'', Grant explained why she left Chapman and married Gill:

    "I didn't get a divorce because I had a great marriage and then along came Vince Gill. Gary and I had a rocky road from day one. I think what was so hard—and this is (what) one of our counselors said—sometimes an innocent party can come into a situation, and they're like a big spotlight. What they do is reveal, by comparison, the painful dynamics that are already in existence."

    Public views and perception

    Among praise for her contributions to the Contemporary Christian genre, Amy Grant has also generated controversy within the Christian community, from "complaints that she was too worldly and too sexy" to a "barrage of condemnation" following her divorce and remarriage.

    In an interview early in her career, Grant stated "I have a healthy sense of right and wrong, but sometimes, for example, using foul, exclamation-point words among friends can be good for a laugh." Within the same article, Grant expressed an opinion that those most opposed to premarital sex and rock music often base their views in part on having experienced emotional distress. "'It seems to me,' she says as an after-thought, 'that people who are most adamantly against premarital sex have experienced some kind of pain in their own lives. Like the people who say absolutely no to rock 'n' roll. Chances are it has something to do with a past sadness.'"

    Discography

    Studio Albums

  • 1977 ''Amy Grant''
  • 1979 ''My Father's Eyes''
  • 1980 ''Never Alone''
  • 1982 ''Age to Age''
  • 1984 ''Straight Ahead''
  • 1985 ''Unguarded''
  • 1988 ''Lead Me On''
  • 1991 ''Heart in Motion''
  • 1994 ''House of Love''
  • 1997 ''Behind the Eyes''
  • 2002 ''Legacy...Hymns and Faith''
  • 2003 ''Simple Things''
  • 2005 ''Rock of Ages...Hymns and Faith''
  • 2010 ''Somewhere Down The Road''
  • Live Albums

  • 1981 ''In Concert''
  • 1981 ''In Concert Volume Two''
  • 2006 ''Time Again...Amy Grant Live'' (CD/DVD)
  • Holiday Albums

  • 1983 ''A Christmas Album''
  • 1992 ''Home for Christmas''
  • 1999 ''A Christmas to Remember''
  • Bibliography

    Grant is the author of several books, including a memoir, ''Mosaic: Pieces of My Life So Far'', and a book based on the popular Christmas song ''Breath of Heaven (Mary's Song).''

    Popular culture

    The cover for the comic book ''Doctor Strange: Sorcerer Supreme #15'' (March 1990) featured an unauthorized image of Grant, leading to a lawsuit against publisher Marvel Comics.
  • In 2001, Grant sang God Bless America in front of a sellout crowd at the Owen County Fair Grounds in Spencer, Indiana. She dedicated her performance to the victims of 9/11, and officially started the Demolition Derby.
  • Following the 9/11 attacks, Grant's "I Will Remember You" saw a resurgence in popularity as many radio DJs mixed a special tribute version of the song.
  • In 2001, Grant won $125,000 for charity on the "Rock Star Edition" of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire".
  • Propagandhi's song "Back To The Motor League" refers to Grant in its lyrics, saying, "Take back your Amy Grant mosh crews, your fair weather politics."
  • Awards and achievements

    Grammy Awards

    Wins

  • 1982 – Best Gospel Performance, Contemporary or Inspirational ''Age to Age''
  • 1983 – Best Gospel Performance, Female "Ageless Medley"
  • 1984 – Best Gospel Performance, Female "Angels"
  • 1985 – Best Gospel Performance, Female ''Unguarded''
  • 1988 – Best Gospel Performance, Female ''Lead Me On''
  • 2006 – Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album '' Rock of Ages…Hymns & Faith''
  • Nominations

    1992 – Album of the Year ''Heart in Motion'' (lost to ''Unforgettable... with Love'' by Natalie Cole) 1992 – Song of the Year "Baby Baby" 1992 – Record of the Year "Baby Baby" (both lost to "Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole) 1992 – Pop Performance Female "Baby Baby" (lost to "Something to Talk About" by Bonnie Raitt) 1994 – Children Spoken Word ''Lion & the Lamb'' 2011 – Best Gospel Song ''Better Than A Hallelujah''

    GMA Dove Awards

    *Inducted into the GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2003
  • 1983 Artist of the Year
  • 1983 Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year ''Age to Age''
  • 1983 Recorded Music Packaging ''Age to Age''
  • 1984 Recorded Music Packaging ''A Christmas Album''
  • 1985 Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year ''Straight Ahead''
  • 1986 Artist of the Year
  • 1986 Recorded Music Packaging ''Unguarded''
  • 1988 Short Form Music Video of the Year "Stay For a While"
  • 1989 Artist of the Year
  • 1989 Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year ''Lead Me On''
  • 1989 Short Form Music Video of the Year "Lead Me On"
  • 1990 Country Song of the Year "Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus"
  • 1992 Song of the Year "Place in This World"
  • 1992 Artist of the Year
  • 1994 Praise and Worship Album of the Year ''Songs from the Loft''
  • 1996 Special Event Album of the Year ''My Utmost for His Highest''
  • 1998 Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year ''Behind the Eyes''
  • 2000 Special Event Album of the Year ''Streams''
  • 2003 Inspirational Album of the Year ''Legacy...Hymns & Faith''
  • 2003 Song of the Year "The River's Gonna Keep On Rolling"
  • 2006 Inspirational Album of the Year ''Rock of Ages...Hymns & Faith''
  • 2007 Long Form Music Video of the Year ''Time Again...Amy Grant Live''
  • Special awards and recognitions

  • 1992 ''Young Tennessean of the Year'' — Junior Chamber of Commerce
  • 1994 ''Pax Christi Award'' — St. John University
  • 1994 ''Harmony Award'' – Nashville Symphony
  • 1996 ''Sarah Cannon Humanitarian Award'' – TNN Awards
  • 1996 ''Minnie Pearl Humanitarian Award'' – Columbia Hospital
  • 1996 ''Voice of America Award'' – ASCAP
  • 1996 ''Golden Plate Award'' – Academy of Achievement
  • 1999 '' “An Evening with the Arts” Honor'' — The Nashville Chamber of Commerce, Nashville Symphony and Tennessee Performing Arts Center
  • 1999 ''The Amy Grant Room for Music and Entertainment'' — The Target House at St. Jude's Children's Hospital
  • 2001 ''Nashvillian of the Year'' — Easter Seals
  • 2003 ''Summit Award'' — Seminar in the Rockies
  • 2005 Inducted in the Hollywood walk of fame
  • 2006 ''Amy Grant Performance Platform'' — Nashville Schermerhorn Symphony Center
  • 2007 ''Charter member of Tiffany Circle'' — Red Cross
  • 2007 Inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame

    References

    External links

  • Official Amy Grant website
  • Amy Grant Media Gallery
  • Amy Grant Partners with Compassion International
  • German/English Amy Grant archive website
  • Billboard's '6 Questions with Amy Grant'
  • Amy Grant, "Somewhere Down the Road" by Billboard
  • Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:Christian religion-related songwriters Category:American members of the Churches of Christ Category:American female singers Category:American mezzo-sopranos Category:American pop singers Category:People from Augusta, Georgia Category:Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:American Christians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:People from Nashville, Tennessee Category:Contemporary Christian music Category:Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees Category:Furman University alumni Category:American child singers Category:American performers of Christian music Category:A&M; Records artists

    da:Amy Grant pdc:Amy Grant de:Amy Grant es:Amy Grant fr:Amy Grant ko:에이미 그랜트 it:Amy Grant he:איימי גרנט hu:Amy Grant mr:एमी ग्रँट nl:Amy Grant ja:エイミー・グラント no:Amy Grant pl:Amy Grant pt:Amy Grant simple:Amy Grant sk:Amy Grant fi:Amy Grant sv:Amy Grant tl:Amy Grant th:เอมี แกรนต์ tr:Amy Grant

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    NameMarty Robbins
    Backgroundsolo_singer
    Birth nameMartin David Robinson
    BornSeptember 26, 1925Glendale, Arizona, United States
    DiedDecember 08, 1982Nashville, Tennessee, United States
    InstrumentGuitar, piano, dobrovocals
    Genrecountry, gospel, pop, rock and roll, rockabilly
    OccupationMusician, songwriter, actor, NASCAR driver
    Years active1948–1982
    LabelColumbia, Decca
    Notable instruments}}

    Martin David Robinson (September 26, 1925–December 8, 1982), known professionally as Marty Robbins, was an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. One of the most popular and successful country and Western singers of his era, for most of his nearly four-decade career, Robbins was rarely far from the country music charts, and several of his songs also became pop hits.

    Biography

    Robbins was born in Glendale, a suburb of Phoenix, in Maricopa County, Arizona. He was reared in a difficult family situation. His father took odd jobs to support the family of ten children. His father's drinking led to divorce in 1937. Among his warmer memories of his childhood, Robbins recalled having listened to stories of the American West told by his maternal grandfather, Texas Bob Heckle. Robbins left the troubled home at the age of 17 to serve in the United States Navy as an LCT coxswain during World War II. He was stationed in the Solomon Islands in the Pacific. To pass the time during the war, he learned to play the guitar, started writing songs, and came to love Hawaiian music.

    After his discharge from the military in 1945, he began to play at local venues in Phoenix, then moved on to host his own show on KTYL. He thereafter had his own television show on KPHO-TV in Phoenix. After Little Jimmy Dickens made a guest appearance on Robbins' TV show, Dickens got Robbins a record deal with Columbia Records. Robbins became known for his appearances at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee.

    In addition to his recordings and performances, Robbins was an avid race car driver, competing in 35 career NASCAR races with six top 10 finishes, including the 1973 Daytona 500. In 1967, Robbins played himself in the car racing film ''Hell on Wheels''. Robbins was partial to Dodges, and owned and raced Chargers and then a 1978 Dodge Magnum. His last race was in a Junior Johnson-built 1982 Buick Regal in the Atlanta Journal 500 on November 7, 1982, the month before he died. In 1983, NASCAR honored Robbins by naming the annual race at Nashville the Marty Robbins 420. He was also the driver of the 60th Indianapolis 500 Buick Century pace car in 1976.

    He ran many of the big super speedway races including Talladega Superspeedway in 1972, when he stunned the competition by turning laps that were 15 mph faster than his qualifying time. Apparently, in his motel room, Robbins had knocked the NASCAR-mandated restrictors out of his carburetor. After the race, NASCAR tried to give him the Rookie of the Race award, but Robbins would not accept it, admitting he was illegal because he "just wanted to see what it was like to run up front for once."

    Robbins was awarded an honorary degree by Northern Arizona University.

    On Sept. 27,1948, Robbins married Marizona Baldwin (September 11, 1930–July 10, 2001) to whom he dedicated his song "My Woman, My Woman, My Wife". They had two children, a son Ronny (born 1949) and daughter Janet (born 1959), who also followed a singing career in Los Angeles, California.

    Robbins later portrayed a musician in the 1982 Clint Eastwood film ''Honkytonk Man''. Robbins died a few weeks before the film's release in December 1982 of complications following cardiac surgery. At the time of his death, Robbins lived in Brentwood in Williamson County, outside Nashville. He was interred in Woodlawn Memorial Park in Nashville. The city of El Paso, Texas later honored Robbins by naming a park and a recreational center after him. Marty's twin sister Mamie Ellen Robinson Minotto died on March 14, 2004, when she was part way through writing a book about her brother "Some Memories: Growing up with Marty Robbins" as remembered by Mamie Minotto, as told to Andrew Means. It was published in Jan. 2007.

    Music and honors

    Robbins's 1957 recording of "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. His musical accomplishments include the Grammy Award for his 1959 hit and signature song "El Paso", taken from his album ''Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs''. "El Paso" was the first song to hit #1 on the pop chart in the 1960s. It was followed up, successfully, by "Don't Worry", which reached #3 on the pop chart in 1961, becoming his third, and last, Top 10 pop hit. "El Paso" was followed by two sequels: "Feleena" and "El Paso City", both of which continued the story featured in the original song. Also in 1961, Robbins wrote the words and music and recorded "I Told the Brook," a ballad later also recorded by Billy Thorpe.

    He won the Grammy Award for the Best Country & Western Recording 1961, for his follow-up album ''More Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs,'' and was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1970, for "My Woman, My Woman, My Wife". Robbins was named Artist of the Decade (1960–69) by the Academy of Country Music, was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1982, and was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998 for his song "El Paso".

    Robbins was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1975. For his contribution to the recording industry, Robbins has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6666 Hollywood Blvd.

    Robbins has been honored by many bands, including the Grateful Dead who covered "El Paso". The Who's 2006 album ''Endless Wire'' includes the song "God Speaks Of Marty Robbins". The song's composer, Pete Townshend, explained that the song is about God deciding to create the universe just so he can hear some music, "and most of all, one of his best creations, Marty Robbins." The Beasts of Bourbon released a song called "The Day Marty Robbins Died" on their 1984 debut album ''The Axeman's Jazz''. Johnny Cash recorded a version of "Big Iron" as part of his American Recordings series, which is included in the ''Cash Unearthed'' box set. Both Frankie Laine and Elvis Presley, among others, recorded versions of Robbins's song "You Gave Me a Mountain", with Laine's recording reaching the pop and adult contemporary charts in 1969.

    Robbins performed and recorded several songs by longtime songwriter Coleman Harwell, most notably "Thanks but No Thanks" in 1964; Robbins and his producers employed the top sessions musicians and singers including the Jordanaires to record Harwell's songs. Harwell is the nephew of former ''Nashville Tennessean'' newspaper editor Coleman Harwell.

    When Robbins was recording his 1961 hit "Don't Worry", session guitarist Grady Martin accidentally created a clicking effect, believed to be caused by a bad electical element in the recording equipment during the session. Marty heard the sound and decided to keep it in the final version. The sound was in sync with the tempo. The song reached #1 on the country chart, and #3 on the pop chart.

    Robbins' song "Big Iron", originally released on his 1959 album ''Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs'', gained renewed popularity following its use in the video game ''Fallout: New Vegas''.

    Discography

    Notes

    References

  • IMDb Bio Retrieved on 2008-01-25
  • Pruett, Barbara J. ''"Marty Robbins: Fast Cars and Country Music"''. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 2007. ISBN 0-8108-6036-8
  • "Fallout: New Vegas" Big Iron is used on Radio New Vegas
  • External links

  • Official Marty Robbins Web site
  • Robbins page at Country Music Hall of Fame
  • Robbins page at Western Music Association
  • Robbins page at Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
  • Robbins bio by Hank Davis at ''Allmusic''
  • Robbins page by Gaylen Duskey at NASCAR
  • Category:American country guitarists Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American country singers Category:American male singers Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American racecar drivers Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Category:Deaths from surgical complications Category:NASCAR drivers Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grand Ole Opry members Category:People from Glendale, Arizona Category:1925 births Category:1982 deaths Category:Musicians from Arizona Category:People from Nashville, Tennessee Category:Columbia Records artists Category:United States Navy sailors

    ar:مارتي روبينز cs:Marty Robbins de:Marty Robbins fr:Marty Robbins no:Marty Robbins ru:Марти Роббинс simple:Marty Robbins sv:Marty Robbins

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    bgcolour#EEDD82
    nameEl Greco
    birth nameDoménikos Theotokópoulos
    birth date1541
    birth placeCrete, Republic of Venice
    death dateApril 07, 1614
    death placeToledo, Crown of Castile
    nationalityGreek
    fieldPainting, sculpture and architecture
    movementMannerism
    works'''' (1577–1579)''The Assumption of the Virgin'' (1577–1579)''The Burial of the Count of Orgaz'' (1586–1588)''View of Toledo'' (1596–1600)''Opening of the Fifth Seal'' (1608–1614) "The Agony in the Garden" (1608)
    website}}

    El Greco (1541 April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" (''The Greek'') was a nickname, a reference to his Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (''Doménikos Theotokópoulos'').

    El Greco was born on Crete, which was at that time part of the Republic of Venice, and the centre of Post-Byzantine art. He trained and became a master within that tradition before travelling at age 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570 he moved to Rome, where he opened a workshop and executed a series of works. During his stay in Italy, El Greco enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance. In 1577, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death. In Toledo, El Greco received several major commissions and produced his best-known paintings.

    El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century. El Greco is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism, while his personality and works were a source of inspiration for poets and writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. El Greco has been characterized by modern scholars as an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation, marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting.

    Life

    Early years and family

    Born in 1541, in either the village of Fodele or Candia (the Venetian name of Chandax, present day Heraklion) on Crete, El Greco was descended from a prosperous urban family, which had probably been driven out of Chania to Candia after an uprising against the Venetians between 1526 and 1528. El Greco's father, Geórgios Theotokópoulos (d. 1556), was a merchant and tax collector. Nothing is known about his mother or his first wife, also Greek. El Greco's older brother, Manoússos Theotokópoulos (1531 – December 13, 1604), was a wealthy merchant and spent the last years of his life (1603–1604) in El Greco's Toledo home.

    El Greco received his initial training as an icon painter of the Cretan school, the leading centre of post-Byzantine art. In addition to painting, he probably studied the classics of ancient Greece, and perhaps the Latin classics also; he left a "working library" of 130 books at his death, including the Bible in Greek and an annotated Vasari. Candia was a center for artistic activity where Eastern and Western cultures co-existed harmoniously, where around two hundred painters were active during the 16th century, and had organized a painters' guild, based on the Italian model. In 1563, at the age of twenty-two, El Greco was described in a document as a "master" ("maestro Domenigo"), meaning he was already a master of the guild and presumably operating his own workshop. Three years later, in June 1566, as a witness to a contract, he signed his name as (''Master Menégos Theotokópoulos, painter'').

    Most scholars believe that the Theotokópoulos "family was almost certainly Greek Orthodox", although some Catholic sources still claim him from birth. Like many Orthodox emigrants to Europe, he apparently transferred to Catholicism after his arrival, and certainly practiced as a Catholic in Spain, where he described himself as a "devout Catholic" in his will. The extensive archival research conducted since the early 1960s by scholars, such as Nikolaos Panayotakis, Pandelis Prevelakis and Maria Constantoudaki, indicates strongly that El Greco's family and ancestors were Greek Orthodox. One of his uncles was an Orthodox priest, and his name is not mentioned in the Catholic archival baptismal records on Crete. Prevelakis goes even further, expressing his doubt that El Greco was ever a practicing Roman Catholic.

    Italy

    It was natural for the young El Greco to pursue his career in Venice, Crete having been a possession of the Republic of Venice since 1211. Though the exact year is not clear, most scholars agree that El Greco went to Venice around 1567. Knowledge of El Greco's years in Italy is limited. He lived in Venice until 1570 and, according to a letter written by his much older friend, the greatest miniaturist of the age, the Croatian Giulio Clovio, was a "disciple" of Titian, who was by then in his eighties but still vigorous. This may mean he worked in Titian's large studio, or not. Clovio characterized El Greco as "a rare talent in painting".

    In 1570, El Greco moved to Rome, where he executed a series of works strongly marked by his Venetian apprenticeship. It is unknown how long he remained in Rome, though he may have returned to Venice (c. 1575–1576) before he left for Spain. In Rome, on the recommendation of Giulio Clovio, El Greco was received as a guest at the Palazzo Farnese, which Cardinal Alessandro Farnese had made a centre of the artistic and intellectual life of the city. There he came into contact with the intellectual elite of the city, including the Roman scholar Fulvio Orsini, whose collection would later include seven paintings by the artist (''View of Mt. Sinai'' and a portrait of Clovio are among them).

    Unlike other Cretan artists who had moved to Venice, El Greco substantially altered his style and sought to distinguish himself by inventing new and unusual interpretations of traditional religious subject matter. His works painted in Italy were influenced by the Venetian Renaissance style of the period, with agile, elongated figures reminiscent of Tintoretto and a chromatic framework that connects him to Titian. The Venetian painters also taught him to organize his multi-figured compositions in landscapes vibrant with atmospheric light. Clovio reports visiting El Greco on a summer's day while the artist was still in Rome. El Greco was sitting in a darkened room, because he found the darkness more conducive to thought than the light of the day, which disturbed his "inner light". As a result of his stay in Rome, his works were enriched with elements such as violent perspective vanishing points or strange attitudes struck by the figures with their repeated twisting and turning and tempestuous gestures; all elements of Mannerism.

    By the time El Greco arrived in Rome, Michelangelo and Raphael were dead, but their example continued to be paramount, and somewhat overwhelming for young painters. El Greco was determined to make his own mark in Rome defending his personal artistic views, ideas and style. He singled out Correggio and Parmigianino for particular praise, but he did not hesitate to dismiss Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment'' in the Sistine Chapel; he extended an offer to Pope Pius V to paint over the whole work in accord with the new and stricter Catholic thinking. When he was later asked what he thought about Michelangelo, El Greco replied that "he was a good man, but he did not know how to paint". And thus we are confronted by a paradox: El Greco is said to have reacted most strongly or even condemned Michelangelo, but he had found it impossible to withstand his influence. Michelangelo's influence can be seen in later El Greco works such as the ''Allegory of the Holy League''. By painting portraits of Michelangelo, Titian, Clovio and, presumably, Raphael in one of his works (''The Purification of the Temple''), El Greco not only expressed his gratitude but advanced the claim to rival these masters. As his own commentaries indicate, El Greco viewed Titian, Michelangelo and Raphael as models to emulate. In his 17th century ''Chronicles'', Giulio Mancini included El Greco among the painters who had initiated, in various ways, a re-evaluation of Michelangelo's teachings.

    Because of his unconventional artistic beliefs (such as his dismissal of Michelangelo's technique) and personality, El Greco soon acquired enemies in Rome. Architect and writer Pirro Ligorio called him a "foolish foreigner", and newly discovered archival material reveals a skirmish with Farnese, who obliged the young artist to leave his palace. On July 6, 1572, El Greco officially complained about this event. A few months later, on September 18, 1572, El Greco paid his dues to the Guild of Saint Luke in Rome as a miniature painter. At the end of that year, El Greco opened his own workshop and hired as assistants the painters Lattanzio Bonastri de Lucignano and Francisco Preboste.

    Spain

    Immigration to Toledo

    In 1577, El Greco emigrated first to Madrid, then to Toledo, where he produced his mature works. At the time, Toledo was the religious capital of Spain and a populous city with "an illustrious past, a prosperous present and an uncertain future". In Rome, El Greco had earned the respect of some intellectuals, but was also facing the hostility of certain art critics. During the 1570s the huge monastery-palace of El Escorial was still under construction and Philip II of Spain was experiencing difficulties in finding good artists for the many large paintings required to decorate it. Titian was dead, and Tintoretto, Veronese and Anthonis Mor all refused to come to Spain. Philip had to rely on the lesser talent of Juan Fernándes de Navarrete, whose ''gravedad y decoro'' ("seriousness and decorum") the king approved. However, he had just died in 1579; the moment should have been ideal for El Greco. Through Clovio and Orsini, El Greco met Benito Arias Montano, a Spanish humanist and agent of Philip; Pedro Chacón, a clergyman; and Luis de Castilla, son of Diego de Castilla, the dean of the Cathedral of Toledo. El Greco's friendship with Castilla would secure his first large commissions in Toledo. He arrived in Toledo by July 1577, and signed contracts for a group of paintings that was to adorn the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo and for the renowned . By September 1579 he had completed nine paintings for Santo Domingo, including ''The Trinity'' and ''The Assumption of the Virgin''. These works would establish the painter's reputation in Toledo.

    El Greco did not plan to settle permanently in Toledo, since his final aim was to win the favor of Philip and make his mark in his court. Indeed, he did manage to secure two important commissions from the monarch: ''Allegory of the Holy League'' and ''Martyrdom of St. Maurice''. However, the king did not like these works and placed the St Maurice altarpiece in the chapter-house rather than the intended chapel. He gave no further commissions to El Greco. The exact reasons for the king's dissatisfaction remain unclear. Some scholars have suggested that Philip did not like the inclusion of living persons in a religious scene; some others that El Greco's works violated a basic rule of the Counter-Reformation, namely that in the image the content was paramount rather than the style. Philip took a close interest in his artistic commissions, and had very decided tastes; a long sought-after sculpted Crucifixion by Benvenuto Cellini also failed to please when it arrived, and was likewise exiled to a less prominent place. Philip's next experiment, with Federico Zuccari was even less successful. In any case, Philip's dissatisfaction ended any hopes of royal patronage El Greco may have had.

    Mature works and later years

    Lacking the favor of the king, El Greco was obliged to remain in Toledo, where he had been received in 1577 as a great painter. According to Hortensio Félix Paravicino, a 17th-century Spanish preacher and poet, "Crete gave him life and the painter's craft, Toledo a better homeland, where through Death he began to achieve eternal life." In 1585, he appears to have hired an assistant, Italian painter Francisco Preboste, and to have established a workshop capable of producing altar frames and statues as well as paintings. On March 12, 1586 he obtained the commission for ''The Burial of the Count of Orgaz'', now his best-known work. The decade 1597 to 1607 was a period of intense activity for El Greco. During these years he received several major commissions, and his workshop created pictorial and sculptural ensembles for a variety of religious institutions. Among his major commissions of this period were three altars for the Chapel of San José in Toledo (1597–1599); three paintings (1596–1600) for the Colegio de Doña María de Aragon, an Augustinian monastery in Madrid, and the high altar, four lateral altars, and the painting ''St. Ildefonso'' for the Capilla Mayor of the Hospital de la Caridad (Hospital of Charity) at Illescas (1603–1605). The minutes of the commission of ''The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception'' (1607–1613), which were composed by the personnel of the municipality, describe El Greco as "one of the greatest men in both this kingdom and outside it".

    Between 1607 and 1608 El Greco was involved in a protracted legal dispute with the authorities of the Hospital of Charity at Illescas concerning payment for his work, which included painting, sculpture and architecture; this and other legal disputes contributed to the economic difficulties he experienced towards the end of his life. In 1608, he received his last major commission: for the Hospital of Saint John the Baptist in Toledo.

    El Greco made Toledo his home. Surviving contracts mention him as the tenant from 1585 onwards of a complex consisting of three apartments and twenty-four rooms which belonged to the Marquis de Villena. It was in these apartments, which also served as his workshop, that he passed the rest of his life, painting and studying. He lived in considerable style, sometimes employing musicians to play whilst he dined. It is not confirmed whether he lived with his Spanish female companion, Jerónima de Las Cuevas, whom he probably never married. She was the mother of his only son, Jorge Manuel, born in 1578, who also became a painter, assisted his father, and continued to repeat his compositions for many years after he inherited the studio. In 1604, Jorge Manuel and Alfonsa de los Morales gave birth to El Greco's grandson, Gabriel, who was baptized by Gregorio Angulo, governor of Toledo and a personal friend of the artist.

    During the course of the execution of a commission for the Hospital Tavera, El Greco fell seriously ill, and a month later, on April 7, 1614, he died. A few days earlier, on March 31, he had directed that his son should have the power to make his will. Two Greeks, friends of the painter, witnessed this last will and testament (El Greco never lost touch with his Greek origins). He was buried in the Church of Santo Domingo el Antigua, aged 73.

    Art

    Technique and style

    The primacy of imagination and intuition over the subjective character of creation was a fundamental principle of El Greco's style. El Greco discarded classicist criteria such as measure and proportion. He believed that grace is the supreme quest of art, but the painter achieves grace only if he manages to solve the most complex problems with obvious ease.

    El Greco regarded color as the most important and the most ungovernable element of painting, and declared that color had primacy over form. Francisco Pacheco, a painter and theoretician who visited El Greco in 1611, wrote that the painter liked "the colors crude and unmixed in great blots as a boastful display of his dexterity" and that "he believed in constant repainting and retouching in order to make the broad masses tell flat as in nature".

    Art historian Max Dvořák was the first scholar to connect El Greco's art with Mannerism and Antinaturalism. Modern scholars characterize El Greco's theory as "typically Mannerist" and pinpoint its sources in the Neoplatonism of the Renaissance. Jonathan Brown believes that El Greco endeavored to create a sophisticated form of art; according to Nicholas Penny "once in Spain, El Greco was able to create a style of his own—one that disavowed most of the descriptive ambitions of painting".

    In his mature works El Greco demonstrated a characteristic tendency to dramatize rather than to describe. The strong spiritual emotion transfers from painting directly to the audience. According to Pacheco, El Greco's perturbed, violent and at times seemingly careless-in-execution art was due to a studied effort to acquire a freedom of style. El Greco's preference for exceptionally tall and slender figures and elongated compositions, which served both his expressive purposes and aesthetic principles, led him to disregard the laws of nature and elongate his compositions to ever greater extents, particularly when they were destined for altarpieces. The anatomy of the human body becomes even more otherworldly in El Greco's mature works; for ''The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception'' El Greco asked to lengthen the altarpiece itself by another "because in this way the form will be perfect and not reduced, which is the worst thing that can happen to a figure'". A significant innovation of El Greco's mature works is the interweaving between form and space; a reciprocal relationship is developed between the two which completely unifies the painting surface. This interweaving would re-emerge three centuries later in the works of Cézanne and Picasso.

    Another characteristic of El Greco's mature style is the use of light. As Jonathan Brown notes, "each figure seems to carry its own light within or reflects the light that emanates from an unseen source". Fernando Marias and Agustín Bustamante García, the scholars who transcribed El Greco's handwritten notes, connect the power that the painter gives to light with the ideas underlying Christian Neo-Platonism.

    Modern scholarly research emphasizes the importance of Toledo for the complete development of El Greco's mature style and stresses the painter's ability to adjust his style in accordance with his surroundings. Harold Wethey asserts that "although Greek by descent and Italian by artistic preparation, the artist became so immersed in the religious environment of Spain that he became the most vital visual representative of Spanish mysticism". He believes that in El Greco's mature works "the devotional intensity of mood reflects the religious spirit of Roman Catholic Spain in the period of the Counter-Reformation".

    El Greco also excelled as a portraitist, able not only to record a sitter's features but also to convey their character. His portraits are fewer in number than his religious paintings, but are of equally high quality. Wethey says that "by such simple means, the artist created a memorable characterization that places him in the highest rank as a portraitist, along with Titian and Rembrandt".

    Suggested Byzantine affinities

    Since the beginning of the 20th century, scholars have debated whether El Greco's style had Byzantine origins. Certain art historians had asserted that El Greco's roots were firmly in the Byzantine tradition, and that his most individual characteristics derive directly from the art of his ancestors, while others had argued that Byzantine art could not be related to El Greco's later work.

    The discovery of the ''Dormition of the Virgin'' on Syros, an authentic and signed work from the painter's Cretan period, and the extensive archival research in the early 1960s, contributed to the rekindling and reassessment of these theories. Although following many conventions of the Byzantine icon, aspects of the style certainly show Venetian influence, and the composition, showing the death of Mary, combines the different doctrines of the Orthodox Dormition of the Virgin and the Catholic Assumption of the Virgin. Significant scholarly works of the second half of the 20th century devoted to El Greco reappraise many of the interpretations of his work, including his supposed Byzantinism. Based on the notes written in El Greco's own hand, on his unique style, and on the fact that El Greco signed his name in Greek characters, they see an organic continuity between Byzantine painting and his art. According to Marina Lambraki-Plaka "far from the influence of Italy, in a neutral place which was intellectually similar to his birthplace, Candia, the Byzantine elements of his education emerged and played a catalytic role in the new conception of the image which is presented to us in his mature work". In making this judgement, Lambraki-Plaka disagrees with Oxford University professors Cyril Mango and Elizabeth Jeffreys, who assert that "despite claims to the contrary, the only Byzantine element of his famous paintings was his signature in Greek lettering". Nikos Hadjinikolaou states that from 1570 El Greco's painting is "neither Byzantine nor post-Byzantine but Western European. The works he produced in Italy belong to the history of the Italian art, and those he produced in Spain to the history of Spanish art".

    The English art historian David Davies seeks the roots of El Greco's style in the intellectual sources of his Greek-Christian education and in the world of his recollections from the liturgical and ceremonial aspect of the Orthodox Church. Davies believes that the religious climate of the Counter-Reformation and the aesthetics of mannerism acted as catalysts to activate his individual technique. He asserts that the philosophies of Platonism and ancient Neo-Platonism, the works of Plotinus and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the texts of the Church fathers and the liturgy offer the keys to the understanding of El Greco's style. Summarizing the ensuing scholarly debate on this issue, José Álvarez Lopera, curator at the Museo del Prado, Madrid, concludes that the presence of "Byzantine memories" is obvious in El Greco's mature works, though there are still some obscure issues concerning his Byzantine origins needing further illumination.

    Architecture and sculpture

    El Greco was highly esteemed as an architect and sculptor during his lifetime. He usually designed complete altar compositions, working as architect and sculptor as well as painter – at, for instance, the Hospital de la Caridad. There he decorated the chapel of the hospital, but the wooden altar and the sculptures he created have in all probability perished. For the master designed the original altar of gilded wood which has been destroyed, but his small sculptured group of the ''Miracle of St. Ildefonso'' still survives on the lower centre of the frame.

    His most important architectural achievement was the church and Monastery of Santo Domingo el Antiguo, for which he also executed sculptures and paintings. El Greco is regarded as a painter who incorporated architecture in his painting. He is also credited with the architectural frames to his own paintings in Toledo. Pacheco characterized him as "a writer of painting, sculpture and architecture".

    In the marginalia that El Greco inscribed in his copy of Daniele Barbaro's translation of Vitruvius' , he refuted Vitruvius' attachment to archaeological remains, canonical proportions, perspective and mathematics. He also saw Vitruvius' manner of distorting proportions in order to compensate for distance from the eye as responsible for creating monstrous forms. El Greco was averse to the very idea of rules in architecture; he believed above all in the freedom of invention and defended novelty, variety, and complexity. These ideas were, however, far too extreme for the architectural circles of his era and had no immediate resonance.

    Legacy

    Posthumous critical reputation

    El Greco was disdained by the immediate generations after his death because his work was opposed in many respects to the principles of the early baroque style which came to the fore near the beginning of the 17th century and soon supplanted the last surviving traits of the 16th-century Mannerism. El Greco was deemed incomprehensible and had no important followers. Only his son and a few unknown painters produced weak copies of his works. Late 17th- and early 18th-century Spanish commentators praised his skill but criticized his antinaturalistic style and his complex iconography. Some of these commentators, such as Acislo Antonio Palomino de Castro y Velasco and Juan Agustín Ceán Bermúdez, described his mature work as "contemptible", "ridiculous" and "worthy of scorn". The views of Palomino and Bermúdez were frequently repeated in Spanish historiography, adorned with terms such as "strange", "queer", "original", "eccentric" and "odd". The phrase "sunk in eccentricity", often encountered in such texts, in time developed into "madness".

    With the arrival of Romantic sentiments in the late 18th century, El Greco's works were examined anew. To French writer Théophile Gautier, El Greco was the precursor of the European Romantic movement in all its craving for the strange and the extreme. Gautier regarded El Greco as the ideal romantic hero (the "gifted", the "misunderstood", the "mad"), and was the first who explicitly expressed his admiration for El Greco's later technique. French art critics Zacharie Astruc and Paul Lefort helped to promote a widespread revival of interest in his painting. In the 1890s, Spanish painters living in Paris adopted him as their guide and mentor. However, in the popular English-speaking imagination he remained the man who "painted horrors in the Escorial" in the words of Ephraim Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia'' in 1899.

    In 1908, Spanish art historian Manuel Bartolomé Cossío published the first comprehensive catalogue of El Greco's works; in this book El Greco was presented as the founder of the Spanish School. The same year Julius Meier-Graefe, a scholar of French Impressionism, travelled in Spain, expecting to study Velásquez, but instead becoming fascinated by El Greco; he recorded his experiences in ''Spanische Reise'' (''Spanish Journey'', published in English in 1926), the book which widely established El Greco as a great painter of the past "outside a somewhat narrow circle". In El Greco's work, Meier-Graefe found foreshadowing of modernity. These are the words Meier-Graefe used to describe El Greco's impact on the artistic movements of his time:

    To the English artist and critic Roger Fry in 1920, El Greco was the archetypal genius who did as he thought best "with complete indifference to what effect the right expression might have on the public". Fry described El Greco as "an old master who is not merely modern, but actually appears a good many steps ahead of us, turning back to show us the way".

    During the same period, other researchers developed alternative, more radical theories. The physicians August Goldschmidt and Germán Beritens argued that El Greco painted such elongated human figures because he had vision problems (possibly progressive astigmatism or strabismus) that made him see bodies longer than they were, and at an angle to the perpendicular; the physician Arturo Perera, however, attributed this style to the use of marijuana. Michael Kimmelman, a reviewer for ''The New York Times'', stated that "to Greeks [El Greco] became the quintessential Greek painter; to the Spanish, the quintessential Spaniard".

    As was proved by the campaign of the National Art Gallery in Athens to raise the funds for the purchase of ''Saint Peter'' in 1995, El Greco is loved not just by experts and art lovers but also by ordinary people; thanks to the donations mainly of individuals and public benefit foundations the National Art Gallery raised 1.2 million dollars and purchased the painting. Epitomizing the consensus of El Greco's impact, Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States, said in April 1980 that El Greco was "the most extraordinary painter that ever came along back then" and that he was "maybe three or four centuries ahead of his time".

    Influence on other artists

    .|Picasso's ''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'' (1907, oil on canvas, 243.9 × 233.7 cm., New York, Museum of Modern Art) appears to have certain morphological and stylistic similarities with ''The Opening of the Fifth Seal''.||}} , Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes, Seville)|The ''Portrait of a Painter after El Greco'' (1950, oil on plywood, , Angela Rosengart Collection, Lucerne) is Picasso's version of the ''Portrait of Jorge Manuel Theotocopoulos''.||}}

    El Greco's re-evaluation was not limited to scholars. According to Efi Foundoulaki, "painters and theoreticians from the beginning of the 20th century 'discovered' a new El Greco but in process they also discovered and revealed their own selves". His expressiveness and colors influenced Eugène Delacroix and Édouard Manet. To the Blaue Reiter group in Munich in 1912, El Greco typified that ''mystical inner construction'' that it was the task of their generation to rediscover. The first painter who appears to have noticed the structural code in the morphology of the mature El Greco was Paul Cézanne, one of the forerunners of cubism. Comparative morphological analyses of the two painters revealed their common elements, such as the distortion of the human body, the reddish and (in appearance only) unworked backgrounds and the similarities in the rendering of space. According to Brown, "Cézanne and El Greco are spiritual brothers despite the centuries which separate them". Fry observed that Cézanne drew from "his great discovery of the permeation of every part of the design with a uniform and continuous plastic theme".

    The Symbolists, and Pablo Picasso during his Blue Period, drew on the cold tonality of El Greco, utilizing the anatomy of his ascetic figures. While Picasso was working on , he visited his friend Ignacio Zuloaga in his studio in Paris and studied El Greco's ''Opening of the Fifth Seal'' (owned by Zuloaga since 1897). The relation between and the ''Opening of the Fifth Seal'' was pinpointed in the early 1980s, when the stylistic similarities and the relationship between the motifs of both works were analysed.

    The early cubist explorations of Picasso were to uncover other aspects in the work of El Greco: structural analysis of his compositions, multi-faced refraction of form, interweaving of form and space, and special effects of highlights. Several traits of cubism, such as distortions and the materialistic rendering of time, have their analogies in El Greco's work. According to Picasso, El Greco's structure is cubist. On February 22, 1950, Picasso began his series of "paraphrases" of other painters' works with ''The Portrait of a Painter after El Greco''. Foundoulaki asserts that Picasso "completed ... the process for the activation of the painterly values of El Greco which had been started by Manet and carried on by Cézanne".

    The expressionists focused on the expressive distortions of El Greco. According to Franz Marc, one of the principal painters of the German expressionist movement, "we refer with pleasure and with steadfastness to the case of El Greco, because the glory of this painter is closely tied to the evolution of our new perceptions on art". Jackson Pollock, a major force in the abstract expressionist movement, was also influenced by El Greco. By 1943, Pollock had completed sixty drawing compositions after El Greco and owned three books on the Cretan master.

    Contemporary painters are also inspired by El Greco's art. Kysa Johnson used El Greco's paintings of the Immaculate Conception as the compositional framework for some of her works, and the master's anatomical distortions are somewhat reflected in Fritz Chesnut's portraits.

    El Greco's personality and work were a source of inspiration for poet Rainer Maria Rilke. One set of Rilke's poems (''Himmelfahrt Mariae I.II.'', 1913) was based directly on El Greco's ''Immaculate Conception''. Greek writer Nikos Kazantzakis, who felt a great spiritual affinity for El Greco, called his autobiography ''Report to Greco'' and wrote a tribute to the Cretan-born artist.

    In 1998, the Greek electronic composer and artist Vangelis published ''El Greco'', a symphonic album inspired by the artist. This album is an expansion of an earlier album by Vangelis, (''A Tribute to El Greco'', ). The life of the Cretan-born artist is the subject of the film ''El Greco'' of Greek, Spanish and British production. Directed by Ioannis Smaragdis, the film began shooting in October 2006 on the island of Crete and debuted on the screen one year later; British actor Nick Ashdon has been cast to play El Greco.

    Debates on attribution

    (central), (side panels), Galleria Estense, Modena) is a small-scale composition attributed to El Greco.|" () ἐποίει." The words El Greco used to sign his paintings. El Greco appended after his name the word "" (, "he made it"). In ''The Assumption'' the painter used the word "" (, "he displayed it") instead of "".||}}

    The exact number of El Greco's works has been a hotly contested issue. In 1937, a highly influential study by art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini had the effect of greatly increasing the number of works accepted to be by El Greco. Pallucchini attributed to El Greco a small triptych in the Galleria Estense at Modena on the basis of a signature on the painting on the back of the central panel on the Modena triptych ("", Created by the hand of Doménikos). There was consensus that the triptych was indeed an early work of El Greco and, therefore, Pallucchini's publication became the yardstick for attributions to the artist. Nevertheless, Wethey denied that the Modena triptych had any connection at all with the artist and, in 1962, produced a reactive catalogue with a greatly reduced corpus of materials. Whereas art historian José Camón Aznar had attributed between 787 and 829 paintings to the Cretan master, Wethey reduced the number to 285 authentic works and Halldor Sœhner, a German researcher of Spanish art, recognized only 137. Wethey and other scholars rejected the notion that Crete took any part in his formation and supported the elimination of a series of works from El Greco's .

    Since 1962, the discovery of the ''Dormition'' and the extensive archival research has gradually convinced scholars that Wethey's assessments were not entirely correct, and that his catalogue decisions may have distorted the perception of the whole nature of El Greco's origins, development and . The discovery of the ''Dormition'' led to the attribution of three other signed works of "Doménicos" to El Greco (''Modena Triptych'', ''St. Luke Painting the Virgin and Child'', and ''The Adoration of the Magi'') and then to the acceptance of more works as authentic – some signed, some not (such as ''The Passion of Christ (Pietà with Angels)'' painted in 1566), – which were brought into the group of early works of El Greco. El Greco is now seen as an artist with a formative training on Crete; a series of works illuminate his early style, some painted while he was still on Crete, some from his period in Venice, and some from his subsequent stay in Rome. Even Wethey accepted that "he [El Greco] probably had painted the little and much disputed triptych in the Galleria Estense at Modena before he left Crete". Nevertheless, disputes over the exact number of El Greco's authentic works remain unresolved, and the status of Wethey's catalogue is at the centre of these disagreements.

    A few sculptures, including ''Epimetheus and Pandora'', have been attributed to El Greco. This doubtful attribution is based on the testimony of Pacheco (he saw in El Greco's studio a series of figurines, but these may have been merely models). There are also four drawings among the surviving works of El Greco; three of them are preparatory works for the altarpiece of Santo Domingo el Antiguo and the fourth is a study for one of his paintings, ''The Crucifixion''.

    Notes

    a. Theotokópoulos acquired the name "El Greco" in Italy, where the custom of identifying a man by designating a country or city of origin was a common practice. The curious form of the article (''El'') may be from the Venetian dialect or more likely from the Spanish, though in Spanish his name would be "". The Cretan master was generally known in Italy and Spain as ''Dominico Greco'', and was called only after his death El Greco.

    b. According to a contemporary, El Greco acquired his name, not only for his place of origin, but also for the sublimity of his art: "Out of the great esteem he was held in he was called the Greek (il Greco)" (comment of Giulio Cesare Mancini about El Greco in his ''Chronicles'', which were written a few years after El Greco's death).

    c. There is an ongoing dispute about El Greco's birthplace. Most researchers and scholars give Candia as his birthplace. Nonetheless, according to Achileus A. Kyrou, a prominent Greek journalist of the 20th century, El Greco was born in Fodele and the ruins of his family's house are still extant in the place where old Fodele was (the village later changed location because of the raids of the pirates). Candia's claim to him is based on two documents from a trial in 1606, when the painter was 65. Fodele natives argue that El Greco probably told everyone in Spain he was from Heraklion because it was the closest known city next to tiny Fodele

    d. This document comes from the notarial archives of Candia and was published in 1962. ''Menegos'' is the Venetian dialect form of , and (=) is a Greek term for painter.

    e. The arguments of these Catholic sources are based on the lack of Orthodox archival baptismal records on Crete and on a relaxed interchange between Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic rites during El Greco's youth. Based on the assessment that his art reflects the religious spirit of Roman Catholic Spain, and on a reference in his last will and testament, where he described himself as a "devout Catholic", some scholars assume that El Greco was part of the vibrant Catholic Cretan minority or that he converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism before leaving the island.

    f. According to archival research in the late 1990s, El Greco was still in Candia at the age of twenty-six. It was there where his works, created in the spirit of the post-Byzantine painters of the Cretan School, were greatly esteemed. On December 26, 1566 El Greco sought permission from the Venetian authorities to sell a "panel of the Passion of Christ executed on a gold background" ("un quadro della Passione del Nostro Signor Giesu Christo, dorato") in a lottery. The Byzantine icon by young Doménicos depicting the ''Passion of Christ'', painted on a gold ground, was appraised and sold on December 27, 1566 in Candia for the agreed price of seventy gold ducats (The panel was valued by two artists; one of them was icon-painter Georgios Klontzas. One valuation was eighty ducats and the other seventy), equal in value to a work by Titian or Tintoretto of that period. Therefore, it seems that El Greco traveled to Venice sometime after December 27, 1566. In one of his last articles, Wethey reassessed his previous estimations and accepted that El Greco left Crete in 1567. According to other archival material—drawings El Greco sent to a Cretan cartographer—he was in Venice by 1568.

    g. Mancini reports that El Greco said to the Pope that if the whole work was demolished he himself would do it in a decent manner and with seemliness.

    h. Toledo must have been one of the largest cities in Europe during this period. In 1571 the population of the city was 62,000.

    i. El Greco signed the contract for the decoration of the high altar of the church of the Hospital of Charity on June 18, 1603. He agreed to finish the work by August of the following year. Although such deadlines were seldom met, it was a point of potential conflict. He also agreed to allow the brotherhood to select the appraisers. The brotherhood took advantage of this act of good faith and did not wish to arrive at a fair settlement. Finally, El Greco assigned his legal representation to Preboste and a friend of him, Francisco Ximénez Montero, and accepted a payment of 2,093 ducats.

    j. Doña Jerónima de Las Cuevas appears to have outlived El Greco, and, although the master acknowledged both her and his son, he never married her. That fact has puzzled researchers, because he mentioned her in various documents, including his last testament. Most analysts assume that El Greco had married unhappily in his youth and therefore could not legalize another attachment.

    k. The myth of El Greco's madness came in two versions. On the one hand Gautier believed that El Greco went mad from excessive artistic sensitivity. On the other hand, the public and the critics would not possess the ideological criteria of Gautier and would retain the image of El Greco as a "mad painter" and, therefore, his "maddest" paintings were not admired but considered to be historical documents proving his "madness".

    l. This theory enjoyed surprising popularity during the early years of the twentieth century and was opposed by the German psychologist David Kuntz. Whether or not El Greco had progressive astigmatism is still open to debate. Stuart Anstis, Professor at the University of California (Department of Psychology), concludes that "even if El Greco were astigmatic, he would have adapted to it, and his figures, whether drawn from memory or life, would have had normal proportions. His elongations were an artistic expression, not a visual symptom." According to Professor of Spanish John Armstrong Crow, "astigmatism could never give quality to a canvas, nor talent to a dunce".

    Citations

    References

    ;Print sources (books and articles) |journal=Archivo Español del Arte y Arqueologia|volume=8|pages=172–184|year=1927}}

    ;Online sources

    Further reading

    External links

  • El Greco - The Complete Works at the El Greco Foundation
  • Tour: El Greco (Spanish, 1541–1614) at the National Gallery of Art
  • El Greco (c.1541 - 1614) at Olga's Gallery
  • * Category:1541 births Category:1614 deaths Category:16th-century Greek people Category:17th-century Greek people Category:16th-century Spanish people Category:17th-century Spanish people Category:16th-century painters Category:17th-century painters Category:Spanish Renaissance painters Category:Cretan Renaissance painters Category:Mannerist painters Category:Roman Catholic Church painters Category:Spanish painters Category:Greek painters Category:Members of the Rome Guild of Saint Luke Category:Spanish Roman Catholics Category:Greek Roman Catholics Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy Category:Spanish people of Greek descent Category:People from Heraklion Prefecture

    ar:إل غريكو arc:ܐܠ ܓܪܝܩܘ az:El Qreko zh-min-nan:El Greco be:Эль Грэка be-x-old:Эль Грэка br:El Greco bg:Ел Греко ca:El Greco cs:El Greco cy:El Greco da:El Greco de:El Greco et:El Greco el:Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος es:El Greco eo:El Greco eu:Greco fa:ال گرکو fr:El Greco ga:El Greco gl:El Greco ko:엘 그레코 hy:Էլ Գրեկո hr:El Greco id:El Greco ia:El Greco is:El Greco it:El Greco he:אל גרקו ka:ელ გრეკო mrj:Эль Греко la:El Greco lv:El Greko lb:El Greco lt:El Greco hu:El Greco mr:एल ग्रेको arz:الجريكو nl:El Greco ja:エル・グレコ no:El Greco oc:El Greco nds:El Greco pl:El Greco pt:El Greco ro:El Greco qu:El Greco ru:Эль Греко simple:El Greco sk:El Greco sl:El Greco sr:Ел Греко sh:El Greco fi:El Greco sv:El Greco th:เอลเกรโก tr:El Greco uk:Ель Греко vi:El Greco zh:格雷考

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    birth dateAugust 10, 1960 (age 51)
    birth placeMálaga, Andalucia, Spain
    birth name
    spouseAna Leza (1987–95)Melanie Griffith (1996–present)
    occupationdirector/actor }}
    José Antonio Domínguez Banderas (born August 10, 1960), better known as Antonio Banderas, is a Spanish film actor, film director, film producer and singer. He began his acting career at age 19 with a series of films by director Pedro Almodóvar and then appeared in high-profile Hollywood films including ''Assassins'', ''Evita'', ''Interview with the Vampire'', ''Philadelphia'', ''Desperado'', ''The Mask of Zorro'', ''Spy Kids'' and the ''Shrek'' sequels.

    Early life

    Banderas was born in Málaga, Andalucía, Spain, in 1960 to Ana Banderas, a school teacher, and José Domínguez Prieto, a police officer in the Guardia Civil. He has a younger brother, Francisco. Although the family name is Domínguez, he took his mother's surname as his stage name. He initially wanted to become a professional soccer player until a broken foot sidelined his dreams at the age of fourteen. He went on to enroll in some drama classes, eventually joining a theater troupe that toured all over Spain. His work in the theater, and his performances on the streets, eventually landed him a spot with the National Theatre of Spain.

    Career

    Early work, 1982–90

    His acting career began at the age of 19, when he worked in small theatres during Spain’s post-dictatorial cultural movement known as the 'Movida'. While performing with the theatre, Banderas caught the attention of Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar, who cast the young actor in his 1982 film debut, ''Labyrinth of Passion''. Two years later he went on to appear in the director's ''Law of Desire'', making headlines with his performance as a gay man, which required him to engage in his first male-to-male onscreen kiss. After Banderas appeared in Almodóvar's 1986 ''Matador'', the director cast him in his internationally acclaimed 1988 film, ''Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown''. The recognition Banderas gained for his role increased two years later when he starred in Almodóvar's controversial ''Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!'' as a mental patient who kidnaps a porn star (Victoria Abril) and keeps her tied up until she returns his love. It was his breakthrough role in ''Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!'', that helped spur him on to Hollywood. Having become a regular feature of Almodóvar's movies all throughout the 1980s, Almodóvar is credited for helping launch Banderas's international career.

    Breakthrough, 1991–94

    Banderas was first introduced to the American audience in the documentary film ''Madonna: Truth or Dare'' (1991). In the film, Madonna says she wants to seduce Banderas even though she knows he is married.

    The following year, still speaking minimal English, he began acting in U.S. films. Despite having to learn all his lines phonetically, Banderas still managed to turn in a critically praised performance as a struggling musician in his first American drama film, ''The Mambo Kings'' (1992).

    Banderas then broke through to mainstream American audiences in the film, ''Philadelphia'' (1993), as the gay lover of AIDS-afflicted lawyer Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks). The film's success earned Banderas wide recognition, and the following year was given a role in Neil Jordan's high-profile adaptation of Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire'', which allowed him to share the screen with Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt.

    Worldwide recognition, 1995–present

    He appeared in several major Hollywood releases in 1995, including a starring role in the Robert Rodriguez-directed film, ''Desperado'' and the antagonist on the action film ''Assassins'' co starred with Sylvester Stallone. In 1996, he starred alongside Madonna in ''Evita'', an adaptation of the musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice in which he played the narrator, Che, a role played by David Essex in the original 1978 West End production. He also made success with his role as the legendary masked swordsman, Zorro in the 1998 film ''The Mask of Zorro''. He was the first Spanish actor to portray the character.

    In 2001, he collaborated with Robert Rodriguez who cast him in the ''Spy Kids'' film trilogy. He also starred in Michael Cristofer's ''Original Sin'' alongside Angelina Jolie the same year. In 2002, he starred in Brian De Palma's ''Femme Fatale'' opposite Rebecca Romijn-Stamos and in Julie Taymor's ''Frida'' with Salma Hayek. In 2003, he starred in the last installment of the trilogy ''Once Upon A Time In Mexico'' (in which he appeared with Johnny Depp and Salma Hayek). Banderas' debut as a director was the poorly-received ''Crazy in Alabama'' (1999), starring his wife Melanie Griffith.

    In 2003, he returned to the musical genre, appearing to great acclaim in the Broadway revival of Maury Yeston's musical ''Nine'', based on the film '''', playing the prime role originated by the late Raúl Juliá. Banderas won both the Outer Critics Circle and Drama Desk awards, and was nominated for the Tony Award for best actor in a musical. His performance is preserved on the Broadway cast recording released by PS Classics. The following year (2004), he received the Rita Moreno HOLA Award for Excellence from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors (HOLA).

    His voice role as Puss in Boots in ''Shrek 2'', ''Shrek the Third'' and the last film in the Shrek franchise, ''Shrek Forever After'', helped make the character popular on the family film circuit. In 2005, he reprised his role as Zorro in ''The Legend of Zorro'', though this was not as successful as ''The Mask of Zorro''. In 2006, he starred in ''Take the Lead'', a high-set movie in which he played a ballroom dancing teacher. That year, he directed his second film ''El camino de los ingleses'' (English title: ''Summer Rain''), and also received the L.A. Latino International Film Festival's "Gabi" Lifetime Achievement Award on 14 October. He hosted the 600th episode of ''Saturday Night Live'' (during season 31).

    He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 6801 Hollywood Blvd. in 2005.

    In 2011, the horror thriller ''The Skin I Live In'' marked the return of Banderas to Pedro Almodóvar, the Spanish director who launched his international career. The two had not worked together since the 1990s ''Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!'' In ''The Skin I Live In'' he breaks out of the Latin Lover mold from his Hollywood work and stars as a calculating revenge-seeking plastic surgeon following the rape of his daughter. According to the Associated Press Banderas' performance is among his strongest in recent memory. Also he once again lends his voice to Puss in Boots this time as the protagonist of the ''Shrek'' spin-off family film, ''Puss in Boots''. This film has Banderas reuniting with Salma Hayek for the sixth time.

    Business activities

    He has invested some of his film earnings in Andalusian products, which he promotes in Spain and the US. He owns 50% of a winery in Villalba de Duero, Burgos, Spain, called Anta Banderas, which produces red and rosé wines.

    He performed a voice-over for a computer-animated bee which can be seen in the United States in television commercials for Nasonex, an allergy medication, and was seen in the 2007 Christmas advertising campaign for Marks & Spencer, a British retailer.

    He has been a veteran of the perfume industry. The actor has been working with fragrance and beauty multinational company Puig for over ten years becoming one of the brand's most successful representatives. Banderas and Puig have successfully promoted a number of fragrances so far – ''Diavolo'', ''Diavolo for Women'', ''Mediterraneo'', ''Spirit'', ''Spirit for Women'', and following the success of ''Antonio and Blue Seduction for men'' in 2007, launched his latest ''Blue Seduction for Women'' the following year.

    Personal life

    Both Melanie Griffith and Antonio Banderas were married to other people when they first met. Banderas divorced his first wife, Ana Leza, and in May 14, 1996, married American actress Melanie Griffith in a private, low-key ceremony in London. They had met a year earlier while shooting ''Two Much''. They have a daughter, Stella del Carmen (b. 1996), who appeared with her parents in the 1999 film ''Crazy in Alabama'', in which Griffith starred and which Banderas directed. In 2002, the couple's dedication to philanthropy was recognized when they received the 'Stella Adler Angel Award' for their extensive charity work.

    In 1996, Banderas appeared among other figures of Spanish culture in a video supporting the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party lists in the general election.

    He is a long time supporter of the Málaga CF.

    He is an officer (mayordomo de trono) of a Roman Catholic religious brotherhood in Málaga and travels, with his wife and daughter, during Holy Week to take part in the processions, although in an interview with ''People'' magazine Banderas had once described himself as an agnostic. In May 2010, Banderas received his honorary doctorate from the University of Málaga in the city where he was born.

    Filmography

    {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |+ Actor (Movies & TV) |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | 1982 | ''Pestañas postizas'' | Antonio Juan | |- | 1982 | ''Laberinto de pasiones'' | Sadec | |- | 1983 | ''Y del seguro... líbranos Señor!'' | | |- | 1984 | ''El caso Almería'' | | |- | 1984 | ''El señor Galíndez'' | Eduardo | |- | 1984 | ''Fragmentos de interior'' | Joaquín | TV Series |- | 1984 | ''Los zancos'' | Alberto | |- | 1985 | ''Réquiem por un campesino español'' | Paco | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorMurcia Week of Spanish Cinema for Best Actor |- | 1985 | ''La corte de Faraón'' | Fray José | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorMurcia Week of Spanish Cinema for Best Actor |- | 1985 | ''Caso cerrado'' | Preso | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1986 | ''Matador'' | Ángel | Nominated — Goya Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Murcia Week of Spanish Cinema for Best Actor |- | 1986 | ''Puzzle'' | | |- | 1986 | ''27 horas'' | Rafa | Sant Jordi Awards for Best Spanish Actor |- | 1986 | ''Delirios de amor'' | | Sant Jordi Awards for Best Spanish ActorNominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1987 | ''La ley del deseo'' | Antonio Benítez | Sant Jordi Awards for Best Spanish ActorNominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1987 | ''Así como habían sido'' | Damián | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1988 | ''La Mujer de tu vida: La mujer feliz'' | Antonio | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best TV Actor |- | 1988 | ''Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown'' | Carlos | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1988 | ''El placer de matar'' | Luis | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1988 | ''Baton Rouge'' | Antonio | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''Bajarse al moro'' | Alberto | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''Si te dicen que caí'' | Marcos | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''La Blanca Paloma'' | Mario | Valladolid International Film Festival for Best ActorFotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''Hasta Luego Tenis'' | Jake Spicer | |- | 1989 | ''El Acto'' | Carlos | |- | 1990 | ''La otra historia de Rosendo Juárez'' | Rosendo Juárez | TV |- | 1990 | '''' | Ricky | Golden India Catalina Award for Best ActorFotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorACE Awards for Best ActorNominated — Goya Awards for Best Actor |- | 1990 | ''Contra el viento'' | Juan | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1992 | ''Una Mujer bajo la lluvia'' | Miguel | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1992 | '''' | Néstor Castillo | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorNominated — Spanish Actors Union Award for Lead Performance |- | 1993 | ''Il Giovane Mussolini (Benito)'' | Benito Mussolini | TV |- | 1993 | '' (Outrage!)'' | Marcos | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1993 | '''' | Pedro Tercero García | his first English-language film |- | 1993 | ''Philadelphia'' | Miguel Álvarez | |- | 1994 | ''Of Love and Shadows'' | Francisco | Nominated — NCLR Bravo Awards for Best Actor in a Feature Film |- | 1994 | ''Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles'' | Armand | |- | 1995 | ''Miami Rhapsody'' | Antonio | |- | 1995 | ''Desperado'' | El Mariachi (Manito) | Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best KissNominated — MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Male |- | 1995 | ''Four Rooms'' | as Man (segment "The Misbehavers") | |- | 1995 | ''Assassins'' | Miguel Bain | |- | 1995 | ''Never Talk to Strangers'' | Tony Ramirez | |- | 1995 | ''Two Much'' | Art Dodge | Nominated — Goya Award for Best ActorNominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1996 | ''Evita'' | Che | Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |- | 1997 | ''Wag the Dog'' | Ramón | later on replaced by the real Ramón |- | 1998 | '''' | Alejandro Murrieta/Zorro | European Film Awards for Best European Actor |- | 1998 | ''Andrew Lloyd Webber's Royal Albert Hall Celebration'' | Che/Phantom | |- | 1999 | '''' | Ahmad ibn Fadlan | Nominated — ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film |- | 1999 | '''' | Morales Pittman | |- | 1999 | ''Play It to the Bone'' | César Domínguez | |- | 2001 | '''' | Father Matt Gutiérrez | |- | 2001 | ''Spy Kids'' | Gregorio Cortez | Nominated — ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion PictureNominated — Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Male Butt Kicker |- | 2001 | ''Original Sin'' | Luís Vargast | |- | 2002 | ''Femme Fatale'' | Nicolas Bardo | |- | 2002 | ''Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams'' | Gregorio Cortez | |- | 2002 | ''Frida'' | David Alfaro Siqueiros | |- | 2002 | ''Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever'' | Agent Jeremiah Ecks | |- | 2003 | ''Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over'' | Gregorio Cortez | |- | 2003 | ''Once Upon a Time in Mexico'' | El Mariachi | |- | 2003 | ''And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself'' | Pancho Villa | |- | 2003 | ''Imagining Argentina'' | Carlos Rueda | |- | 2004 | ''Far Far Away Idol'' | rowspan=2| Puss In Boots | Voice |- | 2004 | ''Shrek 2'' | VoiceNominated — Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature ProductionNominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated — VES Award for Best Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture |- | 2005 | '''' | Don Alejandro de la Vega/Zorro | Nominated — |- | 2006 | ''Take the Lead'' | Pierre Dulaine | |- | 2007 | ''Bordertown'' | Díaz | |- | 2007 | ''Shrek the Third'' | Puss In Boots | Voice |- | 2008 | ''My Mom's New Boyfriend'' | Tommy Lucero / Tomas Martinez | |- | 2008 | ''The Other Man'' | Ralph (pronounced "Rafe") | |- | 2009 | ''Thick as Thieves'' | Gabriel Martin | |- | 2010 | ''Shrek Forever After'' | Puss In Boots | Voice |- | 2011 | ''The Big Bang'' | Ned Cruz | |- | 2011 | ''The Skin I Live In'' | Dr. Ledgard | |- | 2011 | ''Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World'' | Gregorio Cortez | uncredited (scenes cut) |- | 2011 | ''Puss in Boots'' | Puss in Boots | post-production |- | 2012 | ''Haywire | TBA | filming |}

    + Director & Producer
    Year Film Role Notes
    1999 ''Crazy in Alabama'' Director ALMA Award for Best Director of a Feature FilmEuropean Film Award for Achievement in World CinemaNominated — Golden Lion for Directing
    2006 Director
    2008 ''Missing Lynx'' Producer

    Musicals on Broadway

    + Theater
    Year Play Role Notes
    2003 Guido Contini Theatre World Award
    2011 Alexis Zorba Broadway Revival will open in the Fall of 2011

    See also

  • [[List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards
  • References

    External links

  • Antonio Banderas appointed Goodwill Ambassador at Bay Ledger
  • Category:1960 births Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:Spanish people Category:Andalusian people Category:Living people Category:People from Málaga (city) Category:Spanish film actors Category:Spanish musical theatre actors Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:GLAAD Media Awards winners

    ar:أنتونيو بانديراس an:Antonio Banderas az:Antonio Banderas bn:আন্তোনিও বান্দেরাস be-x-old:Антоніё Бандэрас bg:Антонио Бандерас ca:Antonio Banderas cs:Antonio Banderas cy:Antonio Banderas da:Antonio Banderas de:Antonio Banderas et:Antonio Banderas el:Αντόνιο Μπαντέρας es:Antonio Banderas eo:Antonio Banderas eu:Antonio Banderas fa:آنتونیو باندراس fr:Antonio Banderas ga:Antonio Banderas gl:Antonio Banderas hr:Antonio Banderas io:Antonio Banderas id:Antonio Banderas it:Antonio Banderas he:אנטוניו בנדרס la:Antonius Banderas lt:Antonio Banderas hu:Antonio Banderas mk:Антонио Бандерас nl:Antonio Banderas ja:アントニオ・バンデラス no:Antonio Banderas oc:Antonio Banderas pl:Antonio Banderas pt:Antonio Banderas ro:Antonio Banderas ru:Бандерас, Антонио sco:Antonio Banderas sq:Antonio Banderas simple:Antonio Banderas sk:Antonio Banderas sr:Антонио Бандерас sh:Antonio Banderas fi:Antonio Banderas sv:Antonio Banderas th:อันโตเนียว บันเดรัส tr:Antonio Banderas uk:Антоніо Бандерас vi:Antonio Banderas zh:安东尼奥·班德拉斯

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



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