This article is about the current President of Mexico. For the Filipino politician and historical figure, see
Felipe Calderón y Roca.
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe kaldeˈɾon] (
listen); born August 18, 1962) is the current President of Mexico. He assumed office on December 1, 2006, and was elected for a single six-year term through 2012. He is a member of the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), one of the three major Mexican political parties.
Prior to the presidency, Calderón received two masters degrees and went on to work within the PAN while it was still an important opposition party. Calderón served as National President of the party, Federal Deputy, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's cabinet.
He served in the cabinet of the previous administration up until he resigned to run for the Presidency and secured his party's nomination. The Federal Electoral Institute's official electoral results gave Felipe Calderón the largest vote total and the presidency but the decision was contested by Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Calderón's victory was confirmed on September 5, 2006 by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.
Felipe Calderón passed several reforms during his presidency, breaking through some of the gridlock faced since Mexico's transition to democracy.[3]
United States President
Barack Obama bids farewell to the family of Mexican President Felipe Calderón following their meeting in Mexico City on April 16, 2009.
Felipe Calderón was born in Morelia, Michoacán. He is the youngest of five brothers and son of Carmen Hinojosa Calderón and the late Luis Calderón Vega.
His father was a co-founder of the National Action Party and an important political figure. He occupied state posts and served a term as federal deputy. Calderón spent most of his life working within the party and spent most of his free time promoting the PAN. The young Calderon was active in his father's campaigns. As a boy he distributed party pamphlets and flyers, rode PAN campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.[4]
After growing up in Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico City, where he received a bachelor's degree in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Later, he received a master's degree in economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Master of Public Administration degree in 2000 from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.[5]
Following his father's example, he joined the PAN. It was in the National Action Party where Calderón met his wife, Margarita Zavala, who served in Congress as a federal deputy. They have three children, María, Luis Felipe and Juan Pablo. Calderon is Roman Catholic,[2].
Calderón responded to demands for detailed revelation of his personal positions on abortion that he voted for life. Calderón's administration has sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and supports Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion for rape victims, when pregnancy endangers a woman's life or in cases of severe fetal deformity;[6] has publicly advocated the legalization of small quantities of cocaine and other drugs for addicts who agree to undergo treatment;[7] and has approved a right-to-die initiative for ill patients to refuse invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives.[8] As for his economic policies, he supports balanced fiscal policies, flat taxes, lower taxes,[9][10][11] and free trade.
President Barack Obama meets President Felipe Calderón
Calderón was president of the PAN's youth movement in his early twenties.
He was a local representative in the Legislative Assembly and, on two different occasions, in the federal Chamber of Deputies. He ran for the governorship of Michoacán in 1995 and served as national president of the PAN from 1996 to 1999. During his tenure, his party maintained control of 14 state capitals, but also faced a reduced presence in the federal Chamber of Deputies.
Soon after Vicente Fox took office as president, Calderón was appointed director of Banobras, a state-owned development bank. He was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use of certain legal procedures[12] to finance property valued between three and five million Mexican Pesos (between US$300,000 and $500,000),[13][14] however once political objections arose, he used other means to formalize his transaction.[13]
He joined the presidential cabinet as Secretary of Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens. He left the post in May 2004 in protest of Vicente Fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions while supporting those of Santiago Creel.
Members of his party chose him as the PAN presidential candidate in a series of three primary elections, he defeated the favored former Secretary of the Interior under President Vicente Fox, and thus the election of Calderón as party candidate surprised many analysts. The PAN pointed to his competitive primary election as a sign of internal democracy. In other major parties, there was one candidate or they eliminated all strong candidates but one. Calderón's campaign gained momentum after the first presidential debate. Subsequent poll numbers put him ahead of López Obrador from March to May; some polls favored him by as much as nine percentage points. This trend in his favor was contained after the second presidential debate when Lopez Obrador decided to start joining the debates. Final poll numbers days ahead of the results indicated that his opponents prior lead had shrunk further; some polls gave López Obrador the lead, while others favored Calderón and still others indicated a technical tie.
On July 2, 2006, the day of the election, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced that the race was too close to call and chose not to make public a large and well-designed exit poll. However, as the preliminary results of the unofficial PREP database made clear the next morning, Felipe Calderón had a small lead of 1.04%.[15]
The IFE called on the candidates to abstain from pronouncing themselves as winner, president-elect, or president. Both candidates disobeyed this call. First López Obrador declared that he had won the election, and soon thereafter Calderón proclaimed victory as well, pointing to the initial figures released by the IFE.[16]
On July 6, 2006, the Federal Electoral Institute announced the official vote count in the 2006 presidential election, resulting in a narrow margin of 0.58% for Calderón over his closest contender, PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador. However, López Obrador and his coalition alleged irregularities in a number of polling stations and demanded a national recount. Ultimately, the Federal Electoral Tribunal, in a unanimous vote, declared such recount to be groundless and unfeasible and ordered a recount of those with supportable allegations, or about 9.07% of the 130,477 polling stations.[17]
On September 5, 2006, even when the Federal Electoral Tribunal acknowledged the existence of irregularities in the election, Calderón was, after the change of the votes of two of the magistrates,[18] unanimously declared president-elect by the tribunal with a lead of 233,831 votes, or 0.56%, over López Obrador. The electoral court concluded that minor irregularities were insufficient without proof, and they were not enough to invalidate the election. The ruling was mandatory, final, and could not be appealed.[19]
On December 1, 2006 despite the PRD's plans to prevent Calderón from taking office, the inauguration in front of Congress was able to proceed. Hours before Calderón's arrival, lawmakers from the PRD and PAN parties began a brawl,[20] where several representatives threw punches and pushed, while others shouted at each other. PRD representatives shouted "Fuera Fox" ("out with President Fox") and blew whistles, while PAN representatives responded back with "Mexico, Mexico." Minutes before Calderón and Fox walked into Congress, the president of the Chamber of Deputies announced legal quorum, thus enabling Calderón to legally take the oath of office. At 9:45 am CST, all Mexican media cut to the official national broadcast, where commentators discussed the situation, and showed scenes inside the Palace of the Chamber of Deputies, Palacio de San Lázaro. At 9:50 am CST, Calderón entered the chamber through the back door of the palace and approached the podium, where he took the oath as required by the Constitution.[21] After the anthem, opposition continued to yell in Spanish "Felipe will fall." PAN representatives shouted back, "Sí se pudo" (Yes it was possible to do).[22][23] At 10:00 am CST, the official broadcast ended, and most stations resumed their programming.
As the inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Congress, López Obrador led a rally of supporters in the Zócalo. Many supporters marched down Reforma Avenue toward the Auditorio Nacional, where Calderón would address an audience of supporters after his inauguration. The rally was stopped by a wall erected by the Federal Police.[24][25]
Presidential styles of
Felipe Calderón |
 |
| Reference style |
Su Excelencia Señor Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos
"His Excellency Mr. President of the United Mexican States" |
| Spoken style |
Presidente de Mexico
"President of Mexico" |
| Alternative style |
Señor Presidente
"Mr. President" |
The Mexican Constitution states that the President must be inaugurated by taking the oath of office before Congress in the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. The PRD opposition had threatened to not allow Calderón to take the oath of office and be inaugurated as president. Ahead of claims that the PRD would disrupt the precedings, the PAN took control of Congress's main floor three days before the inauguration was scheduled.
On November 30, 2006,[26] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-Elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by side on national television as Fox turned over the presidential band to a cadet, who handed it to Calderón. Afterwards, Fox read a short speech indicating that he had concluded his mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the last six years which he had devoted himself completely to the service of Mexico and had the utmost honor of being the president of the republic".[27] Calderón then made a speech to the Mexican public indicating that he would still attend the inauguration ceremony at the Chamber of Deputies. He made a call to unity.
Calderón is the nation's second democratically elected president since the PRI's uninterrupted 70-year rule ended in 2000. Calderón is technically serving as the nation's 36th head of state after the last Mexican emperor, but his moderate reforms, deal-making, and coalitions have been a break from a line of widely varying leadership that avoided elections against their opposition and which included an extreme range of military dictators, reformers, populists, crony's placed by prior presidents, and technocrats.
It is expected that Calderón will continue with the foreign policy started during Fox's term,[28] known as the Castañeda Doctrine, in abandonment of the Estrada Doctrine. He has been expected to mediate with 'free market' Latin American countries.[29]
Calderón has been a proponent of the Mesoamerican Integration and Development Project which is now merged with a similar funding and infrastructure project, the Puebla-Panama Plan (PPP),[30] started during the Fox administration. Calderón has expanded the MesoAmerican Integration and Development Project / PPP, now including Colombia,[31] and an agreement of cooperation against organized crime.[32] Jorge G. Castañeda, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the first half of Fox's administration and proponent of the "Castañeda Doctrine", has suggested that Calderón's leadership and the Meso-American Integration and Development Project / PPP should be used as a counter-part to Hugo Chávez's leadership of left-wing policies in Latin America.[33] Calderón has stated that "the challenge (of the PPP) is to foster democratic practices with solid foundation in the region".[34]
Another landmark has been the proposed Mérida Initiative, a security cooperation initiative between the United States and the government of Mexico and the countries of Central America, with the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational crime.
The Cancun Accord was a widely praised triumph credited to the deft handling by the Calderon and his team. [35] and received a standing ovation. [36] Along with hosting and chairing the Cancun climate accord that reached agreements on targets and reaffirmed the agreement on compensating developing nations for damage from climate change, Mexico has earned the G-20's trust and confidence to preside over the group during 2012 including a summit in Los Cabos.[37]
Felipe Calderón made immigration reform one of his main priorities and in 2008 he and the Mexican Congress passed a bill decriminalizing undocumented immigration into Mexico.[38] He expressed his hopes that something be done to clear up the status of undocumented Mexican immigrants in the US.
Before meeting with President Bush in March 2007, Calderón openly expressed his disapproval of building a wall between the two nations.[39] After the U.S. Senate rejected the Comprehensive immigration bill, President Calderon called the decision a "grave error".
During the first months of government, President Calderón took several actions, such as introducing the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact and a cap on the salaries of public servants, described politically as "seeking to fulfill a campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government".[40]
Felipe Calderón has created the most universities (96) in the history of Mexico.[41][42] He is also the only president in history that has granted full coverage and a secure spot in elementary schools to children from 6 to 11 years old.[43] The Office of Social Aid for Victims of Violence, (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social para Víctimas de la Violencia) was created by him in 2011.[44] During Calderón's administration, more than 1,000 hospitals have been created, and more than 2,000 have been reconstructed and amplified.[45] During Vicente Fox's administration, only 40 million people had access to a public health care system.[46] Currently, more than 100 million Mexicans have access to their country's health care system due to Calderón's effort on implementing a universal health care system.[47] Moreover, Calderón has created more than 16,500 kilometers of interstate highways.[48] Calderón also dispatched military forces all over Mexico since the beginning of his presidency to put down the drug cartels and the increasing violence generated by the criminal organizations, who fight with rival groups for territory.[49]
The administration's move towards Universal Healthcare coverage remains one of the most popular policies of the administration. He launched Seguro Popular to make this policy a reality. Through his policies, significant health infrastructure has been built and access expanded in many areas of the country, while the costs have been lowered significantly for many people to the point that many medicines have already been distributed free of charge.[50]
The 2009 Swine Flue epidemic struck Mexico and was labeled a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The administration declared a state of emergency and acted firmly in giving open information to the world about the swine flue epidemic and acted with tough measures to contain its spread by shutting down many public services including schools. President Calderón appeared on television explaining the situation and demonstrating basic precautionary measures to take during the epidemic such as coughing into one's elbow rather than into the air. Tamiflu and vaccines were used in 2009 and in 2010 during flu season and some deaths were undoubtedly prevented by the strong measures that were taken as well as due to a reduction in the spread and severity of the disease. Policies keeping people home and awareness of effective strategies may have helped prevent virulent forms of the virus from spreading as easily as minor forms that were harder to detect and identify. Criticism of Calderón's handling varied from early claims that his administration was not doing enough to later claims that the administration had exaggerated in the measures that it had taken.[51]
The Mexican Genome Project was initiated by Calderón's administration in part as a response to the Swine Flue Outbreak and the safeguard of discovering genetic markers that will better target and assist Mexico's 100+ million people in regards to prevention and treatment of diseases and other health concerns such as diabetes. A study on the efficacy of the project confirmed: Says Dr. Jimenez-Sanchez: "It is not possible today to say genetic variation is responsible for the unique H1N1 Influenza A mortality rate in Mexico. However, knowledge of genomic variability in the Mexican population can allow the identification of genetic variations that confer susceptibility to common diseases, including infections such as the flu." "It will also help develop pharmacogenomics to help produce medicines tailored to people of a specific genetic group, to the creation of drugs that are both safer and more effective." President of Mexico, Felipe Calderon Hinojosa commended the achievement. "The genomic map of the Mexican population is an essential contribution of Mexico to science and public health. This study represents an important landmark to develop genomic medicine in Mexico to improve healthcare of its population. I commend our National Institute of Genomic Medicine, INMEGEN, for such a significant milestone." [52]
Felipe Calderon's administration has raised awareness of environment issues including deforestation and climate change through various policy measures such as planting over 8 million trees and attracting green-technology companies to Mexico. Mexico has also achieved a significant reduction in deforestation.[53]. This includes $2.5 billion investment in wind farms.[54].
The country's total GDP on a purchasing-power-parity basis is the 11th largest in the world as of 2011 and public policy now seeks to create quality jobs, reduce poverty, and protect the standard of living of all classes. The administration has worked to attract investment, diversify the economy away from over-reliance on oil and the US market, upgrade infrastructure that has not kept up with the demands of the large economy, add jobs, reduce poverty, provide for a large middle class, and reduce inequality. In keeping with its protection of the purchasing power of those least able to shield themselves through the use of financial instruments, the administration has succeeded in keeping prices and interest rates relatively low and stable even during the Great Recession and European debt crisis, while also avoiding the currency crashes of the 1980's and 90's.[55] The Mexican economy has been growing more quickly than the US economy during all but one year of the administration, even as US growth has been sluggish.[56][57]
The administration has accelerated the building of public works projects and allocated federal funds towards infrastructure such as roads and bridges as an investment in the country's future growth.
In 2012 the massive Baluarte Bridge was inaugurated, which speeds travel between Mazatlan and Coahuila and allows for faster access between Mexico's coasts. The Baluarte Bridge is so high that the Eiffel Tower could fit under its central span[58].
Through investments in infrastructure and free trade agreements, the administration has investment investments from many auto companies which have decided to build factories in Mexico and expand existing facilities and models produced in Mexico. Mexico has become one of the top auto manufacturers in the world and for two years in a row has far exceeded the previous records of auto production and export.[59]
Mexico also has a nascent aeronautics and aviation industry and large electronics and consumer goods industries, all of which have been attracting significant investment capital and higher-value manufacturing for a skilled workforce. Heineken made significant investments in Mexico's beverage industry during this administration.[60]
In a move to expand new export opportunities that attract employment and diversify Mexico's crucial export sector away from excessive dependence on the US market, Mexico has also expanded its trade accords beyond the US borders and seeks to increase trade with the European Union, East Asia, and Latin America. It is hoped that new infrastructure will help diversify Mexico's economy and improve stability in years to come. One new cooperative accord between major Latin American nations on the pacific coast, called PaCiFiCa by the Economist, has helped to isolate the participating nations from some of the fluctuations stemming from the European debt crisis as it looks towards greater trade with Asian nations.[61] Mexico maintains positive trading relationships and trade discussions throughout the world so as to make Mexico an open economy with a growing number of trade opportunities for all regions of Mexico and aided by new infrastructure.[62]
The international price of corn rose dramatically throughout 2006, leading to the inflation of tortilla prices in the first month of Calderón's term. Because tortillas are the main food product consumed by the country's poorest,[63] national concerns over the rising prices immediately generated political pressure on Calderón's administration.
The president opted to use price ceilings on tortillas that protected local consumers of corn.[64] This price control came in the form of the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact between the government and many of the main tortilla producing companies, including Grupo Maseca and Bimbo, to put a price ceiling at $8.50 pesos per kilogram of tortilla. The hope was that a ceiling on corn prices would provide incentive for the market to lower all prices nationally.
Critics argue that the pact was both nonbinding and a de facto acceptance of a maximum 30% increase in the price of that product (from $5.95 pesos per kilogram to $8.50 pesos per kilogram).[65][66][67] Some tortillerias ignored the agreement, leading to price increases well in excess of the $8.50.[68] Government opposition argued that this was an indication of the failure to protect the interests of its poor citizens. However, several major supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana, sell the tortillas at a lower price than the one in the agreement – as low as $5.10 pesos per kilogram[69] – which is interpreted opponents to price controls as clear evidence that price controls and the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact were unnecessary. Additionally, PROFECO, a consumer protection government organization, has also threatened with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices.
Guillermo Ortiz, governor of the Bank of Mexico, labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers and urged for it to continue as means to combat rising inflation.[70]
Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched the First Employment Program, which aims to create new opportunities for people entering the job market. The program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders, including young people graduating from higher education and millions of women who have never worked.[71]
The program has been interpreted as an effort to stop immigration into the United States.[72] Immigration to the United States has been reduced, but many complex factors are involved including the US slowdown since 2008.
Reactions to this program have been mixed. The president of the Mexican Association of Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a positive effect and even showed Nextel's subsidiary in Mexico as an example for hiring 14% of its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment".[73] Secretary of Labor Javier Lozano Alarcón has admitted that the program by itself will be insufficient to create as many new jobs as needed and has called for deeper reforms to allow for further investment.[74]
President Calderón announced, on his first day as president, a presidential decree limiting the president's salary and that of cabinet ministers. The measure excludes much of the bureaucracy and public servants in the legislative or judicial branches. According to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Reforma, the decree will affect 546 high-level government officials and save the government about US$13 million.[75] The opposition has stated that the 10% reduction in salary as not being comprehensive enough.[76][77]
Like his opponent in the 2006 election, Calderón also proposed laws that, if passed, would lower salaries for public servants in all three branches of government and impose a cap on compensation.[78] The proposal also includes measures to make the remuneration of public servants more transparent and subject to fiscalization.[79]
Despite imposing a cap on salaries of high-ranking public servants, Calderón ordered a raise on the salaries of the Federal Police and the Mexican armed forces on his first day as president.
Calderón's government also ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006 in response to an increasingly deadly spate of violence in his home state of Michoacán. The decision to intensify drug enforcement operations has led to an ongoing conflict between the federal government and the Mexican drug cartels.
On January 19, 2007, Mexico captured the leader of one of its seven major drug cartels, the Diaz Parada gang, five weeks into an army crackdown on narco gangs. Mexican soldiers and federal police jointly arrested Pedro Diaz Parada, whose cartel has operated across southern Mexico, on Tuesday in the southern city of Oaxaca, a spokeswoman for the attorney general's office said.[80]
The next day, in a controversial move, the government announced the extradition to the United States of several drug gang leaders.[81]
The Mexican government has also ordered Mexican soldiers and Federal Police into several cities, most notably, Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez. In Tijuana and also Ciudad Juárez, the army ordered that all local police officers surrender their weapons, as it is suspected that many officers have ties with drug cartels. Other states where actions have been taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco, and Guerrero.
In a January 2007 interview with the Financial Times, Calderón said, "We have received very encouraging results. In the state of Michoacán, for example, the murder rate has fallen almost 40 percent compared with the average over the last six months. People's support in the regions where we are operating has grown, and that has been very important. Opinion polls have confirmed that, and I think we have made it clear to everyone that this issue is a priority for us".[82]
On April 9, 2007, the Secretariat of Defense announced in a report the results of the first four months of Calderón's presidency. These results include the capture of 1,102 drug dealers, the seizure of about $500 million pesos, 556 kilograms of marijuana, 1,419 military grade weapons, two airplanes, 630 automobiles, and 15 sea ships that transported drugs, and the destruction of 285 clandestine runways, 777 drug camps, 52,842 marijuana farms and 33,019 opium poppy farms. The report claims that these results stopped the distribution of 1,428,124 doses of marijuana, 17,728,000 doses of cocaine, 193,922,000 doses of heroin, and 6,996,000 toxic pills, stopping the intoxication of 647,771,000 people, a lot of them with irreversible damage to their health.[83]
On December 16, 2009, the Mexican Navy killed Arturo Beltran-Leyva, a once important drug trafficker.[84]
The government is relatively successful in detaining drug lords; however, drug-related violence remains high in contested area along the US border such as Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, and Matamoros. Some analysts, like US Ambassador in Mexico Carlos Pascual argue that this rise in violence may be a direct result of Felipe Calderón's military measures.[85] Although homicide rates in Mexico from 2000–2007 showed a general decline,[86] now Mexico is considered to be among the top ten countries with the highest homicide rates.[87] Since Calderón launched his military strategy against organized crime in 2006, there has been an alarming increase in violent deaths related to organized crime, "more than 15,000 people have died in suspected drug attacks since it was launched at the end of 2006."[85] More than 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008,[88] followed by 9600 murders in 2009, 2010 was the most violent year so far, with over 15,000 homicides across the country and the estimate for 2011 stands at a similar figure.[89]
Speaking during
Latin America Broadens Its Horizons, a session at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the
World Economic Forum.
According to a poll by Grupo Reforma taken from February 16 to February 18, 2007, Calderón's approval rating was 58%. In this poll, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón and his actions a score of 6.6 out of 10. He is best rated in his actions on issues related to health and reducing drug trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), and worst rated on domestic and foreign policy (33% approval each).[90]
A poll by Ipsos-Bimsa shows a change in Calderon's approval rating at 57% in November 2007.[91]
In June 2008, Calderon's approval rating jumped to 64% before slipping to 62% in September.[92]
According to a March 2010 poll by GEA-ISA. 45% of respondents approved of their president's performance, down seven points since November 2009 polling at 52%.
Polling firm Buendia & Laredo released a survey showing President Calderón's approval rating at 54% on May 9, 2011.[93]
On February 27, 2012 a poll by El Universal showed a 58% approval rating with only 11% disapproval, a decrease in concern for security from 48% to 33% polled listing security as the top concern facing the government, 42% say things have improved in Mexico since Felipe Calderon's administration, 21% said things have stayed the same, while 34% said things have gotten worse.[94][95]
Grupo Reforma's poll published between 22 March and 26 March 2012 noted that Calderón had an approval rate of 66% among 1,515 people.[96]
By Mexican Law, any title of nobility in Mexico is legally banned. However, Calderón has accepted them as a courtesy to the foreign governments.
Order of the Quetzal, Collar, awarded by the President of Guatemala Álvaro Colom on his state visit to Mexico, July 27, 2011.
Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross, awarded by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on Felipe Calderón state visit to the United Kingdom, March 30, 2009.
Order of Isabel the Catholic, Grand Cross with Collar, awarded by King Juan Carlos I of Spain on Felipe Calderón state visit to Spain, June 11, 2008.
National Order of Doctor José Matías Delgado, Grand Cross, awarded by the Government of El Salvador, March 4, 2008
Order of the Elephant, Knight, awarded by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark on her state visit to Mexico, February 18, 2008.
National Order of the Southern Cross, Grand Collar, awarded by the Government of Brazil, August 7, 2007.
Order of the Merit of Chile, Collar, awarded by the President of Chile Michelle Bachelet on her state visit to Mexico.
Order of Belize, awarded by then-Prime Minister of Belize Said Musa on Felipe Calderón state visit to Belize.- WEF Global Leadership Statesmanship Award, World Economic Forum, January 2012
- People Who Mattered, by Time Magazine, 2010.
- "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010" by British Magazine New Statesman, September, 2010
- Bravo Business Awards Leader of the Year, Latin Trade, October 2009.
- Leader of the Year, Latin Business Chronicle, December 17, 2007.
- ^ "Felipe Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9437374. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ a b "Catholic family meeting circles wagons around traditional family". January 14, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hIo1U4cYgRu7TzDwSqDmWKR6_2yQ. Retrieved 2009-06-23. "Mexican President Felipe Calderón, a self-described devout Catholic conscious of the fact that five million women head single-parent households in Mexico, said a compromise was needed."
- ^ [url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/felipe-calderon/ Drug War Strategy Will Continue | Los Angeles Times | June 23, 2011]
- ^ "Emerging Leaders: Felipe Calderón Hinojosa | Thomas White International". Thomaswhite.com. 2011-09-27. http://www.thomaswhite.com/explore-the-world/emerging-leaders/felipe-calderon.aspx.
- ^ Doug Gavel (July 7, 2006). "Alum is Apparent Winner of Presidential Election in Mexico". Harvard KSG. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/alum-is-apparent-winner-of-presidential-election-in-mexico. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ Castillo, Eduardo (May 22, 2007). "Clerics Unite Against Abortion Bill". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/22/AR2007032200008.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ""Current Mexican law permits abortions only if the pregnancy endangers a woman's life or if the woman has been raped [...] 'I have a plain respect for dignity and human life and, within this, I believe the existing legislation is adequate'."
- ^ Malkin, Elisabeth; Lacey, Marc (October 2, 2008). "Mexican President Proposes Decriminalizing Some Drugs". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/03/world/americas/03mexico.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07. "President Felipe Calderón, who has made fighting drug traffickers the centerpiece of his administration, proposed legislation on Thursday that would decriminalize the possession of small quantities of cocaine and other drugs for addicts who agreed to undergo treatment."
- ^ "Mexican senate passes right-to-die bill". AP/Sydney Morning Herald. November 26, 2008. http://news.smh.com.au/world/mexican-senate-passes-righttodie-bill-20081126-6iij.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ Roberto Garduño (October 1, 2006). ""Regresiva e ilegal", propuesta fiscal de Calderón" (in Spanish). La Jornada. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/10/01/008n2pol.php. Retrieved 2008-09-06. [dead link]
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Jorge Octavio Ochoa (February 9, 2006). "Centran candidatos ofertas en educación y empleo" (in Spanish). El Universal. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/329902.html. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
- ^ Katia D'Artigues (July 25, 2003). "Dice Felipe que siempre no" (in Spanish). El Universal. http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/version_imprimir.html?id_nota=32279&tabla=columnas. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ a b Erasmo Fernández de Mendoza (2007) (in Spanish). Conjuras sexenales. Ediciones B – México. ISBN 970-710-304-3 9789707103047. OCLC 191761164. http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=W8MZBQqcOcwC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=Banobras+pr%C3%A9stamo+Calder%C3%B3n&source=bl&ots=gcyNWbZiQX&sig=cLNDvTrajxagUeu7m1QF87M2W2Q&hl=es&ei=gJ8eSsCvN47aMezOsfUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ Reyes, Mariusa (July 2, 2006). "La jornada del "candidato anticipado"" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_5139000/5139196.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ "Preliminary Results". IFE. July 3, 2006. http://prep2006.ife.org.mx/PREP2006/prep2006.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Jorge Herrera, Arturo Zárate (August 5, 2006). "Precisan recuento: 9.07% de las casillas en 149 distritos" (in Spanish). El Universal. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/366854.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ Fernando Ortega Pizarro (October 18, 2006). "Dos árbitros electorales cambiaron su voto" (in Spanish). El Universal. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144340.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ "Felipe Calderon Declared President-Elect of Mexico". Fox News. September 5, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,212140,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Schwarzenegger In Mexico For Chaotic Calderon Inauguration". KCRA.com. December 1, 2006. http://www.kcra.com/politics/10442963/detail.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ "Calderon becomes president amid heckling from opposition". Monsters and Critics. December 1, 2006. http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southamerica/article_1228449.php/Calderon_becomes_president_amid_heckling_from_opposition. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ James C. McKinley Jr. (December 1, 2006). "Calderón takes oath as Mexico's president". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/01/news/mexico.php. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ James Hider (December 1, 2006). "Mexican Inauguration Erupts into Fistfight". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2482555,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ Rosa Elvira Vargas (December 1, 2006). "En Acto Castrense, Calderón asume el Poder Ejecutivo" (in Spanish). La Jornada. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/12/01/index.php?section=politica&article=003n1pol. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ "Mexican Rivals Have Different World Views". Fox News. June 26, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,201026,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ Mexican summit set to relaunch Puebla-Panama Plan
- ^ Mexico’s Calderon gives life to Puebla-Panama Plan
- ^ Se comprometen países del PPP a enfrentar juntos el crimen organizado by Milenio Diario
- ^ Plan Puebla-Panama by Jorge G. Castañeda as published in El Norte.
- ^ El gran reto para la región es cimentar las prácticas democráticas, dice Calderón by Milenio Diario
- ^ Climate Accord | Brookings | December 14, 2010
- ^ Climate change treaty | ABC | December 15, 2010
- ^ What to Watch in 2012 A Leading Multilateral Role | LatIntelligence
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/mexico704/history/timeline.html
- ^ http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_072061210.html
- ^ Patrick Harrington (January 23, 2007). "Calderon Proposes Cap on Mexican Government Salaries". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=acaQHjtF96DQ. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ "LA INAUGURACIÓN DEL EDIFICIO DE LA UNIDAD DE DOCENCIA 2 DE LA UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS". Presidencia de la Republica. http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/2011/07/el-presidente-calderon-durante-la-inauguracion-del-edificio-de-la-unidad-de-docencia-2-de-la-universidad-politecnica-del-estado-de-morelos/. Retrieved 05 de julio del 2011.
- ^ "Mensaje con motivo del Quinto Informe de Gobierno". Gobierno Federal. http://www.youtube.com/user/gobiernofederal. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
- ^ "Hay cobertura universal en educación primaria: FCH". La Silla Rota. http://www.lasillarota.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=19821:alcanzamos-cobertura-universal-en-educaci%C3%B3n-primaria-fch&Itemid=59. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
- ^ "Calderón anuncia una "procuraduría social" para víctimas de violencia". La Prensa. http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/09/02/poderes/71987. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
- ^ "Mas de mil hospitales nuevos en el pais: Calderon". Argonmexico.com. 29 de junio de 2011. http://www.argonmexico.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9786:mas-de-mil-hospitales-nuevos-en-el-pais-felipe-calderon&catid=94:bajio&Itemid=348.
- ^ "Destaca Calderón logros en materia de salud". Novedades Acapulco. 28 de Junio del 2011, 15:50 horas. http://www.novedadesacapulco.mx/pais/destaca-calderon-logros-en-materia-de-salud.
- ^ "La salud no sólo es para ricos: Calderón". Milenio Noticias. http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8983816.
- ^ "Afirma Calderón que construyó más carreteras que Salinas y Zedillo". Excelsior. August 5, 2011. http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&id_nota=758820.
- ^ "President to send more troops to northeastern Mexico". CNN. February 19, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-19/world/mexico.border.troops_1_drug-gangs-mexican-border-city-drug-trade?_s=PM:WORLD.
- ^ Mexico to have universal healthcare | Lexis-Nexis Global Insight | November 8, 2011
- ^ Swine flue outbreak declared public health emergency | Los Angeles Times | April 26, 2009
- ^ Landmark Study Reveals | Science Daily | May 12, 2009
- ^ Mexico Reduces Annual Deforestation 34% | Yahoo News AP | Sep 7, 2011
- ^ Mexico wins $2.5 billion investment in new wind farms | Reuters | Jul , 2011
- ^ | Presidencia.gob.mx | October 13, 2011
- ^ GDP Growth | World Bank
- ^ Mexico's Economy | About.com
- ^ Baluarte Bridge in Mexico is world's highest cable-stayed bridge
- ^ Mexico Sets Auto Production Record in 2011 | Latin American Herald Tribune
- ^ Heineken in Deal to Buy a Big Mexican Brewer | New York Times | January 11, 2010
- ^ The Pacific Players Go To Market | Economist | April 7, 2011
- ^ Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico confirm economic alliance | LDFN | December 6, 2011
- ^ La tortilla: golpe a los pobres en México
- ^ Calderon signs accord to contain tortilla prices "The accord limits tortilla prices to 8.50 pesos ($0.78) per kilogram and threatens prison sentences of up to 10 years for companies found hoarding corn."
- ^ Impugnan diputados política económica y social de Calderón
- ^ El Porvenir | Local | Protesta ONG por alzas
- ^ Reprueba Martí Batres ''incremento disfrazado'' al precio de la tortilla – La Jornada
- ^ mercados,finanzas,economia,fondos y cotizaciones – Invertia
- ^ PROFECO, "Quien es quien en los precios / Tortilla" Soriana $5.10 (pesos per kilogram of Tortilla), Comercial Mexicana $5.80 (pesos per kilogram of tortilla), Chedraui $5.90 (pesos per kilogram of tortilla).
- ^ Mexico central bank urges renewal of tortilla pact, on Yahoo! News
- ^ President kicks off job initiative "The National First Job Program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders" ... "Calderón said that in addition to young people, the program is aimed at helping millions of women who have never worked."
- ^ Mexico starts effort to slow immigration
- ^ Prevén impacto positivo con Programa del Primer Empleo, El Universal, "El Programa del Primer Empleo tendrá un impacto positivo en la generación de nuevas plazas laborales porque es un incentivo para las empresas, aseguró el presidente de la Asociación Mexicana de Dirección de Recursos Humanos (Amedirh), Luis García.", and, "Ejemplificó que Nextel contrató casi mil 300 personas durante 2006, de las cuales alrededor de 14 por ciento fue de nuevo ingreso y "tenemos pensado un crecimiento similar para este año pero con este beneficio", se podría incluso duplicar el número de personas en su primer empleo."
- ^ Insuficiente, el programa del primer empleo, reconoce titular del Trabajo La Jornada, "El titular de la Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social (STPS), Javier Lozano, admitió que el programa del primer empleo es insuficiente para satisfacer la demanda laboral del país", and "el funcionario agregó que lo que se requiere es elevar los niveles de competitividad del país y atraer más inversiones..., por lo que hizo un llamado a todos los actores para ir a favor de las modificaciones a la ley laboral vigente que no sufre cambios desde 1980."
- ^ mercados,finanzas,economia,fondos y cotizaciones – Invertia
- ^ El proyecto, copia descafeinada de las propuestas de AMLO: priístas – La Jornada
- ^ Tendencioso Decreto de Calderón para reducir salarios | REVISTA FORTUNA Negocios y Finanzas | Diciembre | 2006 |
- ^ Calderon Proposes Cap on Mexican Government Salaries "Mexican President Felipe Calderon asked Congress to cap salaries for government officials after issuing an executive order cutting his own pay."
- ^ Initiative to Reform Articles 73 and 127 of the Constitution of Mexico (In Spanish)
- ^ "Mexico captures Diaz Parada drug cartel leader". Reuters. January 18, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1737467020070118.
- ^ Mexico vows to keep fighting drug trade "A day after Mexico extradited four top drug kingpins to the U.S., Mexico's top security officials denied that the extraditions were a result of U.S. pressure"
- ^ Financial Times Interview transcript: Felipe Calderón
- ^ Sedena: cayeron mil 102 narcos en cuatro meses Milenio Diario, April 9, 2007.
- ^ [7]Christian Science Monitor
- ^ a b AFP: US ambassador warns of more Mexico violence: reports
- ^ List of countries by intentional homicide rate Wikipedia
- ^ "MĂŠxico, entre paĂses con mĂĄs homicidios" – El Universal – MĂŠxico
- ^ Más de 5.000 asesinatos en México en lo que va de año
- ^ Charles Bowden on "Murder City: Ciudad Juárez and the Global Economy’s New Killing Fields"
- ^ (Spanish) Primera Evaluación al Presidente Felipe Calderón (requires subscription), by Grupo Reforma
- ^ [8], Apoyo a Calderón.
- ^ "Calderon's approval rating". Reuters. September 1, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0129989520080901.
- ^ [9]
- ^ Mantiene el presidente aceptacion | El Universal Red Politica | February 27, 2012
- ^ Felipe Calderon retains his popularity | McClatchyDC Mexico Unmasked | February 27, 2012
- ^ (Spanish) "Encuesta de Reforma revela aumento en aprobación de Calderón". ADN Politico. 2 April 2012. http://www.adnpolitico.com/encuestas/2012/04/02/encuesta-de-reforma-revela-aumento-en-aprobacion-de-calderon. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
| Persondata |
| Name |
Calderon, Felipe |
| Alternative names |
Calderón Hinojosa, Felipe de Jesús (Spanish) |
| Short description |
President of Mexico (2006 – Incumbent) |
| Date of birth |
1962-08-18 |
| Place of birth |
Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico |
| Date of death |
|
| Place of death |
|
