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2009
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Aage Bohr
Aage Niels Bohr (; 19 June 1922 – 8 September 2009) was a Danish nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate, and the son of the famous physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr.
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Abdellatif Filali
Dr. Abdellatif Filali () (January 26, 1928 – March 20, 2009) was a Moroccan politician and diplomat under King Hassan II.
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Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
Sayyed Abdul Aziz al-Hakim () (1950 - August 26, 2009 in Tehran, Iran) was an Iraqi theologian and politician and the leader of Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, a party that enjoys approximately 5% support in the Iraqi Council of Representatives.
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Abdurrahman Wahid
Abdurrahman Wahid, born Abdurrahman Addakhil (7 September 1940 – 30 December 2009), colloquially known as , was an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. The long-time president of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB), Wahid was the first elected president of Indonesia after the resignation of Suharto in 1998.
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Abhisit Vejjajiva
Abhisit Vejjajiva (; ([http://www.forvo.com/word/Abhisit_Vejjajiva/#th Thai pronunciation]), , , born 3 August 1964) is the leader of the Democrat Party and 27th and current Prime Minister of Thailand.
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Achille Compagnoni
Achille Compagnoni (26 September 1914 – 13 May 2009) was an Italian mountaineer. Together with Lino Lacedelli, on 31 July 1954 he was the first man to reach the summit of K2.
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Alberto Fujimori
'''Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori Fujimori''' (; Japanese name: ) (born 28 July 1938) served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of authoritarianism and human rights violations. Even amidst his 2008 prosecution for "crimes against humanity" relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.
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Alexis Argüello
Alexis Argüello (April 19, 1952 – July 1, 2009), also known by the stage name El Flaco Explosivo (lit. "The Explosive Thin Man"), was a Nicaraguan professional boxer and politician. As a boxer he was a three-time world champion. His trainer was Lupe Sanchez. After his retirement from boxing, Argüello became active in Nicaraguan politics and in November 2008 he was elected mayor of Managua, the nation's capital city. He allegedly committed suicide on July 1, 2009.
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Alfred Hrdlicka
Alfred Hrdlicka (; 27 February 1928 in Vienna – 5 December 2009) was an Austrian sculptor, draughtsman, painter and artist. His surname is sometimes written Hrdlička.
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Alicia de Larrocha
Alicia de Larrocha y de la Calle (23 May 1923 – 25 September 2009) was a Spanish pianist from Catalonia. Reuters referred to her as "the greatest Spanish pianist in history" and Time called her "one of the world's most outstanding pianists". The Guardian called her "the leading Spanish pianist of her time".
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All Saints' Day
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Allen Klein
Allen Klein (December 18, 1931 – July 4, 2009) was an American businessman, talent agent and record label executive. His clients included The Beatles and The Rolling Stones.
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Andrew Wyeth
Andrew Newell Wyeth (surname ; July 12, 1917 – January 16, 2009) was a visual artist, primarily a realist painter, working predominantly in a regionalist style. He was one of the best-known U.S. artists of the middle 20th century, and was sometimes referred to as the "Painter of the People," due to his work's popularity with the American public.
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Antonio de Nigris
Antonio de Nigris Guajardo (April 1, 1978 – November 16, 2009) was a Mexican footballer, who played as a striker.
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Augusto Boal
Augusto Boal (16 March 1931 - 2 May 2009) was a Brazilian theatre director, writer and politician. He was the founder of Theatre of the Oppressed, a theatrical form originally used in radical popular education movements. Boal served one term as a vereador (the Brazilian equivalent of a city counselor) in Rio de Janeiro from 1993 to 1997, where he developed legislative theatre.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Beatrice Arthur
Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (May 13, 1922 – April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedienne and singer whose career spanned seven decades. Arthur achieved fame as the character Maude Findlay on the 1970s sitcoms All in the Family and Maude, and as Dorothy Zbornak on the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls, winning Emmy Awards for both roles. A stage actress both before and after her television success, she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance as Vera Charles in the original cast of Mame (1966).
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Bobby Robson
Sir Robert William "Bobby" Robson, CBE (18 February 1933 – 31 July 2009) was an English footballer and manager, who coached seven European clubs and the England national team during his career.
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Budd Schulberg
Budd Schulberg (March 27, 1914 – August 5, 2009) was an American screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer. He was known for his 1941 novel, What Makes Sammy Run?, his 1947 novel The Harder They Fall, his 1954 Academy-award-winning screenplay for On the Waterfront, and his 1957 screenplay for A Face in the Crowd.
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Carol W. Greider
Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider (born April 15, 1961) is currently a molecular biologist at the Johns Hopkins University. She discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, when she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak of Boston, Massachusetts, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.
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Charles K. Kao
Sir Charles Kuen Kao, GBM, KBE, FRS, FREng (; born November 4, 1933) is a pioneer in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao, widely regarded as the "Godfather of Broadband", "Father of Fiber Optics" or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications", was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".
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Chuck Daly
Charles Jerome "Chuck" Daly (July 20, 1930 – May 9, 2009) was an American basketball head coach. He led the Detroit Pistons to consecutive National Basketball Association (NBA) Championships in 1989 and 1990, and the Dream Team to the men's basketball gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He had a 14-year NBA coaching career.
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Claude Berri
Claude Berri (1 July 1934 – 12 January 2009), born Claude Berel Langmann, was one of the great all-rounders of French cinema: an actor, writer, producer, director and distributor. "Out of my failure as an actor was born my desire to direct. Then my relative failure as a director forced me to become a producer. In order to get my films shown, I became a distributor. One had to eat, that's all!"
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Claude Lévi-Strauss
Claude Lévi-Strauss (; (28 November 1908 – 30 October 2009) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist, and has been called the "father of modern anthropology".
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Clive Granger
Sir Clive William John Granger (September 4, 1934 – May 27, 2009) was a British economist, and Professor Emeritus at the University of California, San Diego. In 2003, Granger was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In bestowing this honor, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences committee recognized that Granger (and co-winner, long-time UC San Diego colleague, Robert F. Engle) had made fundamental discoveries in the analysis of time series data and that this work was widely known fundamentally to have changed the way economists analyze financial and macroeconomic data.
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Corazon Aquino
Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was the 11th President of the Philippines and the first woman to hold that office. Aquino was also the first popularly and democratically-elected female president and head of state in Asia. She is best remembered for leading the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled the authoritarian regime of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. "Tita (Auntie) Cory", as she was affectionately known, is revered by many Filipinos as an icon of democracy and was hailed by TIME Magazine in 1986 as its 'Woman of the Year.''
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Daniel Jarque
Daniel Jarque González (January 1, 1983 – August 8, 2009) was a Spanish footballer, who played as a central defender.
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Daniel Pearl
Daniel Pearl (October 10, 1964 – February 1, 2002) was an American journalist who was kidnapped and killed by terrorists.
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David Eddings
David Eddings (July 7, 1931 – June 2, 2009) was an American author who wrote several best-selling series of epic fantasy novels.
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Dom DeLuise
Dominick "Dom" DeLuise (August 1, 1933 – May 4, 2009) was an American actor, comedian, film director, television producer, chef, and author. He was the husband of actress Carol Arthur from 1965 until his death, and the father of actor, writer, director Peter DeLuise, actor David DeLuise, and actor Michael DeLuise. He had starred in various Universal Animated Studios films, such as All Dogs Go to Heaven and An American Tail.
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Eddie Fatu
Edward Smith "Eki" Fatu (March 28, 1973 – December 4, 2009) was a Samoan-American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Umaga. He was best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment, where he was a two-time Intercontinental Champion.
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Edwin G. Krebs
Edwin Gerhard Krebs (June 6, 1918 – December 21, 2009) was an American biochemist. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1989 together with Alfred Gilman winner of Nobel Prize in medicine in 1994 and, together with his collaborator Edmond H. Fischer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes. Edwin Krebs is not to be confused with Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981), who was also a Nobel Prize winning biochemist and who discovered the citric acid cycle, which is also known as the Krebs cycle.
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Ekaterina Maximova
Ekaterina Sergeevna Maximova (; 1 February 1939 – 28 April 2009) was a Soviet and Russian ballerina of international renown.
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Elinor Ostrom
Elinor Ostrom (née Awan, born August 7, 1933) is an American political scientist. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, which she shared with Oliver E. Williamson, for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons". She is the first woman to win the prize in this category. Ostrom lives in Bloomington, Ind., and is on the faculty of both Indiana University and Arizona State University. She holds a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and is the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University in Bloomington, as well as Research Professor and the Founding Director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University in Tempe.
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Elizabeth Blackburn
Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, AC, FRS (born 26 November 1948 in Hobart, Tasmania) is an Australian-born American biological researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who studies the telomere, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosome. Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere. For this work, she was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, sharing it with Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak. She also worked in medical ethics, and was controversially dismissed from the President's Council on Bioethics.
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Eluana Englaro
Eluana Englaro (November 25, 1970 – February 9, 2009) was an Italian woman from Lecco, who entered a persistent vegetative state on January 18, 1992, following a car accident, and subsequently became the focus of a court battle between supporters and opponents of euthanasia. Shortly after Englaro had been fed with a probe, her father requested to have her feeding tube removed and to allow her to die "naturally". The authorities initially refused his request, but this decision was later reversed after seventeen years.
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Ephraim Katzir
Ephraim Katzir () (May 16, 1916 – May 30, 2009) was an Israeli biophysicist and former Israeli Labor Party politician. He was the fourth President of Israel from 1973 until 1978.
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Ertuğrul Osman
Ertuğrul Osman (), also known as Osman Ertuğrul Osmanoğlu with a surname as required by the Turkish Republic (18 August 1912 – 23 September 2009), was an Imperial Prince of the Ottoman Empire and the 43rd Head of the Imperial House of Osman from 1994 until his death. Had the Ottoman Empire not been dissolved and succeeded by the Republic of Turkey, he would have become His Imperial Majesty The Emperor Osman V ,Emperor of the Ottomans, Caliph of Islam and the Shadow of God on earth. He was also known as Sultan Ertugrul II in reference to Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I.
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Farrah Fawcett
Farrah Fawcett (February 2, 1947 – June 25, 2009) was an American actress and artist. A multiple Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominee, Fawcett rose to international fame when she first appeared as private investigator Jill Munroe in the first season of the TV series ''Charlie's Angels, in 1976. Fawcett later appeared off-Broadway to critical approval and in highly rated and critically acclaimed television movies, in roles often challenging (The Burning Bed, Nazi Hunter: The Beate Klarsfeld Story, , Margaret Bourke-White) and sometimes unsympathetic (Small Sacrifices). Fawcett was a sex symbol whose iconic poster, released the same year Charlie's Angels'' premiered, broke sales records, making her an international pop culture icon. Her hair style was emulated by millions of young women in the 1970s and early 1980s.
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Frank Bainimarama
Commodore Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama, CF, MSD, OStJ, Fijian Navy, known commonly as Frank Bainimarama and sometimes by the chiefly title RatuHerald on Sunday, Phil Taylor, Peaceful island village belies turmoil of national politics, 2006-12-10, page 20 (interview with Bainimarama's brother). (born 27 April 1954), is a Fijian naval officer and politician. He is the Commander of the Fijian Military Forces and, as of 5 January 2007, Interim Prime Minister. While serving as Prime Minister, he has also temporarily held various ministerial portfolios: Information, Home Affairs, Immigration, Public Service, Indigenous and Multi-Ethnic Affairs, Finance, and Foreign Affairs.
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Frank McCourt
Francis "Frank" McCourt (August 19, 1930 – July 19, 2009) was an Irish-American teacher and Pulitzer Prize-winning author, best known as the author of Angela’s Ashes.
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Félix Malloum
General Félix Malloum or Félix Malloum Ngakoutou Bey-Ndi (September 10, 1932 – June 12, 2009) was a Chadian politician from the south. He served as an officer in the Chadian Military and as a member of the ruling Chadian Progressive Party (PPT). He later became the Chief of Staff with the rank of colonel. He was imprisoned by President François Tombalbaye, but was released after a successful coup-d'etat on April 13, 1975. He served as both President and Prime Minister of Chad until August 29, 1978, when Hissène Habré was appointed Prime Minister to integrate armed northern rebels into the government. However, he was unsuccessful and resigned from the presidency on March 23, 1979.
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Gaafar Nimeiry
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or '''Ga'far Muhammad an-Numayri'''; 1 January 1930 – 30 May 2009) () was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. He was born in Wad Nubawi Omdurman in central Sudan, and was the son of a postman and the great grandson of a local tribal leader from the Wad Nimeiry region in Dongola, ash-Shamaliyah the Northern State.
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Geir Haarde
Geir Hilmar Haarde (pronounced ; born 8 April 1951) was Prime Minister of Iceland from 15 June 2006 to 1 February 2009 and Chairman of the Icelandic Independence Party from 2005 to 2009. Geir initially led a coalition between his party and the Progressive Party. After the 2007 parliamentary election, in which the Independence Party increased its share of the vote, Geir renewed his term as Prime Minister, leading a coalition between his party and the Alliance. That coalition resigned in January 2009 after widespread protests following an economic collapse in October 2008. In September 2010, Geir became the first Icelandic minister to be indicted for misconduct in office, and will stand trial before the Landsdómur, a special court for such cases.
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Gene Barry
Gene Barry (June 14, 1919 – December 9, 2009) was an American stage, screen, and television actor.
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George E. Smith
George Elwood Smith (born May 10, 1930) is an American scientist, applied physicist, and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device. He was awarded a one-quarter share in the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor".
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Günther Rall
Lieutenant-General Günther Rall (10 March 1918 – 4 October 2009) was the third most successful fighter ace in history. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. He achieved a total of 275 victories during World War II: 272 on the Eastern Front, of which 241 were against Soviet fighters. He flew a total of 621 combat missions, was shot down 8 times and was wounded 3 times. He fought in the invasion of France, the Battle of Britain, in the Balkan Campaign and over Crete. He began the conflict as a young Second Lieutenant, and was a Major and Kommodore of JG 300 at the surrender.
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Henry Gibson
Henry Gibson (September 21, 1935 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor and songwriter, best known as a cast member of ''Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In and for his recurring role as Judge Clark Brown on Boston Legal''.
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Herman Van Rompuy
Herman Van Rompuy ( ; born 31 October 1947) is the first long term and full time President of the European Council (until the Treaty of Lisbon, the position had rotated among the Prime Ministers of the Member States for six months each, since then in addition they choose a President of their meetings for a 2 1/2 year period, renewable once). A Belgian politician of the Christian Democratic and Flemish party, he served as the 49th Prime Minister of Belgium from 30 December 2008 until his predecessor () succeeded him on 25 November 2009.
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Herta Müller
Herta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a Romanian-born German Nobel Prize-winning novelist, poet and essayist noted for her works depicting the effects of violence, cruelty and terror, usually in the setting of Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceauşescu regime which she experienced herself. Many of her works are told from the viewpoint of the German minority in Romania and are also a depiction of the modern history of the Germans in the Banat, and more broadly, Transylvania. Her much acclaimed 2009 novel Everything I Possess I Carry With Me portrays the deportation of Romania's German minority to Stalinist Soviet Gulags during the Soviet occupation of Romania for use as German forced labor.
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Ingemar Johansson
Jens Ingemar Johansson (September 22, 1932 – January 30, 2009) was a Swedish boxer and former heavyweight champion of the world. Johansson was the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the United States. In 1959 he defeated Floyd Patterson by TKO in the third round, after flooring Patterson seven times in that round, to win the World Heavyweight Championship. As a result, Johansson won the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year and was named the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year and Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsman of the Year".
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Iranian American
Iranian-Americans or Persian-Americans are American citizens of Iranian/Persian heritage.
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Irving Kristol
Irving Kristol (January 22, 1920 – September 18, 2009) was an American columnist, journalist, and writer who was dubbed the "godfather of neoconservatism". As the founder, editor, and contributor to various magazines, he played an influential role in the intellectual and political culture of the last half-century; after his death he was described by The Daily Telegraph as being "perhaps the most consequential public intellectual of the latter half of the 20th century".
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Irving Penn
Irving Penn (June 16, 1917October 7, 2009) was an American photographer known for his portraiture and fashion photography.
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Israel Gelfand
Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, also written '''Israïl Moyseyovich Gel'fand''' (, , (—5 October 2009)) was a Soviet mathematician who made major contributions to many branches of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and linear algebra. The recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the Order of Lenin and the Wolf Prize, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a lifelong academic, serving decades as a professor at Moscow State University and, after immigrating to the United States shortly before his 76th birthday, at the Busch Campus of New Jersey's Rutgers University.
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J. G. Ballard
James Graham Ballard (15 November 1930 – 19 April 2009) was an English novelist, short story writer, and prominent member of the New Wave movement in science fiction. His best-known books are Crash (1973), adapted into a film by David Cronenberg, and the semi-autobiographical Empire of the Sun (1984), made into a film by Steven Spielberg, based on Ballard's boyhood in the International Settlement and internment by the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second World War.
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Jack Cardiff
Jack Cardiff, OBE, BSC
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Jack Kemp
Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a collegiate and professional football player. A Republican, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989–93, having previously served nine terms as a Congressman for Western New York from 1971–89. He was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, where he was the running-mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.
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Jack Kramer
John Albert Kramer (August 1, 1921 - September 12, 2009) was an American tennis player of the 1940s. A World Number 1 player for a number of years, he is a possible candidate for the title of the greatest tennis player of all time. He was considered the father and the leading promoter of the professional tennis tours. He was a relentless advocate for the establishment of Open Tennis between amateur and professional players. Open Tennis lost by five votes in 1960, but became a reality in 1968. In 1972 he helped found the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), and was the first Executive Director, and was unpaid at his request. In that role he was the leader of an ATP boycott of Wimbledon in 1973, for the banning of Nikki Pilic from the tournament. He was the creator of the modern Grand Prix points system. Tall and slim, he was the first world-class player to play "the Big Game", a consistent serve-and-volley game, in which he came to the net behind all of his serves, including the second serve. He was particularly known for his powerful serve and forehand, as well as his ability to play "percentage tennis", which he learned from Cliff Roche at the Los Angeles Tennis Club (LATC). This strategy maximized his efforts on certain points and in certain games during the course of a match to increase his chances of winning. The key was to hold serve at all costs.
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Jack W. Szostak
Jack William Szostak (born November 9, 1952) is an American biologist of Polish British descent and Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and Alexander Rich Distinguished Investigator at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. He was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol W. Greider, for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres.
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Janet Jagan
Janet Rosenberg Jagan (October 20, 1920 – March 28, 2009) was an American-born socialist politician who was President of Guyana from December 19, 1997 to August 11, 1999. She previously served as Prime Minister of Guyana from March 17, 1997 to December 19, 1997.
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Jean Dausset
Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset (October 19, 1916 - June 6, 2009) was a French immunologist born in Toulouse, France. He married Rose Mayoral in 1963, with whom he had two children, Henri and Irène. Dausset received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 along with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell for their discovery and characterisation of the genes making the major histocompatibility complex. Using the money from his Nobel Prize and a grant from the French Television, Dausset founded the Human Polymorphism Study Center (CEPH) in 1984, which was later renamed the Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH in his honour. Jean Dausset died on June 6, 2009 in Majorca, Spain, at the age of 92.
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Jennifer Jones
Phylis Lee Isley (March 2, 1919December 17, 2009) better known as her stage name Jennifer Jones, was an American actress. A five-time Academy Award nominee, Jones won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Song of Bernadette (1943).
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John Updike
John Hoyer Updike (March 18, 1932 – January 27, 2009) was an American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic.
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Josefa Iloilo
Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda, CF, MBE, MSD, KStJ (born December 29, 1920) was the President of Fiji from 2000 until 2009, excluding a brief period from 5 December 2006 to 4 January 2007 (see below). He has the traditional title of Tui Vuda, the paramount chief of the Vuda district in Ba Province on Fiji's northwest coast. Like many Fijian people, he rarely uses his surname and is known simply as Josefa Iloilo. He announced on 28 July 2009 that he would be leaving office on 30 July.
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João Bernardo Vieira
João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira (27 April 1939 – 2 March 2009) was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 1980 to 1999 and again from 2005 to 2009. After seizing power in 1980, Vieira ruled for 19 years, and he won a multiparty presidential election in 1994. He was ousted at the end of the 1998–1999 civil war and went into exile. He made a political comeback in 2005, winning that year's presidential election. Vieira was killed by soldiers on 2 March 2009, apparently in retaliation for a bomb blast that killed Guinea-Bissau's military chief General Batista Tagme Na Waie. The military officially denied these allegations after Army officials claimed responsibility for Vieira's death.
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Juan Almeida Bosque
Juan Almeida Bosque (February 17, 1927 – September 11, 2009) was a Cuban politician and one of the original commanders of the Cuban Revolution. After the Revolution, he was a prominent figure in the Communist Party of Cuba; at the time of his death in 2009, he was a Vice-President of the Cuban Council of State and was its third ranking member. He received several decorations, and both national and international awards, including the title of "Hero of the Republic of Cuba" and the Order of Máximo Gómez.
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Karl Malden
Karl Malden (born Mladen George Sekulovich, Serbian Cyrillic: Младен Ђорђе Секуловић; March 22, 1912 – July 1, 2009) was an American actor. In a career that spanned more than seven decades, he featured in classic Marlon Brando films such as A Streetcar Named Desire, On the Waterfront and One-Eyed Jacks. Among other notable film roles were Archie Lee Meighan in Baby Doll, Zebulon Prescott in How the West Was Won and General Omar Bradley in Patton. His best-known role was on television as Lt. Mike Stone on the 1970s crime drama, The Streets of San Francisco. During the 1980s, he was spokesman for American Express, reminding cardholders "Don't leave home without it".
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Ken Annakin
Kenneth Cooper Annakin, OBE (10 August 1914 – 22 April 2009) was an English film director.
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Kim Dae-jung
Korean name
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Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il, , Hanja: ; born 16 February 1941) is the de facto leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (most commonly known as North Korea); the official leader of the country is still his long-deceased father Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea. He is the Chairman of the National Defense Commission, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, the ruling party since 1948, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, the fourth largest standing army in the world. In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended and now implicitly refers to him as the "Supreme Leader". He is also referred to as the "Dear Leader", "our Father", "the General" and "Generalissimo". His son Kim Jong-un was promoted to a senior position in the ruling Worker's Party and is heir apparent.
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Kim Peek
Laurence Kim Peek (November 11, 1951 – December 19, 2009) was an American savant. Known as a "megasavant", he had a photographic or eidetic memory, but also social difficulties, possibly resulting from a developmental disability related to congenital brain abnormalities. He was the inspiration for the character of Raymond Babbitt, played by Dustin Hoffman, in the movie Rain Man. Unlike Babbitt, Peek was not autistic, and likely had FG syndrome.
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Koko Taylor
Koko Taylor sometimes spelled KoKo Taylor (September 28, 1928 – June 3, 2009) was an American blues musician, popularly known as the "Queen of the Blues." She was known primarily for her rough, powerful vocals and traditional blues stylings.
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Les Paul
Lester William Polsfuss (June 9, 1915 – August 12, 2009)—known as Les Paul—was an American jazz and country guitarist, songwriter and inventor. He was a pioneer in the development of the solid-body electric guitar which "made the sound of rock and roll possible". He is credited with many recording innovations. Although he was certainly not the first to use the technique, his early experiments with overdubbing (also known as sound on sound), delay effects such as tape delay, phasing effects, and multitrack recording were among the first to attract widespread attention.
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Leszek Kołakowski
Leszek Kołakowski (; October 23, 1927 – July 17, 2009) was a Polish philosopher and historian of ideas. He was best known for his critical analyses of Marxist thought, especially his acclaimed three-volume history, Main Currents of Marxism, which is "considered by some to be one of the most important books on political theory of the 20th century."
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Lino Lacedelli
Lino Lacedelli (4 December 1925 – 20 November 2009) was an Italian mountaineer.
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Luís Cabral
Luís Severino de Almeida Cabral (11 April 1931 – 30 May 2009) was the first President of Guinea-Bissau. He served from 1974 to 1980, when a military ''coup d'état'' led by João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira deposed him. Luís Cabral was a half-brother of Amílcar Cabral, with whom he co-founded the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in 1956.
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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ( Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād , ; born 28 October 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, a coalition of conservative political groups in the country.
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Mamadou Dia
Mamadou Dia (18 July 1910 – 25 January 2009) was a Senegalese politician who served as the first Prime Minister of Senegal from 1957 until 1962, when he was forced to resign and was subsequently imprisoned amidst allegations that he was planning to stage a military coup to overthrow President Léopold Sédar Senghor.
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Manea Mănescu
Manea Mănescu (August 9, 1916 – February 27, 2009) was a former Romanian communist politician who served as Prime Minister for five years (March 29, 1974 - March 29, 1979) during Nicolae Ceauşescu's Communist regime.
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Manuel Zelaya
José Manuel Zelaya Rosales (born 20 September 1952) is a politician who was President of Honduras from January 27 2006 until June 28 2009. The eldest son of a wealthy businessman, he inherited his father's nickname "Mel," and, before entering politics, was involved in his family's logging and timber businesses.
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Marc Ravalomanana
Marc Ravalomanana (born December 12, 1949, in Imerinkasinina) is a Malagasy politician who was the President of Madagascar from 2002 to 2009. A member of the Merina ethnic group, Ravalomanana served as Mayor of Antananarivo before becoming President in 2002. He took office as President amidst a dispute over the results of the December 2001 presidential election in which he successfully pressed his claim to have won a majority in the first round. He was re-elected in December 2006, again with a majority in the first round.
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Marek Edelman
Marek Edelman (, born 1919 in Homel or 1922 in Warsaw – October 2, 2009 in Warsaw) was a Jewish-Polish political and social activist and cardiologist.
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Marilyn Chambers
Marilyn Chambers (April 22, 1952 – April 12, 2009) was an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer, model, actress and vice-presidential candidate. She was best known for her 1972 hardcore film debut Behind the Green Door.
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Mario Benedetti
Mario Benedetti (in full: Mario Orlando Hamlet Hardy Brenno Benedetti Farrugia)
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Maurice Druon
Maurice Druon (April 23, 1918 – April 14, 2009) was a French novelist and a member of the Académie française.
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Maurice Jarre
Maurice-Alexis Jarre (13 September 1924 – 28 March 2009) was a French composer and conductor.
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Meir Amit
Meir Amit (, 17 March 1921 – 17 July 2009) was an Israeli politician and general. He served as Director of the Mossad from 1963 to 1968 before entering politics and holding two ministerial positions.
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Merce Cunningham
Mercier "Merce" Philip Cunningham (April 16, 1919 – July 26, 2009) was an American dancer and choreographer who was at the forefront of the American avant garde for more than 50 years. Throughout much of his life, Cunningham was considered one of the greatest creative forces in American dance. He is also notable for his frequent collaborations with artists of other disciplines, including musicians John Cage and David Tudor, artists Robert Rauschenberg and Bruce Nauman, designer Romeo Gigli, and architect Benedetta Tagliabue. Works that he produced with these artists had a profound impact on avant-garde art beyond the world of dance.
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Mercedes Sosa
Haydée Mercedes Sosa, known as La Negra, (July 9, 1935 – October 4, 2009) was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and internationally. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción. She gave voice to songs written by both Brazilians and Cubans. She was best known as the "voice of the voiceless ones".
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Michael Jackson
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.
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Milan Milutinović
Milan Milutinović (; born 19 December 1942 in Belgrade) is a former President of Serbia. He served as Director of the National Library of Serbia (1983–1988), Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to Greece, Yugoslavia's Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995–1998), and as President of Serbia from 1997 until 2002.
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Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (, , Mīr-Hoseyn Mūsavī Khāmené; born 2 March 1942) is an Iranian reformist politician, painter and architect who served as the seventy-ninth and last Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989. He was a candidate for the 2009 presidential election. Mousavi served as the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts until 2009 when Conservative authorities removed him.
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Mitsuharu Misawa
was a Japanese professional wrestler. He made his professional debut on August 21, 1981 for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW). From 1984 until 1990, Misawa wrestled as the second generation Tiger Mask, as All Japan Pro Wrestling had purchased the rights of the Tiger Mask gimmick from New Japan Pro Wrestling. Following the death of AJPW head booker Giant Baba in 1999, Misawa inherited the position of AJPW president. After being removed as president by a board of executives, Misawa left AJPW in May 2000 to form Pro Wrestling Noah. In 2006, Misawa founded and served as the chairman of the Global Professional Wrestling Alliance (GPWA).
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Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (; Chinese: 阿沛·阿旺晋美; Pinyin: Āpèi Āwàng Jìnměi; February 1, 1910 – December 23, 2009) was a Tibetan senior official who assumed various military and political responsibilities both before and after 1951. He is often known simply as Ngabo in English sources.
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Noordin Mohammad Top
Noordin Mohammad Top (11 August 1968 – 17 September 2009), of Malaysian citizenship, also referred to as (Noordin) Din Moch Top, Muh Top, or Mat Top, was Indonesia's most wanted Islamist militant.
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Norman Borlaug
Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009) was an American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate who has been called "the father of the Green Revolution". Borlaug was one of only six people to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. He was also a recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor.
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Oliver E. Williamson
Oliver Eaton Williamson (born September 27, 1932) is an American economist specializing in transaction cost economics, a student of Ronald Coase, Herbert Simon and Richard Cyert. Williamson received his B.S. in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1955, M.B.A. from Stanford University in 1960, and his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1963. From 1965 to 1983 he was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and from 1983 to 1988, Gordon B. Tweedy Professor of Economics of Law and Organization at Yale University. He has held professorships in business administration, economics, and law at the University of California, Berkeley since 1988 and is currently the Edgar F. Kaiser Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business. In 2009 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for "his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm", sharing it with Elinor Ostrom.
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Omar Bongo
El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (30 December 1935 – 8 June 2009), born as Albert-Bernard Bongo, was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 42 years from 1967 until his death in office in 2009.
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Patriarch of Moscow
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Patrick McGoohan
Patrick Joseph McGoohan (March 19, 1928 – January 13, 2009) was an American-born actor, raised in Ireland and England, with an extensive stage and film career, most notably in the 1960s television series Danger Man (renamed Secret Agent when exported to the US), and The Prisoner. McGoohan wrote and directed several episodes of The Prisoner himself, occasionally using the pseudonyms Joseph Serf and Paddy Fitz. He subsequently appeared in David Cronenberg's Scanners, and in Mel Gibson's Braveheart as Edward Longshanks.
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Patrick Swayze
Patrick Wayne Swayze (; August 18, 1952 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor, dancer and singer-songwriter. He was best-known for his tough-guy roles, as romantic leading men in the hit films Dirty Dancing and Ghost and as Orry Main in the North and South television miniseries. He was named by People magazine as its "Sexiest Man Alive" in 1991. His film and TV career spanned 30 years.
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Paul Samuelson
Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist, and the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize, that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory." Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics", and The New York Times considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century."
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Pavel Popovich
Pavel Romanovich Popovich (, , Pavlo Romanovych Popovych) (October 5, 1930 – September 29, 2009) was a Soviet cosmonaut of Ukrainian descent, and the first ethnic Ukrainian to fly in space.
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Philip José Farmer
Philip José Farmer (January 26, 1918 – February 25, 2009) was an American author, principally known for his award-winning science fiction and fantasy novels and short stories.
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Pina Bausch
Philippine "Pina" Bausch (27 July 1940 – 30 June 2009) was a German modern dance choreographer and a leading influence in the development of the Tanztheater style of dance.
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Piotr Stańczak
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Qian Xuesen
Qian Xuesen () (11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009) was a scientist who made important contributions to the missile and space programs of both the United States and People's Republic of China. Historical documents in the U. S. commonly refer to him with the earlier family-name first spelling, '''Hsue-Shen Tsien"' or H.S. Tsien.
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R. Venkataraman
Ramaswamy Venkataraman () (4 December 1910 – 27 January 2009) was an Indian lawyer, freedom-fighter and politician who served as a Union minister and as the eighth President of India.
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Rafael Caldera
Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez (24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009) was president of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999.
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Ralf Dahrendorf
Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, Baron Dahrendorf, KBE, FBA (May 1, 1929 – June 17, 2009) was a German-British sociologist, philosopher, political scientist and liberal politician.
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Raúl Alfonsín
Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (March 12, 1927 – March 31, 2009) was an Argentine lawyer, politician and statesman, who served as the President of Argentina from December 10, 1983, to July 8, 1989. Alfonsín was the first democratically-elected president of Argentina following the military government known as the National Reorganization Process. He was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation in 1985, among numerous other such recognitions.
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Ricardo Montalbán
Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, KSG (, ; November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009) was a Mexican radio, television, theatre and film actor. He had a career spanning seven decades (motion pictures from 1943 to 2006) and multiple notable roles. During the mid-1970s, Montalbán was most notable as the spokesman in automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba (in which he famously extolled the "soft Corinthian leather" used for its interior). From 1977 to 1984, he became famous as Mr. Roarke the main star in the television series Fantasy Island. He played Khan Noonien Singh in both the 1967 episode "Space Seed" of the first season of the , and the 1982 film . He won an Emmy Award in 1978, and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1993. Into his 80s, he continued to perform, often providing voices for animated films and commercials, and appearing in several Spy Kids films as "Grandfather Valentin".
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Richard Todd
Richard Todd OBE (11 June 19193 December 2009) was an Irish-born British stage and film actor and soldier.
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Robert Enke
Robert Enke (24 August 1977 – 10 November 2009) was a German football goalkeeper.
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Robert F. Furchgott
Robert Francis Furchgott (June 4, 1916 – May 19, 2009) was a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist.
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Robert McNamara
Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968. Following that he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 until 1981. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.
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Robert Mugabe
Robert Gabriel Mugabe (, ; born 21 February 1924) is the second and current President of Zimbabwe. One of the leaders of the liberation movement against white-minority rule, he was elected into power as the head of government since 1980, as Prime Minister from 1980 to 1987, and as the first executive head of state since 1987.
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Roh Moo-hyun
Roh Moo-hyun () GOM GCB (1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was the 16th President of South Korea (2003–2008). Before entering politics, he was a human rights lawyer.
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Ron Silver
Ronald Arthur "Ron" Silver (July 2, 1946 – March 15, 2009) was an American actor, director, producer, radio host and political activist.
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Said Seyam
Said Seyam (1957 – January 15, 2009 ) (, first name also spelled Saeed and Sayed and last name also spelled Siam) was the Interior Minister of the Palestinian government of March 2006. He joined Hamas, and became one of its top commanders. During the Gaza War, Seyam was killed in an Israeli airstrike in Jabalia.
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Samak Sundaravej
Samak Sundaravej (June 13, 1935 – November 24, 2009) (; RTGS: Samak Sunthorawet) was a Thai politician who briefly served as the Prime Minister of Thailand and Minister of Defense in 2008, as well as the leader of the People's Power Party in 2008.
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Sergey Mikhalkov
Sergey Vladimirovich Mikhalkov () ( − 27 August 2009) was a Soviet and Russian author of children's books and satirical fables who had the opportunity to write the lyrics of his country's national anthem on three different occasions, spanning almost 60 years.
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Shōichi Nakagawa
was a Japanese conservative politician in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), who served as Minister of Finance from September 24, 2008 to February 17, 2009. He previously held the posts of Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in the cabinet of Junichiro Koizumi. He was regarded as one of Japan's most attractive public figures. On October 4, 2009, he was found dead in his Tokyo apartment. The cause of his death is yet to be determined; although no suicide note was found, there was also no indication of foul play.
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Stéphanos II Ghattas
Stéphanos II Ghattas, CM (January 16, 1920 – January 20, 2009) was a cleric of the Coptic Catholic Church. From 1986 to 2006 he was Patriarch of Alexandria. He was born in Cheick Zein-el-Dine, Egypt.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Thomas A. Steitz
Thomas Arthur Steitz (born August 23, 1940) is a Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Steitz was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Ada Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome". Steitz also won the Gairdner International Award in 2007 "for his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome which showed that the peptidyl transferase was an RNA catalyzed reaction, and for revealing the mechanism of inhibition of this function by antibiotics".
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Thomas Lubanga
Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (born 29 December 1960) is a former rebel leader from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) and was a key player in the Ituri conflict. Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations, including ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape, mutilation, and forcibly conscripting child soldiers.
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Toni Sailer
Anton Engelbert "Toni" Sailer (17 November 1935, Kitzbühel - 24 August 2009) was an Austrian alpine ski racer, who is considered to be among the best the sport has ever produced. Up to and including 1956 the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships and the Winter Olympics were held together as one. Therefore during that era the Olympic Champion was also the World Champion; though there were no medals awarded for the "Alpine skiing combined" at the time.
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Vitaly Ginzburg
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (; October 4, 1916 – November 8, 2009) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb. He was the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Academy's physics institute (FIAN), and an outspoken atheist.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
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Vyacheslav Tikhonov
Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Tikhonov (; 8 February 1928 in Pavlovsky Posad – 4 December 2009 in Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian actor whose best known role was as Soviet spy Stirlitz in the television series Seventeen Moments of Spring. He was a recipient of numerous state awards, including the titles of People's Artist of the USSR (1974) and Hero of Socialist Labour (1982).
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Willard Boyle
Willard Sterling Boyle, CC (born August 19, 1924) is a Canadian physicist and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device. On October 6, 2009 it was announced that he would share the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor".
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Willy DeVille
Willy DeVille (August 25, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American singer and songwriter. First with his band Mink DeVille (1974–1986) and later on his own, DeVille in his 35-year career created songs that are wholly original yet rooted in traditional American musical styles. DeVille worked with collaborators from across the spectrum of contemporary music, including Jack Nitzsche, Doc Pomus, Dr. John, Mark Knopfler, Allen Toussaint, and Eddie Bo. The typical DeVille song—if any of his songs can be called "typical"—is filled with romantic conviction and yearning. Latin rhythms, blues riffs, doo-wop, Cajun music, strains of French cabaret, and echoes of early-1960s uptown soul can be heard in DeVille's work.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang (; ; ; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
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Yoshito Usui
, born in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, was a manga artist known for the popular manga Crayon Shin-chan. He and his wife raised two daughters; both had moved out of the house at the time of Usui's death.
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Yukio Endo
was a Japanese artistic gymnast, Olympic champion and world champion.
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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Antananarivo
Antananarivo ( or , French: Tananarive) is the capital and largest city in Madagascar. It is also known by its French colonial shorthand form Tana.
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Asunción
Asunción (full name: La Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción) is the capital and largest city of Paraguay. The Spanish word asunción means assumption in English. It refers to the Assumption of Mary; the full name means The Very Noble and Loyal City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital, largest urban area and primary city of Thailand. Known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (, pronounced ), or กรุงเทพฯ Krung Thep (, meaning "city of angels" for short, it was a small trading post at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom. It came to the forefront of Siam when it was given the status as the capital city in 1768 after the burning of Ayutthaya. However, the current Rattanakosin Kingdom did not begin until 1782 when the capital was moved across the river by Rama I after the death of King Taksin. The Rattanakosin capital is now more formally called "Phra Nakhon" (), pertaining to the ancient boundaries in the metropolis' core and the name Bangkok now incorporates the urban build-up since the 18th century which has its own public administration and governor.
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Bissau
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. The city's borders are conterminous with the Bissau Autonomous Sector. In 2007, the city had an estimated population of 407,424 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Censos. The city which is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, is the country's largest city, major port, administrative and military center.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
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Dubai
Dubai ( ; ) is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located south of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature.
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip ( , ) lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the south, east and north. It is about long, and between 6 and 12 kilometers (4–7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of . The territory takes its name from Gaza, its main city.
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Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
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Guinea
Guinea (, officially the Republic of Guinea ), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbor Guinea-Bissau. Conakry is the capital, the seat of the national government, and the largest city.
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Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (; , ) is located in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west.
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Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
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Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Kingdom of Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (, , (archaic:) , or Danmarks Rige), or Danish Realm, is a constitutional monarchy and a community consisting of Denmark proper in northern Europe and two autonomous countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America, with Denmark as the hegemonial part, where the residual judicial, executive and legislative power rests. The relationship of the member states is referred to as Rigsfællesskabet. According to the Faroese home rule act, the Faroe Islands constitutes a community of people within the kingdom. The Greenlandic self-government act does not contain a similar definition but describes the Greenlandic people as a people as defined in international law with the right to self-determination.
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L'Aquila
'''L'Aquila' (, meaning "The Eagle") is a city and comune'' in central Italy, both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila. , it has a population of 73,150 inhabitants, but has a daily presence in the territory of 100,000 people for study, tertiary activities, jobs and tourism. Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the Aterno river, it is surrounded by the Apennine Mountains, with the Gran Sasso d'Italia to the north-east.
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Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
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Maguindanao
Maguindanao (Filipino:Magindanaw) is a province of the Philippines located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Its capital is Shariff Aguak. It borders Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, and Sultan Kudarat to the south.
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Melbourne, Australia
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Moroni, Comoros
:For other places, people and things with the same name, see Moroni.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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North Hamgyong
North Hamgyŏng (Hamgyŏng-pukto) is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Hamgyŏng Province.
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North Korea
North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Pan Am Flight 103
Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan American World Airways' third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. On Wednesday 21 December 1988, the aircraft flying this route—a Boeing 747-121 named Clipper Maid of the Seas—was destroyed by a bomb, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew members. Eleven people in Lockerbie, in southern Scotland, were killed as large sections of the plane fell in and around the town, bringing total fatalities to 270. As a result, the event has been named by the media as the Lockerbie Bombing.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (), officially the Republic of Paraguay (, ; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái ), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Port of Spain
Port of Spain, also written as Port-of-Spain is the capital of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the country's third-largest municipality, after San Fernando and Chaguanas. The city has a municipal population of 49,031 (2000 census), a metropolitan population of 128,026 (1990 unofficial estimate) and a transient daily population of 250,000. It is located on the Gulf of Paria, on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000.
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Qazvin
Qazvin (, , , also spelled as Qazwin or Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran with an estimated population of 331,409 in 2005. [http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html]
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
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Samoa
Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city Apia and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
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Samoan Islands
The Samoan Islands or Samoa Islands is an archipelago covering in the central South Pacific, forming part of Polynesia and the wider region of Oceania. The population of the Samoa Islands is approximately 250,000, sharing a common language, Samoan, culture, known as ''fa'a Samoa and an indigenous form of governance called fa'amatai''.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
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Siberia
Siberia ( ), is a vast region, constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as the preceding Russian Empire conquered it in the 16th century.
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakia ; Slovak:, long form ) is a state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is a landlocked country bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
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Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vilnius
Vilnius (, see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 (850,324 together with Vilnius County) as of 2010. is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County.
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Ürümqi
Ürümqi or Ürümchi (; ; ), formerly Dihua (, Wade-Giles: Tihwa), is the capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, in the northwest of the country.
http://wn.com/Ürümqi
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DJ Earworm - United State of Pop 2009 (Blame It on the Pop) - Mashup of Top 25 Billboard Hits
download→ djearworm.com A Mashup of the Top 25 Hits of 2009, according to Billboard. facebook.com djearworm.com The Black Eyed Peas - BOOM BOOM POW Lady Gaga - POKER FACE Lady Gaga Featuring Colby O'Donis - JUST DANCE The Black Eyed Peas - I GOTTA FEELING Taylor Swift - LOVE STORY Flo Rida - RIGHT ROUND Jason Mraz - I'M YOURS Beyonce - SINGLE LADIES (PUT A RING ON IT) Kanye West - HEARTLESS The All-American Rejects - GIVES YOU HELL Taylor Swift - YOU BELONG WITH ME TI Featuring Justin Timberlake - DEAD AND GONE The Fray - YOU FOUND ME Kings Of Leon - USE SOMEBODY Keri Hilson Featuring Kanye West & Ne-Yo - KNOCK YOU DOWN Jamie Foxx Featuring T-Pain - BLAME IT Pitbull - I KNOW YOU WANT ME (CALLE OCHO) TI Featuring Rihanna - LIVE YOUR LIFE Soulja Boy Tell 'em Featuring Sammie - KISS ME THRU THE PHONE Jay Sean Featuring Lil Wayne - DOWN Miley Cyrus - THE CLIMB Drake - BEST I EVER HAD Kelly Clarkson - MY LIFE WOULD SUCK WITHOUT YOU Beyonce - HALO Katy Perry - HOT N COLD FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1. Will this be on iTunes? --No, not the iTunes store, but it can be in your iTunes for free. Download it from my website, djearworm.com. You don't need to pay the iTunes store to put free mp3s in your iTunes software, you just download the mp3 and then double-click on it (or drag it into your iTunes if that doesn't work). 2. Why is that artist I hate in your list, and why isn't that artist I love in your list? --This is based on the Top 25 songs of Billboard's 2009 year-end list. I <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/DJ_Earworm__United_State_of_Pop_2009_Blame_It_on_the_Pop__Mashup_of_Top_25_Billboard_Hits
Never a Year Like '09 - JibJab
Octomom. Balloon Boy. Tiger Woods. If there's one thing for sure in this world, it's that as long as people are acting reckless, insane and just plain stupid (ie like people), there will always be plenty of material available for JibJab's annual "Year in Review" videos! Also, check it out and comment at sendables.jibjab.com !
http://wn.com/Never_a_Year_Like_'09__JibJab
EUROVISION 2009 WINNER -NORWAY ALEXANDER RYBAK FAIRYTALE -HQ STEREO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 14 May 2009
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
- Author: EurovisionGR
esc-gr.blogspot.com FOR LYRICS, PICTURES, BIOGRAPHY ------------------- EUROVISION 2009 WINNER -NORWAY -ALEXANDER RYBAK -FAIRYTALE -HQ STEREO PERFORMER: ALEXANDER RYBAK SONG TITLE: FAIRYTALE SONG WRITER(S): ALEXANDER RYBAK SONG COMPOSER(S): ALEXANDER RYBAK ---------- EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009 NORWAY WINNER ALEXANDER RYBAK FAIRYTALE Александр Рыбак FINAL SEMIFINAL ESC HIGH DEFINITION HQ STEREO MOSCOW ΓΙΟΥΡΟΒΙΖΙΟΝ SAKIS ROUVAS HADISE SORAYA ΡΟΥΒΆΣ ЕУРОВИСИОН EUROVISIE EUROVISIONE EUROVIZION EIROVĪZIJA EUROVISIONE EUROVIZYON EUROVÍZIÓS أوروفيزيون
http://wn.com/EUROVISION_2009_WINNER_-NORWAY_ALEXANDER_RYBAK_FAIRYTALE_-HQ_STEREO
Cinema 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Published: 20 Dec 2009
- Updated: 28 Feb 2012
- Author: keesvdijkhuizen
Check description for a list of movies and the music used! // Featured in over 1000 tweets & 17.000 Facebook posts, on more than 120 movie blogs worldwide, viewed by over 60.000 movie-lovers on New Years Eve 2009 and a million in total, Cinema 2009 is the biggest 2009 film retrospective on YouTube! Thanks for making it such a great succes! // Please support creativity and don't steal it. Find out where you can purchase the music used in this video legally and view a list of the films in order of appearance via this link: bit.ly // 1 year, 342 movies, hundreds of hours of hard work, 7 minutes. It was one of the most important years for cinema in recent memory. // More Cinema! Check out previous years and Cinema 2010 : bit.ly // Audio Copyright Notices: 'Malabar Front' by If These Trees Could Talk remains courtesy of If These Trees Could Talk, ® 2006. 'Death' by White Lies remains courtesy of Polydor Ltd. (UK), ® 2008. 'Crying Lightning' by Arctic Monkeys remains courtesy of Domino Records, ® 2009. '1901' by Phoenix remains courtesy of Ghettoblaster under Exclusive Licence to V2 Records, ® 2009. 'Wake Up' by Arcade Fire remains courtesy of Rough Trade, ® 2005. // Edit © Kees van Dijkhuizen, 2009. Copying, selling or unauthorized use of this clip is against the law. // This project was 100% non-profit and not aimed at breaking copyright laws.
http://wn.com/Cinema_2009
Best Techno 2009
ENJOY AND RELAX "NEIMER - TWO HEARTS TOGETHER" CHECK MY CHANNEL FOR MORE MUSIC! COMMENT, RATE AND SUBSCRIBE IF U WANT MORE ;)
http://wn.com/Best_Techno_2009
Foot 2009 (Rémi GAILLARD)
Dangerously funny videos created and produced by Rémi GAILLARD. The show continues on www.nimportequi.com
http://wn.com/Foot_2009_Rémi_GAILLARD
Damien Walters Showreel 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 20 May 2009
- Updated: 01 Mar 2012
- Author: damienwalters
Playing around with some new moves for 2009
http://wn.com/Damien_Walters_Showreel_2009
Improv Everywhere - No Pants Subway Ride 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 14 Jan 2009
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
- Author: ImprovEverywhere
More info: improveverywhere.com Like us on Facebook: facebook.com 1200 New Yorkers ride the subway without pants in a snow storm. Produced and Created by Charlie Todd improveverywhere.com Produced and Edited by Matt Adams www.mattadamsapple.com Music by Tyler Walker tylerwalkermusic.com This is one of over 100 different missions Improv Everywhere has executed over the past seven years in New York City. Others include Frozen Grand Central, the Food Court Musical, and the famous No Pants Subway Ride, to name a few. Visit the website to see tons of photos and video of all of our work, including behind the scenes information on how this video was made. http Be the first to find out about the next video we create by subscribing to our YouTube channel: youtube.com Facebook Fan Page: facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Buy the new Improv Everywhere book: www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Improv_Everywhere__No_Pants_Subway_Ride_2009
Inspired Bicycles - Danny MacAskill April 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Published: 19 Apr 2009
- Updated: 01 Mar 2012
- Author: inspiredbicycles
Filmed over the period of a few months in and around Edinburgh by Dave Sowerby, this video of Inspired Bicycles team rider Danny MacAskill (more info at www.dannymacaskill.com) features probably the best collection of street/street trials riding ever seen. There's some huge riding, but also some of the most technically difficult and imaginative lines you will ever see. Without a doubt, this video pushes the envelope of what is perceived as possible on a trials bike. Credit to Band of Horses for their epic song 'The Funeral.' You can find out more about the band and their music at www.bandofhorses.com or you can buy the featured song from itunes here: ax.itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Inspired_Bicycles__Danny_MacAskill_April_2009
Food Battle 2009
BLOOPERS: smosh.com CORN DOG CONSPIRACY VIDEO: smosh.com FOOD BATTLE SHIRTS & POSTER: smosh.com Can Ian's donut hold up against the food you chose for Anthony? Find out now in the food deathmatch of the millennium: Food Battle 2009! smosh.com http facebook.com myspace.com
http://wn.com/Food_Battle_2009
Off The Pill - 2009
Looking forward to 2010! Hope you all had a great Christmas and have a Happy New year! Twitter: www.twitter.com Myspace: www.myspace.com Facebook www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Off_The_Pill__2009
![Super Mario Galaxy 2 E3 2009 Trailer [HQ] (Rate This Game)](http://web.archive.org./web/20120319093830im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/iO10_IbDUBU/0.jpg "Super Mario Galaxy 2 E3 2009 Trailer [HQ] (Rate This Game)")
Super Mario Galaxy 2 E3 2009 Trailer [HQ] (Rate This Game)
Developer: Nintendo Release: TBA Genre: Adventure Platform: Wii Publisher: Nintendo FOR MORE MACHINIMA GOTO: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Super_Mario_Galaxy_2_E3_2009_Trailer_ HQ _Rate_This_Game
2009 was the Year of Fail!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Published: 06 Jan 2010
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
- Author: MONKEYmagLATEST
These idiots have some serious balance issues...see more funny videos in our free magazine www.monkeymag.co.uk/latest
http://wn.com/2009_was_the_Year_of_Fail!
Gloucestershire Cheese Rolling 2009
Gloucestershire Cheese Rolling 2009 video highlights from www.soglos.com - filmed on Monday 25 May 2009. Every year daring competitors throw themselves down a death-defyingly steep hill in Gloucestershire, England, in a bid to win a coveted Double Gloucester cheese, and this year's event was no different - with a number of competitors incurring injuries. Local cheese rolling legend Chris Anderson won 2 of the 5 races on the day, and can be seen in the video sporting his usual bright green top and flying past the camera.
http://wn.com/Gloucestershire_Cheese_Rolling_2009
Top Secret Drum Corps Edinburgh Military Tattoo 2009
The outstanding Swiss Top Secret Drum Corps recorded at the Edinburgh Military Tattoo in August 2009. Check 2006: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Top_Secret_Drum_Corps_Edinburgh_Military_Tattoo_2009
Stephen Hendry 147 World Championship 2009 Crucible Sheffield Closed Captions HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 28 Apr 2009
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
- Author: cleverblok
CLOSED CAPTIONS FOR DEAF & HARD OF HEARING www.youtube.com BBC Content - Stephen Hendry 9th Maximum In Competitive Play, His 2nd at Crucible. See Stephen Hendry's First 147 At The World Championship 1995 At Crucible www.youtube.com Had to make a few small cuts , mostly commentary parts, so it fits into YouTube 10mins maximum video length ToEnable Closed Captions Hold Your Mouse Over The Arrow The Bottom Of You Tube Video Player , It Is Usually At The Bottom Right Of The Player, Two Grey Boxes Appear, Click Your Mouse On First Box , It Turns Red And The Closed Captions Are Visible To Turn Off Closed Captions Just Click Red CC Box Again. Use YouTube Translator To Have Closed Captions In Your Own Language
http://wn.com/Stephen_Hendry_147_World_Championship_2009_Crucible_Sheffield_Closed_Captions_HQ
Livewire 2009
Changed my method of training over past month or two inspired by people like Phil, Neil, Jan, Callum LS, Andrea, Blue, Tempest, Callum P, Danny, Jenx, Erin, Scott J. Been finding and training a lot more plyometric and stride missions and it has strengthened my jump by about a foot! Anyway this vid is a nice mix of parkour, free running and handstand stuff showing my recent progressions. If you like it please comment, rate and subscribe! Much Love, Tim. Song: Eyedea & Abilities - Glass
http://wn.com/Livewire_2009
![[1080p] Radiohead - Reading 2009 [6 Songs]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120319093830im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/iDpU0dULoaM/0.jpg "[1080p] Radiohead - Reading 2009 [6 Songs]")
[1080p] Radiohead - Reading 2009 [6 Songs]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:17
- Published: 04 Dec 2009
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
- Author: AustinBrock
BBC broadcast 6 songs in 1080p HD a month back and I downloaded the torrent from Dime. I didn't know how to convert it from it's TS file to a YouTube ready video, but finally got around to it this week. I hope that the BBC will let this video remain up, and someday broadcast the whole concert :). I will make the decision to rename my other videos from "HD" to either "SD" or "DVD" soon, to save confusion as to what quality the video really is. Track Listing ---------------- Creep The National Anthem 15 Step 2+2=5 Paranoid Android Everything In Its Right Place Torrent download (requires Dimeadozen registration). It is NOT A DVD, but a TS file, which can be watched via VLC Media Player. www.dimeadozen.org
http://wn.com/ 1080p _Radiohead__Reading_2009_ 6_Songs
Susan Boyle: I Dreamed A Dream - Britain's Got Talent 2009 - The Final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 30 May 2009
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
- Author: BritainsGotTalent09
Britain's Got Talent 2009: The performance the world has been waiting for is here! Susan Boyle, the 47-year-old from Scotland, takes on the other acts from the Britain's Got Talent live final. She wowed in her audition and stole the show in the semi-finals. Will she do the same tonight?
http://wn.com/Susan_Boyle_I_Dreamed_A_Dream__Britain's_Got_Talent_2009__The_Final
Top 25 Pop 2009 Remix
Dj Earworm mashup with the top 25 most popular hit songs of 2009 //// Una remezcla con 25 éxitos del 2009 hecha por DJ Earworm: The Black Eyed Peas - BOOM BOOM POW Lady Gaga - POKER FACE Lady Gaga Featuring Colby O'Donis - JUST DANCE The Black Eyed Peas - I GOTTA FEELING Taylor Swift - LOVE STORY Flo Rida - RIGHT ROUND Jason Mraz - I'M YOURS Beyonce - SINGLE LADIES (PUT A RING ON IT) Kanye West - HEARTLESS The All-American Rejects - GIVES YOU HELL Taylor Swift - YOU BELONG WITH ME TI Featuring Justin Timberlake - DEAD AND GONE The Fray - YOU FOUND ME Kings Of Leon - USE SOMEBODY Keri Hilson Featuring Kanye West & Ne-Yo - KNOCK YOU DOWN Jamie Foxx Featuring T-Pain - BLAME IT Pitbull - I KNOW YOU WANT ME (CALLE OCHO) TI Featuring Rihanna - LIVE YOUR LIFE Soulja Boy Tell 'em Featuring Sammie - KISS ME THRU THE PHONE Jay Sean Featuring Lil Wayne - DOWN Miley Cyrus - THE CLIMB Drake - BEST I EVER HAD Kelly Clarkson - MY LIFE WOULD SUCK WITHOUT YOU Beyonce - HALO Katy Perry - HOT N COLD
http://wn.com/Top_25_Pop_2009_Remix
Wife
Women are only meant to serve their men, be it husbands, fathers, brothers etc. This is the kind of outlook the filmÂ's protagonist Sivaji has towards the entire women race. His only aim in life is to settle abroad either by hook or by crook. This is the very reason he tries the patience of his wife (Rukmini), a woman who fell in love with him and also got married to him no knowing his evil plans in store for her. Rukmini notices Sivaji plant secret cameras in their bedroom and she postpones their first night. When she enquire the reason of his trying to commit such a heinous crime he says that he was promised by a person that he would pay him a huge amount if such a thing as this was shot and sold to him. All this was being done by Sivaji to earn enough money and fly abroad. From here beings the vast bridge between Rukmini and Sivaji. He keeps harassing the poor woman to go back to her parents and fetch him enough money settle abroad.
http://wn.com/Wife
Stevie Wonder with Jeff Beck: 2009 Concert: Superstition
Stevie Wonder with Jeff Beck: 2009 Concert: Superstitious
http://wn.com/Stevie_Wonder_with_Jeff_Beck_2009_Concert_Superstition
Best Golf Shots of 2009: January-March
Check out the top 10 shots from PGA TOUR action through the first three months of the 2009 season. Shots from Tiger Woods, Stewart Cink, Phil Mickelson, Nick Watney, Pat Perez and more are featured in the countdown. For more, visit PGATOUR.COM.
http://wn.com/Best_Golf_Shots_of_2009_January-March
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
Creative Commons / Georges Biard
Creative Commons / Delaywaves
Creative Commons / Josh Jensen from Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Creative Commons / Michael
Creative Commons / Chamber of Fear
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
Creative Commons / Krzysztof Dudzik
Creative Commons / Anna Fox
GFDL / Rainier Brunet-Guilly
GFDL / Erik van Leeuwen
Creative Commons / Ont
Creative Commons / Charlie fong
AP / Tom Strattman
Creative Commons / Joseph Juarez
Creative Commons / Ndunruh
AP / Ron Edmonds
AP / Ron Edmonds
AP / Ron Edmonds
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / J. Scott Applewhite, FILE
AP / J. Scott Applewhite
AP / Ron Edmonds
AP / Ron Edmonds
AP / Ron Edmonds
photo: AP / Alberto Saiz
19 Mar 2012
Manchester United heaped the pressure on neighbours City, easing to a 5-0 win at Wolves to take a four-point lead over Roberto Mancini's side. Jonny Evans volleyed the champions ahead after 20...
photo: AP / Richard Drew
19 Mar 2012
By Matthew Craft Associated Press Detroit News photo illustration) The headlines say the financial crisis is behind us. The Dow is back to pre-financial crisis levels. Layoffs are the slowest since...
photo: AP / Sang Tan
19 Mar 2012
JAMES Murdoch, News Corporation’s deputy chief operating officer, is to leave the board of Sotheby’s auction house, following demands he resign over his role in a UK phone-hacking scandal. Mr Murdoch...
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The Times of India
SHARE AND DISCUSSTweet NEW DELHI: The Planning Commission today said poverty in India declined 7.3% points to 29.8% of the population over five years to 2009-10. Poverty in rural areas declined...(size: 1.3Kb)
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LA Daily News
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Former Warren assistant city attorney Jeffrey Schroder is suing Warren and two city police officers over Schroder's 2009 drunken-driving arrest. Schroder's DUI charge went to a trial, where the jury took about 15 minutes to acquit him, according to the lawsuit. Now Schroder claims the arrest was...(size: 3.3Kb)
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While a small Hong Sang-soo retrospective continues at the Museum of the Moving Image, thoughtful YouTube user BackpackingNepal has...(size: 1.0Kb)
New York Daily News
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2009 Jubilee BEST Robotics Finals
18 Mar 2012
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2009 (MMIX) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2009th year of the Common Era or the Anno Domini designation, the 9th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 10th and last of the 2000s decade.
January 1
* Austria, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, and Uganda assume their seats on the United Nations Security Council.
* Asunción, the capital of Paraguay, becomes the American Capital of Culture and Vilnius and Linz become the European Capitals of Culture.
Slovakia adopts the euro as its national currency, replacing the Slovak koruna.
January 3 – Israel launches a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip as the Gaza War enters its second week.
January 7 – Russia shuts off all gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin publicly endorses the move and urges greater international involvement in the energy dispute.
January 13 – Ethiopian military forces begin pulling out of Somalia, where they have tried to maintain order for nearly two years.
January 17 – Israel announces a unilateral ceasefire in the Gaza War. It comes into effect the following day, on which Hamas declares a ceasefire of its own.
January 21 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. Intermittent air strikes by both sides of the preceding war continue in the weeks to follow.
January 22 – Congolese rebel leader Laurent Nkunda is captured by Rwandan forces after crossing over the border into Rwanda.
January 26
The first trial at the International Criminal Court is held. Former Union of Congolese Patriots leader Thomas Lubanga is accused of training child soldiers to kill, pillage, and rape.
The Icelandic government and banking system collapse; Prime Minister Geir Haarde immediately resigns.
February 1
Patriarch Kirill I of Moscow is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Iceland, becoming the world's first openly lesbian head of government.
February 7 – The deadliest bushfires in Australian history begin; they kill 173, injure 500 more, and leave 7,500 homeless. The fires come after Melbourne records the highest-ever temperature (46.4°C, 115°F) of any capital city in Australia. The majority of the fires are ignited by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit.
February 8 – The Taliban releases a video of Polish geologist Piotr Stańczak, whom they had abducted a few months earlier, being beheaded. It is the first killing of a Western hostage in Pakistan since American journalist Daniel Pearl was executed in 2002.
February 10 – A Russian and an American satellite collide over Siberia, creating a large amount of space debris.
February 11 – Morgan Tsvangirai is sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Zimbabwe following the power-sharing deal with President Robert Mugabe signed in September, 2008.
February 17 – The JEM rebel group in Darfur, Sudan sign a pact with the Sudanese government, planning a ceasefire within the next three months.
February 26 – Former Serbian president Milan Milutinović is acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia regarding war crimes during the Kosovo War.
March 7 – NASA's Kepler Mission, a space photometer which will search for extrasolar planets in the Milky Way galaxy, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA.
March 17 – The President of Madagascar, Marc Ravalomanana, is overthrown in a ''coup d'état'', following a month of rallies in Antananarivo. The military appoints opposition leader Andry Rajoelina as the new president.
April 1 – Albania and Croatia are admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
April 2 – The second G-20 summit, involving state leaders rather than the usual finance ministers, meets in London. Its main focus is an ongoing global financial crisis.
April 3–April 4 – The 21st NATO Summit is held, 60 years after the founding of the organization. Former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen is appointed as the new Secretary General of NATO.
April 5 – North Korea launches the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 rocket, prompting an emergency meeting of—but no official reaction from—the United Nations Security Council.
April 6 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila, Italy, killing nearly 300 and injuring more than 1,500.
April 7 – Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori is sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces.
April 10 – A political crisis begins in Fiji when President Josefa Iloilo suspends the nation's Constitution, dismisses all judges and constitutional appointees and assumes all governance in the country after the Court of Appeal rules that the government of Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama is illegal.
April 11–April 12 – The Fourth East Asia Summit is postponed after Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva declares a state of emergency in Bangkok and surrounding areas.
April 17 – Thirty-four heads of state and government meet in Port of Spain, Trinidad for the 5th Summit of the Americas.
April 18 – Roxana Saberi, an Iranian-American journalist, is sentenced to eight years in prison for espionage by an Iranian court. She is released the following month, after an appeals court reduces and suspends her sentence.
April 21 – UNESCO launches The World Digital Library.
April 24 – The World Health Organization expresses concern at the spread of influenza from Mexico and the United States to other countries. International cases and resulting deaths are confirmed.
April 29 – Amidst Russia's effort to improve relations with NATO and with the West in general, NATO expels two Russian diplomats from NATO headquarters in Brussels over a spy scandal in Estonia. Russia's Foreign Ministry criticises the expulsions.
May 18
* The third C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group meets in Seoul.
Following more than a quarter-century of fighting, the Sri Lankan Civil War ends with the total military defeat of the LTTE.
May 23 – Former President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun, under investigation for alleged bribery during his presidential term, commits suicide.
May 25 – North Korea announces that it has conducted a second successful nuclear test in the province of North Hamgyong. The United Nations Security Council condemns the reported test.
June 1 – Air France Flight 447, en route from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to Paris, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 228 on board.
June 11 – The outbreak of the H1N1 influenza strain, commonly referred to as "swine flu", is deemed a global pandemic, becoming the first condition since the Hong Kong flu of 1967–1968 to receive this designation.
June 13 – Following the reelection of Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, supporters of defeated candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi accuse the government of fraud, and launch a series of sustained protests.
June 18 – NASA launches the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS probes to the Moon, the first American lunar mission since Lunar Prospector in 1998.
June 20 – The death of Neda Agha-Soltan, an Iranian student shot during a protest, is captured on what soon becomes a viral video that helps to turn Neda into an international symbol of the civil unrest following the presidential election.
June 21 – As a step toward total independence from the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenland assumes control over its law enforcement, judicial affairs, and natural resources. Greenlandic becomes the official language.
June 25 – The death of American entertainer Michael Jackson triggers an outpouring of worldwide grief. Online, reactions to the event cripple several major websites and services, as the abundance of people accessing the web addresses pushes internet traffic to potentially unprecedented and historic levels.
June 28 – The Supreme Court of Honduras orders the arrest and exile of President Manuel Zelaya, claiming he was violating the nation's constitution by holding a referendum to stay in power. The ''coup d'état'' is condemned by the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and multiple nations around the world.
June 30 – Yemenia Flight 626 crashes off the coast of Moroni, Comoros, killing all but one of the 153 passengers and crew.
July 5 – Over 150 are killed when a few thousand ethnic Uyghurs target local Han Chinese during major rioting in Ürümqi, Xinjiang.
July 7 – A public memorial service is held for musician Michael Jackson. It is regarded as one of the most prominent funerals of all time.
July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Qazvin, Iran, killing all 168 on board.
July 16 – Iceland's national parliament, the Althingi, votes to pursue joining the EU.
July 22 – The longest total solar eclipse of the 21st century, lasting up to 6 minutes and 38.8 seconds, occurs over parts of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
September 28 – At least 157 demonstrators are killed in a clash with the Guinean military.
September 29 – An 8.3-magnitude earthquake triggers a tsunami near the Samoan Islands. Many communities and harbors in Samoa and American Samoa are destroyed, and at least 189 are killed.
September 30 – A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes just off the coast of Sumatra, killing around 1,000 in Indonesia.
October 2
* The International Olympic Committee awards the 2016 Summer Olympics to Rio de Janeiro.
Ireland holds a second referendum on the EU's Lisbon Treaty. The amendment is approved by the Irish electorate, having been rejected in the Lisbon I referendum held in June 2008.
October 20 – European astronomers discover 32 exoplanets.
November 3
The Czech Republic becomes the final member-state of the European Union to sign the Treaty of Lisbon, thereby permitting that document's initiation into European law.
The Prime Minister of Belgium, Herman Van Rompuy, is designated the first permanent President of the European Council, a position he takes up on 1 December 2009.
November 13 – Having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, NASA announces that it has found a "significant" quantity of water in the Moon's Cabeus crater.
November 20 – CERN restarts the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator in Geneva, Switzerland; they had shut it down on September 19, 2008.
November 23 – In the Philippines, at least 58 are abducted and killed in an election-related massacre in the province of Maguindanao. This appears to be the deadliest attack on journalists in recent history.
November 27 – Dubai requests a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the late 2000s economic crisis. The announcement causes global stock markets to drop.
January 1
* Nizar Rayan, Palestinian military and political leader (b. 1959)
* Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (b. 1924)
* Helen Suzman, South African activist and politician (b. 1917)
January 12
* Claude Berri, French film director (b. 1934)
* Arne Næss, Norwegian philosopher (b. 1912)
January 13 – Patrick McGoohan, American-born British actor (b. 1928)
January 14 – Ricardo Montalbán, Mexican-born American actor (b. 1920)
January 15 – Said Seyam, Palestinian politician (b. 1957)
January 16 – Andrew Wyeth, American painter (b. 1917)
January 20 – Stéphanos II Ghattas, Egyptian Patriarch of Alexandria (b. 1920)
January 25 – Mamadou Dia, 1st Prime Minister of Senegal (b. 1910)
January 27
* John Updike, American writer (b. 1932)
* R. Venkataraman, 8th President of India (b. 1910)
January 30 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (b. 1932)
February 6 – James Whitmore, American actor (b. 1921)
February 9 – Eluana Englaro, Italian patient in right-to-die case (b. 1970)
February 25 – Philip José Farmer, American writer (b. 1918)
February 27 – Manea Mănescu, Romanian Prime Minister (b. 1916)
March 2 – João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1939)
March 14 – Alain Bashung, French singer, songwriter and actor (b. 1947)
March 15 – Ron Silver, American actor and political activist (b. 1946)
March 18 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (b. 1963)
March 20 – Abdellatif Filali, 13th Prime Minister of Morocco (b. 1928)
March 25 – Yukio Endo, Japanese gymnast (b. 1937)
March 28 – Janet Jagan, American-born President of Guyana (b. 1920)
March 29 – Maurice Jarre, French composer and conductor (b. 1924)
March 31 – Raúl Alfonsín, 49th President of Argentina (b. 1927)
April 12
* Marilyn Chambers, American pornographic actress (b. 1952)
* Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, American social theorist (b. 1950)
April 14 – Maurice Druon, French novelist (b. 1918)
April 19 – J. G. Ballard, English novelist (b. 1930)
April 22
* Ken Annakin, English film director (b. 1914)
* Jack Cardiff, English cinematographer (b. 1914)
April 25 – Beatrice Arthur, American actress (b. 1922)
April 28 – Ekaterina Maximova, Soviet-Russian ballerina (b. 1939)
May 2
* Augusto Boal, Brazilian theatre director (b. 1931)
* Jack Kemp, American politician and football player (b. 1935)
May 4 – Dom DeLuise, American actor and comedian (b. 1933)
May 9 – Chuck Daly, American basketball coach (b. 1930)
May 13 – Achille Compagnoni, Italian mountaineer (b. 1914)
May 17 – Mario Benedetti, Uruguayan writer (b. 1920)
May 18 – Velupillai Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan militant (b. 1954)
May 19 – Robert F. Furchgott, American scientist (b. 1916)
May 23 – Roh Moo-hyun, 16th President of South Korea (b. 1946)
May 27 – Clive Granger, British economist (b. 1934)
May 30
* Luís Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1931)
* Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (b. 1916)
* Gaafar Nimeiry, 5th President of the Sudan (b. 1930)
June 2 – David Eddings, American author (b. 1931)
June 3
* David Carradine, American actor (b. 1936)
* Koko Taylor, American musician (b. 1928)
June 6 – Jean Dausset, French immunologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
June 8 – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (b. 1935)
June 12 – Félix Malloum, 3rd President of Chad (b. 1932)
June 13 – Mitsuharu Misawa, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1962)
June 17 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-British social theorist and politician (b. 1929)
June 25
* Farrah Fawcett, American actress (b. 1947)
* Michael Jackson, American performer and recording artist (b. 1958)
June 30 – Pina Bausch, German choreographer (b. 1940)
July 1
* Alexis Argüello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (b. 1952)
* Karl Malden, American actor (b. 1912)
July 4 – Allen Klein, American businessman (b. 1931)
July 6
* Vasily Aksyonov, Russian novelist (b. 1932)
* Robert McNamara, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (b. 1916)
July 17
* Meir Amit, Israeli general and politician (b. 1921)
* Walter Cronkite, American newscaster (b. 1916)
* Leszek Kołakowski, Polish philosopher (b. 1927)
July 19 – Frank McCourt, Irish-American author (b. 1930)
July 26 – Merce Cunningham, American choreographer (b. 1919)
July 31 – Bobby Robson, English footballer and manager (b. 1933)
August 1 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (b. 1933)
August 5 – Budd Schulberg, American screenwriter (b. 1914)
August 6
* John Hughes, American film director and writer (b. 1950)
* Willy DeVille, American singer-songwriter (b. 1950)
August 8 – Daniel Jarque, Spanish Footballer (b. 1983)
August 11 – Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American founder of the Special Olympics (b. 1921)
August 13 – Les Paul, American musician and inventor (b. 1915)
August 18 – Kim Dae-jung, 15th President of South Korea (b. 1925)
August 24 – Toni Sailer, Austrian alpine ski racer (b. 1935)
August 25 – Ted Kennedy, American politician (b. 1932)
August 26 – Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, Iraqi politician and theologian (b. 1953)
August 27 – Sergey Mikhalkov, Soviet-Russian author (b. 1913)
September 8 – Aage Bohr, Danish physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
September 11
* Juan Almeida, Cuban revolutionary and politician (b. 1927)
* Yoshito Usui, Japanese manga artist (b. 1958)
September 12
* Norman Borlaug, American agronomist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
* Jack Kramer, American tennis player (b. 1921)
September 14
* Patrick Swayze, American actor and dancer (b. 1952)
* Henry Gibson, American actor and songwriter (b. 1935)
September 17 – Noordin Mohammad Top, Malaysian Islamist militant (b. 1968)
September 18 – Irving Kristol, American writer and political commentator (b. 1920)
September 23 – Ertuğrul Osman, 43rd Head of the Ottoman Dynasty (b. 1912)
September 25 – Alicia de Larrocha, Spanish pianist (b. 1923)
September 28 – Guillermo Endara, President of Panama, 1989–1994 (b. 1936)
September 29 – Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1930)
October 2 – Marek Edelman, Polish political and social activist (b. 1922)
October 4
* Shōichi Nakagawa, Japanese politician (b. 1953)
* Günther Rall, German fighter pilot (b. 1918)
October 4 – Mercedes Sosa, Argentine singer (b. 1935)
October 5 – Israel Gelfand, Soviet-American mathematician (b. 1913)
October 7 – Irving Penn, American photographer (b. 1917)
October 13 – Al Martino, American singer and actor (b. 1927)
October 19 – Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (b. 1918)
October 30 – Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist (b. 1908)
October 31 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (b. 1911)
November 3 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish novelist (b. 1906)
November 8 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
November 10 – Robert Enke, German footballer (b. 1977)
November 15
* Patriarch Pavle, Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church (b. 1914)
* Pierre Harmel, 39th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1911)
November 16 – Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (b. 1978)
November 20 – Lino Lacedelli, Italian mountaineer (b. 1925)
November 21 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1926)
November 24 – Samak Sundaravej, 25th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1935)
November 30 – Milorad Pavić, Serbian writer (b. 1929)
December 3 – Richard Todd, Irish-born British actor (b. 1919)
December 4
* Eddie Fatu, Samoan-American professional wrestler (b. 1973)
* Vyacheslav Tikhonov, Soviet-Russian actor (b. 1928)
December 5
* Alfred Hrdlicka, Austrian artist (b. 1928)
* Otto Graf Lambsdorff, German politician (b. 1926)
December 9 – Gene Barry, American actor (b. 1919)
December 13 – Paul Samuelson, American economist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
December 16
* Roy E. Disney, American businessman (b. 1930)
* Yegor Gaidar, Russian politician (b. 1956)
December 17 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (b. 1919)
December 19
* Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Iranian scholar and human rights activist (b. 1922)
* Kim Peek, American savant (b. 1951)
December 20 – Brittany Murphy, American actress (b. 1977)
December 21 – Edwin G. Krebs, American biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
December 23 – Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, Tibetan politician (b. 1910)
December 24 – Rafael Caldera, 54th and 60th President of Venezuela (b. 1916)
December 30 – Abdurrahman Wahid, 4th President of Indonesia (b. 1940)
Literature – Herta Müller
Peace – Barack Obama
Physics – Charles K. Kao, Willard Boyle, and George E. Smith
Physiology or Medicine – Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, and Jack W. Szostak
January 6 – Christmas in most Armenian Apostolic Churches of Christianity
January 7 – Christmas in the Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church of Christianity
January 14 – Pongal
January 26 – Lunar New Year
February 23 – Shivaratri
February 25 – Ash Wednesday
March 10 – Mawlid
March 11 – Holi
April 3 – Rama Navami
April 8 – Passover begins
April 12 – Easter in Western Christianity
April 14 – Vaisakhi in Sikhism
April 19 – Easter for many Eastern Christians
May 2 – Buddha's Birthday
May 8 – Buddha Purnima / Vaisakhi Purnima
May 28 – Shavuot begins
August 6 – Raksha Bandhan
August 14 – Krishna Janmashtami
August 22 – Ramadan begins
August 23 – Ganesh Chaturthi
September 2 – Onam
September 18 – Rosh Hashanah begins
September 19 – Navratri begins
September 20 – Eid ul-Fitr
September 27 – Yom Kippur begins
September 28 – Dussehra
October 2 – Sukkot begins
October 17 – Diwali
November 1 – All Saints' Day in Western Christianity
November 27 – Eid al-Adha
December 11 – Hanukkah begins
December 18 – Islamic New Year (1 Muharram 1431)
December 25 – Christmas in Western Christianity and most Eastern Orthodox Churches
2009 was designated the: International Year of Astronomy. International Year of Natural Fibres.
Events
January
February
March
March 2 – The President of Guinea-Bissau, João Bernardo Vieira, is assassinated during an armed attack on his residence in Bissau. March 3 – Gunmen attack a bus carrying Sri Lankan cricketers in Lahore, Pakistan, killing eight people and injuring several others. March 4 – The International Criminal Court (ICC) issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC since its establishment in 2002.
April
May
June
July
July 4 – The Organization of American States suspends Honduras due to the country's recent political crisis after its refusal to reinstate President Zelaya.
August
August 3 – Bolivia becomes the first South American country to declare the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. August 4 – North Korean leader Kim Jong-il pardons two American journalists, who had been arrested and imprisoned for illegal entry earlier in the year, after former U.S. President Bill Clinton meets with Kim in North Korea. August 7 – Typhoon Morakot hits Taiwan, killing 500 and stranding more than 1,000 via the worst flooding on the island in half a century. August 20 – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, imprisoned for the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, is released by the Scottish government on compassionate grounds as he has terminal prostate cancer. He returns to his native Libya.
September
September 25 – At the G-20 Pittsburgh summit, world leaders announce that the G-20 will assume greater leverage over the world economy, replacing the role of the G-8, in an effort to prevent another financial crisis like that in 2008. September 26 – Typhoon Ketsana begins to cause record amounts of rainfall in Manila, Philippines, leading to the declaration of a "state of calamity" in 25 provinces.
October
November
December
December 1 – The Treaty of Lisbon comes into force. December 7 – December 18 – The UNFCCC's United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 conference is held in Copenhagen, Denmark. December 16 – Astronomers discover GJ1214b, the first-known exoplanet on which water could exist.
Deaths
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Nobel Prizes
Chemistry – Ada Yonath, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, and Thomas A. Steitz Economics – Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson
Major religious holidays
In fiction
References
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Jordan Roseman (aka DJ Earworm) is a San Francisco/London-based mashup artist who has achieved recognition for his technically sophisticated, songwriting oriented music and video mashups. His annual “United State of Pop” mashups, short mixes featuring the top 25 songs of the year according to Billboard magazine, have reached the Top 100 for national radio play.
"Irreplaceable"- Beyonce
" Umbrella"- Rihanna ft. Jay-z
"The Sweet Escape"- Gwen Stefani ft. Akon
"Big Girls Don't Cry"- Fergie
"Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')"- T-Pain ft. Young Joc
"Before He Cheats"- Carrie Underwood
"Hey There Delilah"- Plain White T's
" I Wanna Love You"- Akon ft. Snoop Dogg
"Say It Right"- Nelly Furtado
" Glamorous"- Fergie ft. Ludacris
"Don't Matter"- Akon
" Girlfriend"- Avril Lavigne
"Makes Me Wonder"- Maroon 5
"Party Like a Rockstar"- Shop Boyz
"Smack That"- Akon ft. Eminem
"This Is Why I'm Hot"- Mims
" It's Not Over"- Daughtry
"The Way I Are"- Timbaland ft. Keri Hilson
"Fergalicious"- Fergie
"Crank That (Soulja Boy)*- Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
" Give It to Me"- Timbaland with Justin Timberlake and Nelly Furtado
"What Goes Around... Comes Around"- Justin Timberlake
"Cupid's Chokehold"- Gym Class Heroes ft. Patrick Stump
" How to Save a Life"- The Fray
" Home"- Daughtry
" Low"- Flo Rida ft. T-Pain
"Bleeding Love"- Leona Lewis
" No One"- Alicia Keys
" Lollipop"- Lil Wayne ft. Static Major
" Apologize"- One Republic ft. Timbaland
"No Air"- Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown
" Love Song"- Sara Bareilles
"Love in This Club"- Usher ft.Young Jeezy
" With You"- Chris Brown
" Forever"- Chris Brown
"Sexy Can I"- Ray J ft. Young Berg
" Take a Bow"- Rihanna
"Viva La Vida"- Coldplay
"I Kissed a Girl"- Katy Perry
" Whatever You Like"-T.I.
"Disturbia"- Rihanna
" Don't Stop the Music"- Rihanna
" Pocketful of Sunshine"- Natasha Bedingfield
" Kiss Kiss"- Chris Brown ft. T-pain
" Closer"- Ne-Yo
"Bubbly"- Colbie Caillat
"Touch My Body"- Mariah Carey
" 4 Minutes "- Madonna ft. Justin Timberlake
" So What"- Pink
"Paralyzer"- Finger Eleven
"Boom Boom Pow"- The Black Eyed Peas
" Poker Face"- Lady Gaga
"Just Dance"- Lady Gaga ft.Colby O'Donis
"I Gotta Feeling"- Black Eyed Peas
" Love Story"- Taylor Swift
"Right Round"- Flo Rida ft. Kesha
" I'm Yours"- Jason Mraz
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on it)"- Beyonce
" Heartless"- Kanye West
"Gives You Hell"- All-American Rejects
"You Belong with Me"- Taylor Swift
"Dead and Gone"- T.I ft. Justin Timberlake
"You Found Me"- The Fray
"Use Somebody"- Kings of Leon
"Knock You Down"- Keri Hilson ft. Kanye West & Ne-Yo
"Blame It"- Jamie Foxx ft. T-Pain
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"- Pitbull
"Live Your Life"- T.I ft. Rihanna
"Kiss Me Thru the Phone"- Soulja Boy Tell 'Em ft. Sammie
" Down"- Jay Sean ft. Lil Wayne
"The Climb"- Miley Cyrus
" Best I Ever Had"- Drake
"My Life Would Suck Without You"- Kelly Clarkson
" Halo"- Beyonce
"Hot n Cold"- Katy Perry
"Tik Tok"- Kesha
"Need You Now"- Lady Antebellum
"Hey, Soul Sister"- Train
"California Gurls"- Katy Perry ft. Snoop Dogg
" OMG"-Usher ft. Will.I.Am
"Airplanes"-B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams
"Love the Way You Lie"- Eminem ft. Rihanna
"Bad Romance"-Lady Gaga
" Dynamite"- Taio Cruz
"Break Your Heart"- Taio Cruz ft. Ludacris
"Nothin' on You"- B.o.B ft. Bruno Mars
" I Like It"- Enrique Iglesias ft. Pitbull
"BedRock"-Young Money Entertainment ft. Lloyd
" In My Head"- Jason Derülo
"Rude Boy"- Rihanna
" Telephone"- Lady Gaga ft. Beyonce
"Teenage Dream"- Katy Perry
"Just The Way You Are"- Bruno Mars
"Cooler Than Me"- Mike Posner
"Imma Be"- The Black Eyed Peas
"Empire State of Mind"- Jay-Z ft. Alicia Keys
"DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love"- Usher ft. Pitbull
"Billionaire"- Travie McCoy ft. Bruno Mars
"Not Afraid"-Eminem
"Replay"- Iyaz
DJ Earworm Homepage
Biography
Roseman was born into a big family of musicians and raised in eastern Iowa and Evanston, Illinois. In his early life, he played piano and produced original electronic music on a computer, later majoring in music theory and computer science at the University of Illinois. He began making mashups recreationally in 2003 using ACID. After encouragement from DJ Adrian at Club Bootie, Roseman created the moniker DJ Earworm ("earworm" referencing a song that repeats uncontrollably in one's mind) and began releasing mashups via a website.DJ Earworm has a unique mashup style that consists of a compositional, songwriting approach. He gradually layers samples on top of one another, matching keys and subtly altering melodies. His mashups often convey an entirely new meaning than the original material, such as a political message in “No More Gas”. He has been contrasted with mashup artist Girl Talk, who has a more DJ-oriented style.
He is the author of ''Audio Mashup Construction Kit'' (Wiley, 2006), a how-to manual for creating mashups.
At the 2008 IDEA conference, he revealed that he has made mashups using Ableton Live₨, and now DJs live with the same software.
"United State of Pop" series
2007
Earworm's 2007 mashup, "United State of Pop” consisted of the top 25 songs of 2007 according to ''Billboard''. The song crossed beyond the online download market, reaching the Top 100 for national radio play in February 2008. Earworm is the first mashup artist to have a bootleg mashup enter Billboard’s charts. As of August 12, 2011, the song has surpassed 4.5 million views on YouTube, and it has peaked at number 71 on the CHR/Top 40 Mediabase radio chart.Mix Includes:
2008
On December 25, 2008 he released another mashup called "United State of Pop 2008 (Viva la Pop)", prominently featuring Coldplay's song "Viva la Vida" as the backing track, and an intro by Natasha Bedingfield's Pocketful of Sunshine beat. The official YouTube video of the song had 200,000 views within the first two weeks of release. The mashup peaked at number 58 on ''Billboard'''s Pop Airplay chart, and entered the Pop 100 chart. As of August 12, 2011, the video has received over 9.2 million views on YouTube, and it has peaked at number 81 on the CHR/Top 40 Mediabase radio chart.Mix Includes:
2009
On December 27, 2009 he released a third year-end mashup, "United State of Pop 2009 (Blame it on the Pop)". The music video has reached over 38.5 million views as of August 17, 2011.Mix Includes:
2010
On December 28, 2010 he released the fourth year-end mashup, "United State of Pop 2010 (Don't Stop the Pop) includes the top 25 singles of 2010. The music video has reached over 12.7 million views as of August 17, 2011.Mix Includes:
2011
The fifth year-end mashup is set to be released in December 2011.*The Billboard Hot 100 Chart contacted DJ Earworm early, due to his mashups coming out so late. They gave him the official top 25 songs of 2011:" Rolling In The Deep"- Adele "Firework"- Katy Perry "Party Rock Anthem"- LMFAO ft. Lauren Bennett & GoodRock "Grenade"- Bruno Mars "E.T"-Katy Perry ft. Kanye West "Give Me Everything"-Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo & Nayer "Born This Way"- Lady Gaga "F**k You"-Cee Lo Green "F**king Perfect"- P!nk "S&M;"- Rihanna "Raise Your Glass"- P!nk "Tonight(I'm Lovin'You)"- Enrique Iglesias ft. Ludacris "The Edge Of Glory"-Lady Gaga "Lighters"- Bad Meets Evil ft. Bruno Mars "What's My Name"- Rihanna ft. Drake "Just Can't Get Enough"- The Black Eyed Peas "Till The World Ends"- Britney Spears "Last Friday Night(T.G.I.F)"- Katy Perry "On The Floor"- Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull "Black & Yellow"- Wiz Khalifa "Super Bass"- Nicki Minaj "The Lazy Song"- Bruno Mars "We R Who We R"- Kesha "How To Love"- Lil Wayne "Only Girl(In The World)"- Rihanna
Official Mashups
While most mashup artists must rely on bootleg samples and public releases to make mashups, Earworm has been contacted by prominent musicians to make mashups from their source material. DJ Earworm was given multitracks by Annie Lennox to create a unique mashup piece called "Backwards/Forwards," which contains nine of her songs.On September 12, 2009, Earworm released an official Sean Kingston mashup called "A Beautiful Mashup."
Like OMG, Baby
"Like OMG, Baby", released in the summer of 2010, was shown as part of a concert at Wembley Stadium in London for Capital FM's Summertime Ball, where all fifteen of the featured artists performed. The mashup is Earworm's fourth song to chart on the CHR/Top 40 ''Mediabase'' radio chart, where it peaked at number 83. As of August 8, 2011, the video has received 10.2 million views and counting on YouTube, making it by far his most popular non-United State of Pop mashup and surpassing the 2008 year-end video. In 2011 the song was honored with two Sony Radio Academy Awards. Here is the list of songs used: #Alexandra Burke - All Night Long #Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love #Chipmunk feat. Esmee Denters - Until You Were Gone #Dizzee Rascal - Bonkers #Ellie Goulding - Starry Eyed #Jason Derulo - In My Head #JLS - One Shot #Justin Bieber - Baby #Ke$ha - Tik Tok #Pixie Lott - Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh) #Rihanna - Rude Boy #Scouting For Girls - This Ain't a Love Song #Tinie Tempah - Pass Out #Usher feat. Will.I.Am - OMG #The Wanted - All Time Low
Free At Night
On December 10, 2010, Earworm released a Nelly Furtado mashup titled "Free At Night", composed of 13 songs from Furtado's recent greatest hits album, The Best of Nelly Furtado. The music video has over 541,000 views as of August 8, 2011. Here is the list of songs used: #I'm Like a Bird #Turn Off the Light #Powerless (Say What You Want) #Try #Força #Promiscuous #Maneater #Say It Right #All Good Things (Come To An End) #Girlfriend in This City #Night Is Young #Stars #Manos al Aire
The Only Time is Tonight
To promote YouTube's Android app, Earworm released a mashup called "The Only Time is Tonight". The mashup heavily used Enrique Iglesias's "Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)" instrumental and vocals. It was released on May 31, 2011 on YouTube's official account. As of August 22, 2011, the video has reached over 1.5 million views. Here is the list of songs used: #Avril Lavigne - What the Hell #Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit) #Chris Brown - Yeah 3x #Enrique Iglesias - Tonight (I'm Lovin' You) #Kesha - We R Who We R #Rihanna - Only Girl (In the World) #Willow Smith - Whip My Hair
Party on the Floor
After 2010's "Like OMG, Baby", Earworm released the 2011 version. He released it on June 12, 2011. It is entitled, "Party On The Floor". As of August 23, 2011, the music video has reached over 3 million views. This mash up was used at the start of the Capital FM summertime ball 2011 at Wembley Stadium. Here are the songs used: #Jennifer Lopez feat. Pitbull - On the Floor #Jessie J - Do It Like A Dude #Jessie J feat. B.o.B.- Price Tag #LMFAO feat. Lauren Barrett & GoonRock - Party Rock Anthem #Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath #Example - Changed the Way You Kiss Me #Mike Posner - Cooler Than Me #Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster #The Wanted - Glad You Came #Far East Movement feat. The Cataracs & Dev - Like A G6 #JLS feat. Tinie Tempah - Eyes Wide Shut #JLS - Love You More #Katy B - Katy on a Mission #Katy B feat. Ms. Dynamite - Lights On #Cee-Lo Green - Forget You #Cee-Lo Green feat. Wiz Khalifa - Bright Lights, Bigger City #Enrique Iglesias feat. Pitbull - I Like It #Wretch 32 - Traktor #Mann - Buzzin'
References
External links
Category:American DJs Category:Living people
pt:DJ EarwormThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 40°26′30″N80°00′00″N |
|---|---|
| name | Alexander Rybak |
| background | solo_singer |
| born | May 13, 1986Minsk, Byelorussian SSR |
| instrument | Vocals, violin, piano |
| genre | Pop, folk, classical, Baroque pop |
| occupation | Singer, actor, songwriter, composer, pianist |
| years active | 1991–present |
| associated acts | Eurovision Song Contest 2009, Frikar |
| website | www.alexanderrybak.com }} |
Personal life
Rybak was born on May 13, 1986, in Minsk, Belarus—which at that time was the Belarusian SSR in the Soviet Union. When he was 4 years old, he and his family moved to Norway. Rybak was baptized and raised in the Orthodox religion. At the age of five, Rybak began to play the piano and the violin. His parents are Natalia Valentinovna Rybak, a classical pianist, and Igor Alexandrovich Rybak, a well-known classical violinist who performs alongside Pinchas Zukerman. He stated "I always liked to entertain and somehow that is my vocation". Rybak bought a new apartment and lives now at Aker Brygge (Oslo, Norway).
Anger issue
In 2010, several incidents of uncontrolled anger caused commentators to question whether Rybak has a anger control problem. During the trials for the ESC 2010 finals in Bærum, Rybak became so infuriated when a sound technician was not doing what he wanted that he smashed his own hand, breaking his fingers. Also, during trials for Swedish television in June 2010, he smashed his violin on the floor. His appearance was then canceled. According to his manager, Kjell Arild Tiltnes, Rybak does not have an issue with aggression. Tiltnes stated that "as long as he abreacts on objects and on himself, I see no reason for this to be something that he needs help dealing with." Rybak said, "I never raised my voice before, and that's why I did what I did. I'm just a human being—and perhaps not the glossy image many believe. So it was good to get out frustrations so I could go on. It's only me that goes beyond the same."
Career
Rybak has been a student at the Barratt Due Institute of Music in Oslo since the age of 10. Due to his success in the Eurovision Song Contest, he is currently taking a break from his bachelor's degree studies at the Institute. In 2004, Rybak was awarded the Anders Jahre Culture Prize. In 2005, he entered the Norwegian version of Idol, ''Idol: Jakten på en superstjerne'', reaching the semifinal. In 2006, Rybak won ''Kjempesjansen'' (“The Great Opportunity”), a talent competition hosted by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), with his own song, "Foolin". Alexander Rybak has collaborated with artists such as a-ha's lead singer Morten Harket and Arve Tellefsen. As of 2007, Rybak has played the fiddler in Oslo Nye Teater's production of ''Fiddler on the Roof'' and won the Hedda Award for this role.
Eurovision 2009
Rybak won the 54th Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow, Russia, with a record 387 points, singing "Fairytale", a song inspired by Norwegian folk music. The song was composed and written by Rybak and was performed together with the modern folk dance company Frikar. The song received good reviews with a score of 6 out of 6 in the Norwegian newspaper ''Dagbladet'', and, in an ''ESCtoday'' poll, he scored 71.3%, making him the favourite to get into the final.In the Norwegian national heats, Rybak achieved a clean sweep, gaining the top score from all nine voting districts and ending with a combined televote and jury score of 747,888, while the runner up, Tone Damli Aaberge, received a combined score of 121,856.
The song competed in the second semi-final and won a place in the Eurovision final.
Rybak later won the Eurovision final with a landslide victory, receiving votes from all the participating countries (except Norway, which was not allowed to vote for itself). Rybak finished with a total of 387 points, breaking the previous record of 292 points scored by Lordi in 2006 and scoring 169 points more than the runner-up, Iceland.
After Eurovision, film and the first album
Rybak's first album, ''Fairytales'', was released after his Eurovision win. Rybak also co-stars as Levi in the film ''Yohan'' directed by Grete Salomonsen, which was released in March 2010. Rybak also went on a tour in Norway with former Norwegian Eurovision winner Elisabeth Andreassen, something that had been decided before his Eurovision win and participation. He and Frikar also toured Norway and Europe in 2009. In a December 2009 performance of his hit "Fairytale" at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, held at the Oslo Spektrum, Rybak shared the stage with nine other acts. Too EMI Norway has just released a film entitled Fairytale, the movie, directed by acclaimed Norwegian director, Rune Langlo, documenting the journey of Alexander Rybak since claiming the top prize for Norway in Moscow.In 2009, he recorded the theme song, called "I Don't Believe in Miracles / Superhero", for the Russian action movie ''Black Lightning'' produced by Timur Bekmambetov.-
2010–present: 2nd album and ''Let's dance'' Sweden
On January 30, 2010, Rybak performed one of his new singles, "Europe Skies", in national final, Euroviisut 2010, to select the 2010 Finnish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. On March 12, 2010, Alexander Rybak performed his Eurovision 2009 winning song "Fairytale" on UK TV show ''Eurovision: Your Country Needs You''. In April 2010, Rybak released a new song, featuring Opptur, called "Fela Igjen". Alexander released his second album on June 14, 2010, called ''No Boundaries''. It was not as successuful as his first album, so far it has peaked at number 7 in Norway, number 8 in Sweden and 32 in Finland. On January 7, 2011, Rybak was one of twelve contestant on the next Swedish season of the dancing show ''Let's dance'' also known as ''Dancing with the stars'', in the show Rybak danced to win the competition against other Swedish celebrities. Rybak made it to the Top 4 before being voted off on March 11, having received the lowest scores from both juries and the voting public.
Discography
Studio albums
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| NOR ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| BEL ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| DEN ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| DUT ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| FIN ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| GER ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| POL ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| RUS ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| SWE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| FRA |- ! scope="row" | ''Fairytales'' |
Singles
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| NOR ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| UK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| IRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| RUS ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| FIN ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| GRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| SWE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| DEN ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| DUT ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| EU |- |rowspan="3"|2009 ! scope="row"| "Fairytale" | 1 || 10 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|''Fairytales'' |- ! scope="row"| "Funny Little World" | 1 || — || — || — || — || — || 4 || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Roll With the Wind" | 10 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- |rowspan="2"|2010 ! scope="row"| "Oah" | 23 || — || — || — || — || — || 56 || — || — || — | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''No Boundaries'' |- ! scope="row"| "Europe's Skies" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- |2011 ! scope="row"| "Resan till dig" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"| ''Visa vid vindens ängar'' |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. |}
Other songs
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| RUS |- | 2009 ! scope="row"| "I Don't Believe in Miracles / Superhero" | 18 | style="text-align:center;"|''Black Lightning Soundtrack'' |- | 2010 ! scope="row"| "Fela Igjen" (feat. Opptur) | |''Non-Album single'' |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. |}
Filmography
| Film | |||
| ! Year | ! Film | ! Role | ! Notes |
| 2009 | ''Fairytale - The Movie'' | ||
References
External links
Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Norway Category:Melodi Grand Prix contestants Category:Melodi Grand Prix winners Category:Naturalised citizens of Norway Category:Norwegian violinists Category:Norwegian male singers Category:Norwegian actors Category:Norwegian composers Category:Norwegian Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009 Category:Eurovision Song Contest winners Category:People from Minsk Category:Norwegian people of Belarusian descent Category:People from Nesodden Category:Norwegian multi-instrumentalists Category:Norwegian fiddlers
af:Alexander Rybak ar:الكسندر ريباك az:Aleksandr Rıbak be:Аляксандр Рыбак be-x-old:Аляксандар Рыбак bs:Alexander Rybak br:Alexander Rybak bg:Александър Рибак ca:Alexander Rybak cs:Alexander Rybak cy:Alexander Rybak da:Alexander Rybak de:Alexander Rybak et:Alexander Rybak el:Αλεξάντερ Ρίμπακ es:Alexander Rybak eo:Aleksander Ribak fa:الکساندر ریباک fr:Alexander Rybak hy:Ալեքսանդր Ռիբակ hr:Alexander Rybak id:Alexander Rybak is:Alexander Rybak it:Alexander Rybak he:אלכסנדר ריבאק ka:ალექსანდრე რიბაკი lv:Aleksandrs Ribaks lt:Aleksandras Rybakas hu:Alexander Rybak mk:Александар Рибак nah:Alexander Rybak nl:Alexander Rybak ja:アリャクサンドル・ルィバーク no:Alexander Rybak nn:Alexander Rybak pl:Alexander Rybak pt:Alexander Rybak ro:Alexander Rybak ru:Рыбак, Александр Игоревич sq:Alexander Rybak simple:Alexander Rybak sk:Alexander Rybak sl:Aleksander Rybak sr:Александр Рибак sh:Alexander Rybak fi:Alexander Rybak sv:Alexander Rybak tt:Александр Рыбак th:อเล็กซานเดอร์ รืยบัค tr:Alexander Rybak uk:Рибак Олександр Ігорович vi:Alexander Rybak zh:亚历山大·雷巴克This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Rémi Gaillard (born 7 February 1975 in Montpellier, Hérault, France) is a French humorist who uploads videos on YouTube. After losing his job at a shoe store, Rémi then began to use his free time to have fun and run some pranks on the public. He is the 18# most subscribed comedian on YouTube.
stealing someone's lottery ticket and appearing to have won;
dressed as a sheep, laying funeral flowers in front of roasting sheep;
transforming a roundabout into a roofless home;
many challenges to rigid conventions, by perturbing
* the old-aged public of ''Countdown'',
* the well-ordered behaviour of tennis exhibition matches,
* the police.
Gaillard's Dailymotion channel
Gaillard gained attention in the French media after performing a well-documented series of pranks, including an appearance disguised as a Lorient football player in the ''2002 Coupe de France'' final match, during which he took part in the winners' celebrations and was greeted by the then president of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac. He is also an amateur football player and has posted videos of his skills.
Gaillard has appeared in several sport events, TV game shows and political rallies.
Concept
Gaillard became famous for his videos where he displays an "outrageous" style of humour, questioning public norms:The majority of Gaillard's stunts have resulted in prison sentences for the comedian.
His videos were mostly posted on Stage 6. After this did not pick up he posted them on his YouTube channel. In most, Gaillard plays pranks on other people and TV shows.
Gaillard's motto is ''C'est en faisant n'importe quoi qu'on devient n'importe qui'' ("It's by doing whatever, that one becomes whoever.").
Most of Gaillard's videos are shot by his friend Grégory Laffargue.
Sketches
The majority of Gaillard's sketches are of the hidden camera type, in which the antagonist performs an unexpected or surprising action to elicit humorous responses from the bewildered witnesses. Gaillard often disguises himself in outlandish costumes for the pranks. During some pranks, Gaillard is accompanied by a crowd of friends, giving the action a flashmob-like nature. Some other videos may feature acrobatics like aiming footballs at distant goal-like objects, or more still aim to antagonize police forces he interacts with during his sketches.Gaillard shot his first sketch in 1999 with a friend in Montpellier. In 2001, he created an internet website, nimportequi.com.
He gained notoriety in 2002 at the finals of the Coupe de France. Disguised as an FC Lorient player, he celebrated the team's victory with the players, shook the hand of the then French President Jacques Chirac and signed autographs, without anyone realizing that he was not a player on the team.
Some of his most famous sketches are parodies of the Rocky Balboa movies, Pac Man, Mario Kart, and his football videos.
He often dresses up in large animal costumes. Pig, dog, cat, turtle, snail, bee, shark, kangaroo, spider, beaver, fly, gorilla, chicken, penguin, giraffe, rabbit, butterfly and sheep have all been used in pranks.
In 2007, he gained the attention of journalists from Le Monde and was invited on a few talk shows..
On his official site, Gaillard claims over 1.1 billion views on his videos on the web.
Gaillard also appeared in Orangina, Pepsi, Durex and LG commercials.
References
External links
Category:1975 births Category:People from Montpellier Category:Living people Category:French humorists Category:Pranksters
ar:ريمي غايار br:Rémi Gaillard ca:Rémi Gaillard cs:Rémi Gaillard de:Rémi Gaillard es:Rémi Gaillard eu:Rémi Gaillard fr:Rémi Gaillard it:Rémi Gaillard he:רמי גאייאר hu:Rémi Gaillard nl:Rémi Gaillard ja:レミ・ガイヤール no:Rémi Gaillard pl:Rémi Gaillard pt:Rémi Gaillard ru:Гайяр, Реми sr:Реми Гајар fi:Rémi Gaillard sv:Rémi Gaillard tr:Rémi GaillardThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Damien Walters (born April 6, 1982) is a former British gymnast of Derbyshire specialising in tumbling. He participated in four Trampoline World Championships. In 2003, he was one of four members of the British team winning the World Title in the team competition. In the years 2001 and 2007 he ranked 4th with the team. Besides, he finished 5th in singles competition in 2003 and 2005. In addition he won the European Title with the British team in 2006, just after he placed 2nd in team and 8th in singles competition two years earlier.
Since then he has not participated in further tournaments and has focused on his other projects, mainly his career as a stuntman, but he also appeared in a few commercials and performed in acrobatic shows.
Walters has had the role of stuntman in the films ''Hellboy II'', ''Kick-Ass'', ''Ninja Assassin'' and ''Scott Pilgrim vs. the World''. In 2010, he won the Taurus World Stunt Awards for "Best Fight" in the film Ninja Assassin'. He will also appear in the upcoming films ''Blitz'', ''The Eagle'', ''Colombiana'' and Steven Spielberg's ''I Am Number Four''.
Damien Walters also has a passion for Parkour and Freerunning where he incorporates his gymnastic skills as well as his stuntman abilities. On YouTube he is one of the most watched Freerunners with his videos having a total of over 30 million views.
Currently he is running his own gym in Derbyshire and shooting films.
References
Further reading
}} |url=http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/City-gymnast-tumbles-career-movie-stuntman/story-11640625-detail/story.html |accessdate=2 June 2011}} |url=http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Damien-tumbles-big-hit/story-11562349-detail/story.html |accessdate=2 June 2011}} |url=http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Smith-tells-city-stuntman-make-son-flipping-good/story-11599347-detail/story.html |accessdate=2 June 2011}}Category:British gymnasts Category:Parkour Category:Traceurs Category:British stunt performers Category:Living people Category:1982 births Category:People from Derby Category:People from Derbyshire
fr:Damien Walters ja:ダミアン・ウォルターズ ru:Уолтерс, Дэмиен
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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