name	Turin
official name	Comune di Torino
native name	Torino
image shield	Torino-Stemma.png
coordinates display	title
region	Piedmont
province	Turin (TO)
mayor party	Democratic Party
mayor	Piero Fassino
area total km2	130.17
population total	910188
population as of	30 April 2009
population demonym	Torinesi
elevation m	239
saint	John the Baptist
day	24 June
postal code	10100, 10121-10156
area code	011
website
footnotes	}}

Turin (, pronounced ; Piedmontese: ''Turin'', pronounced ) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants; the Turin metropolitan area is estimated by OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.

The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, operahouses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant ''palazzi'' (such as Palazzo Madama), were built by Sicilian architect Filippo Juvarra, who modelled these buildings on the Baroque and classical style of Versailles. Examples of these French-themed edifices include the Royal Palace of Turin, the Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi and the Basilica di Superga.

Turin is sometimes called the "cradle of Italian liberty", due to its having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the ''Risorgimento'', such as Cavour. The city currently hosts some of Italy's best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the six-century-old University of Turin and the Turin Polytechnic. Prestigious and important museums, such as the Museo Egizio and the Mole Antonelliana are also found in the city. Turin's several monuments and sights make it one of the world's top 250 tourist destinations, and the tenth most visited city in Italy in 2008.

The city used to be a major European political centre, being Italy's first capital city in 1861 and being home to the House of Savoy, Italy's royal family. Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II, it became a major European crossroad for industry, commerce and trade, and currently is one of Italy's main industrial centres, being part of the famous "''industrial triangle''", along with Milan and Genoa. Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Rome and Milan, for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power, and even though the city was unable to become a "world city", like Milan and Rome, it was ranked by GaWC as "''economically efficient''", along with Jerusalem, Genoa, Macau, Marseille, Liverpool, Strasbourg, Salt Lake City, Seville and Tijuana, to name a few. Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry.

Turin is well known as the home of the Shroud of Turin, the football teams Juventus F.C. and Torino F.C., the headquarters of automobile manufacturers Fiat, Lancia and Alfa Romeo, and as host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Several International Space Station modules, such as Harmony and Columbus, were also manufactured in Turin. It was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy from 1563, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of a unified Italy.

It is often referred to as "the Capital of the Alps". Turin is also known as "the Automobile Capital of Italy" or the ''Detroit of Italy''; in Italy it is also called "[La] capitale Sabauda".

History

Roman times

In the first century BC (probably 28 BC), the Romans created a military camp (''Castra Taurinorum''), later dedicated to Augustus (''Augusta Taurinorum''). The typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city. Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high walls.

Middle Ages

After the fall of the Roman Empire the town was conquered by the Lombards, then the Franks of Charlemagne (773). The ''Contea di Torino'' (or countship) was founded in the 940s, which was held by the Arduinic dynasty until 1050. After the marriage of Adelaide of Susa with Humbert Biancamano's son Otto the family of the Counts of Savoy gained control. While the dignity of count was held by the Bishop as count of Turin (1092–1130 and 1136–1191) it was ruled as a prince-bishopric by the Bishops. In 1230–1235 it was a lordship under the Marquess of Montferrat, styled Lord of Turin. At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Many of the gardens and palaces were built in the fifteenth century when the city was redesigned. The University of Turin was also founded during this period.

16th–18th century

Emmanuel Philibert (Iron Head) made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza Reale, today named Piazza San Carlo and Via Nuova, today called Via Roma were added with the first enlargement of the walls, in the first half of the 17th century; in the same period the Royal palace (Palazzo Reale) was built. In the second half of that century, a second enlargement of the walls was planned and executed, with the building of the arcaded Via Po, connecting diagonally, through the regular street grid, Piazza Castello with the bridge on the Po.

In 1706, during the Battle of Turin, the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. After the subsequent Treaty of Utrecht, the Kingdom of Sardinia was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy and the architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city. Now the capital of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time.

19th century

Turin, like the rest of Piedmont, was annexed by France in September 1802. Turin was the prefecture of the French department of Pô from 1802 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored with Turin as its capital. After 1814, Piedmont-Sardinia began to actively pursue the unification of Italy. In 1871, the Fréjus Tunnel was opened, making Turin an important communication node between Italy and France. The city in that period had 250,000 inhabitants. Some of the most iconic landmarks of the city, like the Egyptian Museum, the Mole Antonelliana, the Gran Madre di Dio Church and Piazza Vittorio Veneto were built in this period. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy. In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence. (Since 8 July 1871, the capital has been Rome.) Turin reacted to the loss of importance by beginning a rapid industrialisation: in 1899 Fiat was founded and Lancia in 1906. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle of Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the Exposition again in 1911. By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants.

20th century

After World War I, conflicts between workers and industrialists began. The first strikes took place and in 1920 the Lingotto factory was occupied. Turin became a major industrial centre during the first part of the 20th century thanks mainly to the automotive industry, insomuch that the city gained the nickname of ''Automobile Capital''.

Turin was a target of Allied strategic bombing during World War II and was heavily damaged by the air raids. The city was a target because of its industrial production, including FIAT, which produced aircraft, tanks and automobiles for the Axis war effort. The Allied campaign in Italy had the Allies landing in southern Italy and pushing northward the fascist and nazist forces. Turin was not captured by the Allies until the end of Spring Offensive of 1945, and even so when the advance guard of the armored reconnaissance units of Brazilian Expeditionary Force reached the city, it was already free of any German presence; the Germans having retreated after the successful allied offensive and the general insurrection of Italian Partisans that had began on 25 April 1945. Days later troops from the 1st Armored Division and 92nd Infantry Division came to substitute the Brazilian ones.

After World War II, Turin was rapidly rebuilt and its industrial base saw a huge development throughout the 1950s and 1960s, which attracted hundred of thousands of immigrants from the southern regions of Italy. The population reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at almost 1.2 million in 1971. In the 1970s and 1980s, the automotive industry crisis severely hit the city and its population began to sharply decline, losing more than one-fourth of its total in 30 years.

21st century

The long population decline of the city has begun to reverse itself in recent years, as the population grew from 865,000 to slightly over 900,000 by the end of the century. In 2006, Turin hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

Geography

Turin is located in northwest Italy. It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the eastern front by a high hill that is the natural prosecution of the hills of Monferrato. Four major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans, from the Celtic ''duria'' meaning "water"), the Stura di Lanzo, and the Sangone.

Climate

Turin is located in a Humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification ''Cfa''), although close proximity to mountainous terrain results in conditions that can be variable with some continental characteristics. This is in contrast to the Mediterranean climate characteristic of the coast of Italy. Winters are cold but dry, summers are mild in the hills and quite hot in the plains. Rain falls mostly during spring and autumn; during the hottest months, otherwise, rains are less usual but more strong (thunderstorms are usual). During the winter and autumn months banks of fog, which are sometimes very thick, form in the plains.

Administration

Turin is divided into 10 boroughs; these do not necessarily correspond to historical districts in the city. The following list numerates the present day boroughs :(named ''Circoscrizioni'') and the today location of the historical districts inside them:

Circoscrizione 1 Centro – Crocetta

Circoscrizione 2 Santa Rita – Mirafiori Nord

Circoscrizione 3 San Paolo – Cenisia – Pozzo Strada – Cit Turin – Borgata Lesna

Circoscrizione 4 San Donato – Campidoglio – Parella

Circoscrizione 5 Borgo Vittoria – Madonna di Campagna – Lucento – Vallette

Circoscrizione 6 Barriera di Milano – Regio Parco – Barca – Bertolla – Falchera – Rebaudengo – Villaretto

Circoscrizione 7 Aurora – Vanchiglia – Sassi – Madonna del Pilone

Circoscrizione 8 San Salvario – Cavoretto – Borgo Po

Circoscrizione 9 Nizza Millefonti – Lingotto – Filadelfia

Circoscrizione 10 Mirafiori Sud

The mayor of Turin is directly elected every four years. Piero Fassino, the current mayor, belongs to the centre-left coalition:

Name of the Mayor: Piero Fassino

Date of election: May 16, 2011

Party: Democratic Party

Turin's City Council is composed by 50 members.

Main sights

Architecture

The symbol of Turin is the Mole Antonelliana, which is named after the architect who built it, Alessandro Antonelli. Construction began in 1863 as a Jewish synagogue. Nowadays it houses the National Museum of Cinema, and it is believed to be the tallest museum in the world (167 metres or 548 feet).

The Palatine Towers is an ancient Roman-medieval structure that served as one of four Roman city gates, which allowed access from north to the ''cardus maximus'', the typical second main street of a Roman town. The Palatine Towers are among the best preserved Roman remains in northern Italy.

Turin Cathedral, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist (Italian ''San Giovanni Battista''), is the major church of the city. It was built during 1491–1498 and it is adjacent to an earlier campanile (1470). The Chapel of the Holy Shroud, the current resting place of the Shroud of Turin, was added to the structure in 1668–1694. Attached to the cathedral is the chapel of the Santissimo Sudario, built by Guarini (1694), where is preserved in a casket a cloth believed to be the shroud in which the Body of Christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the Cross, The Church of Corpus Domini records a miracle which took place during the sack of the city in 1453, when a soldier was carrying off an ostensorium containing the Blessed Sacrament: the ostensorium fell to the ground, while the Host remained suspended in air. The present splendid church, erected in 1610 to replace the original chapel which stood on the spot, is the work of Ascanio Vittozzi.

The Consolata, a sanctuary much frequented by pilgrims, stands on the site of the tenth-century monastery of S. Andrea, and is the work of Guarini. It was sumptuously restored in 1903. Outside the city, are: S. Maria Ausiliatrice, erected by Don Bosco; the Gran Madre di Dio, erected in 1818 on occasion of the return of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia; S. Maria del Monte (1583) on the Monte dei Cappucini.

In the hills overlooking the city is the basilica church of Superga, providing a view of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps. The basilica holds the tombs of many of the dukes of Savoy, as well as many of the kings of Sardinia. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. The Basilica of Superga, with a dome 244 feet high, the work of Juvarra, built by Amedeo II ex voto for the deliverance of Turin (1706), and which has served since 1772 as a royal mausoleum.

Villas, parks and gardens

The most popular park in the city is The Parco del Valentino: in 1961 for the celebrations of ''Italia61'' (Italian unification centenary) an important international exhibition (''FLOR61: Flowers of the world in Turin'') took place in the park with 800 exhibitors from 19 countries. On the occasion the plan for the new lighting of the park, with its fountains and paths, was carried out by Guido Chiarelli, the head engineer at the City Hall.

Other large parks are the Parco delle Pellerina, the Parco della Colletta, the Rignon park, the recent Colonnetti park and the University botanical gardens. Around the city, there are several other parks, such as the Parco della Mandria and the Parco della Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi, ancient hunting grounds of the Savoy, and those situated on the hill of Turin. Many parks are smaller, and are present in the various districts: there are also 240 playgrounds present in such parks. The mayor Amedeo Peyron realised in the early 1960s the first garden in Italy with games for children. According to a report of Legambiente 2007, Turin is the first Italian city to impose structures and policies on childcare.

Rosa Vercellana (1833–1885), commonly known as ‘Rosina’ and, in Piedmontese, as 'La Bela Rosin' (the beautiful Rosin), was the mistress and later wife of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. She was made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda, but never Queen of Italy. As the Savoy family refused to allow her to be buried next to her husband in the Pantheon, her children had a mausoleum built for her in a similar form (if on a smaller scale) in Turin, next to the road to the Castello di Mirafiori. The circular, copper-domed, neoclassical monument, surmounted by a latin cross and surrounded by a large park, was designed by Angelo Dimezzi and completed in 1888.

Demographics

In 2009, the city proper had a population of about 910,000, which is a significant increase on the 2001 census figure. This result is due to a growing immigration from Southern Italy and abroad. Approximately a 13,5 percent (122.946) of the population is composed of foreigners, the largest numbers coming from Romania (51,017), Morocco (22,511), Albania (9,165), Peru (7,044), China (5,483), and Moldova (3,417). Like many Northern Italian cities, there is a large proportion of pensioners in comparison to youth. Around 18 percent of the population is under 20 years of age while, 22 percent is over 65. The population of the Turin urban area totals 1.7 million inhabitants, ranking fourth in Italy, while the Turin metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million inhabitants. The median age is 43.7.

Economy

Turin is a major industrial centre, where the headquarters of the car company FIAT is located. The city has a GDP of $58 billion and is the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power. Even though the city was unable to become a "world city", it was ranked by GaWC as "''economically efficient''".

Turin is home to the Lingotto building, which was at one time the largest car factory in the world, and now houses a convention centre, a concert hall, a multiplex, an art gallery, a shopping centre and a Le Méridien hotel. Other companies founded in Turin are Lancia, Pininfarina, Bertone, Sparco, Italdesign, Ghia, Fioravanti, Stola, Intesa Sanpaolo (Italy's largest bank), Borbonese, Superga, Kristina Ti, Fisico, Kappa, Invicta (1821), Laura Tonatto, Nicolao Profumiere, Xerjoff, Repossi, Mattioli, TataBorello, Lavazza, Martini & Rossi and the chocolate factories Caffarel, Streglio, Domori, Guido Gobino, Venchi, Peyrano Pfatisch.

The city is also well known for its aerospace industry (Alenia). The International Space Station modules Harmony, Columbus, Tranquility, as well as the Cupola and all MPLMs were produced in Turin. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin, by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%).

Turin is also the birthplace of some of the country's main companies, such as Telecom Italia (telecommunications), Rai (television), and cinema. Most of these industries have since moved their headquarters to other parts of Italy, but Turin still retains the National Museum of Cinema (in the Mole Antonelliana building).

Culture

Name	Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
Infoboxwidth	250px
Imagecaption	The Royal Palace of Turin in Piazza Castello
State party
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv, v
Id	823
Region	Europe and North America
Year	1997 }}

Tourism

Turin, as the former capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, is home of the Savoy Residences. In addition to the 17th-century Royal Palace, built for Madama Reale Christine Marie of France (the official residence of the Savoys until 1865) there are many palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Turin is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. The complex of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in Turin and in the nearby cities of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria Reale, Agliè, Racconigi, Stupinigi, Pollenzo and Govone was declared a World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1997. In recent years, Turin has become an increasingly popular tourist destination, ranking 203rd in the world and 10th in Italy in 2008, with about 240,000 international arrivals.

The Egyptian Museum of Turin specialises in archaeology and anthropology, in particular the Art of Ancient Egypt. It is home to what is regarded as one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities outside of Egypt. In 2006 it received more than 500,000 visitors. The Museum of Oriental Art houses one of the most important Asian art collections in Italy.

The city is home to the Shroud of Turin: a linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have suffered physical trauma in a manner consistent with crucifixion. It is kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in the city centre. The origins of the shroud and its image are still the subject of intense debate among scientists, theologians, historians and researchers. It is popularly believed to be a depiction of Jesus Christ, however this matter is still controversial, as there seems to be a sufficient amount of historical and scientific evidence supporting the idea that it is, or is not, the Holy Face of Jesus. Nonetheless, it is a symbol of religious devotion and is one of the city's main symbols and tourist attractions.

Remaining a village for a long time, in 1559 the Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy made Turin the capital of his domains. In the Baroque period, Turin became important to a court and the Dukes had the ambition to transform the city into a major artistic and cultural capital. That is why working in a city of artists of great repute, especially architects and planners, like Carlo di Castellamonte and his son Amedeo,''which include the route of a Roman castrum'' the new capital and build beautiful buildings, Guarino Guarini and, in the eighteenth century, Filippo Juvarra and Alfieri.

As for the painting and the visual arts, Turin became a point of reference especially in the 20th century. In the 1920s by the painter Felice Casorati, which inspired a number of students, called The group of six of Turin, including Carlo Levi, Henry Paolucci, Gigi Chessa, Francis Menzio, Nicola Galante and Jessie Boswell. Two important artists were born in Turin: the sculptor Umberto Mastroianni, and the architect Carlo Mollino. Between the 1960s and 1970s, the international centre of Turin 'Arte Povera, the presence in the city of artists like Alighiero Boetti, Mario Merz, Giuseppe Penone, Piero Gilardi and Michelangelo Pistoletto. In those years is a strong artistic influence of a famous ''designer'', Armando Testa, the founder of advertising agency. Currently operating in the city are established artists, like Ugo Nespolo and Carol Rama.

Literature

A literary centre for many centuries, Turin began to attract writers only after the establishment of the court of the Duchy of Savoy. One of the most famous writers of the 17th century is Giambattista Marino, which in 1608 moved to the court of Charles Emmanuel I; he however suffered an assassination attempt by a rival, Gaspar Murtola, and was later imprisoned for a year because of gossip that he had said and written against the duke, and perhaps for this, in 1615 he left Turin and moved to France.

The main literary figures during the Baroque age in Turin were Emanuele Tesauro and Alessandro Tassoni; in the next century the poet Vittorio Alfieri from Asti livede here for a while. The situation was very different in the 19th century, especially since the city became a point of reference for Italian unification and, subsequently, the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Indeed, in those years Tommaseo, Settembrini and John Meadows resided in the city. A major literary and cultural woman of that time was Olympia Savio. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Turin was home to writers such as Guido Gozzano, Edmondo De Amicis and Emilio Salgari and Dino Segre, known by the pseudonym of Pitigrilli.

Turin has a very important role in Italian literature after World War II: to act as a catalyst is the publishing house founded by Giulio Einaudi, for which worked figures including Cesare Pavese, Italo Calvino, Vitaliano Brancati, Primo Levi, Natalia Ginzburg, Fernanda Pivano, Beppe Fenoglio, Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini. In more recent years, writers active in the city are Giovanni Arpino, Nico Orengo, Giuseppe Culicchia, Margaret Oggero, Laura Mancinelli, Alessandra Montrucchio, Alessandro Perissinotto, Guido Quartz, Piero Soria and Alessandro Baricco. Baricco was also among the founders of the School Holden, dedicated to teaching the techniques of writing.

Media

After Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin was chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006. The International Book Fair is one of the most important fairs of its kind in Europe. Turin is home to one of Italy's principal national newspapers, ''La Stampa'', and the sports daily newspaper ''Tuttosport''. The city is also served by other publications such as the Turin editions of ''La Repubblica'', ''il Giornale'', ''Leggo'', ''City'', ''Metro'' and ''E Polis''. RAI has had a production centre in Turin since 1954.

Sports

The city is home to two football teams: Juventus F.C. (founded in 1897) and Torino F.C. (founded in 1906). Juventus has the larger fan base, especially in southern Italy, while Torino enjoys a more localised support. The two clubs contest the oldest derby in Italy: the ''Derby della Mole'' or the Turin derby.

Juventus is Italy's most successful football club, and one of the most prestigious and successful in the world. It ranks joint seventh in the list of the world's clubs with the most official international titles (fourth between European clubs). Juventus was Italy's most successful club of the 20th century and the first team in football history –and remains the only one in the world to date (2010)– to have won all possible confederation competitions and the club world title. Their former stadium Stadio delle Alpi was one of the host stadiums for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and it was demolished in 2006 to make way for Juventus' new stadium, the Juventus Arena. The two sides currently share occupancy of the Stadio Olimpico di Torino but Torino will have full use of the ground when Juventus move to their new stadium.

The FISA (International Rowing Federation) was founded in Turin in 1892.

In 1949, in the Superga air disaster, a plane carrying almost the whole Torino F.C. team (at that time the most important team in Italy and known as the ''Grande Torino'') crashed into the Basilica of Superga in the Turin hills. Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro Mazzola (who were later to become football champions), was among those who perished in the crash.

The ''C.U.S. Torino'' volleyball team won the domestic league four times and, in the 1979–80 season, the Volleyball European Champion's Cup. It was the first team from western Europe to win this competition. In the 1990s the team was dismantled as a result of financial issues.

Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics from 10 February 2006, through 26 February 2006. Turin, with a metropolitan area of 1.7 million, was the largest city to have ever hosted a Winter Olympics. The title fell to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, (2.5 million) when that city hosted the XXI Olympic Winter Games.

Turin is also the home of the Valentino Park motor racing circuit.

Cinema

Turin is the Italian city where film chromatography was first established. As such, it forms the birthplace of Italian cinema. Because of its historic, geographical and cultural proximity to France, Italian filmmakers were naturally influenced by French cinema and the Lumière brothers. The first Italian cinema screening occurred in Turin in March 1896. In November 1896, Italian filmmakers performed the first cinema screening of a film before a fee-paying audience.

By the start of the 20th century (especially after 1907), a number of the first Italian films were aired in Turin. Examples include Giovanni Pastrone ''Cabiria'', in 1914, one of the first blockbusters in history.

During the 1920s and 30s, Turin hosted a number of film productions and major film studios (''film houses''), such as the Itala film, Aquila and Fert Studios. Turin's prominence in Italian film continued until 1937, the Cinecittà was inaugurated in Rome.

After World War II, the cinematic scene in Turin continued to thrive. 1956 saw the opening of the National Museum of Cinema, first housed in the Palazzo Chiablese and then, from 2000, the imposing headquarters of the Mole Antonelliana. In the 1982 Gianni Rondolino, a film critic, created the Festivale Internazionale Cinema Giovani, which later became the Torino Film Festival.

Today Turin is one of the main of cinematographic and television centres in Italy, thanks to the role of Turin Film Commission that reports the production of many feature films, soap operas and commercials.

Cuisine

Turin chocolate firms produce a typical chocolate, called ''Gianduiotto'', named after Gianduja, a local Commedia dell'arte mask; plus many other kinds of chocolate. Every year the town organises ''CioccolaTÒ'', a two-week chocolate festival run with the main Piedmontese chocolate producers, such as Caffarel, Streglio, Venchi and others, as well as some big international companies, such as Lindt & Sprüngli. Since the mid 1980s, the Piedmont region has also benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement, and Terra Madre, events that have highlighted the rich agricultural and vinicultural value of the Po valley and northern Italy.

Education

:''Main page: Education in Turin''

Turin is home to one of Italy's oldest universities, the University of Turin, which still ranks among the best universities in Italy. Another established university in the city is the Polytechnic University of Turin, that ranks among Top 50 universities in the world and # 1 in Italy ( "Academic Ranking of World Universities" published by Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, in engineering, technology and computer science fields). The business school ESCP Europe, ranked among the 10 best business schools in Europe, also has a campus in Turin. In recent years some small English language education institutions have been opened (St. John International University, International University College of Turin, Buddies Elementary School).

Transport

The town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. Some of the work sites deal with general roadworks to improve traffic flow, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically.

One is the ''Spina'' ("spine") which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the town. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard. The Porta Susa on this section will become Turin's main station.

The other major project is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system, known as Metrotorino. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the city, but its first phase was finished in time for the 2006 Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the public the day after). The first leg of the subway system linked the nearby town of Collegno with Porta Susa railway station in Turin's town centre; on 4 October 2007 the line was extended to Porta Nuova railway station and then, in March 2010, to Lingotto. The main street in the town centre (''Via Roma'') runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when ''Via Roma'' was built). The tunnel was supposed to host the underground line but is now used as an underground car park. A project to build an underground system was ready in the 1970s, with government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan and Rome; whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin local government led by mayor Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary.

The city has an international airport known as Caselle International Airport Sandro Pertini (TRN), located north of the city about 13 kilometres from downtown and connected to the city by a railway service (from Dora Station) and a bus service (from Porta Nuova and Porta Susa railway stations).

Notable natives

Luisa Accati (born 1942), historian and social anthropologist.

Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), founder of Fiat.

Edoardo Agnelli (1892–1935) industrialist, director of FIAT and Juventus F.C.'s president.

Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003), influential chairman, director of FIAT and Juventus F.C. president.

Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) industrialist, director of FIAT and Juventus F.C. president.

Giuliano Amato (born 1938), politician, former Prime Minister of Italy.

Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), physicist.

Alessandro Baricco (born 1958), writer.

Fred Buscaglione (1921–1960), singer and songwriter.

Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719–1789), critic.

Camillo Benso, count of Cavour, politician (Italian unification).

Roberto Bettega, former footballer and manager.

Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004), historian and philosopher.

Giampiero Boniperti, former footballer and Juventus F.C.'s president.

Gian Vittorio Bourlot, co-founder of the A.L.A.I. (Associazione Librai Antiquari d'Italia)

Gianpiero Combi (1902–1956), former footballer. 1934 World Cup champion.

Arturo Brachetti

Carla Bruni (born 1967), singer, model and wife of French president Nicolas Sarkozy.

Pierre Paul Caffarel (1795–1850), founder of the first chocolate factory in the world.

Giorgio Cagnotto, silver medalist Olympic diver

Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), inventor of vermouth and apéritif.

Leo Chiosso (1920–2006), lyricist, songwriter with Fred Buscaglione.

Robert Fano (1917–2004), engineer.

Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), physicist and electrical engineer.

Lorenzo Ferrero (born 1951), composer

Piero Gobetti (1901–1926), intellectual.

Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), mathematician.

Vincenzo Lancia (1881–1937), sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia.

Luigi Lavazza (1859–1949), inventor and coffee businessman.

Carlo Levi (1902–1975), painter and writer.

Primo Levi (1919–1987), chemist, philosopher, Holocaust survivor and writer.

Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Alessandro Martini (1812–1905), vermouth businessman.

Mau Mau (formed 1991), rock band.

Davide Rossi (1970) violinist, composer, string arranger (Goldfrapp, Coldplay, The Verve).

Carlo Mollino (1905–1973), architect and designer.

Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Adriano Olivetti (1901–1960), businessman.

Raffaele Palma (1953), writer, disegner, humorist, satirist.

Carlo Parola (1921–2000), former footballer. He's considered to be one of the inventors of the bicycle kick in Italy.

Rita Pavone (1945), singer

Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), mathematician.

Aurelio Peccei (1908–1984), founder of the Club of Rome.

Gigi D'Agostino, composer, singer, DJ & public icon for "Lento Violento".

Gabry Ponte, DJ member of Eiffel 65.

Vittorio Pozzo (1886–1968), former Italian national football team coach, 1934 and 1938 FIFA World Cup winner.

Tullio Regge (born 1931), physicist

Sofia Scalchi (1850–1922), opera mezzo-soprano

Piero Sraffa (1898–1983), economist.

Subsonica (formed 1996), rock band.

Francesco Tamagno (1850–1905), opera tenor.

Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio (1798–1866), statesman, novelist and painter.

Umberto Tozzi (1952), singer.

Gianni Vattimo (1936), philosopher.

Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), King of Piedmont and the first King of united Italy.

Marco Travaglio (1964), journalist, writer.

Marco Maccarini (1976), TV presenter, actor.

Notable residents

Edmondo de Amicis (1846–1908), novelist, journalist, and short-story writer.

Alighiero Boetti (1940–1994), artist.

St. Giovanni Bosco (1815–1888), Catholic priest, educator and recognised pedagogue.

Francesco Faà di Bruno (1825–1888), mathematician and priest.

Italo Calvino (1923–1985), journalist and writer.

Gaspare Campari (1828), drink maker.

Felice Casorati (1883–1963), painter.

Francesco Cirio (1836–1900), businessman.

Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer.

Renato Dulbecco (born 1914), he won a 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Umberto Eco (born 1932), medievalist, semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist.

Ludovico Einaudi (born 1955), contemporary classical music composer and pianist.

Giulio Einaudi (1912–1999), publisher.

Luigi Einaudi (1874–1961), politician and economist.

Desiderius Erasmus (1466/1469-1536), Dutch humanist and theologian.

Michele Ferrero (born 1925), founder of Ferrero and richest man in Italy (November 2009)

Paolo Fossati (1938–1998), art historian, editor, writer, journalist, teacher,.

Guido Fubini (1879–1942), Mathematician.

Leone Ginzburg (1909–1944), editor, writer, journalist, teacher, anti-fascist .

Natalia Ginzburg (1916–1991), writer.

Guido Gozzano (1883–1916), writer and poet.

Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), writer, politician and political theorist, founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy.

Primo Levi (1919–1987), chemist, philosopher, Holocaust survivor and writer.

Cesare Lombroso (1836–1909), criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology.

Franco Lucentini (1920–2002), writer.

Claudio Magris (born 1939) scholar, translator, writer and Italian senator.

Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821), French-speaking Savoyard lawyer, diplomat, writer, and philosopher.

Francesco Menzio (1899–1979), painter.

Mario Merz (1925–2003), artist.

Giulio Natta (1903–1979), chemist, won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher.

Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), French-Italian sociologist, economist and philosopher.

Cesare Pavese (1908–1950), poet, novelist, literary critic and translator.

Michelangelo Pistoletto (1933–present), artist, associated with Arte Povera.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), French philosopher.

Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), writer.

Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) notable Italian astronomer

Ascanio Sobrero (1812–1888), chemist.

Germain Sommeiller (1815–1871), civil engineer.

Gianni Vattimo (born 1936), author, philosopher, and politician.

Elio Vittorini (1908–1966), writer and novelist.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Turin is twinned with:

	* Europe	** Chambéry, France	** Cologne, Germany	** Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg	** Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom	** Liège, Belgium	** Lille, France	** Rotterdam, Netherlands	** Tirana, Albania.	** Volgograd, Russian Federation.
* America	** Campo Grande, Brazil	Córdoba, Argentina>Córdoba, Argentina	** Detroit, United States	** Quetzaltenango, Guatemala	** Salt Lake City, United States
* Asia	** Gaza, Palestinian National Authority	** Haifa, Israel	** Nagoya, Japan	** Shenyang, China

;Collaboration accords with:

* Bacău, Romania	* Barcelona, Spain	* Lyon, France	* Cannes, France	* Gwangju, South Korea
* Harbin, China	* Shenzhen, China	* Vancouver, Canada	* Zlín, Czech Republic	* Bogotá, Colombia

References

External links

''Turin City Hall'' Official website, tourist informations

Category:Roman colonies Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont Category:Province of Turin Category:IOC Session Host Cities

af:Turyn ar:تورينو roa-rup:Torino frp:Turin ay:Torino az:Turin bn:তুরিন zh-min-nan:Torino be:Горад Турын be-x-old:Турын (горад) bo:ཊུ་རིན། bs:Torino br:Torino bg:Торино ca:Torí cv:Турин cs:Turín co:Torinu cy:Torino da:Torino de:Turin et:Torino el:Τορίνο eml:Turén es:Turín eo:Torino ext:Turín eu:Turin fa:تورین fo:Torino fr:Turin fy:Turyn (stêd) fur:Turin ga:Torino gl:Turín - Torino ko:토리노 hy:Թուրին hi:टोरीनो hr:Torino io:Torino id:Torino os:Турин is:Tórínó it:Torino he:טורינו jv:Torino ka:ტურინი kw:Torino sw:Torino kv:Турин la:Augusta Taurinorum lv:Turīna lb:Turin lt:Turinas lij:Torin lmo:Türì hu:Torino mk:Торино mr:तोरिनो ms:Turin mn:Турин nah:Torino nl:Turijn (stad) ja:トリノ nap:Turino no:Torino nn:Torino oc:Turin pms:Turin nds:Turin pl:Turyn pt:Turim ro:Torino qu:Torino ru:Турин sc:Torinu sco:Turin sq:Torino scn:Turinu simple:Turin sk:Turín sl:Torino szl:Turyn so:Torino sr:Торино sh:Torino fi:Torino sv:Turin tl:Lungsod ng Turino ta:துரின் roa-tara:Torino th:ตูริน tr:Torino uk:Турин ug:Turin vec:Turìn vi:Torino vo:Torino war:Turin yi:טורין zh-yue:拖連奴 zh:都灵

name	Quincy Jones
background	non_performing_personnel
birth name	Quincy Delightt Jones, Jr.
alias	Leigh Warren
born	March 14, 1933Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
origin	Seattle, Washington, U.S.
instrument	Trumpet, French horn, drums, vocals, piano synthesizer
genre	R&B;, funk, soul, big band, swing, jazz, bossa nova, hip-hop, rock n roll
occupation	Musician, conductor, producer, arranger, composer, film composer
years active	1951–present
label	Columbia, Mercury, Qwest
associated acts	Lionel Hampton, Dizzy Gillespie, Toots Thielemans, Aaliyah, Michael Jackson, Rod Temperton, The Brothers Johnson, Frank Sinatra, Eddie Van Halen, Dinah Washington, Dean Martin, Patti Austin, Tevin Campbell, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Will Smith, 2Pac, Trey Songz
website	}}

Quincy Delightt Jones, Jr. (born March 14, 1933) is an American record producer and musician. A conductor, musical arranger, film composer, television producer, and trumpeter. His career spans five decades in the entertainment industry and a record 79 Grammy Award nominations, 27 Grammys, including a Grammy Legend Award in 1991. He is particularly recognized as the producer of the album ''Thriller'', by pop icon Michael Jackson, which has sold more than 110 million copies worldwide, and as the producer and conductor of the charity song “We Are the World”. He has also done production work on the new Jay-Z/ Kanye West collaborative album , Watch the Throne.

In 1968, Jones and his songwriting partner Bob Russell became the first African Americans to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song ''The Eyes of Love'' from the Universal Pictures film ''Banning (film)''. That same year, he became the first African American to be nominated twice within the same year when he was nominated for Best Original Score for his work on the music of the 1967 film ''In Cold Blood''. In 1971, Jones would receive the honor of becoming the first African American to be named musical director/conductor of the Academy Awards ceremony. He was the first African American to win the Academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, in 1995. He is tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the most Oscar-nominated African American, each of them having seven nominations. At the 2008 BET Awards, Quincy Jones was presented with the Humanitarian Award. He was played by Larenz Tate in the 2004 biopic about Ray Charles, ''Ray''.

Early life

Jones was born in Chicago, the oldest son of Sarah Frances (née Wells), an apartment complex manager and bank executive who suffered from schizophrenia, and Quincy Delightt Jones, Sr., a semi-professional baseball player and carpenter. Jones discovered music in grade school at Raymond Elementary School on Chicago's South Side and took up the trumpet. When he was 10, his family moved to Bremerton, Washington and he attended Seattle's Garfield High School. It was in Seattle that Jones first met a 17-year-old Ray Charles. He then attended Somerset Academy.

In 1951, Jones won a scholarship to the Schillinger House (now Berklee College of Music) in Boston, Massachusetts. However, he abandoned his studies when he received an offer to tour as a trumpeter with the bandleader Lionel Hampton. While Jones was on the road with Hampton, he displayed a gift for arranging songs. Jones relocated to New York City, where he received a number of freelance commissions arranging songs for artists like Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Gene Krupa, and his close friend Ray Charles.

Musical career

In 1956, Jones toured again as a trumpeter and musical director of the Dizzy Gillespie Band on a tour of the Middle East and South America sponsored by the United States Information Agency. Upon his return to the United States, Jones got a contract from ABC-Paramount Records and commenced his recording career as the leader of his own band.

In 1957, Quincy settled in Paris where he studied composition and theory with Nadia Boulanger and Olivier Messiaen. He also performed at the Paris Olympia. Jones became music director at Barclay Disques, the French distributor for Mercury Records.

During the 1950s, Jones successfully toured throughout Europe with a number of jazz orchestras. As musical director of Harold Arlen's jazz musical ''Free and Easy'', Quincy Jones took to the road again. A European tour closed in Paris in February 1960. With musicians from the Arlen show, Jones formed his own big band, called The Jones Boys, with 18 artists—plus their families—in tow. The band included jazz greats Eddie Jones and fellow trumpeter Reunald Jones, and organized a tour of North America and Europe. Though the European and American concerts met enthusiastic audiences and sparkling reviews, concert earnings could not support a band of this size, and poor budget planning made it an economic disaster; the band dissolved and the fallout left Jones in a financial crisis. Quoted in ''Musician'' magazine, Jones said about his ordeal, "We had the best jazz band in the planet, and yet we were literally starving. That's when I discovered that there was ''music'', and there was the ''music business''. If I were to survive, I would have to learn the difference between the two." Irving Green, head of Mercury Records, got Jones back on his feet with a personal loan and a new job as the musical director of the company's New York division, where he worked with Doug Moody, who would later go on to form Mystic Records . In 1964, Jones was promoted to vice-president of the company, thus becoming the first African American to hold such an executive position in a white-owned record company.

In that same year, Quincy Jones turned his attention to another musical arena that had long been closed to blacks—the world of film scores. At the invitation of director Sidney Lumet, he composed the music for ''The Pawnbroker''. It was the first of his 33 major motion picture scores.

Following the success of ''The Pawnbroker'', Jones left Mercury Records and moved to Los Angeles. After his score for ''The Slender Thread'', starring Sidney Poitier, he was in constant demand as a composer. His film credits in the next five years included ''Walk, Don't Run'', ''In Cold Blood'', ''In the Heat of the Night'', ''A Dandy in Aspic'', ''Mackenna's Gold'', The Italian Job, ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'', ''The Lost Man'', ''Cactus Flower'', and ''The Getaway''. In addition, he also composed The Streetbeater, which is the familiar theme song for the television sitcom ''Sanford and Son'', starring close friend Redd Foxx.

In the 1960s, Jones worked as an arranger for some of the most important artists of the era, including Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee, and Dinah Washington. Jones's solo recordings also garnered acclaim, including ''Walking in Space'', ''Gula Matari'', ''Smackwater Jack'', ''You've Got It Bad, Girl'', ''Body Heat'', ''Mellow Madness'', and ''I Heard That!!''.

He is well known for his 1962 tune "Soul Bossa Nova", which originated on the ''Big Band Bossa Nova'' album. "Soul Bossa Nova" was a theme for the 1998 World Cup, the Canadian game show ''Definition'', the Woody Allen film ''Take the Money and Run'' and the Mike Myers movie ''Austin Powers in Goldmember'', and was sampled by Canadian hip hop group Dream Warriors for their song, "My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style".

Jones was also responsible for producing all four singles for Lesley Gore selling million during the early and mid-sixties, including "It's My Party" (UK #8; US #1), "Judy's Turn To Cry" (US #5), "She's A Fool" (also a US #5) in 1963, and "You Don't Own Me" (US #2 for four weeks in 1964). He continued to produce for Lesley through to 1966.

Jones's 1981 album ''The Dude'' yielded multiple hit singles, including "Ai No Corrida" (a remake of a song by Chaz Jankel), "Just Once" and "One Hundred Ways", the latter two featuring James Ingram on lead vocals and marking Ingram's first hits.

In 1985, Jones scored the Steven Spielberg film adaptation of ''The Color Purple''. He and Jerry Goldsmith (from ''Twilight Zone: The Movie'') are the only composers besides John Williams to have scored a Spielberg theatrical film. After the 1985 American Music Awards ceremony, Jones used his influence to draw most of the major American recording artists of the day into a studio to lay down the track "We Are the World" to raise money for the victims of Ethiopia's famine. When people marveled at his ability to make the collaboration work, Jones explained that he'd taped a simple sign on the entrance: "Check Your Ego At The Door".

Starting in the late 1970s, Jones tried to convince Miles Davis to re-perform the music he had played on several classic albums that had been arranged by Gil Evans in the 1960s. Davis had always refused, citing a desire not to revisit the past. In 1991, Davis, then suffering from pneumonia, relented and agreed to perform the music at a concert at the Montreux Jazz Festival. The resulting album from the recording, ''Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux'', was Davis' last released album (he died several months afterward) and is considered an artistic triumph.

In 1993, Jones collaborated with David Salzman to produce the concert extravaganza ''An American Reunion'', a celebration of Bill Clinton's inauguration as president of the United States. In 1994, Salzman and Jones formed the company Quincy Jones/David Salzman Entertainment (QDE) with Time/Warner Inc. QDE is a diverse company which produces media technology, motion pictures, television programs (''In the House'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', and ''MADtv''), and magazines (''Vibe'' and ''Spin'').

In 2001, he published his autobiography, ''Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones''. On July 31, 2007, Jones partnered with Wizzard Media to launch the Quincy Jones Video Podcast. In each episode, Jones shares his knowledge and experience in the music industry. The first episode features Jones in the studio, producing "I Knew I Loved you" for Celine Dion, which is featured on the Ennio Morricone tribute album, ''We All Love Ennio Morricone''. Jones is also noted for helping produce Anita Hall's CD, ''Send Love'', which was released in 2009.

Work with Michael Jackson

While working on the film ''The Wiz'', Michael Jackson asked Jones to recommend some producers for Jackson's upcoming solo record. Jones offered some names, but eventually asked Jackson if he would like for him to produce the record. Jackson replied that he would, and the result, ''Off The Wall'', has sold approximately 20 million copies and made Jones the most powerful record producer in the industry. Jones's and Jackson's next collaboration ''Thriller'' has sold a reputed 110 million copies and has become the highest-selling album of all time. Jones also worked on Michael Jackson's album ''Bad'', which has sold 32 million copies. After the ''Bad'' album, Jones recommended Jackson to New Jack Swing inventors Teddy Riley and Babyface so Jackson could "update" his sound.

In a 2002 interview, when Jackson was asked if he would ever work with Jones again he replied, "The door is always open". However, in 2007, when NME.COM asked Jones a similar question, he said "Man, please! We already did that. I have talked to him about working with him again but I've got too much to do. I've got 900 products, I'm 74 years old."

Following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, Jones said:

}}

Work with Frank Sinatra

Jones first worked with Frank Sinatra when he was invited by Princess Grace to arrange a benefit concert at the Monaco Sporting Club in 1958. Six years later, Sinatra hired him to arrange and conduct Sinatra's second album with Count Basie, ''It Might as Well Be Swing'' (1964). Jones conducted and arranged 1966's live album with the Basie Band, ''Sinatra at the Sands''. Jones was also the arranger/conductor when Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Dean Martin, and Johnny Carson performed with the Basie orchestra in St. Louis, Missouri, in a benefit for Dismas House in June 1965. The fund-raiser was broadcast to a number of other theaters around the country and eventually released on DVD. Later that year, Jones was also the arranger/conductor when Sinatra and Basie appeared on ''The Hollywood Palace'' TV show on October 16, 1965. Nineteen years later, Sinatra and Jones teamed up for 1984's ''L.A. Is My Lady'', after a joint Sinatra-Lena Horne project was abandoned.

Media appearances

Jones had a brief appearance in the 1990 video for The Time song "Jerk Out". Jones was a guest star on an episode of ''The Boondocks'' in which he and the main character, Huey Freeman, co-produced a Christmas play for Huey's elementary school. He appeared with Ray Charles in the music video of their song 'One Mint Julep' and also with Ray Charles and Chaka Khan in the music video of their song "I'll Be Good to You".

Quincy Jones hosted an episode of the long-running NBC sketch comedy show ''Saturday Night Live'' on February 10, 1990 (during SNL's 15th season [the 1989–1990 season]). The episode was notable for having 10 musical guests (the most any ''SNL'' episode has ever had in its 30-plus years on the air): Tevin Campbell, Andrae Crouch, Sandra Crouch, rappers Kool Moe Dee and Big Daddy Kane, Melle Mel, Quincy D III, Siedah Garrett, Al Jarreau, and Take 6, and for a performance of Dizzy Gillespie's "Manteca" by The SNL Band (conducted by Quincy Jones himself). Jones also impersonated Marion Barry in the then-recurring sketch, "The Bob Waltman Special". Quincy Jones would later be producer for his own sketch comedy show, FOX's ''MADtv''.

Jones appeared in the Walt Disney Pictures film ''Fantasia 2000'', introducing the set piece of George Gershwin's ''Rhapsody in Blue''. Two years later he made a cameo appearance as himself in the film Austin Powers in Goldmember. On February 10, 2008, Jones presented at the Grammy Awards. With Usher he presented Album of The Year to Herbie Hancock.

On January 6, 2009, Quincy Jones appeared on NBC's ''Last Call with Carson Daly'' to discuss various experiences within his prolific career. Also discussed was the informal notion of Jones becoming the first minister of culture for the United States — following the pending inauguration of the 44th U.S. President, Barack Obama. Carson Daly indicated the U.S. as being one of the only leading world countries, along with Germany, to exclude this position from the national government. This idea has also been subject to more in-depth discussion on NPR and the ''Chronicle of Higher Education''.

On December 12, 2009, Jones performed at a private reception for USAA employees at the Alamo Dome, in San Antonio, TX.

On February 5, 2011 Quincy Jones appeared on CBS's Late night show with David Letterman.

Awards and recognition

Discography

Personal life

Jones has been married three times and has seven children:

to Jeri Caldwell from 1957 to 1966; they had one daughter, Jolie Jones Levine.

to Ulla Andersson from 1967 to 1974; they had two children, Martina Jones and son Quincy Jones III;

to actress Peggy Lipton from 1974 to 1990; they had two daughters, actresses Kidada Jones and Rashida Jones.

Jones also had a brief affair with Carol Reynolds and had a daughter, Rachel Jones.

Jones dated and lived with actress Nastassja Kinski from 1991 until 1995. In February 1993, their daughter Kenya Julia Miambi Sarah Jones was born.

For the 2006 PBS television program ''African American Lives'', Jones had his DNA tested; the results found that on his paternal line (Y DNA) he is of European ancestry and on his maternal side (mt DNA) he is of West African/Central African ancestry of Tikar descent. The series revealed plenty of surprises, including the fact that Quincey Jones' family hails from an area in Cameroon known for its music. On hearing the information, Jones said: "I would have never guessed."

Jones has never learned to drive, citing an accident in which he was a passenger (at age 14) as the reason.

Social activism

Jones's social activism began in the 1960s with his support of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Jones is one of the founders of the Institute for Black American Music (IBAM), whose events aim to raise enough funds for the creation of a national library of African American art and music. Jones is also one of the founders of the ''Black Arts Festival'' in his hometown of Chicago. In the 1970s Jones formed The Qunicy Jones Workshops. Meeting at the Los Angeles Landmark Variety Arts Center, the workshops educated and honed the skills of inner city youth in musicianship, acting and songwriting. Among its Alumni were Alton Mc Clain who had a hit song with Alton Mc Clain and Destiny, and Mark Wilkins who co-wrote the hit song "Havin' A Love Attack" with Mandrill and went on to become the National Promotion Director for Punk / Thrash record label Mystic Records. For many years, he has worked closely with Bono of U2 on a number of philanthropic endeavors. He is the founder of the ''Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation'', a nonprofit that connects youths with technology, education, culture and music. One of the organization's programs is an intercultural exchange between underprivileged youths from Los Angeles and South Africa.

In 2004, Jones helped launch the We Are the Future (WAF) project, which gives children in poor and conflict-ridden areas a chance to live their childhoods and develop a sense of hope. The program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation and Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies and major companies. The project was launched with a concert in Rome, Italy, in front of an audience of half a million people.

Jones supports a number of other charities including the NAACP, GLAAD, Peace Games, AmfAR and The Maybach Foundation. Jones serves on the Advisory Board of HealthCorps. On July 26, 2007, he announced his endorsement of Hillary Clinton for president. But with the election of Barack Obama, Quincy Jones said that his next conversation "with President Obama [will be] to beg for a secretary of arts," prompting the circulation of a petition on the Internet asking Obama to create such a Cabinet-level position in his administration.

In 2001, he became an honorary member of the Board of Directors of The Jazz Foundation of America. Jones worked with The Jazz Foundation of America to save the homes and the lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians including those who survived Hurricane Katrina.

Brazilian culture

Jones is a great admirer of Brazilian culture and a film on Brazil's Carnival is among his recent plans: "one of the most spectacular spiritual events on the planet"; Simone, whom he cites as "one of the world´s greatest singers", Ivan Lins, Milton Nascimento and Gilson Peranzzetta, "one of the five biggest arrangement producers of the world" stand as close friends and partners in his recent works.

See also

List of number-one dance hits (United States)

List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links

Official Quincy Jones Website

Archive of American Television interview

Mix Interview: Quincy Jones

American Masters - Quincy Jones: The Story of an American Musician

Association for Computing Machinery Video Interview with Quincy Jones

Quincy Jones speech on the importance of Cultural Diplomacy throughout the world, Beijing, China, May 26, 2006

Quincy Jones's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project

Video clip of Quincy Jones's speech on education at the American Film Institute for the 2006 ACM Computers in Entertainment Scholarship Awards (November 4, 2006)

Category:1933 births Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:African American musicians Category:African American composers Category:American composers Category:American dance musicians Category:American film score composers Category:American jazz trumpeters Category:American music arrangers Category:American record producers Category:American television producers Category:Bebop trumpeters Category:Bell Records artists Category:Berklee College of Music alumni Category:Cameroonian people Category:Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Category:Crossover jazz trumpeters Category:Grammy Award winners Category:MusiCares Person of the Year Honorees Category:Harvard University people Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Jazz composers Category:Jazz-pop trumpeters Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Chicago, Illinois Category:Musicians from Washington (state) Category:Qwest Records artists Category:Songwriters from Illinois Category:Swing trumpeters Category:National Humanities Medal recipients

az:Kuinsi Cons cs:Quincy Jones cy:Quincy Jones da:Quincy Jones de:Quincy Jones es:Quincy Jones fa:کوئینسی جونز fr:Quincy Jones ko:퀸시 존스 io:Quincy Jones id:Quincy Jones it:Quincy Jones he:קווינסי ג'ונס jv:Quincy Jones sw:Quincy Jones lv:Kvinsijs Džonss nl:Quincy Jones ja:クインシー・ジョーンズ no:Quincy Jones oc:Quincy Jones pl:Quincy Jones pt:Quincy Jones ro:Quincy Jones ru:Джонс, Куинси sk:Quincy Jones fi:Quincy Jones sv:Quincy Jones th:ควินซี โจนส์ tr:Quincy Jones uk:Квінсі Джонс yo:Quincy Jones zh:昆西·琼斯

Luca Turin (born 1953) is a biophysicist with a long-standing interest in the sense of smell, the art of perfume, and the fragrance industry.

Vibration theory of olfaction

Since 1996 Turin has been the leading proponent of the vibration theory of olfaction, which proposes that the vibrational spectroscopic properties of molecules can be an important determinant of their associated smells, rather than just the specific "lock and key" ligand binding proposed by the orthodox shape theory of olfaction. Turin suggested that a plausible mechanism for such a molecular spectroscope could be inelastic electron tunneling.

A major prediction of Turin's theory is the isotope effect: that the normal and deuterated versions of a compound should smell different, although they have the same shape. A 2001 study by Haffenden et al. showed humans able to distinguish benzaldehyde from its deuterated version.

However, experimental tests published in Nature Neuroscience in 2004 by Keller and Vosshall failed to support this prediction, with human subjects unable to distinguish acetophenone and its deuterated counterpart. The study was accompanied by an editorial, which considered the work of Keller and Vosshall to be "refutation of a theory that, while provocative, has almost no credence in scientific circles." It continued, "The only reason for the authors to do the study, or for ''Nature Neuroscience'' to publish it, is the extraordinary -- and inappropriate -- degree of publicity that the theory has received from uncritical journalists." The journal also published a review of ''The Emperor of Scent'', calling Chandler Burr's book about Turin and his theory "giddy and overwrought."

Philosopher of science Miriam Solomon of Temple University, who reviewed Turin's own book in Science, has suggested that ''Nature Neuroscience'' may have been defensive about the positive publicity surrounding Turin's theory because Nature, the parent journal, rejected Turin's original article. (Turin's research paper was published instead in ''Senses''.) Nevertheless, two years after publishing the Vosshall paper and the accompanying editorial, the news website of ''Nature'' published an article about a study that supported Turin's theory: "A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists."

In addition, tests with animals have shown fish and insects able to distinguish isotopes by smell. Biophysical simulations published in Physical Review Letters in 2007 suggest that Turin's proposal is viable from a physics standpoint.

The vibration theory received possible support from a 2004 paper published in the journal Organic Biomolecular Chemistry by Takane and Mitchell, which shows that odor descriptions in the olfaction literature correlate more strongly with vibrational frequency than with molecular shape. However, the authors state "Our view is that the relationship between vibrational frequencies and odour is not causal (as in Turin's theory), but may come about indirectly as a consequence of similar molecules having similar properties." The method may be seen as an approach within the field of Cheminformatics, in which a variety of approaches are used to predict the function of molecules from their characteristics, not all of which imply a causal link between the input (here, vibrational frequencies) and output (here, odour prediction).

Biography

Turin was born in 1953 in Beirut, Lebanon, to Italian Argentine parents. He lives in Somerville, MA.

Education and employment

Turin earned his Ph.D. in physiology at University College London. From 1982 until 1988, he worked in France as a researcher for the CNRS at the Villefranche Marine Station near Nice. He was then employed at the Pasteur Institute from 1988 until 1990.

After leaving the CNRS, Turin first held a visiting research position at the National Institutes of Health in North Carolina before moving back to London, where he became a lecturer in biophysics at University College London. In 2001 Turin was hired as CTO of start-up company Flexitral, based in Chantilly, Virginia, to pursue rational odorant design based on his theories. In April 2010 he described this role in the past tense, and the company's domain name appears to have been surrendered.

As of 2010, Turin is currently at MIT, working on a project to develop an electronic nose based in part on his theories, financed by DARPA. From April 2011 on, he will be working at the Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Centre in Vari, Greece.

Role in the case of Henri Korn

Turin's role in reporting a high-profile instance of scientific fraud was reported in 2007 in both Nature and Le Nouvel Observateur.

In 1988, Turin began work at the lab led by neuroscience researcher Henri Korn at the Pasteur Institute. There, Turin and his colleague Nicole Ropert reported to their superiors that they believed some of Korn's research on neurotransmitters was based on fabricated results. After Turin made a formal request that the CNRS investigate the allegations, he was told to find work outside of France; Ropert was also asked to leave.

Korn was awarded the prestigious Richard Lounsbery Award in 1992 and became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the U.S. and the French Academy of Sciences. Then in 2007, re-analysis of Korn's data by Jacques Ninio in the Journal of Neurophysiology showed serious anomalies that suggested the results were indeed fabricated.

Publications and media coverage

Turin is the author of the book ''The Secret of Scent'' (2006), which details the history and science of his theory of olfaction, and an acclaimed critical guide to perfume, ''Parfums: Le Guide'', with two editions published in French in 1992 and 1994. He is also the subject of the 2002 book ''The Emperor of Scent'' by Chandler Burr, as well as of the 1995 BBC Horizon documentary "A Code in the Nose."

Since 2003, Turin has also written a regular column on perfume, "Duftnote," for ''NZZ Folio'', the German-language monthly magazine of Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung. The column is also published in English on the magazine's website. He also publishes a regular (every second week) column in the Feuilleton of the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung'' under the title ''Wie sich jetzt herausgestellt hat'' or in English: "As it turns out".

In 2008, Viking Press published ''Perfumes: The Guide'' by Turin and Tania Sanchez. The book comprises 1,500 critical reviews of individual fragrances, plus introductory essays about the art, science, and history of perfume.

Books

References

External links

The official website for Perfumes: The A-Z Guide contains a short biographical note and links to articles by Luca Turin.

Luca Turin stopped updating Perfume Notes, his blog in January 2006, but an archive is available.

TED Talk video of Turin explaining the "Science of Scent"

Category:1953 births Category:People from Beirut Category:Biophysicists Category:Living people Category:Molecular biologists Category:American critics Category:American physiologists

pl:Luca Turin