Events

351 – The Jewish revolt against Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine.

558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt.

1274 – In France, the Second Council of Lyons opens to regulate the election of the Pope.

1348 – Charles University in Prague (Universitas Carolina/Univerzita Karlova) is established as the first university in Central Europe.

1429 – Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans, pulling an arrow from her own shoulder and returning, wounded, to lead the final charge. The victory marks a turning point in the Hundred Years' War.

1664 – Louis XIV of France inaugurates the Palace of Versailles.

1697 – Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire. It is replaced by the current Royal Palace in the eighteenth century.

1718 – The city of New Orleans is founded by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville.

1763 – Indian Wars: Pontiac's Rebellion begins – Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.

1794 – French Revolution: Robespierre introduces the Cult of the Supreme Being in the National Convention as the new state religion of the French First Republic.

1824 – World premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Vienna, Austria. The performance is conducted by Michael Umlauf under the composer's supervision.

1832 – The independence of Greece is recognized by the Treaty of London. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria is chosen King.

1840 – The Great Natchez Tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi killing 317 people. It is the second deadliest tornado in United States history.

1846 – The Cambridge Chronicle, America's oldest surviving weekly newspaper, is published for the first time in Cambridge, Massachusetts

1847 – The American Medical Association is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1864 – American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.

1895 – In Saint Petersburg, Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society his invention, the Popov lightning detector — a primitive radio receiver. In some parts of the former Soviet Union the anniversary of this day is celebrated as Radio Day.

1915 – World War I: German submarine sinks , killing 1,198 people including 128 Americans. Public reaction to the sinking turns many formerly pro-Germans in the United States against the German Empire.

1920 – Kiev Offensive: Polish troops led by Józef Piłsudski and Edward Rydz-Śmigły and assisted by a symbolic Ukrainian force capture Kiev only to be driven out by the Red Army counter-offensive a month later.

1920 – Treaty of Moscow: Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia only to invade the country six months later.

1920 – The Art Gallery of Ontario, in Toronto, opens the first exhibition by the Group of Seven.

1937 – Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist Francisco Franco's forces.

1940 – The Norway Debate in the British House of Commons begins, and leads to the replacement of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain with Winston Churchill three days later.

1942 – During the Battle of the Coral Sea, United States Navy aircraft carrier aircraft attack and sink the Japanese Imperial Navy light aircraft carrier Shōhō. The battle marks the first time in the naval history that two enemy fleets fight without visual contact between warring ships.

1945 – World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document takes effect the next day.

1946 – Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed Sony) is founded with around 20 employees.

1948 – The Council of Europe is founded during the Hague Congress.

1952 – The concept of the integrated circuit, the basis for all modern computers, is first published by Geoffrey W.A. Dummer.

1954 – Indochina War: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in a French defeat (the battle began on March 13).

1960 – Cold War: U-2 Crisis of 1960 – Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announces that his nation is holding American U-2 pilot Gary Powers.

1964 – Pacific Air Lines Flight 773, a Fairchild F-27 airliner, crashes near San Ramon, California, killing all 44 aboard; the FBI later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.

1974 – West German Chancellor Willy Brandt resigns.

1986 – Canadian Patrick Morrow became the first person to climb each of the Seven Summits.

1992 – Michigan ratifies a 203-year-old proposed amendment to the United States Constitution making the 27th Amendment law. This amendment bars the U.S. Congress from giving itself a mid-term pay raise.

1992 – The Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' is launched on its first mission (STS-49).

1992 – Three employees at a McDonald's Restaurant in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, are brutally murdered and a fourth permanently disabled after a botched robbery. It is the first "fast-food murder" in Canada.

1998 – Mercedes-Benz buys Chrysler for $40 billion USD and forms DaimlerChrysler in the largest industrial merger in history.

1999 – Pope John Paul II travels to Romania becoming the first pope to visit a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.

1999 – Kosovo War: In Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese citizens are killed and 20 wounded when a NATO aircraft bombs the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.

1999 – In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.

2000 – Vladimir Putin is inaugurated president of Russia

2002 – A China Northern Airlines MD-82 plunges into the Yellow Sea, killing 112 people.

2004 – American businessman Nick Berg is beheaded by Islamic militants. The act is recorded on videotape and released on the Internet.

2007 – Israeli archaeologists discover the tomb of Herod the Great south of Jerusalem.

2009 – Over 100 New Zealand Police officers begin a 40-hour siege of a lone gunman in Napier, New Zealand.

Births

1328 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1365)

1397 – Sejong the Great, was the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (d. 1450)

1530 – Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Huguenot general (d. 1569)

1605 – Patriarch Nikon, 7th patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (d. 1681)

1643 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, American politician (d. 1700)

1700 – Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (d. 1772)

1711 – David Hume, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1776)

1724 – Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Austrian general (d. 1797)

1740 – Nikolai Arkharov, Russian general (d. 1814)

1748 – Olympe de Gouges, French playwright and feminist revolutionary (d. 1793)

1763 – Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince (d. 1813)

1767 – Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia, Duchess of York and Albany (d. 1820)

1774 – William Bainbridge, American Commodore (d. 1833)

1787 – Jacques Viger, French Canadian politician, first mayor of Montreal (d. 1858)

1812 – Robert Browning, English poet (d. 1889)

1826 – Varina Davis, First Lady of the Confederate States of America (d. 1906)

1833 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (d. 1897)

1836 – Joseph Gurney Cannon, American politician (d. 1926)

1840 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1893)

1847 – Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929)

1857 – William A. MacCorkle, American politician (d. 1930)

1860 – Tom Norman, English freak showman (d. 1930)

1861 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1941)

1867 – Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1925)

1882 – Willem Elsschot, Flemish writer (d. 1960)

1885 – George 'Gabby' Hayes, American actor (d. 1969)

1891 – Harry McShane, Scottish socialist (d. 1988)

1892 – Archibald MacLeish, American Librarian of Congress (d. 1982)

1892 – Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980)

1893 – Frank J. Selke, Canadian ice hockey manager (d. 1985)

1901 – Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)

1909 – Edwin H. Land, American inventor (d. 1991)

1911 – Ishirō Honda, Japanese film director (d. 1993)

1912 – Pannalal Patel, Gujarati author (d. 1989)

1914 – Sir Arthur Snelling, British Ambassador (d. 1996)

1916 – Huw Wheldon, British broadcaster (d. 1986)

1917 – David Tomlinson, English film actor (d. 2000)

1919 – La Esterella, Flemish singer (d. 2011)

1919 – Eva Perón, Argentine first lady (d. 1952)

1921 – Gaston Rébuffat, French mountaineer (d. 1985)

1922 – Lew Anderson, American actor and bandleader (d. 2006)

1922 – Darren McGavin, American actor (d. 2006)

1922 – Joe O'Donnell, American documentary photographer and photojournalist (d. 2007)

1923 – Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)

1924 – Albert Band, American film director (d. 2002)

1926 – Val Bisoglio, Italian-American actor

1927 – Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, German screenwriter

1927 – Jim Lowe, American singer

1929 – Babe Parilli, American football player

1929 – Dick Williams, American baseball player, manager and coach

1930 – Totie Fields, American comedienne (d. 1978)

1931 – Teresa Brewer, American pop and jazz singer (d. 2007)

1931 – Gene Wolfe, American science fiction author

1932 – Pete Domenici, American politician

1933 – Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002)

1933 – Nexhmije Pagarusha, Albanian singer

1935 – Isobel Warren, Canadian author

1936 – Bobby Joe Green, American football player (d. 1993)

1937 – Claude Raymond, Quebec baseball player

1939 – Sidney Altman, Canadian molecular biologist, Nobel laureate

1939 – Ruud Lubbers, Former Prime Minister of the Netherlands

1939 – Johnny Maestro, American pop singer (d. 2010)

1939 – Jimmy Ruffin, American singer

1939 – Ruggero Deodato, Italian film director, actor and screen writer

1940 – Angela Carter, English novelist and journalist (d. 1992)

1940 – Jim Connors, American radio personality (d. 1987)

1940 – Vasilis N. Triantafillidis, Greek comedian and actor

1941 – Catherine P. Saxton, British-born American public relations executive

1943 – Terry Allen, American country music singer

1943 – Harvey Andrews, English singer and songwriter

1943 – Peter Carey, Australian author

1944 – Eva Norvind, Mexican actress (d. 2006)

1944 – Richard O'Sullivan, British actor

1945 – Christy Moore, Irish folk artist

1945 – Robin Strasser, American TV soap opera actress

1946 – Jerry Nolan, American musician (The New York Dolls, Johnny Thunders and The Heartbreakers) (d. 1992)

1946 – Thelma Houston, American singer

1946 – Bill Kreutzmann, American drummer (Grateful Dead)

1946 – Brian Turner, English chef

1946 – Michael Rosen, English children's poet

1946 – Marv Hubbard, American football player

1948 – Susan Atkins, American murderer (d. 2009)

1949 – Marilyn Cole, English model

1950 – Randall 'Tex' Cobb, American boxer and actor

1950 – Tim Russert, American television host (d. 2008)

1951 – Robert Hegyes, American actor

1951 – Bernie Marsden, English musician

1953 – Pat McInally, American football player

1953 – Ian McKay, British soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1982)

1954 – Philippe Geluck, Belgian cartoonist

1954 – Amy Heckerling, American director

1955 – Ben Poquette, American basketball player

1955 – Peter Reckell, American actor

1955 – Kevin Reed, American theologian

1956 – Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands

1956 – Anne Dudley, British composer

1956 – Jean Lapierre, Canadian politician and television host

1957 – Ray Fernandez, American wrestler (d. 2004)

1957 – Ned Bellamy, American actor

1958 – Mark G. Kuzyk, American physicist

1959 – Barbara Yung Mei-ling, Hong Kong actress (d. 1985)

1959 – Michael E. Knight, American actor

1960 – Adam Bernstein, American music video/television director

1960 – Almudena Grandes, Spanish novelist

1961 – Hans-Peter Bartels, German politician

1961 – Phil Campbell, British musician (Motörhead)

1962 – Tony Campbell, American basketball player

1963 – Johnny Lee Middleton, American musician (Savatage, Trans-Siberian Orchestra)

1964 – Doug Benson, American comedian

1964 – Ronnie Harmon, American football player

1964 – Leslie O'Neal, American football player

1965 – Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999)

1965 – Norman Whiteside, Northern Irish footballer

1965 – Reuben Davis, American football player

1967 – Martin Bryant, Australian mass murderer

1967 – Joe Rice, American politician

1968 – Traci Lords, American actress

1969 – Eagle-Eye Cherry, Swedish musician

1969 – Jun Falkenstein, American film director

1969 – Rick Porras, American film producer

1970 – Kim Su-ro, South Korean actor

1971 – Horgh, Norwegian drummer (Immortal, Hypocrisy)

1972 – Peter Dubovský, Slovak footballer (d. 2000)

1972 – Frank Trigg, American mixed martial artist

1973 – Kristian Lundin, Swedish songwriter

1973 – Paolo Savoldelli, Italian cyclist

1974 – Breckin Meyer, American actor

1974 – Ian Pearce, English footballer

1975 – Jason Tunks, Canadian discus thrower

1975 – Zee, American hip hop artist

1976 – Calvin Booth, American basketball player

1976 – Andrea Lo Cicero, Italian rugby player

1977 – Lisa Kelly, Irish singer

1978 – Stian Arnesen, Norwegian musician

1978 – Brian Clevinger, American author

1978 – Shawn Marion, American basketball player

1978 – Stephanie Pohl, German beach volleyball player

1979 – Katie Douglas, American basketball player

1980 – Johan Kenkhuis, Dutch swimmer

1980 – Kate Lawler, English reality television personality

1982 – Ákos Buzsáky, Hungarian footballer

1984 – James Loney, American baseball player

1984 – Alex Smith, American football player

1984 – Drew Stanton, American football player

1984 – May7ven, Nigerian-born British singer-songwriter and dancer

1985 – Drew Neitzel, American basketball player

1985 – Dan Sweetman, Australian television host

1986 – Mark Furze, Australian actor

1986 – Matt Helders, English drummer (Arctic Monkeys)

1987 – Michael Maidens, English footballer (d. 2007)

1987 – Jérémy Ménez, French footballer

1987 – Serge Gakpé, Togolese footballer

1988 – Natalie Mejia, American dancer and singer (Girlicious)

1989 – Master Shortie, British hip-hop and R&B; singer-songwriter and rapper

1992 – Alexander Ludwig, Canadian actor

2000 – Maxwell Perry Cotton, American actor

Deaths

973 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 912)

1092 – Remigius de Fécamp, first bishop of Lincoln (b. unknown)

1427 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman

1523 – Franz von Sickingen, German soldier (b. 1481)

1539 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)

1615 – Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai (b. 1567)

1617 – David Fabricius, German astronomer (b. 1564)

1667 – Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (b. 1616)

1682 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (b. 1661)

1718 – Mary of Modena, wife of James II of England (b. 1658)

1793 – Pietro Nardini, Italian composer (b. 1722)

1800 – Niccolò Piccinni, Italian composer (b. 1728)

1805 – William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1737)

1825 – Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (b. 1750)

1840 – Caspar David Friedrich, German painter (b. 1774)

1868 – Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778)

1876 – William Buell Sprague, American clergyman and author (b. 1795)

1887 – C. F. W. Walther, American Lutheran theologian (b. 1811)

1896 – H. H. Holmes (Herman Webster Mudgett) , American serial killer (b. 1860)

1922 – Max Wagenknecht, German composer (b. 1857)

1925 – William Hesketh Lever, First Viscount Leverhulme (b. 1851)

1940 – George Lansbury, British Labour Party leader (b. 1859)

1941 – Sir James George Frazer, Scottish anthropologist (b. 1854)

1942 – Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (b. 1863)

1951 – Warner Baxter, American actor (b. 1889)

1986 – Jeffrey Mylett, American actor (b. 1949)

1987 – Colin Blakely, British actor (b. 1930)

1989 – Guy Williams, American actor (b. 1924)

1995 – Ray McKinley, American jazz drummer, singer and bandleader (b. 1910)

1998 – Allan McLeod Cormack, South African physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1924)

1998 – Eddie Rabbitt, American musician (b. 1941)

2000 – Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., American actor (b. 1909)

2002 – Seattle Slew, American racehorse (b. 1974)

2002 – Kevyn Aucoin, American makeup artist and photographer (b. 1962)

2004 – Waldemar Milewicz, Polish reporter (b. 1956)

2005 – Tristan Egolf, American writer (b. 1971)

2005 – Peter W. Rodino, American politician (b. 1909)

2005 – Otilino Tenorio, Ecuadorian footballer (b. 1980)

2006 – Richard Carleton, Australian news reporter (b. 1943)

2006 – Joan C. Edwards, American philanthropist (b. 1918)

2006 – Machiko Soga, Japanese actress (b. 1943)

2007 – Diego Corrales, American boxer (b. 1977)

2007 – Octavian Paler, Romanian writer and journalist (b. 1926)

2007 – Yahweh ben Yahweh, American cult leader (b. 1935)

2009 – David Mellor, English cutlery designer (b. 1930)

2011 – Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer (b. 1957)

2011 – Allyson Hennessy, Trindadian television presenter

2011 – Big George, British broadcaster, composer, bandleader and musician (b. 1957)

Holidays and observances

Christian Feast Day:

*Acacius of Byzantium

*Flavia Domitilla

*John of Beverley

*Stanislaus (Roman martyrology)

*May 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Radio Day, commemorating the work of Alexander Popov (Russia, Bulgaria)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

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Category:Days of the year Category:May

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Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character and a lead protagonist in the ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' film series created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, portrayed by Johnny Depp. He is first introduced in the film ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (2003). He appears in the sequels ''Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), ''At World's End'' (2007), and ''On Stranger Tides'' (2011). Jack Sparrow was conceived by Elliott and Rossio initially as a supporting character, but Jack serves as a central protagonist in the films. He was brought to life by the actor Johnny Depp, who based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon character Pepé Le Pew.

The series ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' was inspired by a Disney theme park ride, and in 2006, when the ride was revamped, the character of Jack Sparrow was introduced to it. Jack Sparrow is also the subject of a children's book series, ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow'', which chronicles his teenage years and the character has also appeared in numerous video games.

In the context of the films, Sparrow is one of the Brethren Court, the Pirate Lords of the Seven Seas. He can be treacherous, but survives mostly by using wit and negotiation rather than weapons or force, preferring to flee most dangerous situations and fight only when necessary. Sparrow is introduced seeking to regain his ship, the ''Black Pearl'', from his mutinous first mate, Hector Barbossa, and attempts to escape his blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones while battling the East India Trading Company.

Films

''The Curse of the Black Pearl''

Captain Jack Sparrow first appears in ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' (2003), where he arrives in Port Royal looking to commandeer a ship. Despite rescuing Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley), the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann (Jonathan Pryce) from drowning, he is jailed for piracy. That night, a cursed ship called the ''Black Pearl'' attacks Port Royal, capturing Elizabeth in the process. Its captain, Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), is trying desperately to break an ancient Aztec curse that he and the crew are under. Will Turner (Orlando Bloom), a blacksmith who loves Elizabeth, frees Sparrow to aid him in rescuing her. They steal the HMS ''Interceptor'' and acquire a crew in Tortuga before heading to Isla de Muerta, where Elizabeth is being held captive. They are quickly captured, and Barbossa maroons Sparrow and Elizabeth on a deserted island.

The pair are rescued by the British Royal Navy, after Elizabeth uses some rum found on the island to send off a smoke bomb signal. In order to escape hanging, Sparrow cuts a deal to deliver them the ''Black Pearl''. During the film's final battle at Isla de Muerta, Sparrow steals a cursed coin, making himself immortal so he can fight Barbossa. He shoots his rival with the same bullet he has carried for ten years just as Will breaks the curse, killing Barbossa. Sparrow is captured and later sentenced to death.

At his scheduled execution in Port Royal, Will comes to his rescue, but they are quickly caught. Right at that moment Elizabeth shows her love for Will, and he is pardoned, while Sparrow escapes by falling off the sea wall. He is rescued by the ''Black Pearl'' crew, and made captain once more. Apparently impressed by the clever pirate, Commodore James Norrington (Jack Davenport) allows him one day's head start before giving chase.

''Dead Man's Chest''

In the sequel, ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'' (2006), Sparrow searches for the Dead Man's Chest, which will help him to "control" the seas and save himself: thirteen years earlier, Sparrow bartered his soul to Captain Davy Jones (Bill Nighy) in return for Jones raising the sunken ''Black Pearl'' and making Sparrow captain. In the film, Sparrow must either serve for one hundred years aboard the ''Flying Dutchman'', or be taken by the Kraken to Davy Jones's Locker.

The Dead Man's Chest contains Jones's heart, which Sparrow can use as leverage against Jones and end his debt. Adding to Sparrow's woes, Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander) of the East India Trading Company wants to settle his own debt with Sparrow and forces Will Turner to search for him. Will finds Sparrow and his crew hiding from the Kraken on Pelegosto, where they have been captured by cannibals. They escape, but Davy Jones captures them and demands that Jack pay his debt. Jack argues that he was captain for only two years before he was mutinied by Barbossa, but Jones rejects his argument, stating that he's been calling himself "Captain" Jack Sparrow for the allotted years.

Sparrow betrays Will to Davy Jones as part of a new deal to deliver 100 souls in exchange for his own. Sparrow recruits sailors in Tortuga, where he unexpectedly encounters Elizabeth and the disgraced James Norrington, who has turned to alcohol. Convincing Elizabeth that she can free Will by finding the Chest, Sparrow and she head for Isla Cruces after she pinpoints its location with Jack's magic compass. Will also arrives, having escaped Jones's ship after stealing the key to the Chest. Will wants to stab the heart and free his father who is in Jones's service, while Norrington—who has discovered that Lord Cutler Beckett desires the heart in order to control Davy Jones and the seas—hopes to regain his career and honor by delivering the heart to Beckett. Sparrow fears that if Jones is dead, the Kraken will continue hunting him, and wants the heart as leverage.

Jones' crew arrives, and during the ensuing battle, Norrington steals the heart. Jones summons the Kraken to attack the ''Black Pearl''. After seeing his crew get attacked by the Kraken, Jack tries to escape in the last undamaged longboat, but just as he nears an island, he is struck with remorse at abandoning his crew, and goes back to help rescue them. Once there, he helps blow up the kraken before sadly gives orders to abandon the ship; when Gibbs asks if he is sure that he (Jack) wants to leave his ship behind to the Kraken, he replies, "She's only a ship, mate."

Realizing that the Kraken only wants Sparrow, Elizabeth tricks him by giving him a passionate kiss while chaining him to the mast to save the crew, with Jack looking on smirking, he calls her a pirate. The Kraken then arrives, spitting out Jack's hat, which he had lost earlier. Jack, having freed himself, resigns himself to his fate and charges the beast's mouth muttering, " 'Ello beastie." Sparrow and the ship are dragged down to Davy Jones's Locker. The crew seeks solace at the home of Tia Dalma, who surprises them by offering a captain who can help rescue Sparrow: Barbossa, brought back to life at her doing.

''At World's End''

''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' (2007) opens with Davy Jones's heart now in Beckett's possession, and the nine pirate lords of the Brethren Court are summoned to convene at Shipwreck Cove to combat the combined threat of Beckett and Jones. Though taken to Davy Jones's Locker at the end of the previous film, Sparrow, who is a Pirate Lord of the Caribbean, must attend the meeting, as he failed to bequeath his "piece of eight", a pirate lord's identification marker, to an heir. The collective "pieces of eight" can free the sea goddess Calypso. A resurrected Barbossa leads Sparrow's crew to Davy Jones's Locker using the Singaporean pirate lord Sao Feng (Chow Yun-fat)'s navigational charts. There Sparrow has been hallucinating an entire crew of himself, each member representing a facet of his personality. After Barbossa and the crew find him, Sparrow deciphers a clue on the charts that indicates (in a clever nod to the Fata Morgana mirages attributed to the real life legend of the Flying Dutchman) they must capsize the ''Black Pearl'' to escape the Locker; at sunset, the ship upturns back into the living world. Sparrow and Barbossa journey to the Brethren Court where they encounter Elizabeth, who was traded to Sao Feng, and was made a Pirate Lord by him just before he died. At the Brethren Court, she is elected "Pirate King" after Sparrow breaks a stalemate (in all previous meetings, Pirate Lords had always voted for themselves). During parley, he is traded for Will, who was captured by Jones and Beckett after Sparrow sent him overboard on the ''Black Pearl''. The ''Black Pearl'' and the ''Flying Dutchman'' face off in battle during a maelstrom created by Calypso, Sparrow steals Davy Jones's heart to become immortal. During the act Jones breaks Jack's cutlass. When Jones mortally wounds Will, Sparrow instead saves Will by helping him stab the heart with his own broken sword, killing Jones and making Will the ''Flying Dutchman'''s new captain. Together, the ''Black Pearl'' and the ''Flying Dutchman'' destroy Beckett's ship. At the end of the film Barbossa again commandeers the ''Black Pearl'' and Feng's charts, and maroons Sparrow and Mr. Gibbs in Tortuga. Fortunately, Jack has already removed the chart's center, and he sets sail in a dinghy, using his compass and the chart to guide him to the Fountain of Youth.

''On Stranger Tides''

After reaching a dead end in his search for the Fountain of Youth, Jack Sparrow makes his way to London where he heard of someone going by his name while gathering a crew. Along the way, Sparrow poses as a judge to save the convicted Gibbs before being captured and then escaping the British Royal guard. By then, Jack Sparrow crosses paths with his impostor, revealed to be an old flame named Angelica (Penélope Cruz) who shanghais him to the ''Queen Anne's Revenge'', the ship of the horrific Blackbeard (Ian McShane) who forces Jack into helping him reach the Fountain of Youth. Learning the full story behind it, Jack attempts to set up Blackbeard's demise and save the naive Angelica from her father. After some trouble with mermaids and the Spanish Navy, he succeeds by tricking Blackbeard into giving up his life to save hers. Jack marooned Angelica out of fear for her retaliation when she announces she is with Jack's child(which was a lie out of desperation), while having Gibbs retrieve the shrunken ''Black Pearl''. When asked about giving up his chance for immortality while he begins to search for a way to get his ship back to its original size, Jack answers that immortality is not everything, though he admits making a name for himself as the one who found the Fountain is good enough immortality at the moment.

Tie-ins

Outside films, Jack Sparrow first appeared as a companion character in the 2006 video game ''Kingdom Hearts II'', where he was voiced by James Arnold Taylor in the English version and Hiroaki Hirata (who also dubbed Sparrow in the film's Japanese dubs) in the Japanese version. Sparrow has since appeared in other video games, ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow'' where he was voiced by Johnny Depp, the adaptation of ''Dead Man's Chest'' and various game versions of ''At World's End'', where he was voiced by Jared Butler with motion capture movements provided by Johnny Paton. The character was also voiced by Jared Butler in ''Pirates of the Caribbean Online'', which takes place before the films.

Sparrow's backstory in ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Complete Visual Guide'' indicates he was born on a pirate ship during a typhoon in the Indian Ocean, and that he was trained to fence by an Italian. Rob Kidd wrote an ongoing book series entitled ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow'', following a teenage Sparrow and his crew on the ''Barnacle'' as they battle sirens, mermaids and adult pirates while looking for various treasures. The first book, ''The Coming Storm'', was published on June 1, 2006.

A parody of him called Jack Swallows, was featured in the film Epic Movie played by Darrell Hammond

Concept and creation

Character creation

When writing the screenplay for ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'', Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio envisioned Jack Sparrow as a supporting character, citing Bugs Bunny and Groucho Marx as influences. The producers saw him as a young Burt Lancaster. Director Gore Verbinski admitted, "The first film was a movie, and then Jack was put into it almost. He doesn't have the obligations of the plot in the same ways that the other characters have. He meanders his way through, and he kind of affects everybody else." Sparrow represents an ethical pirate, with Captain Barbossa as his corrupt foil. His true motives usually remain masked, and whether he is honorable or evil depends on the audience's perspective. This acts as part of Will Turner's arc, in which Sparrow tells him a pirate can be a good man, like his father.

Following the success of ''The Curse of the Black Pearl'', the challenge to creating a sequel was, according to Verbinski, "You don't want just the Jack Sparrow movie. It's like having a garlic milkshake. He's the spice and you need a lot of straight men ... Let's not give them too much Jack. It's like too much dessert or too much of a good thing." Although ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'' was written to propel the trilogy's plot, Sparrow's state-of-mind as he is pursued by Davy Jones becomes increasingly edgy, and the writers concocted the cannibal sequence to show that he was in danger whether on land or at sea. Sparrow is also perplexed over his attraction to Elizabeth Swann, and attempts to justify it throughout the film.

''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' was meant to return it tonally to a character piece. Sparrow, in particular, is tinged with madness after extended solitary confinement in Davy Jones's Locker, and now desires immortality. Sparrow struggles with what it takes to be a moral person, after his honest streak caused his doom in the second film. By the end of ''At World's End'' Sparrow is sailing to the Fountain of Youth, an early concept for the second film. Rossio has said they may write the screenplay for a fourth film, and producer Jerry Bruckheimer has expressed interest in a spin-off. Gore Verbinski concurred that "all of the stories set in motion by the first film have been resolved. If there ever were another ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' film, I would start fresh and focus on the further adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow."

''Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides'' was first announced on September 28, 2008 during a Disney event at the Kodak Theater. On September 11, 2009 the title of the film was officially announced. Gore Verbinski did not return to direct the fourth installment, and is instead directed by Rob Marshall. The movie uses elements from Tim Powers novel ''On Stranger Tides'', particularly Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth but the film is not a straight adaptation of the novel.

Johnny Depp

Johnny Depp was looking to do a family film in 2001, and was visiting the Walt Disney Studios when he heard there were plans to adapt the ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' ride into a film. Depp was excited by the possibility of reviving an old Hollywood genre, and was further delighted that the script met his quirky sensibilities: the crew of the ''Black Pearl'' were not searching for treasure, but were instead trying to return it to lift their curse. In addition, the traditional mutiny had already occurred. Depp was cast on June 10, 2002. Producer Jerry Bruckheimer felt Depp was "an edgy actor who will kind of counter the Disney ''Country Bears'' soft quality and tell an audience that an adult and teenager can go see this and have a good time with it."

At the first read-through, Depp surprised the cast and crew by portraying the character in an off-kilter manner. After researching 18th century pirates, Depp compared them to modern rock stars and decided to base his performance on Keith Richards. Verbinski and Bruckheimer had confidence in Depp, partly because Orlando Bloom would be playing the traditional Errol Flynn-type character. Depp also improvised the film's final line, "Now, bring me that horizon.", which is the writer's favorite line. Disney executives were initially confused by Depp's performance, asking him whether the character was drunk or gay. Michael Eisner even proclaimed while watching rushes, "He's ruining the film!" Depp responded, "Look, these are the choices I made. You know my work. So either trust me or give me the boot." Many industry insiders also questioned Depp's casting, as he was an unconventional actor not known for working within the traditional studio system.

Depp's performance was highly acclaimed by film critics. Alan Morrison found it "Gloriously over-the-top ... In terms of physical precision and verbal delivery, it's a master-class in comedy acting." Roger Ebert also found his performance "original in its every atom. There has never been a pirate, or for that matter a human being, like this in any other movie ... his behavior shows a lifetime of rehearsal." Ebert also praised Depp for drawing away from the way the character was written. Although he disliked the film, critic Kenneth Turan enjoyed Depp's performance, but Mark Kermode wrote it was some of Depp's "worst work to date ... under [director Gore Verbinski]'s slack direction Depp defaults to an untrammelled showiness not seen since the sub-Buster Keaton antics of ''Benny & Joon''." Depp won a Screen Actor's Guild award for his performance, and was also nominated for a Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Actor, the first in his career. ''Film School Rejects'' argued that because of the film, Depp became as much a movie star as he was a character actor. Johnny Depp returned as Jack Sparrow in 2006's ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'', the first time the actor ever made a sequel. Drew McWeeny noted, "Remember how cool Han Solo was in ''Star Wars'' the first time you saw it? And then remember how much cooler he seemed when ''Empire'' came out? This is that big a jump." Yet, Eric Vespe felt that "In the first movie he was playing a fool that was hiding a great pirate on the inside and in this one he's a great pirate hiding a cowardly fool." By ''At World's End'', Peter Travers felt it proved "there can indeed be too much of a good thing." Nonetheless, Depp received an MTV Movie Award and a Teen Choice Award for ''Dead Man's Chest'', and was also nominated for a Golden Globe, which he lost to Sacha Baron Cohen for his portrayal of Borat Sagdiev in ''Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan''. Depp was also nominated at the 2007 Empire Awards for best actor but lost to Daniel Craig for ''Casino Royale''. For his performance in ''At World's End'', Depp won an MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance, as well as a People's Choice Award and a Kids' Choice Award. He has signed on to reprise the role for future sequels.

Make-up and costumes

Johnny Depp wore a wig to portray Sparrow's dreadlocks, an aesthetic influenced by Depp's rock n' roll approach to pirates. In addition to a red bandanna Sparrow wears numerous objects in his hair, influenced by Keith Richards' habit of collecting souvenirs from his travels; Sparrow's decorations include his "piece of eight". Sparrow wears kohl around his eyes, which was inspired by Depp's study of nomads, whom he compared to pirates, and Depp also wore contacts that acted as sunglasses. Sparrow has several gold teeth, two of which belong to Depp, although they were applied during filming. Depp forgot to have them removed after shooting ''The Curse of the Black Pearl'', and decided to keep them throughout shooting of the sequels. Like all aspects of Depp's performance, Disney initially expressed great concern over Depp's teeth. Sparrow wears his goatee in two braids. Initially wire was used in them, but the wires were abandoned because they made the braids stick up when Depp lay down. Sparrow also has numerous tattoos, and has been branded a pirate on his right arm by Cutler Beckett, underneath a tattoo of a swallow. In ''At World's End'', one of the "Jack" incarnations is working stripped to the waist, and a full body tattoo of the poem Desiderata is clearly seen.

Depp collaborated with costume designer Penny Rose on his character's appearance, handpicking a tricorne as Sparrow's signature leather hat: the other characters in the series could not wear leather hats, to make Sparrow's unique. For the scene when it floats on water in ''Dead Man's Chest'', a rubber version was used. Depp liked to stick to one costume, wearing one lightweight silk tweed frock coat throughout the series, and he had to be coaxed out of wearing his boots for a version without a sole or heel in beach scenes. The official line is that none of the costumes from ''The Curse of the Black Pearl'' survived, which allowed the opportunity to create tougher linen shirts for stunts. However, one remains which has been displayed in an exhibition of screen costumes in Worcester, England. It was a nightmare for Rose to track down the same makers of Sparrow's sash in Turkey. Rose did not want to silkscreen it, as the homewoven piece had the correct worn feel. Sparrow wears an additional belt in the sequels, because Depp liked a new buckle which did not fit with the original piece.

Sparrow's weapons are genuine 18th century pieces: his sword dates to the 1740s, while his pistol is from the 1760s. Both were made in London. Depp used two pistols on set, one being rubber. Both props survived after production of the first film. Sparrow's magic compass also survived into the sequels, though director Gore Verbinski had a red arrow added to the dial as it became a more prominent prop. As it does not act like a normal compass, a magnet was used to make it spin. Sparrow wears four rings, two of which belong to Depp. Depp bought the green ring in 1989, and the gold ring is a replica of a 2400-year old ring Depp gave to the crew, though the original was later stolen. The other two are props to which Depp gave backstories: the gold-and-black ring is stolen from a Spanish widow Sparrow seduced, and the green dragon ring recalls his adventures in the Far East. Among Depp's additional ideas was the necklace made of human toes that Sparrow wears as the Pelegosto prepare to eat him, and the sceptre was based on one a friend of Depp's owned.

During the course of the trilogy, Sparrow undergoes physical transformations. In ''The Curse of the Black Pearl'' Sparrow curses himself to battle the undead Barbossa. Like all the actors playing the ''Black Pearl'' crew, Depp had to shoot scenes in costume as a reference for the animators, and his shots as a skeleton were shot again without him. Depp reprised the scene again on a motion capture stage. In ''At World's End'', Sparrow hallucinates a version of himself as a member of Davy Jones's crew, adhered to a wall and encrusted with barnacles. Director Gore Verbinski oversaw that the design retained Sparrow's distinctive look, and rejected initial designs which portrayed him as over 100 years old.

Characterization

According to screen writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, Sparrow is a trickster who uses wit and deceit to attain his goals, preferring to end disputes verbally instead of by force. He walks with a slightly drunken swagger and has slurred speech and flailing hand gestures, which are slightly based on Tuco, from ''The Good, The Bad and The Ugly''.

Although Barbossa does not respect him much, as evidenced by naming his monkey Jack, Sparrow is shrewd, calculating and intelligent. He fools Commodore Norrington and his entire crew to set sail on the royal ship Interceptor, which compels the admiration of Lieutenant Groves (Greg Ellis) as he concedes: 'That's got to be the best pirate I have ever seen'. Norrington himself acquiesces to this praise: 'So it would seem', in sharp contrast to what he had previously proclaimed: 'You are without doubt the worst pirate I have ever heard of'. In the third film, while he leaves Beckett's ship stranded and makes off, Lieutenant Groves asks him: "Do you think he plans it all out, or just makes it up as he goes along?". It was he who deciphered the seemingly unintelligible map in the same film while the others were still grappling with the problem of returning to the real world. When the Brethren Court convenes but the pirate lords fail to reach a consensus as to whether to fight the Armada or not (he and Elizabeth are inclined to go to war, while the others are not), Jack suggests a way out of this impasse by calling for a ritual vote whose results determine who will be the king. Every pirate lord votes only for himself or herself, but he votes for Elizabeth, resulting her being elected the 'king', after which she announces 'Prepare every vessel that floats. At dawn we are at war', which was what he had intended, and which other pirates are now bound to obey.

In combat, Sparrow is an extremely skilled swordsman (capable of quite easily holding his own against Davy Jones and also Will Turner), but uses his superior intelligence to his advantage during fights. Jack usually prefers the strategies of non-violent negotiations and turning his enemies against each other, reasoning "Why fight when you can negotiate? All one needs is the proper leverage." He will invoke parley and tempt his enemies away from their murderous intentions, encouraging them to see the bigger picture, as he does when he persuades Hector Barbossa to delay returning to mortal form so he can battle the British Royal Navy. He often uses complex wordplay and vocabulary to confound his enemies, and it is suggested that his pacifism may be one reason Barbossa and the ''Black Pearl'' crew mutinied; Barbossa says in the first film, "Jack, that's exactly the attitude that lost you the Pearl. People are easier to search when they're dead." His pacifism is further indicated by the tattoo of the Desiderata on his back.

Although a pirate and willing to kill his enemies in a fight, Jack has also shown a reluctance to kill people who do not actually wish ''him'' harm, as seen when he preferred to simply avoid a fight with Will Turner in their first meeting, the fight being provoked by Will's insistence. When Will is fatally wounded by Davy Jones, he relinquishes his dream of stabbing Jones' heart and becoming immortal and lets a dying Will stab it instead, thus ensuring that he lives, albeit not in the usual way. When searching for the Fountain of Youth, Jack noted that his desire for the Fountain had lessened when he learned that the Fountain would only provide someone with extra life if another died at the same time.

The character is portrayed as having created, or at least contributed to, his own reputation. When Gibbs tells Will that Sparrow escaped from a desert island by strapping two sea turtles together, Sparrow embellishes the story by claiming the rope was made from hair from his own back, while in reality, Sparrow escaped the island by bartering with rum traders. The video game ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow'' bases itself around these tall tales, including the sacking of Nassau port without firing a single shot. In a script draft of ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'' Will's guide says that he heard Sparrow escaped execution in Port Royal by grabbing two parrots and flying away. Johnny Depp has said pirates were like rock stars in that their fame preceded them, which suggests a reason for the portrayal of Sparrow as having an enormous ego. Sparrow also insists on being addressed as "Captain" Jack Sparrow and often gives the farewell, "This is the day you will always remember as the day that you ''almost'' caught Captain Jack Sparrow!," which is sometimes humorously cut off. When accused by Norrington as being the worst pirate he has ever heard of, Sparrow replies, "But you ''have'' heard of me." In a deleted scene from ''Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl'' Sparrow ponders being "the immortal Captain Jack Sparrow", and during the third film he seeks immortality, although his father, Captain Teague, warns it can be a terrible curse. Sparrow also ponders being "Captain Jack Sparrow, the last pirate," as the East India Trading Company purges piracy.

Despite his many heroics, Sparrow is a pirate and a morally ambiguous character. When agreeing to trade 100 souls, including Will, to Davy Jones in exchange for his freedom, Jones asks Sparrow whether he can, "condemn an innocent man—a ''friend''—to a lifetime of servitude in your name while you roam free?" After a hesitation Sparrow merrily replies, "Yep! I'm good with it!" He carelessly runs up debts with Anamaria, Davy Jones, and the other pirate lords. Sao Feng (Chow Yun-fat), pirate lord of Singapore, is particularly hateful towards him. In a cowardly moment, Sparrow abandons his crew during the Kraken's attack, but underlying loyalty and morality compel him to return and save them. Sparrow claims to be a man of his word, and expresses surprise that people doubt his truthfulness; there is no murder or other major felonies on his criminal record.

Depp partly based the character on Pepé Le Pew, a womanizing skunk from ''Looney Tunes''. Sparrow claims to have a "tremendous intuitive sense of the female creature", although his conquests are often left with a sour memory of him. Former flames, Scarlett and Giselle, usually slap him or anyone looking for him. His witty charm easily attracts women, and even has Elizabeth Swann questioning her feelings. Director Gore Verbinski noted phallic connotations in Sparrow's relationship with his vessel, as he grips the steering wheel. The ''Black Pearl'' is described as "the only ship which can outrun the ''Flying Dutchman''". The Freudian overtones continue in the third film when Sparrow and Barbossa battle for captaincy of the ''Black Pearl'', showing off the length of their telescopes, and in a deleted scene, they fight over the steering wheel. Sparrow claims his "first and only love is the sea," and describes his ship as representing freedom. Davy Jones's Locker is represented as a desert, symbolizing his personal hell.

Sparrow also has bad personal hygiene, a trait of Pepé Le Pew. Verbinski described Sparrow's breath as "a donkey's ass". Sparrow knocks Will off his ship simply by huffing at him. Lastly, Sparrow has an insatiable thirst for rum, which can confuse his magic compass as to what he wants most. According to his criminal record on the ''At World's End'' website, he even sacked a shipment of rum to quench his thirst.

Impact

When ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'' grossed over worldwide, Ian Nathan attributed this to Sparrow's popularity: "''Pirates'', the franchise, only had to turn up. There was a powerful holdover from the cheeky delights of its debut, something we hadn't felt since the Clone Wars called it a day." ''Empire'' declared Johnny Depp's performance to be the seventy-fourth "thing that rocked our world" in 2006 when celebrating 200 issues and later named him as the eighth greatest movie character of all time. A survey of more than 3,000 people showed Jack Sparrow was the most popular Halloween costume of 2006, and a 2007 poll held by the Internet Movie Database showed Sparrow to be the second most popular live action hero, after Indiana Jones. In a 2007 Pearl & Dean poll, Jack Sparrow is Depp's most popular performance.

Emanuel Levy feels the character is the only iconic film character of the 2000s decade, while Todd Gilchrist feels Sparrow is the only element of the films that will remain timeless. According to Sharon Eberson, the character's popularity can be attributed to being a "scoundrel whose occasional bouts of conscience allow viewers to go with the flaws because, as played to the larger-than-life hilt by Depp, he owns every scene he is in." Film history professor at UCLA Jonathan Kuntz also attributed his popularity to the increased questioning of masculinity in the 21st century, and Sparrow's personality contrasts with action-adventure heroes in cinema. Leonard Maltin concurs that Sparrow has a carefree attitude and does not take himself seriously. Mark Fox also noted Sparrow is an escapist fantasy figure for women, free from much of the responsibility of most heroes. Sparrow is listed by IGN as one of their ten favorite film outlaws, as he "lives for himself and the freedom to do whatever it is that he damn well pleases. Precious few film characters have epitomized what makes the outlaw such a romantic figure for audiences as Captain Jack Sparrow has." ''Entertainment Weekly'' put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Part Keith Richards rift, part sozzled lounge lizard, Johnny Depp's swizzleshtick pirate was definitely one of the most dazzling characters of the decade."

In 2011, comedic group The Lonely Island, with singer Michael Bolton, released a song called Jack Sparrow as an homage to the character, declaring him "The Pauper of the Surf" and "The Jester of Tortuga."

Johnny Depp reprised his Captain Jack persona for a special episode of Doraemon. However, on the show, he was called "Captain Johnny".

The British metalcore band Bring Me the Horizon took its name from Sparrow's last line in ''The Curse of the Black Pearl'', "Now... Bring me that horizon".

References

External links

Jack Sparrow at the Internet Movie Database

Jack Sparrow at the ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' wiki

Pirates of the Caribbean 4 Online

Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:Pirates of the Caribbean characters Category:Kingdom Hearts characters Category:Fictional captains Category:Fictional English people Category:Fictional pirates Category:Fictional criminals Category:Fictional undead Category:Fictional sword fighters Category:Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Category:Film characters

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