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1901
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A. B. Guthrie
http://wn.com/A_B_Guthrie -
Abdor Rahman Khan
http://wn.com/Abdor_Rahman_Khan -
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union, ending slavery, and rededicating the nation to nationalism, equal rights, liberty and democracy. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated and became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate. He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband, and father of four children.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
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Al Lewis (lyricist)
Al Lewis was born on April 18, 1901 in New York City, New York, USA. Lewis is thought of mostly as a Tin Pan Alley era lyricist; however, he did write music on occasion as well. Professionally he was most active during the 1920s working into the 1950s. During this time, he most often collaborated with popular songwriters Al Sherman and Abner Silver. Among his most famous songs are "Blueberry Hill" and "You Gotta Be a Football Hero". Lewis died on April 4, 1967 in New York City, New York.
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Alberto Giacometti
Alberto Giacometti (10 October 1901 – 11 January 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. Alberto Giacometti was born in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland and came from an artistic background; his father, Giovanni, was a well-known Post-Impressionist painter. Alberto was the eldest of four children and was interested in art from the beginning of his life.
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Alferd Packer
Alfred G. "Alferd" Packer (January 21, 1842 – April 23, 1907) was an American prospector who was accused of cannibalism. First tried for murder, Packer was eventually sentenced to 40 years in prison after being convicted of manslaughter.
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Alfred Horatio Belo
Alfred Horatio Belo (May 1839 – April 19, 1901) was the founder of The Dallas Morning News newspaper in Dallas, Texas, along with business partner George Bannerman Dealey. The company A. H. Belo Corporation, owner of The Dallas Morning News, was named in his honor.
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Alfred Nobel
Alfred Bernhard Nobel () (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. In his last will, he used his enormous fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him.
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Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish logician and mathematician. Educated at the University of Warsaw and a member of the Lwow-Warsaw School of Logic and the Warsaw School of Mathematics and philosophy, he emigrated to the USA in 1939, and taught and carried out research in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1942 until his death.
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Alfredo Antonini
Alfredo Antonini (May 31, 1901 – November 3, 1983) was a leading Italian/American symphony conductor and composer who was active on the international concert stage as well as on the CBS radio and television networks from the 1930s through the 1960s. In 1971 he received an Emmy Award for best musical performance on television for his conducting of the premiere of Ezra Laderman's opera And David Wept for CBS television.
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Alice Prin
Alice Ernestine Prin (2 October 1901 – 29 April 1953), nicknamed Queen of Montparnasse, and often known as Kiki de Montparnasse, was a French artist model, nightclub singer, actress, memoirist, and painter. She flourished in, and helped define, the liberated, early 1920s culture of Paris.
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Alice Rivaz
Alice Rivaz (August 14, 1901; died February 27, 1998) was a Swiss author and feminist.
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Alois Alzheimer
Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer, (; 14 June 1864 – 19 December 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease.
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Arnold Böcklin
For the Art Nouveau font see Arnold Böcklin (typeface)
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Arthur Leslie
Arthur Leslie (born Arthur Scottorn Broughton on 8th December 1899 – died 30th June 1970) was a British actor who was born in Newark, Nottinghamshire but moved to Lancashire at an early age. His first job was in 1916 at the Old Queen's Theatre in Farnworth and he earned great fame playing genial Rovers Return Inn Landlord Jack Walker on Coronation Street from 1960 to 1970.
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Barbara Cartland
Dame Barbara Cartland, DBE, CStJ, (9 July 1901 – 21 May 2000) was an English author, known for her numerous romance novels, one of the most prolific authors of the 20th century. Her novels having been translated in 38 languages, she is the seventh most translated author in the world and published 723 books. She also became one of the United Kingdom most popular media personalities, appearing often at public events and on television, dressed in her trademark pink and discoursing on love, health and social political issues.
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Bebe Daniels
Bebe Daniels (January 14, 1901 – March 16, 1971) was an American actress, singer, dancer, writer and producer. She began in Hollywood during the silent movie era as a child actress, and later gained fame on radio and television in England. Throughout her life, Bebe Daniels made over 230 films.
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Ben Blue
Ben Blue (September 12, 1901 – March 7, 1975), born Benjamin Bernstein, was a Canadian-American actor and comedian.
http://wn.com/Ben_Blue -
Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. Harrison, a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, Ohio, and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana at age 21, eventually becoming a prominent politician there. During the American Civil War, he served as a Brigadier General in the XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he unsuccessfully ran for the governorship of Indiana, and was later appointed to the U.S. Senate from that state.
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Booker T. Washington
Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. He was representative of the last generation of black leaders born in slavery and spoke on behalf of blacks living in the South. Washington was able throughout the final 25 years of his life to maintain his standing as the major black leader because of the sponsorship by powerful whites, substantial support within the black community, his ability to raise educational funds from both groups and his accommodation to the social realities of the age of Jim Crow segregation.
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Bruno Jasienski
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Carl Barks
Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American Disney Studio illustrator and comic book creator, who invented Duckburg and many of its inhabitants, such as Scrooge McDuck (1947), Gladstone Gander (1948), the Beagle Boys (1951), The Junior Woodchucks (1951), Gyro Gearloose (1952), Cornelius Coot (1952), Flintheart Glomgold (1956), John D. Rockerduck (1961) and Magica De Spell (1961). The quality of his scripts and drawings earned him the nicknames "The Duck Man" and "The Good Duck Artist". Writer-artist Will Eisner called him "the Hans Christian Andersen of comic books."
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Carmelita Geraghty
Carmelita Geraghty (March 21, 1901, Rushville, Indiana – July 7, 1966, Manhattan) was an American silent-film actress.
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Caste War of Yucatán
The Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucatán, Mexico against the population of European descent called Yucatecos, who had political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of Chan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade.
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Chang Hsüeh-liang
http://wn.com/Chang_Hsüeh-liang -
Charles B. Huggins
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Charles Goren
Charles Henry Goren (March 4, 1901 – April 3, 1991) was a world champion American bridge player and bestselling author who contributed significantly to the development and popularization of the game.
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Chen Yi (communist)
Chen Yi (; August 26, 1901 - January 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician.
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Chic Young
Murat Bernard "Chic" Young (January 9, 1901March 14, 1973) was an American cartoonist known primarily as the creator and original artist of the comic strip Blondie. His 1919 William McKinley High School Yearbook cites his nickname as Chicken, source of his familiar pen name signature.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Clara Maass
Clara Louise Maass (June 28, 1876 – August 24, 1901) was an American nurse who died as a result of volunteering for medical experiments to study yellow fever.
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Clark Gable
William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor, nicknamed "The King of Hollywood" in his heyday. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Gable seventh among the greatest male stars of all time.
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Clement Studebaker
Clement Studebaker (March 12, 1831 – November 27, 1901) was an American wagon and carriage manufacturer. With his brother Henry, he co-founded the H & C Studebaker Company, precursor of the Studebaker Corporation, which built Pennsylvania-German Conestoga wagons and carriages during his lifetime, and automobiles after his death, in South Bend, Indiana.
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CLR James
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E. P. Taylor
Edward Plunket Taylor, (January 29, 1901 – May 14, 1989) was a Canadian business tycoon and famous breeder of thoroughbred race horses. Known to his friends as "Eddie", he is universally recorded as "E. P. Taylor".
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Ed Sullivan
Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television host, best known as the presenter of a TV variety show called The Ed Sullivan Show that was broadcast from 1948 until 1971. Its 23-year run made The Ed Sullivan Show one of the longest-running variety shows in U.S. broadcast history.
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Edmund Barton
Sir Edmund Barton, GCMG, KC (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920), Australian politician and judge, was the first Prime Minister of Australia and a founding justice of the High Court of Australia.
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Edward John Eyre
Edward John Eyre (5 August 1815 30 November 1901) was an English land explorer of the Australian continent, colonial administrator, and a controversial Governor of Jamaica.
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Eiji Tsuburaya
(born on July 7, 1901 – died January 25, 1970, in Sukagawa, Fukushima) was the Japanese special effects director responsible for many Japanese science-fiction movies, including the Godzilla series.
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Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois and is considered by some writers to be the true inventor of the variable resistance telephone, despite losing out to Alexander Graham Bell for the telephone patent.
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Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. He was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.
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Erich Ollenhauer
Erich Ollenhauer (March 27, 1901 – December 14, 1963) was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1952-1963.
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Ernest Godward
Ernest Godward was born in Marylebone, London on April 7, 1869. His working life began as an apprentice in London for a firm of hydraulic engineers and fire engine manufacturers. Here he trained as a mechanic.
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Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel Laureate, known for his invention, utilization, and improvement of the cyclotron atom-smasher beginning in 1929, based on his studies of the works of Rolf Widerøe, and his later work in uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project. Lawrence had a long career at the University of California, where he became a Professor of Physics. In 1939, Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in inventing the cyclotron and developing its applications. Chemical element number 103 is named "lawrencium" in Lawrence's honor. He was also the first recipient of the Sylvanus Thayer Award. His brother John H. Lawrence was known for pioneering in the field of nuclear medicine.
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F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas
http://wn.com/F_F_E_Yeo-Thomas -
Francesco Crispi
Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 – August 12, 1901) was a 19th-century Italian politician of Albanian Arberesh ancestry. He was instrumental in the formation of the united country and was its 17th and 20th Prime Minister from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896.
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Francisco Guilledo
Francisco Guilledo (August 1, 1901 - July 14, 1925), more commomly known as Pancho Villa, was a Filipino boxer. Villa, who stood only 5 feet and 1 inch (154 cm) tall and never weighed more than 114 pounds (51 kg), rose from obscurity to win the World Flyweight boxing championship in 1923, earning acclaim in some quarters as "the greatest Asian fighter in boxing history". He was never knocked out in his entire boxing career, which ended with his sudden death at the age of 23 from complications following a tooth extraction.
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Franco Rasetti
Franco Dino Rasetti (August 10, 1901 – December 5, 2001) was an Italian scientist. Together with Enrico Fermi, discovered key processes leading to nuclear fission. Rasetti refused to work on the Manhattan Project, however, on moral grounds. The Nature obituary noted that Rasetti was one of the most prolific generalists whose work and writing are noted for the elegance, simplicity and beauty.
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Frédéric Passy
Frédéric Passy (May 20, 1822 - June 12, 1912?) was a French economist and a joint winner (together with Henry Dunant) of the first Nobel Peace Prize awarded in 1901.
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Fulgencio Batista
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban President, dictator, and military leader closely aligned with and supported by the United States. He served as the leader of Cuba from 1933–1944, and 1952–1959, before being overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution.
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Gaetano Bresci
Gaetano Bresci (November 11, 1869 – May 22, 1901) was an Italian American anarchist who assassinated Italian King Umberto I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans. Bresci was the first person to kill a European monarch (without toppling the monarchy) and not be executed.
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Gary Cooper
Frank James “Gary” Cooper (May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor. He was renowned for his quiet, understated acting style and his stoic, individualistic, emotionally restrained, but at times intense screen persona, which was particularly well suited to the many Westerns he made. His career spanned from 1925 until shortly before his death, and comprised more than one hundred films.
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George Gallup
George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion.
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George Lohmann
George Alfred Lohmann (2 June 1865 in London – 1 December 1901 in Worcester, Western Cape, South Africa) is regarded as one the greatest bowlers of all time. Statistically, he holds the lowest lifetime Test bowling average among bowlers with more than fifteen wickets and he has the second highest peak rating for a bowler in the ICC ratings.
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George Raft
George Raft (September 26, 1901 – November 24, 1980) was an American film actor identified with portrayals of gangsters in crime melodramas of the 1930s and 1940s. Today George Raft is mostly known for his role in Billy Wilder's 1959 comedy Some Like it Hot and also Scarface (1932), Bolero (1934), and They Drive by Night (1940).
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Gerald Warner Brace
Gerald Warner Brace (September 24, 1901 – July 20, 1978) was an American novelist, writer, educator, sailor and boat builder. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England.
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Gilda Gray
Gilda Gray (October 24, 1901 – December 22, 1959) was a Polish born American actress and dancer who became famous in the US for popularizing a dance called the "shimmy" which became fashionable in 1920s films and theater productions.
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Greta Kempton
Greta Kempton (March 22, 1901 - December 10, 1991) born Martha Greta Kempton in Vienna, Austria. American artist. She served as the White House artist during the Truman administration.
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Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi (; 25 April 1874– 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radio telegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" and was ennobled in 1924 as Marchese Marconi.
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Hans Erich Apostel
Hans Erich Apostel (1901 in Karlsruhe – 1972 in Vienna) was a German-born Austrian composer of classical music.
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Harry Calder
Harry Lawton Calder, born 24 January 1901, in South Africa and died at Cape Town on 15 September 1995, was perhaps the most unlikely cricketer ever to be named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year, one of the game's top honours.
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Harry Partch
Harry Partch (June 24, 1901 – September 3, 1974) was an American composer and instrument creator. He was one of the first twentieth-century composers to work extensively and systematically with microtonal scales, writing much of his music for custom-made instruments that he built himself, tuned in 11-limit (43-tone) just intonation.
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Heinie Manush
Henry Emmett Manush (July 20, 1901 – May 12, 1971), nicknamed "Heinie," was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball, and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964.
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Horace Heidt
Horace Heidt (May 21, 1901–December 1, 1986) was an American pianist, big band leader, and radio and television personality. His band, Horace Heidt and His Musical Knights, toured vaudeville and performed on radio and television through the 1930s and 1940s.
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Horatio Luro
Horatio A. Luro (February 27, 1901 - December 16, 1991) was a thoroughbred horse racing trainer in the United States.
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Hubert Cecil Booth
Hubert Cecil Booth (4 July 1871 – 18 January 1955) was an British engineer who invented the first powered vacuum cleaner.
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Ignacij Klemenčič
Ignacij Klemenčič (February 6, 1853 - September 5, 1901) was a Slovene physicist.
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Ignatius L. Donnelly
Ignatius Loyola Donnelly (November 3, 1831 – January 1, 1901) was a U.S. Congressman, populist writer and amateur scientist, known primarily now for his theories of the history of Atlantis and Shakespearean authorship, which modern historians consider to be pseudohistory.
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James Blades
James Blades OBE (9 September 1901 – 19 May 1999) was an English percussionist.
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James Dickson
Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry.
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Jane Toppan
Jane Toppan (1854 - 1938), born Honora Kelley, was an American serial killer and female lust murderer. She confessed to 31 murders in 1901. She is quoted as saying that her ambition was "to have killed more people — helpless people — than any other man or woman who ever lived...".
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Jaroslav Seifert
Jaroslav Seifert (; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize winning Czech writer, poet and journalist.
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Jascha Heifetz
Jascha Heifetz () was a violin virtuoso born in Vilnius (then Russian Empire, now Lithuania) ( – December 10, 1987). He is widely regarded as one of the greatest violinists of all time.
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Jean Dubuffet
Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet (July 31, 1901 - May 12, 1985) was a French painter and sculptor. His idealistic approach to aesthetics embraced so called "low art" and eschewed traditional standards of beauty in favor of what he believed to be a more authentic and humanistic approach to image-making.
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Jean Guitton
Jean Guitton (August 18, 1901 - March 21, 1999) was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian.
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Jean Henri Dunant
http://wn.com/Jean_Henri_Dunant -
Joaquin Rodrigo
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John Barry (VC)
John Barry VC (1 February 1873 – 8 January 1901) born St Mary's parish, Kilkenny, Ireland, and was by birth an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
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John Gunther
John Gunther (August 30, 1901 – May 29, 1970) was an American journalist and author whose success came primarily in the 1940s and 1950s with a series of popular sociopolitical works known as the "Inside" books. He is best known today for the memoir Death Be Not Proud about the death of his teenage son, Johnny Gunther, from a brain tumor.
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João Branco Núncio
João Alves Branco Núncio(February 15, 1901 - January 26, 1976) was a Portuguese bullfighter. He was born in Alcácer do Sal, in a whitewashed house next to that of his uncle, the Viscount of Alcácer do Sal. Today it belongs to the Viscount's Philharmonic Friendship Society.
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Karl Arnold
Karl Arnold (March 21, 1901 – June 29, 1958) was a German politician. He was Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956. He was the first President of the Bundesrat and as such formally head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany, before the election of President Theodor Heuss.
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Katsura Taro
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Kenneth Slessor
Kenneth Adolf Slessor OBE (27 March 190130 June 1971) was an Australian poet and journalist. He was one of Australia's leading poets, notable particularly for the absorption of modernist influences into Australian poetry.
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Kwon Ki-ok
Kwon Ki-ok (born Pyongyang, Korea, 11 January 1901; died 19 April 1988) was the first Korean female aviator, as well as being the first female pilot in China.
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Lanza del Vasto
Lanza del Vasto, (Giuseppe Giovanni Luigi Enrico Lanza di Trabia), (September 29, 1901 – January 5, 1981) was a philosopher, poet, artist, and nonviolent activist.
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Lewis Waterman
Lewis Edson Waterman (November 18, 1837 – May 1, 1901), born in Decatur, New York, was the inventor of the capillary feed fountain pen and the founder of the Waterman pen company.
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Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang (), Marquis Suyi of the First Class (), GCVO (February 15, 1823 – November 7, 1901), also spelled Li Hung-chang, was a Chinese civilian official who ended several major rebellions, and a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire. He served in important positions of the Imperial Court, once holding the office of the Viceroy of Zhili.
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Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century. Pauling was among the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry and of molecular biology.
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Lorenzo Snow
Lorenzo Snow (April 3, 1814 – October 10, 1901) was the fifth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1898 to his death. Snow was the last president of the LDS Church in the nineteenth century.
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Louis Armstrong
Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Mabel Albertson
Mabel Albertson (July 24, 1901 – September 28, 1982) was an American actress.
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Manfred Aschner
Manfred Aschner (; 21 May 1901–1989) was an Israeli microbiologist and entomologist.
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Marcellus Boss
Marcellus Graeme Boss (January 21, 1901 - March 21, 1967) was acting Governor of Guam from November 14, 1959 until his resignation on August 22, 1960. Boss first entered Guamanian administration with a 1957 appointment by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the post of Secretary of Guam. He also served as a Republican member of the Kansas State Senate prior to becoming involved in the government of Guam. He was city clerk and city attorney of Kiowa, Kansas, and had a thirty year law career in Columbus, Kansas. He died of a heart attack in 1967 and was buried at the City Cemetery in Columbus, Kansas.
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Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist, who was frequently a featured writer and speaker in the mass media throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
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Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich (; 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German-American actress and singer.
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Max Euwe
Machgielis (Max) Euwe (last name is pronounced ) (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster, mathematician, and author. He was the fifth player to become World Chess Champion (1935–1937). Euwe also served as President of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, from 1970 to 1978.
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Maxwell Taylor
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Maya peoples
The Maya peoples constitute a diverse range of the Native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The overarching term "Maya" is a convenient collective designation to include the peoples of the region who share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage; however, the term embraces many distinct populations, societies, and ethnic groups, who each have their own particular traditions, cultures, and historical identity.
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Mildred Davis
:For the suspense/mystery author see Mildred B. Davis
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Mildred Harris
Mildred Harris (November 29, 1901 – July 20, 1944) was an American film actress. Harris began her career in the film industry as a popular child actress at age eleven. At the age of fifteen, she was cast as a harem girl in D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916). She appeared as a leading lady through the 1920s but her career slowed with the advent of the "talkies". She was critically praised for No, No Nanette in 1930, had a few bit parts in the early 1940s, and made her last appearance in the posthumously released Having A Wonderful Crime of 1945.
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Milton Erickson
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Nelson Eddy
Nelson Ackerman Eddy (June 29, 1901 - March 6, 1967) was an American singer and movie star who appeared in 19 musical films during the 1930s and 1940s, as well as in opera and on the concert stage, radio, television, and in nightclubs. A classically trained baritone, he is best remembered for the eight films in which he costarred with soprano Jeanette MacDonald. He was one of the first "crossover" stars, a superstar appealing both to shrieking bobby-soxers as well as opera purists, and in his heyday was the highest paid singer in the world.
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Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngô Đình Diệm (, , ), (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam (1955–1963). In the wake of the French withdrawal from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords, Diệm led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam. Accruing considerable US support due to his staunch anti-Communism, he achieved victory in a 1955 plebiscite that was widely considered fraudulent. Proclaiming himself the Republic's first President, he demonstrated considerable political skill in the consolidation of his power, and his rule proved authoritarian, elitist, nepotistic, and corrupt. A Catholic, Diệm pursued policies that rankled and oppressed the Republic's Montagnard natives and its Buddhist majority. Amid religious protests that garnered worldwide attention, Diệm lost the backing of his US patrons and was assassinated by Nguyen Van Nhung, the aide of ARVN General Dương Văn Minh on November 2, 1963, during a coup d'état that deposed his government. Upon learning of Diệm's ouster and death, Democratic Republic of Vietnam President Ho Chi Minh is reported to have said, "I can scarcely believe the Americans would be so stupid."
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Norah McGuinness
Norah McGuinness (7 November 1901, County Londonderry, Ireland – 22 November 1980, County Dublin) was an Irish painter and illustrator.
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O. Henry
O. Henry was the pseudonym of the American writer William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910). O. Henry's short stories are well known for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization and clever twist endings.
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Peking
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Peter O'Connor
'''Peter O'Connor''' (October 24, 1872 - November 9, 1957) was an Irish athlete who set a long-standing world record for the long jump and won two Olympic medals in the 1906 Games.
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Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India of the British Raj from 1 May 1876, until her death. At 63 years and 7 months, her reign as the Queen lasted longer than that of any other British monarch, and is the longest of any female monarch in history. Her reign is known as the Victorian era, and was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress within the United Kingdom.
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Richard D'Oyly Carte
'''Richard D'Oyly Carte''' (3 May 1844 – 3 April 1901) was an English talent agent, theatrical impresario, composer and hotelier during the latter half of the Victorian era. Rising from humble beginnings, Carte built two of London's theatres and a hotel empire, while also establishing an opera company that ran continuously for over a hundred years and a management agency representing some of the most important artists of the day.
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Robert Falcon Scott
Captain Robert Falcon Scott CVO (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13. During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that they had been preceded by Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition. On their return journey, Scott and his four comrades all perished from a combination of exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold.
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Rudolf Hell
Rudolf Hell (December 19, 1901 – March 11, 2006) was a German inventor. He was born in Eggmühl, Germany.
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Salvatore Quasimodo
Salvatore Quasimodo (August 20, 1901 - June 14, 1968) was an Italian author. In 1959, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, he is one of the foremost Italian poets of the 20th century.
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Sam Jaffe (producer)
Sam Jaffe (May 21, 1901 – January 10, 2000) was, at different points in his career in the motion picture industry, an agent, a producer and a studio executive. He was brother-in-law to B.P. Schulberg which no doubt helped him get his first job at Paramount.
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Shmuel Horowitz
Shmuel Horowitz (; born 12 September 1901; died 1999) was an Israeli agronomist.
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Simon Kuznets
Simon Smith Kuznets (April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was a Russian American economist at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania who won the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".
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Stella Adler
Stella Adler (February 10, 1901 – December 21, 1992) was an American actress and an acclaimed acting teacher, who founded the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York City (1949) with a long time protege Joanne Linville who continues to teach and furthers Stella Adler's legacy. Her Grandson Tom Oppenheim now runs the school in New York, which boasts Alumni including Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, and more recently Jenny Lumet, (Film Producer Sydney Lumet's Daughter). She founded The Stella Adler Academy of Acting and Theatre in Los Angeles , and the school continues to florish as an acting studio and houses several theaters. She began acting at the age of four as a part of the "Independent Yiddish Art Company" of her parents, and concluded it 55 years later, in 1961. During that time, and for years after, Stella Adler taught acting as well.
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Stuart Symington
William Stuart Symington (; June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was a businessman and political figure from Missouri. He served as the first Secretary of the Air Force from 1947 to 1950 and was a Democratic United States Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976.
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Sukarno
Sukarno, born Kusno Sosrodihardjo (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia.
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Sully Prudhomme
René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (16 March 1839 – 6 September 1907) was a French poet and essayist, winner of the first Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901.
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Tage Erlander
(13 June 1901 – 21 June 1985) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1946 to 1969.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) His last name is, according to Roosevelt himself, "pronounced as if it was spelled 'Rosavelt.' That is in three syllables. The first syllable as if it was 'Rose.'" ; An [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/record.cfm?recordid=509 Audio recording] in which Roosevelt pronounces his own last name distinctly. To listen at the correct speed, slow the recording down by 20%. Retrieved on July 12, 2007. ) was the 26th President of the United States. He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his "cowboy" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.
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Ub Iwerks
Ub Iwerks, A.S.C. (March 24, 1901 – July 7, 1971) was a two-time Academy Award winning American animator, cartoonist and special effects technician, who was famous for his work for Walt Disney. He was born Ubbe Ert Iwwerks in Kansas City, Missouri.
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Vasily Kalinnikov
Vasily Sergeyevich Kalinnikov () (January 11, 1901 [O.S. December 29, 1900]) was a Russian composer of two symphonies, several additional orchestral works and numerous songs, all of them imbued with characteristics of folksong. His symphonies, particularly the First, were frequently performed in the early 20th century.
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Verdi
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Vincent du Vigneaud
Vincent du Vigneaud (May 18, 1901 – December 11, 1978) was an American biochemist. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 for the isolation, structural identification, and total synthesis of the cyclic peptide, oxytocin.
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Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: , or English: ,
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Virginius Dabney
Virginius Dabney (February 8, 1901 to December 28, 1995) was a U.S. teacher, journalist, writer, and editor. He was the editor of the Richmond Times-Dispatch from 1936 to 1969 and author of several historical books. He won the Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1948 due in part to his opposition to the poll tax.
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Víctor Balaguer
Víctor Balaguer (1824—1901), Catalan Spanish politician and author, was born at Barcelona on 11 December 1824, and was educated at the university of his native city.
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Walt Disney
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist. Disney is famous for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. As the co-founder (with his brother Roy O. Disney) of Walt Disney Productions, Disney became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation he co-founded, now known as The Walt Disney Company, today has annual revenues of approximately U.S. $35 billion.
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Walter Besant
Sir Walter Besant (August 14, 1836, Portsmouth - June 9, 1901, London), was a novelist and historian who lived largely in London.
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Walter Havighurst
Walter Edwin Havighurst (November 28, 1901 - February 3, 1994), critic, novelist, literary and social historian of the Midwest, professor of English at Miami University.
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Werner Egk
Werner Egk (17 May 1901 – 10 July 1983), originally Werner Mayer, was a German composer.
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Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.
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William McKinley
William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to that office.
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William S. Paley
William Samuel Paley (September 28, 1901 – October 26, 1990) was the chief executive who built Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) from a small radio network into one of the foremost radio and television network operations in the United States.
http://wn.com/William_S_Paley
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
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Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
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Antarctica
Antarctica
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Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the fifteenth most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 786,382 (2009 U.S. Census estimate). The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area, with a population of 1,750,224 (2009 U.S. Census estimate), making it the 35th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Beaumont, Texas
Beaumont is a city in and county seat of Jefferson County, Texas, United States, within the Beaumont–Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city's population was 113,866 at the 2000 census. With Port Arthur and Orange, it forms the Golden Triangle, a major industrial area on the Gulf Coast.
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Budapest
Budapest (, also , ; ; ) is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it serves as the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2010, Budapest had 1,721,556 inhabitants, down from 1980 peak of 2.06 million. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3,271,110 people. The city covers an area of within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of right (west)-bank Buda and Óbuda with left (east)-bank Pest.
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Buffalo, New York
Buffalo () is the second most populous city in the state of New York, behind New York City. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River across from Fort Erie, Ontario, Buffalo is the seat of Erie County and the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area (which is the largest in Western New York and the larger Upstate New York). Downtown Buffalo is located 17 miles (27 km) south of Niagara Falls (a site drawing millions of tourists each year) and 59 miles (95 km) southeast of Toronto, Ontario (Canada's largest city). The city also lies adjacent to the rapidly growing Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, which has a population of more than 8 million. Buffalo itself has a population of 270,919 (July 1, 2009 Estimate), and the Buffalo–Niagara–Cattaraugus Combined Statistical Area is home to 1,203,997 residents. If the neighboring Regional Municipality of Niagara in Canada is included, the population of the Greater Buffalo-Niagara Region is 1,631,418 residents. Additionally, Buffalo-Niagara is considered to be a part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, which contains an estimated 54 million people.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Caerphilly
Caerphilly () is a town in the county borough of Caerphilly, south Wales, located at the southern end of the Rhymney Valley, with a population of approximately 31,000. It is a commuter town of Cardiff and Newport, which are located some 7.5 miles (12 km) and 12 miles (19 km) away, respectively. It is separated from the Cardiff suburbs of Lisvane and Rhiwbina by Caerphilly Mountain. It is traditionally within the county of Glamorgan, on the border with Monmouthshire and it is the largest town in the county borough of Caerphilly, which since 2003 has formed part of the lieutenancy area of Gwent. The town gives its name to Caerphilly cheese, which originated in the area.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio, the state's third largest metropolitan area behind Cincinnati and Cleveland, and the fourth largest city in the American Midwest. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Golden Gate
The Golden Gate is the North American strait connecting San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Since 1937 it has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge. Technically, the 'gate' is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, while the 'strait' is the water flowing in between.
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Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Kisumu
Kisumu is a port city in western Kenya at , with a population of 355,024 (1999 census). It is the third largest city in Kenya, the principal city of western Kenya, the capital of Nyanza Province and the headquarters of Kisumu District. It has no municipal charter. It is the largest city in Nyanza Province and second most important city after Kampala in the greater Lake Victoria basin.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Longwood University
Longwood University is a four-year public, liberal-arts university located in Farmville, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1839, and became a university on July 1, 2002. It currently has an undergraduate enrollment of about 4,080 students and a total enrollment of 4,800.
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Melbourne
Melbourne (, locally also ) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre (also known as the "Central Business District" or "CBD") is the hub of the greater geographical area (or "metropolitan area") and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of 4.00 million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Middelburg
:This is about the city in the Netherlands. For other uses, see Middelburg (disambiguation).
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Minnesota State Fair
The Minnesota State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Its slogan is "The Great Minnesota Get-Together." It may be the largest state fair in the United States in terms of average daily attendance, though the State Fair of Texas runs twice as long and is the largest by annual attendance. It is held at the state fairgrounds, adjoining the Saint Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The site is in the suburb of Falcon Heights, Minnesota, midway between the state's capital city of St. Paul and the largest city, Minneapolis. Residents of the state and region come to the fair to be entertained, exhibit their best livestock, show off their abilities in a variety of fields including art and cooking, learn about new products and services, and enjoy many different types of food—often on a stick. It typically runs for twelve days, running from late August into early September with the last day being Labor Day. In 2009, attendance was 1,790,497, up almost 100,000 from the previous year. In 2010, however, total attendance dipped to 1,776,211 despite setting daily attendance records on three days.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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New South Wales
New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW), Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901.
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New York State
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Okinawa
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914, annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in the canal's early days to 14,702 vessels in 2008, measuring a total 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons.
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Peking
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Poldhu
Poldhu is a small area in south Cornwall, England, UK, situated on the Lizard Peninsula; it comprises Poldhu Point and Poldhu Cove. It lies on the coast west of Goonhilly Downs, with Mullion to the south and Porthleven to the north. Poldhu means "black pool" in Cornish.
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Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia that occupies the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The state is Australia's second largest by area, following Western Australia, and the country's third most populous after New South Wales and Victoria.
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Richmond, Virginia
Richmond () is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. Like all Virginia municipalities incorporated as cities, it is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond area. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and surrounded by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 in central Virginia. The population was 200,123 in 2007, with an estimated population of 1,212,977 for the Richmond Metropolitan Area — making it the third largest in Virginia.
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RRS Discovery
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Scotland Yard
New Scotland Yard (NSY) is the headquarters building of the Metropolitan Police. Commonly known as the "Met", the force is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. The London Underground and national rail network are the responsibility of the British Transport Police.
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Seattle
Seattle ( ) is the northernmost major city in the contiguous United States, and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest and in the state of Washington. A seaport situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about south of the Canada – United States border, it is named after Chief Sealth "Seattle", of the Duwamish and Suquamish native tribes. Seattle is the center of the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue metropolitan statistical area, the 15th largest in the United States, and the largest in the northwestern United States. Seattle is the county seat of King County and is the major economic, cultural and educational center in the region. , the city's population was approximately 617,000 within a metropolitan area of some 3.4 million inhabitants. The Port of Seattle and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport are major gateways to Asia, Alaska, and the rest of the world.
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Silliman University
Silliman University (also referred to as Silliman or SU) is a private university located in Dumaguete City, Philippines. Established in 1901 by Presbyterian missionaries, it was the first American private school to be founded in the country. The University is named after Dr. Horace Brinsmade Silliman, a retired businessman and philanthropist from Cohoes, New York who gave the initial sum of $10,000 to start the school. Originally starting as an elementary school for boys, the school expanded until it acquired university status in 1938. For the first half of the 20th century, Silliman was run and operated by Americans. After the Second World War Filipinos began to assume more important positions culminating in the appointment of Silliman's first Filipino president in 1952.
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The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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St Petersburg
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Stockholm
Stockholm () is the capital and the largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the Riksdag (parliament), and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime minister. Since 1980, the monarch has resided at Drottningholm Palace outside of Stockholm and uses the Royal Palace of Stockholm as his workplace and official residence. As of 2009, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden with a population of 829,417 in the municipality (2009), 1.25 million in the urban area (2005), and 2 million in the 6650 km² large metropolitan area (2009).
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
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Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
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Walter Besant
Sir Walter Besant (August 14, 1836, Portsmouth - June 9, 1901, London), was a novelist and historian who lived largely in London.
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Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Australia's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world, it has 2.2 million inhabitants (10% of the national total), 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
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William S. Paley
William Samuel Paley (September 28, 1901 – October 26, 1990) was the chief executive who built Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) from a small radio network into one of the foremost radio and television network operations in the United States.
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Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
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Yucatán
Yucatán () is one of the 31 states of Mexico, located on the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. The Congress of Yucatan was installed on August 20, 1823; and was admitted to the Mexican federation on 21 December 1823, being the 8th state admitted. The Yucatan peninsula includes three states: Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; all three modern states were formerly part of the larger historic state of Yucatán in the 19th century. The state capital of Yucatán is Mérida.
http://wn.com/Yucatán
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Phoenix- 1901
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 22 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 10 Jan 2012
- Author: randomvidsinc123
1901 by Phoenix Buy their track on itunes: itunes.apple.com Please subscribe If you play minecraft here is the IP to our server: 66.85.183.130:2590 Lyrics:Counting all different ideas drifting away Past and present they don't matter Now the future's sorted out Watch her moving in elliptical patterns Think it's not what you say What you say is way too complicated For a minute thought I couldn't tell how to fall out It's twenty seconds till the last call You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey Lie down you know it's easy Like we did it over summer long And I'll be anything you ask and more You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey hey It's not a miracle we needed No I wouldn't let you think soFold it, fold it, fold it, fold it Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it Girlfriend, oh your girlfriend is drifting away Past and present 1855 -1901 Watch them built up a meteor tower Think it's not gonna stay anyway Think it's overrated For a minute thought I couldn't tell how to fall out It's twenty seconds till the last call You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey Lie down you know it's easy Like we did it over summer long And I'll be anything you ask and more You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey hey It's not a miracle we needed No I wouldn't let you think so Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it
http://wn.com/Phoenix_1901
1901- phoenix- lyrics- good quality
1901 by: Phoenix enjoy :) I made it for my sister whoo is like totally obsessed with this songg this is my firstt videoo :) ohh and i takee requestts :) wtf did youtube do to the quality srry peepes
http://wn.com/1901_phoenix_lyrics_good_quality
Phoenix - 1901 (Live on Letterman) 18 Juin 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 22 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: BadGones3169
Phoenix - 1901 Live on Letterman 18 Juin 2009 www.myspace.com/wearephoenix www.wearephoenix.com
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_Live_on_Letterman_18_Juin_2009
Birdy - 1901 (Audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 16 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: OfficialBirdy
Listen to Birdy's next single '1901' out 26th Feb. Birdy's debut album out now! iTunes: bit.ly Play: bit.ly HMV: bit.ly Amazon: bit.ly Download the demo of her original track 'Without a Word' here: bit.ly Follow Birdy on: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com birdymusic.co.uk
http://wn.com/Birdy__1901_Audio
Phoenix | 1901 | A Take Away Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Published: 03 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 10 Jan 2012
- Author: LaBlogotheque
Phoenix playing "1901" at the Trocadero, in Paris, France. Read the whole article and see more videos here: www.blogotheque.net "It's a weird game going on between the band and the place where they play. A mesmerizing Eiffel Tower or Trocadero usually steal the show with their size and more or less spectacular tricks, but here's a band no one would expect to find there, competing with all those crowd-pullers. Phoenix and a camera meeting hip-hop dancers or junk salesmen. A band seizing the attention of an unprepared audience who then gathers, as if the four guys had always been part of the landscape, shyly asking whether they really are who they think. Yes, it was Phoenix, in Paris. At the foot of the Eiffel Tower." www.myspace.com www.blogotheque.net http
http://wn.com/Phoenix_|_1901_|_A_Take_Away_Show
1901
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 21 May 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: Glassnoterecords
Phoenix's first video off their new album Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix
http://wn.com/1901
Phoenix - "1901" on Letterman (TheAudioPerv.com)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 02 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 06 Jan 2012
- Author: MrSammy1000
www.theaudioperv.com Phoenix performed "1901" on the Late Show with David Letterman
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_on_Letterman_TheAudioPervcom
Phoenix - 1901 + lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 09 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: cocacolarockz
lyrics; Counting all different ideas drifting away Past and present -- they don't matter. Now the future's sorted out Watch, you're moving in elliptical pattern Think it's not what you say What you say is way too complicated For a minute thought I couldn't tell how to fall out. It's 20 seconds 'til the last call, going "hey hey hey hey hey hey" Lie down, you know it's easy like we did it all summer long And I'll be anything you ask and more, going "hey hey hey hey hey hey" It's not a miracle we needed, and no I wouldn't let you think so Falling, falling, falling, falling Girlfriend, you know your girlfriend's drifting away Past and present, 1855-1901 Watch them build up a material tower Think it's not gonna stay anyway Think it's overrated For a minute, thought I couldn't tell how to fall out It's 20 seconds to the last call, going "hey hey hey hey hey" Lie down, you know it's easy, like we did it all summer long And I'll be anything you ask and more, going "hey hey hey hey hey" It's not a miracle we needed, and no, I wouldn't let you think so Falling, falling, falling, falling Falling, falling, falling, falling
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_+_lyrics
1901 - phoenix lyrics
thank you so much for the views! lets get 100000! =D This is Phoenix - 1901 with Lyrics on the video incredible song, by such an under rated band in my opinion. **no copyright infringement intended** www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/1901__phoenix_lyrics
Manchester Street Scene (1901)
The BFI DVD 'Electric Edwardians: The Films of Mitchell and Kenyon' is available to buy at filmstore.bfi.org.uk Thisfilm is part of the Mitchell and Kenyon collection - an amazing visual record of everyday life in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century. For more information about the films of Mitchell and Kenyon see www.bfi.org.uk You can watch over 1200 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at the new BFI Mediatheque - www.bfi.org.uk
http://wn.com/Manchester_Street_Scene_1901
Phoenix - 1901 (Live on 89.3 The Current)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 08 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: 893TheCurrent
Phoenix performs "1901" from the album "Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix" for 89.3 The Current.
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_Live_on_893_The_Current
Phoenix - 1901 Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Published: 11 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 06 Jan 2012
- Author: steffanietuy
featured in the "New York, I Love You" film - Add &fmt=18 to the end of this video to make it higher quality (480p).
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_Official_Music_Video
1901-PHOENIX FT DAFT PUNK 2010.AVI
PHOENIX @ MADDISON SQUARE GARDEN SINGING 1901 WITH A SPECIAL APPEARANCE FROM DAFT PUNK (20-10-10)
http://wn.com/1901-PHOENIX_FT_DAFT_PUNK_2010AVI
Phoenix - 1901 / Commented by Phoenix (2 of 9)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 27 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: welovephoenix
The story behind Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix. Commented by Philippe Zdar. Musicvision concept and interview by Guillaume Delaperrière. www.delaperriere.com Phoenix at work directed and edited by Pascal Teixeira.
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_/_Commented_by_Phoenix_2_of_9
Trapeze Disrobing Act (Thomas Edison 1901)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 20 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: brainpickings
Rare film by Thomas Edison circa 1901, featuring famous aerialist Laverie Vallee, better-known by her stage name of Charmion, renowned for her impressive musculature. More: www.brainpickings.org
http://wn.com/Trapeze_Disrobing_Act_Thomas_Edison_1901
The Phoenix - 1901
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 22 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: AllGossipGirlMusic2
302 The Freshmen Blair is asked her opinion; Scott, Katie, Dan & Vanessa chat as Blair gets up on stage. I do not own this song!!
http://wn.com/The_Phoenix__1901
![Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120217180644im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/UzzAhdS-xIo/0.jpg "Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]")
Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Published: 02 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: britishpathe
Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]. Queen Victoria's Funeral was one of the earliest events recorded by British Pathe. After 63 years on the throne, Victoria died at the age of 81 at Osborne House on The Isle of Wight. Her military state funeral was held on Saturday 2 February 1901 in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. John Humphrys narrates. A Day That Shook The World is the classic series that recalls the days of the 20th century that proved to be era-defining and pivotal in the course of modern history. Check out our A Day That Shook the World playlist: www.youtube.com Subscribe to British Pathe: www.youtube.com Follow us on Twitter: @britishpathe.com Join us on Facebook: www.facebook.com From: britishpathe.com
http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria's_Funeral,_1901__A_Day_that_Shook_the_World_ HD
1901-Phoenix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 15 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: Shadowplay117
Awsome song by aa Old band! enjoy and subscribe for more! You happy Now!!!!!
http://wn.com/1901-Phoenix
Phoenix - "1901"
French band Phoenix perform a stripped down version of "1901" live on KEXP during the Morning Show with John. Recorded at The Cutting Room Studios NYC. video by Louis Sparre www.electrictweed.com KEXP 90.3 FM Seattle 91.5 FM NYC kexp.org http The Cutting Room Studios, NYC www.thecuttingroom.com
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901
Stuntin' Like 1901 (Phoenix Lil' & Wayne Mash-Up) - Tumblewoof
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Published: 23 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Jan 2012
- Author: dylantheDINOSAUR
For free album download go to tumblewoof.bandcamp.com For more go to tumblewoof.com Remix of Phoenix's 1901 vs. Birdman & Lil' Wayne's Stuntin' Like my Daddy.
http://wn.com/Stuntin'_Like_1901_Phoenix_Lil'_Wayne_Mash-Up__Tumblewoof
Phoenix - 1901 (Live on Letterman 2009)
1901 (Phoenix) Counting all different ideas drifting away Past and present they don't matter Now the future's sorted out Watch her moving in elliptical patterns Think it's not what you say What you say is way too complicated For a minute thought I couldn't tell how to fall out It's twenty seconds till the last call You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey Lie down you know it's easy Like we did it over summer long And I'll be anything you ask and more You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey hey It's not a miracle we needed No I wouldn't let you think so Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it Girlfriend, oh your girlfriend is drifting away Past and present 1855 -1901 † Watch them built up a meteor tower Think it's not gonna stay anyway Think it's overrated For a minute thought I couldn't tell how to fall out It's twenty seconds till the last call You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey Lie down you know it's easy Like we did it over summer long And I'll be anything you ask and more You're going hey hey hey hey hey hey hey It's not a miracle we needed No I wouldn't let you think so Fold it, fold it, fold it, fold it
http://wn.com/Phoenix__1901_Live_on_Letterman_2009
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photo: AP / Nam Y. Huh
09 Feb 2012
We have added a new set of pictures from the Chicago Auto Show. The Kia Optima SXL is introduced at the Chicago Auto Show at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, USA, 08 February 2012. EPA/TANNEN...
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Billboard
At just 15 years old, up-and-coming British songstress Birdy has already turned plenty of heads with her stunning cover of 's "Skinny Love." has garnered over 15 million views, and today Billboard has an exclusive first look at Birdy's latest video, for her rendition of Phoenix's hit, "1901." The...(size: 2.2Kb)
Dec. 25, 1901: Rats steal Christmas candy
21 Dec 2011
Star Tribune
It’s not exactly “The Gift of the Magi,” but this piece from the Minneapolis Tribune just might lift your holiday spirits. Or turn your stomach. For This Reason Irving P. Jones Was Forced to Distribute His Presents Too Early in the Game and Has Consequently Acquired a...(size: 3.0Kb)
Tiger walk leaders (1901-2011)
14 Dec 2011
The Examiner
The walk has been undervalued for nearly a century. Until recently, clubs expected players to drive in runs as opposed to accept a base on balls. During his playing career, Ted Williams received criticism for his willingness to walk with runners on base. Andre Dawson famously quipped he was not paid...(size: 4.0Kb)
Wired News
Dec. 12: Inventor Guglielmo Marconi amazes a London assemblage in 1896 with a demonstration of wireless communication across a room. Five years later to the date, Marconi sends the first signal across an ocean. Marconi was the son of an and Irish whiskey heiress Anne Jameson. He took an early...(size: 3.8Kb)
Wired News
1901: Animation pioneer Walt Disney and nuclear physicist Werner Heisenberg are born. So, if you’ve ever thought the Uncertainty Principle was a bit goofy, you may be onto something. Disney was born in Chicago, but spent much of his childhood on a Missouri farm. He sold his first sketches to...(size: 4.4Kb)
November 30th, 1901
30 Nov 2011
Irish Times
JOE JOYCE FROM THE ARCHIVES:�The tensions of 30 years of the land war caused one landlord to snap in the unlikely forum of a meeting about Enniscorthy agricultural show in 1901. AT A public meeting in connection with the Enniscorthy Show, held last evening under the presidency of the Mayor (Mr. B....(size: 2.9Kb)
November 29th, 1901
29 Nov 2011
Irish Times
FROM THE ARCHIVES:�A column called "The Goff" described the spread of golf clubs around Ireland at the turn of the 20th century and why women should have their own clubs. - JOE JOYCE� CONSIDERING THAT Irish golf has not yet attained its majority, its growth has been remarkable. Five years ago there...(size: 3.1Kb)
November 28th, 1901
28 Nov 2011
Irish Times
JOE JOYCE FROM THE ARCHIVES:�The fate of the dispensary doctor at Burtonport, Co Donegal, who died fighting a typhus outbreak on Arranmore was described in this editorial supporting appeals for funds for his widow and children. THE LETTER signed by the Presidents and ex-Presidents of the Colleges of...(size: 3.0Kb)
Pho Ever - 1901 S 72nd St
19 Oct 2011
The Examiner
There are certain things in this world that are polarizing. You fall on one side of the line or the other. Love it or hate it. Mushrooms are one such thing. Spinach is another. I originally set out to prove that pho was such a polarizing dish, but I've come across the problematic realization...(size: 5.4Kb)
__NOTOC__
1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar. It was also the first year of the 20th century.
January 1
* The world celebrates the beginning of the 20th century.
* The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.
* Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.
* The birth of Pentecostalism at a prayer meeting at Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kansas.
January 5 – Typhoid fever breaks out in a Seattle jail, the first of two typhoid outbreaks in the USA during the year.
January 7 – Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism.
January 10 – In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.
January 22 – After reigning for almost 64 years, longer than any other British monarch, Queen Victoria dies at the age of 81. Her eldest son, The Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales becomes King, reigning as King Edward VII until 1910. His son, Prince George, Duke of York becomes Duke of Cornwall.
January 28 – Baseball's American League declares itself a Major League.
February 2 – Funeral of Queen Victoria in London.
February 5
*Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by United Kingdom and United States, ceding control of the Panama Canal to the United States
*J Pierpont Morgan buys mines and steel mills in the United States, marking the first billion dollar business deal
February 6 – First public telephones at railway stations in Paris
February 11 – Anti Jesuit riots sweep across Spain
February 12 – India Viceroy Lord Curzon creates new frontier province in the north of the Punjab, bordering Afghanistan
February 14 – King Edward VII opens his first parliament
February 15 – The Alianza Lima Foundation is created in Peru.
February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time.
February 22 – Pacific mail steamer sinks in Golden Gate Harbor, killing 128
February 23 – United Kingdom and Germany agree the frontier between German East Africa and the British colony of Nyasaland
February 26
* Chi-hsui and Hsu-cheng-yu, Boxer Rebellion leaders, executed in Peking
* Middelburg peace conference fails in South Africa as Boers continue to demand autonomy
February 27 – The Sultan of Turkey orders 50,000 troops to the Bulgarian frontier because of unrest in Macedonia
March 1 – United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest at Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.
March 2 – The U.S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.
March 4 – United States President William McKinley begins his 2nd term. Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as Vice President of the United States.
March 5 – Irish nationalist demonstrators ejected by police from House of Commons of the United Kingdom in London.
March 6 – In Bremen, an assassin attempts to kill Wilhelm II of Germany
March 11 – United Kingdom rejects amended Hay-Pauncefote treaty.
March 17
* A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris, 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.
* Student riots in St Petersburg and Moscow.
March 31 – The United Kingdom Census 1901 is taken.
April 25 – New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates.
April 29 – Anti-Jewish rioting breaks out in Budapest.
May 3 – The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL.
May 5 – The Caste War of Yucatán officially ends, although Mayan skirmishers continue sporadic fighting for another decade.
May 9 – Australia opens its first parliament in Melbourne.
May 17 – The U.S. stock market crashes.
May 24 – 78 miners die in the Caerphilly pit disaster in South Wales.
May 25 – The Club Atlético River Plate is founded in Argentina.
May 27 – In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded.
May 28 – Iran (known as Persia until 1935) grants William Knox D'Arcy a concession, giving him the right to prospect for oil.
June 2 – Katsura Taro becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
June 12 – Cuba becomes a U.S. protectorate.
July 1 – Bureau of Chemistry within Department of Agriculture.
July 4 – The 1,282 foot (390 m) covered bridge crossing the St. John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada opens. It is the longest covered bridge in the world.
July 24 – O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving 3 years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas.
August 5 – Peter O'Connor sets the first International Association of Athletics Federations recognised long jump world record of 24 ft 11¾ins. The record will stand for 20 years.
August 6 – Discovery Expedition: Robert Falcon Scott sets sail on the RRS ''Discovery'' to explore the Ross Sea in Antarctica.
August 28 – Silliman University is founded in the Philippines. The first American private school in the country.
August 30 – Hubert Cecil Booth patents an electric vacuum cleaner.
September 2 – U.S. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
September 5 – The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (later renamed Minor League Baseball), is formed in Chicago.
September 6 – American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies 8 days later.
September 7 – The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.
September 14 – Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States.
September 26 – The body of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick.
October 2 – The Royal Navy's first submarine is launched at Barrow.
October 4 – The American yacht ''Columbia'' defeats the Irish ''Shamrock'' in the America's Cup yachting race.
October 16 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt invites African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacts angrily to the visit, and racial violence increases in the region.
October 23 – Yale University celebrates its bicentennial.
October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives.
October 29
* In Amherst, New Hampshire, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.
* Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.
November 1 – Sigma Phi Epsilon is founded in Richmond, VA.
November 9 – Prince George, Duke of Cornwall becomes Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.
November 15 – The Alpha Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at Longwood University.
November 28 – The new state constitution of Alabama requires voters to have passed literacy tests.
December 3 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".
December 10 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
December 12 – Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu in England to Newfoundland, Canada; it is the letter "S" in Morse.
December 20 – The final spike is driven into the Mombasa-Victoria-Uganda Railway in what is now Kisumu, Kenya.
Scotland Yard creates a fingerprint archive.
Europium is isolated by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay.
William S. Harley draws up plans for his first prototype motorcycle.
The okapi is observed for the first time (previously known only to local natives).
The Independent Maya of Eastern Yucatán surrender to Mexico.
The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago.
Shō Tai (Shang Tai), the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom in modern Okinawa, Japan, dies.
New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward invents the spiral hairpin, one of the most widely used devices on the planet.
The first reliable census in India is taken.
Alzheimer's disease is described for the first time by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer.
January 1 – Julia Bathory, Hungarian glass designer (d. 2000)
January 3 – Ngo Dinh Diem, 1st President of South Vietnam (d. 1963)
January 4 – CLR James, Trinidad-born writer and journalist (d. 1989)
January 9 – Chic Young, American cartoonist (d. 1973)
January 11 – Kwon Ki-ok, Korean pilot (d. 1988)
January 13
* A. B. Guthrie, American novelist, historian (d. 1991)
* Mieczysław Żywczyński, Polish historian and priest (d. 1978)
January 14
* Bebe Daniels, American actress (d. 1971)
* Alfred Tarski, Polish logician and mathematician (d. 1983)
January 16
* Fulgencio Batista, Cuban leader (d. 1973)
* Frank Zamboni, American inventor (d. 1988)
January 20 – Mohammed Naguib, 1st President of Egypt (d. 1984)
January 21 – Marcellus Boss, American politician and lawyer, member of Kansas Senate and 5th Civilian Governor of Guam (d. 1967)
January 24
* Hans Erich Apostel, Austrian composer (d. 1972)
* Harry Calder, South African cricketer (d. 1995)
January 26 – Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988)
January 27 – Art Rooney, American football team owner (d. 1988)
January 29 – E. P. Taylor, Canadian business tycoon (d. 1989)
January 30 – Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (d. 1959)
February 1
* Frank Buckles, last surviving American veteran of World War I (d. 2011)
* Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960)
February 2 – Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987)
February 8 – Virginius Dabney, American teacher, journalist, writer and editor (d. 1995)
February 10 – Stella Adler, American actress (d. 1992)
February 15 – João Branco Núncio, Portuguese bullfighter (d. 1976)
February 22 – Mildred Davis, American actress (d. 1969)
February 25 – Zeppo Marx, American comedian (d. 1979)
February 27 – Horatio Luro, Argentine horse trainer (d. 1991)
February 28 – Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (d. 1994)
March 3 – Claude Choules, British WWI veteran and last combat veteran from any nation (d. 2011)
March 4
* Charles Goren, American bridge player (d. 1991)
* Jean Joseph Rabearivelo, Malagasy-French poet (d. 1937)
March 17 – Alfred Newman, American film composer (d. 1970)
March 21
* Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958)
* Carmelita Geraghty, American actress (d. 1966)
March 22 – Greta Kempton, American artist (d. 1991)
March 24 – Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971)
March 27
* Carl Barks, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
* Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963)
* Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975)
* Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971)
March 28 – Jack Weil, American entrepreneur (d. 2008)
April 1 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy (d. 1961)
April 15 – Joe Davis, English snooker and billiards player (d. 1978)
April 18 – Al Lewis, American songwriter (d. 1967)
April 29 – Emperor Hirohito of Japan (d. 1989)
April 30 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
May 7 – Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)
May 17 – Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983)
May 18 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
May 20 – Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981)
May 21
* Manfred Aschner, German-born Israeli microbiologist and entomologist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1989).
* Horace Heidt, American bandleader (d. 1986)
* Sam Jaffe, American film producer (d. 2000)
* Suzanne Lilar, Belgian essayist, novelist, and playwright (d. 1992)
May 25 – Antônio de Alcântara Machado, Brazilian novelist (d. 1935)
May 31 – Alfredo Antonini, American conductor and composer (d. 1983)
June 3 – Chang Hsüeh-liang, Chinese military leader (d. 2001)
June 6 – Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (d. 1970)
June 13 – Tage Erlander, Swedish politician (social democrat), prime minister of Sweden for 23 years (1946–1969) (d. 1985)
June 17 – F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, English World War II hero (d. 1964)
June 18 – Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1918)
June 23 – Chuck Taylor, American basketball player and salesman (d. 1969)
June 24 – Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974)
June 29 – Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (d. 1967)
July 7 – Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film director and special effects designer (d. 1970)
July 9 – Barbara Cartland, English novelist (d. 2000)
July 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938)
July 20 – Heinie Manush, American baseball player (d. 1971)
July 21 – Albert Hamilton Gordon, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2009)
July 24 – Mabel Albertson, American actress (d. 1982)
July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter (d. 1985)
August 1 – Pancho Villa, Filipino boxer (d. 1925)
August 4 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971)
August 8 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
August 10 – Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (d. 2001)
August 14 – Alice Rivaz, Swiss writer (d. 1998)
August 18 – Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (d. 1999)
August 20 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
August 26
* Maxwell Taylor, American general (d. 1987)
* Chen Yi, Chinese military commander and politician (d. 1972)
August 30 – John Gunther, American writer (d. 1970)
September 9
* James Blades, English percussionist (d. 1999)
* Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1966)
September 12
* Ben Blue, Canadian-born comedian and actor (d. 1975)
* Shmuel Horowitz, Russian-born Israeli agronomist (d. 1999)
September 15 – Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (d. 1985)
September 22 – Charles B. Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997)
September 23 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
September 24 – Gerald Warner Brace, American writer, educator, sailor and boat builder (d. 1978)
September 25 – Gordon Coventry, Australian rules footballer (d. 1968)
September 26 – George Raft, American film actor (d. 1980)
September 28
* Ed Sullivan, American entertainer (d. 1974)
* William S. Paley, American businessman (''CBS'') (d. 1990)
September 29
* Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
* Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981)
October 2 – Alice Prin, French singer (d. 1953)
October 10 – Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (d. 1966)
October 24 – Gilda Gray, Polish-born dancer and actress (d. 1959)
November 3 – Léopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
November 4 – Masako Nashimoto, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989)
November 7 – Norah McGuinness, Irish painter and illustrator (d. 1980)
November 18 – George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (d. 1984)
November 22 – Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
November 28 – Walter Havighurst, American critic, novelist, literary and social historian of the Midwest, professor of English at Miami University, (d. 1994)
November 29 – Mildred Harris, American actress (d. 1944)
December 5
* Milton Erickson, American psychiatrist (d. 1980)
* Walt Disney, American animator and film producer (d. 1966)
* Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
December 8 – Arthur Leslie, British actor (d. 1970)
December 16 – Margaret Mead, American cultural anthropologist (d. 1978)
December 19 – Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002)
December 25 – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)
December 27 – Marlene Dietrich, German-American actress (d. 1992)
December 31 – Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)
Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, second wife of Joseph Stalin (d. 1932)
January 1 – Ignatius L. Donnelly, U.S. politician and writer (b. 1831)
January 8 – John Barry, Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1873)
January 10 – Sir James Dickson, Premier of Queensland, Australian Minister for Defence (b. 1832
January 11 – Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866)
January 14 – Víctor Balaguer, Spanish politician and author, (b. 1824)
January 16
* Arnold Böcklin, Swiss artist (b. 1827)
* Mahadev Govind Ranade, Indian reformer (b. 1842)
January 21 – Elisha Gray, American inventor and appliance manufacturer (b. 1835)
January 22 – Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India (b. 1819)
January 27 – Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813)
February 11 – King Milan I of Serbia (b. 1854)
February 22 – George Francis FitzGerald, Irish mathematician (b. 1851)
February 26 – Lucyna Ćwierczakiewiczowa, Polish writer (b. 1829)
March 13 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)
April 3 – Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844)
April 19 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American businessman and newswriter (b. 1839)
May 1 – Lewis Waterman, American inventor and businessman (b. 1837)
May 5 – Axel Wilhelm Eriksson, Swedish settler and trader in south-west Africa (b. 1846)
May 22 – Gaetano Bresci Italian anarchist and assassin (b 1869)
May 24 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English novelist (b. 1823)
June 2 – George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary (b. 1844)
June 9 – Walter Besant, English writer (b. 1836)
July 4 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
July 6 – Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1819)
August 5 – Victoria, Empress of Germany (b. 1840)
August 12 – Francesco Crispi, Italian Prime Minister (b. 1819)
August 24 – Clara Maass, American nurse (b. 1876)
September 5 – Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist (b. 1853)
September 9 – Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
September 14 – William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (b. 1843)
October 1 – Abdor Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1844)
October 10 – Lorenzo Snow, Mormon leader (b. 1814)
October 19 – Carl Frederik Tietgen, Danish financier and industrialist (b. 1829)
October 29 – Leon Czolgosz, Polish-American assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (b. 1873)
November 7 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese general (b. 1823)
November 27 – Clement Studebaker, American manufacturer (b. 1831)
November 30 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer (b. 1815)
December 1 – George Lohmann, English cricketer (b. 1865)
Physics – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Chemistry – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Medicine – Emil Adolf von Behring
Literature – Sully Prudhomme
Peace – Jean Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy
''Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1901'' (1902); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage online edition
af:1901
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fa:۱۹۰۱ (میلادی)
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ko:1901년
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bpy:মারি ১৯০১
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ku:1901
la:1901
lv:1901. gads
lb:1901
lt:1901 m.
lij:1901
li:1901
jbo:1901moi
lmo:1901
hu:1901
mk:1901
mg:1901
ml:1901
mi:1901
mr:इ.स. १९०१
arz:1901
ms:1901
mn:1901
nah:1901
nl:1901
ne:१९०१
new:ई सं १९०१
ja:1901年
nap:1901
no:1901
nn:1901
nrm:1901
nov:1901
oc:1901
mhr:1901
uz:1901
pa:੧੯੦੧
pi:१९०१
pnb:1901
pms:1901
tpi:1901
nds:1901
pl:1901
pt:1901
ty:1901
ro:1901
qu:1901
rue:1901
ru:1901 год
sah:1901
se:1901
sq:1901
scn:1901
simple:1901
sk:1901
sl:1901
ckb:١٩٠١
srn:1901
sr:1901
sh:1901
su:1901
fi:1901
sv:1901
tl:1901
ta:1901
tt:1901 ел
te:1901
tet:1901
th:พ.ศ. 2444
tg:1901
tr:1901
tk:1901
udm:1901 ар
uk:1901
ur:1901ء
vec:1901
vi:1901
vo:1901
fiu-vro:1901
wa:1901
vls:1901
war:1901
yi:1901
yo:1901
zh-yue:1901年
diq:1901
bat-smg:1901
zh:1901年
Events
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Births
January–February
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Nobel Prizes
Significance of 1901 for modern computers
The date of Fri December 13 20:45:52 1901 is significant for modern computers because it is the earliest date representable with a signed 32-bit integer on systems that reference time in seconds since the Unix epoch. This corresponds to -2147483648 seconds from Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970. For the same reason, many computer storage systems are also unable to represent an earlier date. For related reasons, many computer systems suffer from the Year 2038 problem. This is when the positive number of seconds since 1970 exceeds 2147483647 (01111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 in binary) and wraps to -2147483648. Hence the computer system erroneously displays or operates on the time Fri Dec 13 20:45:52 1901. In this way the year 1900 is to the Year 2000 problem as is the year 1901 to the Year 2038 problem.
References
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Thomas Edison |
|---|---|
| birth name | Thomas Alva Edison |
| birth date | February 11, 1847 |
| birth place | Milan, Ohio, United States |
| death date | October 18, 1931 |
| death place | West Orange, New Jersey, USA |
| occupation | Inventor, scientist, businessman |
| spouse | |
| religion | Deist |
| children | Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965)Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935)William Leslie Edison (1878–1937)Madeleine Edison (1888–1979)Charles Edison (1890–1969)Theodore Miller Edison (1898–1992) | parents Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896)Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871) |
| relatives | Lewis Miller (father-in-law) |
| signature | Thomas Alva Edison Signature.svg |
| footnotes | }} |
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is the third most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station was on Manhattan Island, New York.
Early life
Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–96, born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia, Canada) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871, born in Chenango County, New York). His father had to escape from Canada because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837. Edison considered himself to be of Dutch ancestry.
In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him "addled". This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. Edison recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother homeschooled him. Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's ''School of Natural Philosophy'' and The Cooper Union.
Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. Around the middle of his career Edison attributed the hearing impairment to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train in Smiths Creek, Michigan, along with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.
Edison's family was forced to move to Port Huron, Michigan, when the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854, but his life there was bittersweet. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, and he sold vegetables to supplement his income. This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still in existence as one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world.
Telegrapher
Edison became a telegraph operator after he saved three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. MacKenzie of Mount Clemens, Michigan, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1866, at the age of 19, Thomas Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked the Associated Press bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes—reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter pre-occupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a lead-acid battery when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning Edison was fired.One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey home. Some of Edison's earliest inventions were related to telegraphy, including a stock ticker. His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, (U. S. Patent 90,646), which was granted on June 1, 1869.
Marriages and children
On December 25, 1871, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell, whom he had met two months earlier as she was an employee at one of his shops. They had three children: Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965), nicknamed "Dot" Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (1876–1935), nicknamed "Dash" William Leslie Edison (1878–1937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900.Mary Edison died on August 9, 1884, possibly from a brain tumor.
On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty nine, Edison married 20-year-old Mina Miller in Akron, Ohio. She was the daughter of inventor Lewis Miller, co-founder of the Chautauqua Institution and a benefactor of Methodist charities. They also had three children: Madeleine Edison (1888–1979), who married John Eyre Sloane. Charles Edison (1890–1969), who took over the company upon his father's death and who later was elected Governor of New Jersey. He also took charge of his father's experimental laboratories in West Orange.
Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.
Beginning his career
Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention which first gained him notice was the phonograph in 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park," New Jersey. His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil around a grooved cylinder, but had poor sound quality and the recordings could only be played a few times. In the 1880s, a redesigned model using wax-coated cardboard cylinders was produced by Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter. This was one reason that Thomas Edison continued work on his own "Perfected Phonograph."
Menlo Park (1876–1881)
Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It was built with the funds from the sale of Edison's quadruplex telegraph. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan to sell it for $4,000 to $5,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to hear them offer $10,000, which he gratefully accepted. The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results.William J. Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device. In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under General Manager Francis Robbins Upton turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was "a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting".
Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for a 17-year period and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14-year period. As in most patents, the inventions he described were improvements over prior art. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented as describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds. Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the first commercially practical incandescent light. Many earlier inventors had previously devised incandescent lamps including Henry Woodward, and Mathew Evans. Others who developed early and not commercially practical incandescent electric lamps included Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay, Moses G. Farmer, William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan and Heinrich Göbel. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as an extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. In 1878, Edison applied the term ''filament'' to the element of glowing wire carrying the current, although the English inventor Joseph Swan had used the term prior to this. Swan developed an incandescent light with a long lasting filament at about the same time as Edison, as Swan's earlier bulbs lacked the high resistance needed to be an effective part of an electrical utility. Edison and his co-workers set about the task of creating longer-lasting bulbs. In Britain, Joseph Swan had been able to obtain a patent on the incandescent lamp because although he had been making successful lamps some time before Edison was tardy in applying for patents so application was submitted by Edison but failed due to an oversight in the drafting of Edison's patent application. Unable to raise the required capital in Britain because of this, Edison was forced to enter into a joint venture with Swan (known as Ediswan). Swan acknowledged that Edison had anticipated him, saying "Edison is entitled to more than I ... he has seen further into this subject, vastly than I, and foreseen and provided for details that I did not comprehend until I saw his system". By 1879, Edison had produced a new concept: a high resistance lamp in a very high vacuum, which would burn for hundreds of hours. While the earlier inventors had produced electric lighting in laboratory conditions, dating back to a demonstration of a glowing wire by Alessandro Volta in 1800, Edison concentrated on commercial application, and was able to sell the concept to homes and businesses by mass-producing relatively long-lasting light bulbs and creating a complete system for the generation and distribution of electricity.
In just over a decade Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have "a stock of almost every conceivable material". A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on.
Over his desk, Edison displayed a placard with Sir Joshua Reynolds' famous quotation: "There is no expedient to which a man will not resort to avoid the real labor of thinking." This slogan was reputedly posted at several other locations throughout the facility.
With Menlo Park, Edison had created the first industrial laboratory concerned with creating knowledge and then controlling its application.
Carbon telephone transmitter
In 1877–78, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, in 1892 a federal court ruled that Edison—and not Emile Berliner—was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.
Electric light
Building on the contributions of other developers over the previous three quarters of a century, Edison made significant improvements to the idea of incandescent light, and wound up in the public consciousness as "the inventor" of the lightbulb, and a prime mover in developing the necessary infrastructure for electric power.
After many experiments with platinum and other metal filaments, Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879; it lasted 40 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires". Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways", it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered a carbonized bamboo filament that could last over 1,200 hours. The idea of using this particular raw material originated from Edison's recalling his examination of a few threads from a bamboo fishing pole while relaxing on the shore of Battle Lake in the present-day state of Wyoming, where he and other members of a scientific team had traveled so that they could clearly observe a total eclipse of the sun on July 29, 1878, from the Continental Divide.
In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan and the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."
Lewis Latimer joined the Edison Electric Light Company in 1884. Latimer had received a patent in January 1881 for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of carbon filaments for lightbulbs. Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.
George Westinghouse's company bought Philip Diehl's competing induction lamp patent rights (1882) for $25,000, forcing the holders of the Edison patent to charge a more reasonable rate for the use of the Edison patent rights and lowering the price of the electric lamp.
On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric light improvement claim for "a filament of carbon of high resistance" was valid. To avoid a possible court battle with Joseph Swan, whose British patent had been awarded a year before Edison's, he and Swan formed a joint company called Ediswan to manufacture and market the invention in Britain.
Mahen Theatre in Brno in what is now the Czech Republic, was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps, with the installation supervised by Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, Francis Jehl. In September 2010, a sculpture of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theatre.
Electric power distribution
Edison patented a system for electricity distribution in 1880, which was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp. On December 17, 1880, Edison founded the Edison Illuminating Company. The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on Pearl Street Station, New York City. It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan.Earlier in the year, in January 1882 he had switched on the first steam generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London. The DC supply system provided electricity supplies to street lamps and several private dwellings within a short distance of the station. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey.
War of currents
Edison's true success, like that of his friend Henry Ford, was in his ability to maximize profits through establishment of mass-production systems and intellectual property rights. George Westinghouse and Edison became adversaries because of Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution instead of the more easily transmitted alternating current (AC) system invented by Nikola Tesla and promoted by Westinghouse. Unlike DC, AC could be stepped up to very high voltages with transformers, sent over thinner and cheaper wires, and stepped down again at the destination for distribution to users.In 1887 there were 121 Edison power stations in the United States delivering DC electricity to customers. When the limitations of DC were discussed by the public, Edison launched a propaganda campaign to convince people that AC was far too dangerous to use. The problem with DC was that the power plants could economically deliver DC electricity only to customers within about one and a half miles (about 2.4 km) from the generating station, so that it was suitable only for central business districts. When George Westinghouse suggested using high-voltage AC instead, as it could carry electricity hundreds of miles with marginal loss of power, Edison waged a "War of Currents" to prevent AC from being adopted.
The war against AC led him to become involved in the development and promotion of the electric chair (using AC) as an attempt to portray AC to have greater lethal potential than DC. Edison went on to carry out a brief but intense campaign to ban the use of AC or to limit the allowable voltage for safety purposes. As part of this campaign, Edison's employees publicly electrocuted animals to demonstrate the dangers of AC; alternating electric currents are slightly more dangerous in that frequencies near 60 Hz have a markedly greater potential for inducing fatal "cardiac fibrillation" than do direct currents. On one of the more notable occasions, in 1903, Edison's workers electrocuted Topsy the elephant at Luna Park, near Coney Island, after she had killed several men and her owners wanted her put to death. His company filmed the electrocution.
AC replaced DC in most instances of generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the efficiency of power distribution. Though widespread use of DC ultimately lost favor for distribution, it exists today primarily in long-distance high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Low voltage DC distribution continued to be used in high-density downtown areas for many years but was eventually replaced by AC low-voltage network distribution in many of them. DC had the advantage that large battery banks could maintain continuous power through brief interruptions of the electric supply from generators and the transmission system. Utilities such as Commonwealth Edison in Chicago had rotary converters or motor-generator sets, which could change DC to AC and AC to various frequencies in the early to mid-20th century. Utilities supplied rectifiers to convert the low voltage AC to DC for such DC loads as elevators, fans and pumps. There were still 1,600 DC customers in downtown New York City as of 2005, and service was finally discontinued only on November 14, 2007. Most subway systems still are powered by direct current.
Fluoroscopy
Edison is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available fluoroscope, a machine that uses X-rays to take radiographs. Until Edison discovered that calcium tungstate fluoroscopy screens produced brighter images than the barium platinocyanide screens originally used by Wilhelm Röntgen, the technology was capable of producing only very faint images. The fundamental design of Edison's fluoroscope is still in use today, despite the fact that Edison himself abandoned the project after nearly losing his own eyesight and seriously injuring his assistant, Clarence Dally. Dally had made himself an enthusiastic human guinea pig for the fluoroscopy project and in the process been exposed to a poisonous dose of radiation. He later died of injuries related to the exposure. In 1903, a shaken Edison said "Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them."
Work relations
Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's significant contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by a sophisticated analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics.Another of Edison's assistants was Nikola Tesla. Tesla claimed that Edison promised him $50,000 if he succeeded in making improvements to his DC generation plants. Several months later, when Tesla had finished the work and asked to be paid, he said that Edison replied, "When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke." Tesla immediately resigned. With Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the payment would have amounted to over 53 years' pay and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. Although Tesla accepted an Edison Medal later in life, this and other negative series of events concerning Edison remained with Tesla. The day after Edison died, the ''New York Times'' contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla who was quoted as saying:
One of Edison's famous quotations regarding his attempts to make the light globe suggest that perhaps Tesla was right about Edison's methods of working: "If I find 10,000 ways something won't work, I haven't failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward."
When Edison was a very old man and close to death, he said, in looking back, that the biggest mistake he had made was that he never respected Tesla or his work.
There were 28 men recognized as Edison Pioneers.
Media inventions
The key to Edison's fortunes was telegraphy. With knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the basics of electricity. This allowed him to make his early fortune with the stock ticker, the first electricity-based broadcast system. Edison patented the sound recording and reproducing phonograph in 1878. Edison was also granted a patent for the motion picture camera or "Kinetograph". He did the electromechanical design, while his employee W.K.L. Dickson, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson. In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope, or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891.On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph. In April 1896, Thomas Armat's Vitascope, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.
Officially the kinetoscope entered Europe when the rich American Businessman Irving T. Bush (1869–1948) bought from the Continental Commerce Company of Franck Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Bachus a dozen machines. Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London. At the same time the French company Kinétoscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines for the market in France. In the last three months of 1894 The Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e. the Netherlands and Italy). In Germany and in Austria-Hungary the kinetoscope was introduced by the Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by the Ludwig Stollwerck of the Schokoladen-Süsswarenfabrik Stollwerck & Co of Cologne. The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the Fairs in early 1895. The Edison's Kinétoscope Français, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists. On May 14, 1895, the Edison's Kinétoscope Belge was founded in Brussels. The businessman Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, living in London but active in Belgium and France, took the initiative in starting this business. He had contacts with Leon Gaumont and the American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. In 1898 he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.
In 1901, he visited the Sudbury area in Ontario, Canada, as a mining prospector, and is credited with the original discovery of the Falconbridge ore body. His attempts to actually mine the ore body were not successful, however, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903. A street in Falconbridge, as well as the Edison Building, which served as the head office of Falconbridge Mines, are named for him.
In 1902, agents of Thomas Edison bribed a theater owner in London for a copy of ''A Trip to the Moon'' by Georges Méliès. Edison then made hundreds of copies and showed them in New York City. Méliès received no compensation. He was counting on taking the film to the US and recapture its huge cost by showing it throughout the country when he realized it had already been shown there by Edison. This effectively bankrupted Méliès. Other exhibitors similarly routinely copied and exhibited each others films. To better protect the copyrights on his films, Edison deposited prints of them on long strips of photographic paper with the U.S. copyright office. Many of these paper prints survived longer and in better condition than the actual films of that era.
Edison's favorite movie was ''The Birth of a Nation''. He thought that talkies had "spoiled everything" for him. "There isn't any good acting on the screen. They concentrate on the voice now and have forgotten how to act. I can sense it more than you because I am deaf." His favorite stars were Mary Pickford and Clara Bow.
In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, which was founded in 1929.
West Orange and Fort Myers (1886–1931)
Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of Mary Stilwell and purchased a home known as "Glenmont" in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was later called Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Edison and his wife Mina spent many winters in Fort Myers where they recreated and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.
Henry Ford, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida. Edison even contributed technology to the automobile. They were friends until Edison's death.
In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers Civitan Club. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing things —big things— for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks." He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings.
The final years
Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death in 1931, the Lackawanna Railroad implemented electric trains in suburban service from Hoboken to Gladstone, Montclair and Dover in New Jersey. Transmission was by means of an overhead catenary system, with the entire project under Edison's guidance. To the surprise of many, he was at the throttle of the very first MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, driving the train all the way to Dover. As another tribute to his lasting legacy, the same fleet of cars Edison deployed on the Lackawanna in 1931 served commuters until their retirement in 1984, when some of them were purchased by the Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum in Lenox, Massachusetts. A special plaque commemorating the joint achievement of both the railway and Edison can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, presently operated by New Jersey Transit.Edison was said to have been influenced by a popular fad diet in his last few years; "the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours". He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him that "Correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies." She also said that during one of his periodic "great scientific adventures", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.
Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.
Thomas Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. He is buried behind the home.
Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford Museum. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. A plaster death mask was also made.
Mina died in 1947.
Views on politics, religion and metaphysics
Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "freethinker". Edison was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's ''The Age of Reason''. Edison defended Paine's "scientific deism", saying, "He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity." In an October 2, 1910, interview in the ''New York Times Magazine,'' Edison stated:Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me — the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love — He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us — nature did it all — not the gods of the religions.Edison was called an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter: "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made."
Nonviolence was key to Edison's moral views, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for World War I, he specified he would work only on defensive weapons and later noted, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill." Edison's philosophy of nonviolence extended to animals as well, about which he stated: "Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages." However, he is also notorious for having electrocuted a number of dogs in 1888, both by direct and alternating current, in an attempt to argue that the former (which he had a vested business interest in promoting) was safer than the latter (favored by his rival George Westinghouse). Edison's success in promoting direct current as less lethal also led to alternating current being used in the electric chair adopted by New York in 1889 as a supposedly humane execution method; because Westinghouse was angered by the decision, he funded Eighth Amendment-based appeals for inmates set to die in the electric chair, ultimately resulting in Edison providing the generators which powered early electrocutions and testifying successfully on behalf of the state that electrocution was a painless method of execution.
Tributes
Places named for Edison
Several places have been named after Edison, most notably the town of Edison, New Jersey. Thomas Edison State College, a nationally known college for adult learners, is in Trenton, New Jersey. Two community colleges are named for him: Edison State College in Fort Myers, Florida, and Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio. There are numerous high schools named after Edison; see Edison High School.The City Hotel, in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was re-named The Hotel Edison, and retains that name today.
Three bridges around the United States have been named in his honor (see Edison Bridge).
In space, his name is commemorated in asteroid 742 Edisona.
Museums and memorials
In West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5 acre (5.5 ha) Glenmont estate is maintained and operated by the National Park Service as the Edison National Historic Site. The Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum is in the town of Edison, New Jersey. In Beaumont, Texas, there is an Edison Museum, though Edison never visited there. The Port Huron Museum, in Port Huron, Michigan, restored the original depot that Thomas Edison worked out of as a young newsbutcher. The depot has been named the Thomas Edison Depot Museum. The town has many Edison historical landmarks, including the graves of Edison's parents, and a monument along the St. Clair River. Edison's influence can be seen throughout this city of 32,000. In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the lightbulb. On the same night, The Edison Institute was dedicated in nearby Dearborn.In early 2010, Edison was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.
Companies bearing Edison's name
Awards named in honor of Edison
The Edison Medal was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. Four years later the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), later IEEE, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson and, in a twist of fate, was awarded to Nikola Tesla in 1917. It is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts."In the Netherlands, the major music awards are named the Edison Award after him.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers concedes the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award to individual patents since 2000.
Honors and awards given to Edison
The President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grévy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the ''distinction'' of an'' 'Officer of the Legion of Honour' ''(Légion d'honneur) by decree on November 10, 1881;In 1983, the United States Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97—198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor's Day.
In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
In 1889, Edison was awarded the John Scott Medal.
In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal.
Edison was awarded Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1915 for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.
Edison was ranked thirty-fifth on Michael H. Hart's 1978 book ''The 100'', a list of the most influential figures in history. ''Life'' magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the light bulb he promoted "lit up the world". In the 2005 television series ''The Greatest American'', he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth-greatest.
In 2008, Edison was inducted in the New Jersey Hall of Fame.
Other items named after Edison
The United States Navy named the USS Edison (DD-439), a Gleaves class destroyer, in his honor in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of World War II. In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine. Decommissioned on December 1, 1983, ''Thomas A. Edison'' was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on April 30, 1986. She went through the Navy's Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, beginning on October 1, 1996. When she finished the program on December 1, 1997, she ceased to exist as a complete ship and was listed as scrapped.
In popular culture
Thomas Edison has appeared in popular culture as a character in novels, films, comics and video games. His prolific inventing helped make him an icon and he has made appearances in popular culture during his lifetime down to the present day. His history with Nikola Tesla has also provided dramatic tension and is a theme returned to numerous times.
On February 11, 2011, on Thomas Edison's 164th birthday, Google's homepage featured an animated Google Doodle commemorating his many inventions. When the cursor was hovered over the doodle, a series of mechanisms seemed to move, causing a lightbulb to glow.
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
;Locations
;Information and media
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Category:1847 births Category:1931 deaths Category:American inventors Category:American people of Canadian descent Category:American people of Dutch descent Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American scientists Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Cinema pioneers Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients Category:Deaf people Category:Edison family Category:Deists Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Category:People associated with electricity Category:People from Erie County, Ohio Category:People of United Empire Loyalist descent Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States) Category:Telegraphy
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| type | monarch |
|---|---|
| name | Victoria |
| reign | 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 |
| coronation | 28 June 1838 |
| cor-type | britain |
| succession | Queen of the United Kingdom |
| predecessor | William IV |
| successor | Edward VII |
| reign1 | 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901 |
| coronation1 | 1 January 1877 |
| cor-type1 | Imperial Durbar |
| succession1 | Empress of India |
| predecessor1 | ''Title created'' |
| successor1 | Edward VII |
| reg-type | Prime Ministers |
| regent | ''See list'' |
| reg-type1 | Viceroys |
| regent1 | ''See list'' |
| spouse | Albert, Prince Consort |
| issue | |
| issue-link | #Children |
| full name | Alexandrina Victoria |
| house | House of Hanover |
| father | Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn |
| mother | Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |
| birth date | May 24, 1819 |
| birth place | Kensington Palace, London |
| death date | January 22, 1901 |
| death place | Osborne House, Isle of Wight |
| date of burial | 4 February 1901 |
| place of burial | Frogmore, Windsor |
| signature | Queen Victoria Signature.svg }} |
Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India.
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the Sovereign held relatively few direct political powers. Privately, she attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.
She married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their 9 children and 26 of their 42 grandchildren married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.
Her reign of 63 years and 7 months, which is longer than that of any other British monarch and the longest of any female monarch in history, is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover; her son and successor King Edward VII belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Birth and family
Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. The Duchess of Kent, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was a German princess whose brother Leopold was the widower of Princess Charlotte of Wales. Until 1819 Charlotte was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis in the United Kingdom that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent to marry and have children. He married the Duchess in 1818, and their only child Victoria was born at 4.15 am on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. She was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace. Her parents proposed to call her Victoire Georgina Alexandrina Charlotte Augusta, but on the instructions of the Duke's elder brother, the Prince Regent (later George IV), three of the names were dropped. She was baptised ''Alexandrina'', after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and ''Victoria'' after her mother.At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent was estranged from his wife and the Duchess of York was 52 years old, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children. The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, she became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.
Heiress to the throne
Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured, probably wrongly, to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of the King's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To King William's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once Queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of ''great'' happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.
Early reign
Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and ''alone'', and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that ''I'' am ''Queen''." Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.
Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited all the British dominions, Hanover passed instead to her father's younger brother, her unpopular uncle the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, who became King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover. He was her heir presumptive until she married and had a child.
At the time of her accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, who relied on him for advice. Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure. Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838, and she became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace. She inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, and was granted a civil list of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".
In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a Bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The Bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's Ladies of the Bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.
Marriage
Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to meet her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.
Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor. They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St. James's Palace, London. Victoria was besotted. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:
Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Lord Melbourne as the dominant, influential figure in the first half of her life. Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Princess Augusta in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses. Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but both bullets missed. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, she and Albert had a further eight children.
Victoria's household was largely run by her childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria, and had supported her against the Kensington System. Albert, however, thought Lehzen was incompetent, and that her mismanagement threatened the health of his daughter. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.
1842–1860
On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but did not fire. The following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to provoke Francis to take a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plain clothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also fired a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco. Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London. In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her face. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation.Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the Ladies of the Bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.
In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.
By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also as Conservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the "Peelites"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.
Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped. Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.
Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".
In early 1855, the government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the Crimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister.
Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.
On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one. Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14-years-old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17. The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. Victoria felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one." Almost exactly a year later, Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild: Wilhelm.
Widowhood
In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holiday in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that Edward had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over her son Edward's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the name "widow of Windsor".Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.
Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs Brown". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie ''Mrs. Brown''. A painting by Edwin Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, ''Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands'', which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.
Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel." With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she was supposed to have complained, as though she was "a public meeting rather than a woman".
In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new anti-septic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, Edward's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, Edward pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.
On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor (great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor) waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage as it drove through the gates of Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and he was later sentenced to 12-months' imprisonment. As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further.
Empress of India
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war", and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration". At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the Presbyterian Church of Scotland than the Episcopalian Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.
On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious". In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".
Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If ''we'' are to ''maintain'' our position as a ''first-rate'' Power", she wrote, "we must … be ''Prepared'' for ''attacks'' and ''wars'', ''somewhere'' or ''other'', CONTINUALLY." Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so." To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears", and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."
Later years
On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish ''More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands'', a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her.
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.
Golden Jubilee
In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession that, in the words of Mark Twain, "stretched to the limit of sight in both directions" and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindi-Urdu, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.Victoria's eldest daughter became Empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed within the year, and Victoria's grandchild Wilhelm became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Under Wilhelm, Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany were not fulfilled. He believed in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or ''Zartgefühl'' [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped [sic]".
Gladstone returned to power aged over 82 after the 1892 general election. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, and so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.
Diamond Jubilee
On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee, which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain.
The prime ministers of all the self-governing dominions were invited, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession through London included troops from all over the empire. The parade paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage. The celebration was marked by great outpourings of affection for the septuagenarian Queen.
Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."
Death and succession
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday 22 January 1901 at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son, the future King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed.In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, were placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.
Victoria reigned for a total of 63 years, seven months and two days making her the longest-reigning British monarch, and was the longest-lived until surpassed by Elizabeth II. She broke the previous record for the oldest living British monarch, set by her grandfather George III, by three days. She was the last monarch of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom. Her son and heir Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Victoria was so long-lived that the next four monarchs after her—son Edward VII, grandson George V, and great-grandsons Edward VIII and George VI—were all born during her reign.
Legacy
According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.
Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's ''Queen Victoria'' of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.
Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.
Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". Victoria and Albert had 42 grandchildren. Their descendants include Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Harald V of Norway, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Margrethe II of Denmark, Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain.
One of Victoria's children, her youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was old at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about 30% of cases.
Around the world, places and memorials are dedicated to her, especially in the Commonwealth nations. Places named after her, include the capital of the Seychelles, Africa's largest lake, Victoria Falls, the capitals of British Columbia (Victoria) and Saskatchewan (Regina), and two Australian states (Victoria and Queensland).
The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, and it remains the highest British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand award for bravery. Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May (Queen Victoria's birthday).
Titles, styles, and arms
Titles and styles
At the end of her reign, the Queen's full style and title were: ''Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India.''
Ancestry
{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; background-color: transparent; margin:auto;|border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Queen Victoria |2= 2. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn |3= 3. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |4= 4. George III of the United Kingdom |5= 5. Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |6= 6. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |7= 7. Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf |8= 8. Frederick, Prince of Wales |9= 9. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha |10= 10. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow |11= 11. Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen |12= 12. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |13= 13. Duchess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |14= 14. Heinrich XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf |15= 15. Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg |16= 16. George II of Great Britain |17= 17. Margravine Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach |18= 18. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |19= 19. Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst |20= 20. Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |21= 21. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen |22= 22. Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen |23= 23. Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach |24= 24. Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |25= 25. Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt |26= 26. Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg |27= 27. Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |28= 28. Heinrich XIX, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf |29= 29. Countess Sophia Dorothea of Castell-Castell |30= 30. George Augustus, Count of Erbach-Schönberg |31= 31. Countess Ferdinande Henriette of Stolberg-Gedern }}
Children
| class="unsortable" style="width: 20%;" | Birth !! style="width:12%;" >Death !! Spouse (years of birth & death) and children | |||||
| Victoria, Princess Royal | The Princess Victoria, < | Princess Royal | 184021 November 1840 | align="center">19015 August 1901Married 1858, Prussian Crown Prince Frederick, ''later'' Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888); 4 sons, 4 daughters (including Wilhelm II, German Emperor and Sophia, Queen of Greece) | ||
| The Prince Albert Edward, < | Prince of Wales, ''later'' Edward VII of the United Kingdom | King Edward VII | align="center">18419 November 1841| | 19106 May 1910 | bgcolor="#fff8f8"Married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925); < | 3 sons, 3 daughters (including King George V and Maud, Queen of Norway) |
| Princess Alice of the United Kingdom | The Princess Alice | align="center">184325 April 1843| | 187814 December 1878 | bgcolor="#f8f8ff" | ||
| Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | The Prince Alfred, < | Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh; ''Admiral of the Fleet'' | align="center">18446 August 1844| | 190031 July 1900 | Married 1874, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia < | (1853–1920); 2 sons (1 stillbirth |
| [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom | The Princess Helena | align="center">184625 May 1846| | 19239 June 1923 | bgcolor="#f8f8ff" | ||
| Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll | The Princess Louise | align="center"184818 March < | 1848 || | 19393 December 1939 | bgcolor="#f8f8ff" | |
| Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn | The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; ''Field Marshal'', Governor General of Canada (1911–1916) | align="center">18501 May 1850| | 194216 January 1942 | Married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917); < | 1 son, 2 daughters | |
| Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany | The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany | align="center">18537 April 1853| | 188428 March 1884 | Married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922); < | 1 son, 1 daughter | |
| Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom | The Princess Beatrice | align="center">185714 April 1857| | 1944 26 October 1944 | bgcolor="#f8f8ff" |
Notes and references
Bibliography
Published primary sources
Further reading
External links
Category:Monarchs of the United Kingdom Category:Monarchs of Australia Category:Heads of state of Canada Category:Heads of state of New Zealand Category:Protestant monarchs Category:Empresses regnant Category:Queens regnant in the British Isles Category:House of Hanover Category:Women of the Victorian era Category:Indian empresses Category:Indian monarchs Category:British princesses Category:English diarists Category:Attempted assassination survivors Category:Founders of English schools and colleges Category:People from Kensington Category:1819 births Category:1901 deaths Category:19th-century monarchs in Europe Category:19th-century female rulers Category:People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind Category:Dames Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I
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welovephoenix
Phoenix - 1901 / Commented by Phoenix (2 of 9)
The story behind Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix. Commented by Philippe Zdar. Musicvision concept and interview by Guillaume Delaperrière. www.delaperriere.com Phoenix at work directed and edited by Pascal Teixeira....
2:01
Trapeze Disrobing Act (Thomas Edison 1901)
brainpickings
Trapeze Disrobing Act (Thomas Edison 1901)
Rare film by Thomas Edison circa 1901, featuring famous aerialist Laverie Vallee, better-known by her stage name of Charmion, renowned for her impressive musculature. More: www.brainpickings.org...
2:18
Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]
britishpathe
Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]
Queen Victoria's Funeral, 1901 - A Day that Shook the World [HD]. Queen Victoria's Funeral was one of the earliest events recorded by British Pathe. After 63 years on the throne, Victoria died at the age of 81 at Osborne House on Th...
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