Coordinates | 37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N |
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Country | England |
Latitude | 53.7449 |
Longitude | -2.4769 |
population | 105,085 |
population ref | |population_density |
Official name | Blackburn |
Unitary england | Blackburn with Darwen |
Lieutenancy england | Lancashire |
Region | North West England |
Constituency westminster | Blackburn |
Post town | BLACKBURN |
Postcode district | BB1 – BB2 |
Postcode area | BB |
Dial code | 01254 |
Os grid reference | SD685277 |
London distance | SSE |
Static image | |
Static image caption | Skyline of Blackburn Town Centre }} |
Blackburn () is a large town in Lancashire, England. It lies to the north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley, east of the city of Preston, north-northwest of the city of Manchester. and is north of the border with Greater Manchester. Blackburn is bounded to the south by Darwen, with which it forms the unitary authority area of Blackburn with Darwen, Blackburn being the administrative centre. At the time of the UK Government's 2001 census, Blackburn had a population of 105,085, whilst the wider borough of Blackburn with Darwen had a population of 140,700.
A former mill town, textiles have been produced in Blackburn since the middle of the 13th century, when wool was woven in people's houses in the domestic system. Flemish weavers who settled in the area during the 14th century helped to develop the woollen cottage industry in the region. James Hargreaves, inventor of the spinning jenny, was a weaver in Blackburn. The most rapid period of growth and development in Blackburn's history coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing. Blackburn was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first industrialised towns in the world.
Blackburn's textile sector fell into a terminal decline from the mid-20th century. Blackburn has subsequently faced similar challenges to other post-industrial northern towns, including deindustrialisation, economic deprivation and housing issues. Since the 1950s the town has experienced significant levels of migration, particularly from India and Pakistan, and consequently has the third highest proportion of Muslims (c.25%) in England and Wales and the highest in the United Kingdom outside London. Blackburn has had significant investment and redevelopment in the past 60 years by monies from government and the European Regional Development Fund.
George C. Miller in his ''Blackburn – the Evolution of a Cotton Town'' says:
The ancient military way from Mamucium (Manchester) to (Bremetennacum) (Ribchester), passing over Blacksnape, plunges on its unswerving course through Blackamoor, over the scarp at Whinney Heights, to pass across the Blakewater in the vicinity of Salford. This fact alone presents a reasonable argument for the existence of a British oppidum or walled village on the site, it being customary for such primitive communities to cluster in the vicinity of a ford or bridge.
All Hallows Spring was purportedly excavated in 1654 and was found to contain an inscribed stone, allegedly commemorating the dedication of a temple of Serapis by Claudius Hieronymus, legate of Legio VI Victrix.
The name of the town first appears in the Domesday Book as ''Blachebourne'', a royal manor during the days of Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror. Archaeological evidence gleaned during the demolition of the medieval parish church on the site of the present cathedral in 1820 suggests that a church was built during the late 11th or early 12th century. A market cross was also erected nearby in 1101. The manor came into the possession of Henry de Blackburn, who divided it between his two sons. Later, one half was granted to the monks of Stanlow Abbey. This moiety was later granted to the monks of Whalley Abbey. However, during the 12th century, the town's conjectured importance declined as Clitheroe became the regional centre. In addition to the settlement in the town centre area, there were several other medieval domiciles nearby.
Textile manufacturing in Blackburn dates from the middle of the 13th century, when wool produced by local farmers was woven in people's houses. Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century and helped to develop the industry. By 1650 the town was known for the manufacture of "Blackburn checks", blue and white in colour, with "Blackburn greys" becoming famous not long afterwards. By the first half of the 18th century, textile manufacture had become Blackburn's main industry. From the mid-18th to the early 20th century, Blackburn evolved from a small market town to become "the weaving capital of the world", with its population increasing from less than 5,000 to over 130,000.
''John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles'' provides a profile of Blackburn in 1887:
Blackburn. parl. and mun. bor., par. and township, NE. Lancashire, [14 km] E. of Preston and [340 km] NW. of London by rail – par., 48,281 ac., pop. 161,617; township, 3681 ac., pop. 91,958; bor., 6974 ac., pop. 104,014; 4 Banks, 2 newspapers. Market-days, Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the chief seats of cotton manufacture, besides producing calico, muslin, &c.;, there being over 140 mills at work. There are also factories for making cotton machinery and steam-engines. B. has been associated with many improvements in the mfr. of cotton, among which was the invention (1767) of the "spinning jenny" which was invented in nearby Oswaldtwistle by James Hargreaves, who died in 1770. There are several fine churches and public buildings. A Corporation Park (50 ac. in area) is on the outskirts of the town. Several lines of railway converge here, and pass through one principal station belonging to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Ry. Co. B. returns 2 members to Parliament.
The manufacture of cotton cloth expanded rapidly in Blackburn from around 1750. Initially, before the advent of spinning mills, cottagers were supplied with cotton by the town's cotton merchants. The cottagers, who were paid by the piece, would spin the cotton into thread and weave it into cloth. The merchants would then have the cloth bleached and dyed. After 1775, spinning mills began to appear in the town. The earliest mills were converted warehouses, then in 1797 the first purpose-built spinning mill was constructed, and by 1824 there were 24 such mills. By 1870 there were 2.5 million spindles in Blackburn, with 24 spinning mills having been constructed since 1850. Spinning declined in the town between 1870 and 1900, as this sector of the cotton industry moved to South Lancashire.
In 18th century Blackburn, weaving was carried out mainly by handloom weavers working from their own cottages. However, as powerlooms began to be introduced into local mills from 1825, the percentage of the workforce employed as handloom weavers began to decline. This occurred more rapidly in areas closer to the centre of Blackburn, with handloom weavers continuing to make up a sizeable portion of the workforce in outlying rural areas. Nevertheless, the last handloom shop in Blackburn closed in 1894. Improvements made to the powerloom in the early 1840s, together with the construction of the first railway line into Blackburn in 1846, led to much greater investment in powerlooms in the town in the second half of that decade. The railway brought opportunities for expansion of the cotton trade, and subsequent decades saw many new mills constructed. For example: 68 weaving-only and 4 combined weaving and spinning mills were built between 1850 and 1870, and 9 weaving mills were built per decade between 1870 and 1890.
Improvements in the efficiency of powerlooms meant that weaving - which had been the primary source of wealth and income for handloom weavers - began to move from the cottage to the factory. This led to high rates of unemployment: according to figures published in March 1826, some 60% of all handloom weavers in Blackburn and nearby Rishton, Lower Darwen and Oswaldtwistle were unemployed. In response to these high levels of unemployment, the Lancashire weavers' riots occurred. At 3:00 pm on 24 April 1826 a mob arrived in Blackburn after travelling from nearby Accrington, where they had attacked powerlooms. Proceeding to Bannister Eccles' Jubilee Factory on Jubilee St in the town centre, the mob destroyed 212 powerlooms in the space of 35 minutes. They then proceeded to the nearby John Houghton and Sons' Park Place factory and destroyed another 25 looms, before continuing on in search of more machinery to attack. The crowd began to disperse at around 6:00 pm, troops having arrived as early as 3:30 pm to try to quell the rioting.
Suspension of trade with India during the First World War resulted in the expansion of India's cotton industry at the expense of Britain's, and the imposition of an 11% import tariff by the Indian Government led to a dramatic slump in 1921; a situation which worsened in 1922 after the Indian Government raised the tariff to 14%, which led the number of stopped mills to increase to 47, with 43,000 looms idle. Two years into the slump, the Foundry and Limbrick mills became the first in the town to close permanently. Not long afterwards, in 1926, the General Strike saw production suspended at half of the town's mills and 12,000 unemployed. There was another slump in 1928, and then another strike in 1929 after employers requested a 12% wage cut; 40,000 cotton workers went on strike for a week and eight more mills closed, making it 28 closures in six years. By the start of 1930, 50 mills had shut down and 21,000 people were unemployed. A sharp financial crisis late in 1931 led to 24,000 unemployed, with 1,000 houses and 166 shops lying empty in the town. A total of 26 mills closed down between 1930 and 1934.
The industry experienced a short post-war boom between 1948 and 50, during which sales increased, industry training methods improved, and new automatic looms were introduced; allowing a single weaver to control 20 to 25 looms. Loom sheds were often rebuilt using new building techniques to make them more open-plan so that they could house the new, larger looms. Despite the post-war boom, the cotton industry continued to decline, and only 25% of the town's population were employed in textiles by 1951: it had been 60% up to the beginning of the Great Depression, in 1929. Furthermore, in 1952 the number of weavers in the town fell from 10,890 to 9,020. By 1955 more cloth was being imported from India than was being exported there, and between 1955 and 58 another 16 mills closed. In 1959, due partly to the re-organisation of the textile industry resulting from that year's Textiles Act, another 17 mills closed. By 1960 there were 30 mills left operating in Blackburn.
Closures continued in the 1960s with, for example, the Parkside, Fountains, Malvern and Pioneer Mills shutting in 1964. In 1967 the Eclipse Mill at Feniscowles closed, unable to compete with imported cloth sold at nine pence cheaper per yard than the mill could produce it. By the end of that year there were 26 mills left operating in Blackburn. The 1970s saw further closures, and the number of textile workers in Blackburn reduced to 6,000 by January 1975, the year in which the Albion and Alston mills also stopped production with the loss of a further 400 jobs. The following statistic gives some idea of the rate of decline of Blackburn's cotton industry: in 1976 there were 2,100 looms still operating, from a peak of 79,405 in 1907.
Unlike many other industrialised towns and cities in England, Blackburn avoided serious bomb damage in World War II. However, the continuing decline of the town's old industries saw the town's population fall to a low of just over 100,000 by 1971. However, the town then was revived by a regeneration of the town centre and an expansion of the local engineering industry.
The town enjoyed a return to international media and public spotlight in the 1990s with the success of the town's football team Blackburn Rovers, beginning with the takeover of the club by local steel baron Jack Walker in 1991. The club's Ewood Park stadium was completely rebuilt between 1987 and 1995, but radical changes also took place on the pitch as Walker's extensive financial backing attracted some of the nation's finest players to the club, helping them win promotion to the new FA Premier League in 1992, ending 26 years outside the top flight of English football. The pinnacle of the football club's revival came in 1995 when the league title was won for the first time since 1914, ending a major trophy drought which had begun with their 1928 FA Cup triumph. However, the club has failed to sustain that level of success, their only major honour since then being a Football League Cup triumph in 2002.
Although children’s services, adult social care and GCSE results were praised, the commission did highlight "significant health problems" and increased "levels of repeat victims of domestic violence" as causes for concern. Despite generally good performance, overall user satisfaction levels with the council are below average and not improving. The borough was awarded Beacon Council status and shares its best practice in education policy with other councils as part of the scheme.
The motto, granted on 14 February 1852 to the former Borough of Blackburn, is poignant as Blackburn, once a small town, had risen to importance through the energy and enterprise of her spinners and manufacturers, combined with the skill and labour of her operatives. The Borough of Blackburn was formed by the amalgamation of the County Borough of Blackburn, the Borough of Darwen, part of the Turton Urban District and the parishes of Yate and Pickup Bank, Eccleshill, Livesey, Pleasington and Tockholes from the Blackburn Rural District.
The council until recently had two members for the England First party, Mark Cotterill for Meadowhead ward and Michael Johnson for Fernhurst. Mark Cotterill has since stood down and Michael Johnson joined the For Darwen party. Members of the BNP have previously won a council seat in the town in November 2002 following elections in May which saw three of their colleagues elected in nearby Burnley. The BNP's Robin Evans secured a 16-vote majority in Mill Hill ward with two recounts following a campaign using pub meetings and leafleting.
The incumbent Liberal Democrats were pushed into third place behind Labour. Although the plans had been blocked by the time of the poll, proposals to convert a nursing home in the ward into a centre for asylum seekers were seen as a key election issue. Developments in Burnley and Blackburn were regarded as something of a renaissance for the far right in British politics; no such councillors had been elected in the UK since victories in Tower Hamlets nearly ten years before.
Commenting on the elections, Blackburn MP Jack Straw said: "It is very sad. We had the far right in Blackburn 26 years ago when they won two seats in Shadsworth. But there the whole community decided they wouldn't have it. You can never say they won't put candidates in Blackburn but we will work hard on community relations." Blackburn had two council members from the National Party in the 1970s. Although some towns in the North of England suffered race riots in the summer of 2001, the streets of Blackburn remained quiet.
Although the city of Preston, the administrative centre for Lancashire, is located about to the west, Blackburn is the largest municipality in what is known as East Lancashire. The town is bounded on other sides by smaller towns, including Accrington to the east and Darwen to the south.
Blackburn and Darwen together make up Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority. The village of Wilpshire, is north of Blackburn, and forms part of the Blackburn urban area, although it is in the Ribble Valley local government district. Other nearby villages are Langho, approximately further to the north-east, and Mellor to the north west of Blackburn.
The small towns of Rishton, to the east, and Great Harwood, to the north east, are both in the local government district of Hyndburn. further to the east lies the town of Burnley.
To the west, the wooded Billinge Hill in Witton Country Park is high, while Royal Blackburn Hospital is situated to the east of the town at a vantage point of . These figures can be considered in the context of other hills and mountains in Lancashire, including Great Hill at , Winter Hill at , Pendle Hill at and Green Hill .
The River Blakewater, which gives its names to the town, flows down from the moors above Guide and then through the areas of Whitebirk, Little Harwood, Cob Wall and Brookhouse to the town centre. The river was culverted during the industrial revolution and runs underground in the town centre, under Ainsworth Street and between Blackburn Cathedral and Blackburn Bus Station. On the western side of the town centre the Blakewater continues under Whalley Banks and through the Redlam area before joining the River Darwen outside Witton Country Park and continuing on to join the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale.
The geology of the Blackburn area yields numerous resources which underpinned its development as a centre of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution. Mineable coal seams have been used since the mid-late 16th century. The Coal Measures in the area overlie the Millstone Grit which has been quarried in the past for millstones and, along with local limestone deposits, used as a construction material for roads and buildings. In addition, there were deposits of iron ore in the Furness and Ulverston districts.
The Blackburn area was subjected to glaciation during the Pleistocene ice age, and the sandstone-and-shale bedrock is overlain in much of the area by glacial deposits called till (which is also called "boulder clay") of varying thickness up to several tens of feet. Glacial outwash (sand and gravel) also occur in small patches, including along Grimshaw Brook.
With regard to the economic activity of those aged 16–74, the 2001 Census indicates that 33.93% were full-time employees (average for England 40.81%), 11.72% were part-time employees, 5.97% were self-employed (average for England 8.32%), and 4.5% were unemployed (average for England 3.35%).
The 2001 census also records the social grade of the constituency's 72,418 people aged 16 and over. Using the NRS social grades system, 10,748 were classed as AB (higher and intermediate managerial / administrative / professional), 17,514 as C1 (supervisory, clerical, junior managerial / administrative / professional), 11,691 as C2 (skilled manual workers), 19,212 as D (semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers), and 13,253 as E (on state benefit, unemployed, lowest grade workers).
One of the town's most well-known shops, the shoe store Tommy Ball's, closed in May 2008 after going into administration. The town's oldest store, Mercer & Sons, is also threatened with closure after a decline in sales blamed on the credit crunch. It opened in 1840 and was originally an ironmonger but the public store converted to selling toys, household goods and hardware. However in January 2009 the directors of the company announced that the shop would close following a 30-day statutory consultation, unless they change their mind or a buyer is found. The company continue to operate their "trade only" outlet on Pump Street. The markets continue to offer a wide range of local produce—Lancashire cheeses, tripe, Bowland beef and lamb can all be found. There is also Walsh's Sarsaparilla stall. The markets are expected to move into the Mall shopping centre in 2010, and to open six days a week.
Major employers in Blackburn include: BAE Systems (Samlesbury Aerodrome site, located at Balderstone, northwest of Blackburn); Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council; and the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust (based at the Royal Blackburn Hospital).
The M65 motorway passes to the south of Blackburn. It runs from Colne, about north-east of Blackburn, to a point close to the village of Lostock Hall near Preston, about to the west. Junction six of the motorway is located at the eastern edge of Blackburn, near the Intack area; junctions five and four are located to the south, near the village of Guide and the Lower Darwen area respectively; and junction three is located at the south-western edge of the town, close to the Feniscowles area. The M65 links Blackburn to the national motorway network, connecting to junction nine of the M61 and junction 29 of the M6.
Other major roads in and around Blackburn include the A666 and the A677. The A666 runs from the A59 near the village of Langho, approximately to the north-west of Blackburn. It passes through the town centre and continues south through the towns of Darwen and Bolton then south-west to the town of Pendlebury, near Manchester, where the road joins the A6. The A677 runs from the east part of Blackburn, about from the centre. It passes through the centre of the town and continues to the western outskirts. It then heads north-west to the village of Mellor Brook before continuing west again towards the city of Preston. It joins the A59 about west of Blackburn, approximately halfway between Blackburn and Preston.
Blackburn's newly redeveloped railway station is in the town centre, and is served by Northern Rail. The nearest railway station on the West Coast Main Line is in Preston. Blackburn's Boulevard bus station is situated outside the rail station. Blackpool International Airport, about to the west, is Blackburn's nearest airport. Manchester Airport, the busiest airport in the UK outside London, is about to the southeast of the town.
Blackburn Railway Station features a mural by Ormskirk-based contemporary artist Stephen Charnock. It depicts eight famous faces associated with the town, including Mohandas Gandhi, who visited nearby Darwen in 1931. The station was renovated in 2000. BBC Radio Lancashire has its studios on Darwen Street in the town centre. Thwaites Brewery, which produces cask ale, has had a position in the centre of the town since 1870. There is also King George's Hall, which is an arts and entertainment centre, and Thwaites Empire Theatre. A section of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs through the town.
The town's Queen's Park was opened in June 1887 having been laid out at a cost of £10,000 on land acquired by Blackburn Corporation from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1882. It originally had two bowling greens, two tennis courts, a lake of over , a children's paddling pool, a bandstand, and a refreshment room. Two additional bowling greens and a pavilion were added in 1932.
Witton Country Park is a space to the west of the town. The land was purchased in 1946 and was the ancestral home of the Feilden family. It is the home of Blackburn Harriers and Athletic Club. It is larger than all the town's other parks and playing fields put together.
Roe Lee Park, in the north of the town, was opened on Wednesday 30 May 1923 and was intended to commemorate the visit of George V. It was originally a site with five tennis courts and three bowling greens. The borough council's website describes the park as a "urban fringe park with bowling greens, kick around area and children's playground". In 2007, all four parks described above were winners of Green Flag Awards.
Secondary education in Blackburn is provided by eight state schools. Private schools in the town include Westholme School, Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School and a few Islamic schools. The town also has a few special schools. The two further education colleges in the town are Blackburn College and the sixth-form St. Mary's College. The town does not have a university, however some higher education courses are provided by the East Lancashire Institute of Higher Education, part of Blackburn College.
Over £25 million is currently being invested in education initiatives in Blackburn with Darwen, including new schools, city learning centres and children's centres. Over 11,000 adults are in some form of educational programme. Blackburn with Darwen council has twice had Beacon Status for education in the "Fostering School Improvement" and "Transforming the School Workforce" categories. 51.3% of pupils achieve grades A*-C in Blackburn with Darwen compared with 56.5% nationally. The average GCE/VCE A/AS and Equivalent Point Score per Student is 649.7 compared with 716.7 nationally.
In 2005, Tauheedul Islam Girls' High School became the first Muslim state school in the North West. It had previously been an independent school. The school has been a success in school league tables, with 82% of pupils gaining five or more GCSEs at grade C or above in 2007, compared to the national average of 46.7%. Although the town's ethnic minority population is below 25%, in some schools the vast majority of pupils are from the ethnic minority population, whilst other schools are almost entirely white. This segregation has been identified as a problem for racial integration within the town.
Independent school sector is represented in the town by Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School (QEGS) and Westholme School. East Lancashire Institute of Higher Education (ELIHE) is for degree students over the age of 18. St Thomas's and Sunnyhurst Pupil Referral Unit educates children who are unable to attend mainstream school for health reasons or other difficulties.
In January 1991 Jack Walker, a life-long supporter who had built a business from humble beginnings in Blackburn, eventually making millions in the steel industry, took control of the club. He lured former Liverpool legend Kenny Dalglish as manager and a number of player purchases followed, helping the club to gain promotion back into the first division just before it became the F.A. Premier League at the end of the 1991–1992 season. Blackburn is one of only a handful of clubs to be founders of both the Football League and the Premier League. In the summer of 1992 the club set a new British transfer record with the purchase of Alan Shearer for £3.3 million.
After finishing runners-up to arch rivals Manchester United in 1993–1994, Rovers won the championship the following year. A slump followed in the late 1990s and Blackburn were relegated to League Division One. But in 2001 the team secured promotion back into the Premier League, and they won the League Cup in 2002. They have a rivalry with fellow Lancashire club Burnley, located just eleven miles (18 km) east, known as the East Lancashire derby or "Cotton Mills derby" because of the two communities' history as major centres of the cotton industry during the Industrial Revolution. Due to Burnley's absence in top flight over the last three decades, Blackburn has also formed rivalries with other regional Premier League clubs, especially Bolton Wanderers, Manchester United and Manchester City, all located in the nearby Greater Manchester area.
Kathleen Ferrier, the internationally acclaimed contralto, was born near Blackburn in 1912. The family moved into the town, where she was educated and worked as a telephone operator until her marriage in 1935.
Notable sports personalities born in Blackburn include: rock climber John Sumner in 1936; and England rugby union players Will Greenwood in 1972 and Iain Balshaw in 1979. Additionally the motor racing engine designer Keith Duckworth was born here in 1933 and the most successful motorcycle World Superbike champion of all time, Carl Fogarty (Foggy) was born here in 1965.
Jack Walker, steel baron and one time owner of local steel company Walkersteel, was born in the town in 1929 and lived locally until he moved to the Channel Islands in 1974. A lifelong supporter of the town's football club Blackburn Rovers, he owned the club for nearly 10 years until his death in August 2000. His wealth saw the club return to the top flight of English football in 1992 after 26 years away, and after buying some of the most expensive and talented footballers in the English game at the time, he oversaw their FA Premier League title triumph in 1995 - the club's first top division title since 1914.
In the political arena, William Henry Hornby, a leading industrialist, the first mayor of Blackburn, and Chairman of the Conservative Party was born in the town in 1805. John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, OM, PC, Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor was born in the town in 1838. The town is also closely linked to Barbara Castle who was an MP in Blackburn for 34 years (1945–1979) as well as holding the positions of Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity, First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Social Services during the Labour governments of the sixties and seventies.
Gandhi once paid a visit during his campaign to boycott British textiles, the main purpose of which was to talk to the British people most affected by it. The local workers famously showed him solidarity in his political struggles and he stayed overnight with a local poor cotton-weaving family living in neighbouring Darwen. His visit made a lasting impression and is celebrated in his inclusion with other famous 'Blackburn' faces depicted in a public artwork sited on the platform at Blackburn Railway Station.
Category:Towns in Lancashire Category:West Pennine Moors Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English) Category:Towns with cathedrals in the United Kingdom
an:Blackburn ast:Blackburn be-x-old:Блэкбэрн bg:Блекбърн ca:Blackburn cs:Blackburn da:Blackburn de:Blackburn es:Blackburn eu:Blackburn fa:بلکبرن fr:Blackburn gl:Blackburn id:Blackburn it:Blackburn he:בלקברן sw:Blackburn lt:Blakbernas lmo:Blackburn (Lancashire) nl:Blackburn (Lancashire) no:Blackburn nn:Blackburn pl:Blackburn (Anglia) pt:Blackburn ro:Blackburn ru:Блэкберн simple:Blackburn sl:Blackburn fi:Blackburn sv:Blackburn th:แบล็กเบิร์น tr:Blackburn, Lancashire uk:Блекберн war:Blackburn zh:布莱克本This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N |
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birth name | Tyler Blackburn |
birth date | October 12, 1986 |
birth place | Burbank, California, U.S. |
website | }} |
Tyler Blackburn (born October 12, 1986) is an American actor and singer. He is known for his roles as Jesse Pratt in ''Peach Plum Pear'' and as Caleb Rivers on the hit ''ABC Family'' series ''Pretty Little Liars''.
In 2005, he made a cameo in the film ''Next of Kin''. In 2007, Tyler appeared in ''Cold Case'' and ''Rock ville CA'', a webseries launched by Josh Schwartz. In 2010, he appeared on ''Days of Our Lives'', ''Gigantic'', and was also in the independent film ''Peach Plum Pear''.
In October 2010, Blackburn was cast as Caleb Rivers in the TV series ''Pretty Little Liars''. In March 2011, he joined the cast of the NBC comedy pilot ''Brave New World'', which was not picked up to series.
Blackburn will also star as Peter in the six-episode webseries ''Wendy'', a project developed by Alloy Entertainment and Macy's that will premiere on September 15, 2011. For this occasion, Blackburn recorded a song that was released on August 15, 2011.
Category:1986 births Category:Actors from California Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Burbank, California
es:Tyler Blackburn fr:Tyler BlackburnThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N |
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Honorific-prefix | The Right Honourable |
Name | Jack Straw |
Honorific-suffix | MP |
Office | Shadow Deputy Prime Minister |
Leader | Harriet Harman |
Term start | 11 May 2010 |
Term end | 7 October 2010 |
Successor | Position abolished |
Office1 | Shadow Secretary of State for JusticeShadow Lord Chancellor |
Leader1 | Harriet HarmanEd Miliband |
Term start1 | 11 May 2010 |
Term end1 | 7 October 2010 |
Predecessor1 | Dominic Grieve |
Successor1 | Sadiq Khan |
Office2 | Secretary of State for JusticeLord Chancellor |
Primeminister2 | Gordon Brown |
Term start2 | 28 June 2007 |
Term end2 | 11 May 2010 |
Predecessor2 | The Lord Falconer of Thoroton |
Successor2 | Kenneth Clarke |
Office3 | Leader of the House of CommonsLord Privy Seal |
Primeminister3 | Tony Blair |
Term start3 | 5 May 2006 |
Term end3 | 27 June 2007 |
Predecessor3 | Geoff Hoon |
Successor3 | Harriet Harman |
Office4 | Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs |
Primeminister4 | Tony Blair |
Term start4 | 8 June 2001 |
Term end4 | 5 May 2006 |
Predecessor4 | Robin Cook |
Successor4 | Margaret Beckett |
Office5 | Home Secretary |
Primeminister5 | Tony Blair |
Term start5 | 2 May 1997 |
Term end5 | 8 June 2001 |
Predecessor5 | Michael Howard |
Successor5 | David Blunkett |
Office6 | Shadow Home Secretary |
Leader6 | Tony Blair |
Term start6 | 22 July 1994 |
Term end6 | 2 May 1997 |
Predecessor6 | Tony Blair |
Successor6 | Michael Howard |
Office7 | Shadow Secretary of State for the Environment |
Leader7 | John Smith |
Term start7 | 18 July 1992 |
Term end7 | 22 July 1994 |
Predecessor7 | Bryan Gould |
Successor7 | Frank Dobson |
Office8 | Member of Parliament for Blackburn |
Term start8 | 3 May 1979 |
Predecessor8 | Barbara Castle |
Majority8 | 9,856 (21.7%) |
Birth date | August 03, 1946 |
Birth place | Buckhurst Hill, Essex, England |
Party | Labour |
Alma mater | University of LeedsInns of Court School of Law |
Religion | Anglicanism |
Spouse | Anthea Weston (m. 1968-1977)Alice Perkins (m. 1978-present) |
Children | Daughter, son }} |
When the Labour Party lost power in May 2010, he briefly became the Shadow Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, Shadow Secretary of State for Justice and the Shadow Deputy Prime Minister, but stood down from the frontbench after the Labour Party elected a new Shadow Cabinet.
Straw was elected chair of the Leeds University Labour Society at the 1966 Annual General Meeting, when the Society changed its name to Leeds University Socialist Society and withdrew its support from the Labour Party (a separate Labour Club was later formed by supporters of the Labour Party in Leeds University Union). When Straw disrupted a student trip to Chile, he was branded a "troublemaker acting with malice aforethought" by the Foreign Office. Straw was then elected president of Leeds University Union with the support of the Broad Left, a coalition including Liberal, Socialist (formerly Labour, see above) and the Communist Societies. The Leeds University Union Council recently reinstated Jack Straw's life membership of the union, as a previous motion had removed his life membership and led to the removal of his name from the Presidents’ Board owing to disagreement with his involvement in anti-terror legislation. At the National Union of Students conference at the end of 1967 he and David Adelstein, the Radicals leader from the London School of Economics, were defeated in their quest for officership in the NUS. That was repeated in April 1968 when Straw stood for NUS President and was defeated by Trevor Fisk. In 1969 he succeeded in being elected President of the increasingly radical National Union of Students, having led the campaign to remove the "no politics" clause from the NUS constitution.
He qualified as a barrister at Inns of Court School of Law and practised criminal law. From 1971 to 1974 Jack Straw was a member of the Inner London Education Authority and Deputy Leader from 1973 to 1974. Straw contested Tonbridge and Malling constituency in Kent in the February 1974 general election. He served as political adviser to Barbara Castle at the Department of Social Security from 1974 to 1976 and then to Peter Shore at the Department for the Environment to 1977. He then worked as a researcher for the Granada TV series, ''World in Action''.
Straw briefly served as Shadow Environment Secretary under John Smith from 1992 to 1994, speaking on matters concerning local government. When Tony Blair became leader after Smith's death, he chose Straw to succeed him as Shadow Home Secretary. Like Blair, Straw believed Labour's electoral chances had been damaged in the past by the party appearing to be "soft on crime" and he developed a reputation as being even more authoritarian than the Conservative Home Secretary Michael Howard. Straw garnered particular attention for comments condemning "aggressive beggars, winos and squeegee merchants" and calling for a curfew on children.
As Home Secretary, Straw was also involved in changing the electoral system for the European Parliament elections from plurality to proportional representation. In doing so, he advocated the use of d'Hondt formula as being the one that produces the most proportional outcomes. The d'Hondt formular, however, is less proportional to the Sainte-Laguë formula which was proposed by the Liberal Democrats. Straw later apologised to the House of Commons for his misleading comments, but the d'Hondt formula stayed in place.
In March 2000, Jack Straw was responsible for allowing General Augusto Pinochet to return to Chile. There were requests from several countries for Pinochet to be extradited and face trial for crimes against humanity. Pinochet was placed under house arrest in Britain while appealing the legal authority of the Spanish and British courts to try him, but Straw eventually ordered his release on medical grounds before a trial could begin, and Pinochet returned to Chile.
Also in 2000, Straw turned down an asylum request from a man fleeing Saddam Hussein's regime, stating "we have faith in the integrity of the Iraqi judicial process and that you should have no concerns if you haven’t done anything wrong."
He was the last Home Secretary to have all the traditional powers of that office, as following the 2001 general election, the government began transferring all non-law and order responsibilities to other departments.
He caused controversy in 2002 when he erroneously referred to the Prime Minister as the Head of State.
In 2003 the US-UK Extradition Treaty was negotiated, considered by some to be one-sided because it allows the US to extradite British citizens and others for offences committed against US law, even though the alleged offence may have been committed in Britain by a person living and working in Britain (see for example the NatWest Three), and there being no reciprocal right; and issues about the level of proof required being less to extradite from the UK to the US rather than vice-versa. The treaty was implemented in the Extradition Act 2003, with the manner of its implementation also causing concern because of alleged secrecy and minimal parliamentary scrutiny.
In a letter to ''The Independent'' in 2004, he claimed that Trotskyists "can usually now be found in the City, appearing on quiz shows or ranting in certain national newspapers," and recommended ''"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder'' by Vladimir Lenin.
In the 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt, Jack Straw was personally informed months in advance of the plans for the takeover attempt and failed to accomplish the duty under international law of alerting the country's government. The involvement of British oil companies in the funding of the coup d'état, and the changing of British citizens evacuation plans for Equatorial Guinea before the attempt, posed serious challenges for the alleged ignorance of the situation. Later on, British officials and Jack Straw were forced to apologise to ''The Observer'' after categorically denying they had prior knowledge of the coup plot.
In the run up to the 2005 general election Straw faced a potential backlash from his Muslim constituents over the Iraq War – the Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK (MPAC) attempted to capitalise on anti-war sentiment with 'operation Muslim vote' in Blackburn. In addition, Craig Murray, who had been pushed out of his job as ambassador to Uzbekistan, stood against his former boss (Straw was head of the FCO) on a platform opposing the use of information gathered under torture in the "War on Terror". Straw's vote fell by 20% compared to the previous general election in 2001 (21,808 to 17,562) although the multiplicity of anti-Straw candidates makes it difficult to discern whether this was a particularly poor result for Straw and Labour. The swing to the second placed Conservatives was less than 2%, much lower than the national average. In any event, Straw was re-elected, while Murray trailed a distant fifth - barely managing to scrape the 5% of the vote necessary to retain his deposit and polling fewer votes than the BNP. Speaking moments after his re-election during the BBC's election night coverage, Straw called MPAC an 'egregious group' and expressed disappointment at its campaign tactics, which he saw as overly aggressive. Straw enjoys a reputation for involved local campaigning in his constituency despite his cabinet post, often spending many hours in the run up to elections literally standing on a soapbox in a high street area taking questions from the crowd and responding to criticism with a microphone.
On 13 October 2005 Straw took questions from a public panel of (mostly anti-war) individuals in a BBC ''Newsnight'' television special on the subject of Iraq, addressing widespread public concerns about the exit strategy for British troops, the Iraqi insurgency and, inevitably, the moral legitimacy of the war. On several occasions Straw reiterated his position that the decision to invade was in his opinion the right thing to do, but said he did not 'know' for certain that this was the case. He said he understood why public opinion on several matters might differ from his own—a Newsnight/ICM poll showed over 70% of respondents believed the war in Iraq to have increased the likelihood of terrorist attacks in Britain, but Straw said he could not agree based on the information presented to him. In February 2006, Straw attracted publicity after he condemned the publication of cartoons picturing Mohammed in the Danish newspaper ''Jyllands-Posten'', and in April 2006, reports of secret White House plans to target Iranian nuclear installations with bunker busting nuclear bombs was described by Jack Straw as "completely nuts".
In August 2006, it was claimed by William Rees-Mogg in ''The Times'' that there was evidence that Straw was removed from this post upon the request of the Bush administration, possibly owing to his expressed opposition to bombing Iran. This would be ironic, as Richard Ingrams in ''The Independent'' wondered whether Straw's predecessor as Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, was also removed at Bush's request, allowing Straw to become Foreign Secretary in the first place. It has also been alleged that another factor in Straw's dismissal was the large number of Muslims amongst his Blackburn constituents, supposedly considered a cause for concern by the US. Some Iranian dissidents mocked Straw as "Ayatollah Straw" after his frequent visits to Tehran in the aftermath of the 11 September attacks.
Straw gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry on 21 January 2010, making him the second member of Tony Blair's cabinet to do so. He told the inquiry that the decision to go to war in Iraq had "haunted him" and that it was the "most difficult decision" of his life. He also said that he could have stopped the invasion, had he wanted to.
On 25 March 2007, Straw announced he was to run Gordon Brown's campaign for the Labour leadership. This was the first official confirmation the Chancellor would stand.
Straw's comments kicked off a wide-ranging and sometimes harshly worded debate within British politics and the media; Straw was supported by some establishment figures and castigated by others, including Muslim groups. There is an ongoing debate within the Muslim community whether the Qur'an and ''hadith'' (traditions of Muhammad) require the use of the full face veil. Jack Straw apologised for these comments regarding the veil on 26 April 2010 at a private hustings organised by Engage in the build up to the United Kingdom General Election, 2010.
In April 2011, Straw was appointed as a consultant to E. D. & F. Man Holdings Ltd., a British company based in London specialising in the production and trading of commodities including sugar, molasses, animal feed, tropical oils, biofuels, coffee and financial services. Commenting on his appointment to ED&F; Man on a salary of £30,000 per annum, Straw said, "There are 168 hours in the week, and I will work in Blackburn for a least 60 and maybe sleep for 50. Providing there’s no conflict, I have long taken the view that I am not against people doing other things. I had two jobs as a minister. I think it’s really important that politicians are involved with the outside world.”.
In a legal case in which Straw's son was accused of selling illegal drugs, Straw was represented by solicitor Sir Geoffrey Bindman.
On 10 November 1978 he married Alice Perkins, a senior civil servant. In 2006 Straw's wife joined the board of the country's largest airports operator BAA, shortly before it was taken over by the Spanish firm Ferrovial.
Straw has tinnitus.
He supports his local football club Blackburn Rovers, and was made an Honorary Vice President of Blackburn Rovers in 1998 by Jack Walker.
His son, Will Straw, was president of the Oxford University Student Union, and a Fulbright Scholar. In 2009 he became a founding editor of the political blog, 'Left Foot Forward'
Straw's father, Walter Straw, was sent to prison in 1939 during part of World War II for being a conscientious objector.
Category:1946 births Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds Category:British Secretaries of State Category:British Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Category:English Anglicans Category:English barristers Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs Category:Leaders of the House of Commons Category:Living people Category:Lord Chancellors of Great Britain Category:Lords Privy Seal Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies Category:NUS presidents Category:Old Brentwoods Category:People from Epping Forest (district) Category:People from Loughton Category:British people of Jewish descent Category:Politics of Blackburn Category:Presidents of the United Nations Security Council Category:Secretaries of State for the Home Department Category:UK MPs 1979–1983 Category:UK MPs 1983–1987 Category:UK MPs 1987–1992 Category:UK MPs 1992–1997 Category:UK MPs 1997–2001 Category:UK MPs 2001–2005 Category:UK MPs 2005–2010 Category:UK MPs 2010– Category:Witnesses of the Iraq Inquiry
ar:جاك سترو bg:Джак Стро da:Jack Straw de:Jack Straw es:John Whitaker Straw fr:Jack Straw (homme politique) id:Jack Straw it:Jack Straw he:ג'ק סטרו la:Ioannes Straw ms:Jack Straw nl:Jack Straw (politicus) ja:ジャック・ストロー no:Jack Straw pl:Jack Straw pt:John Whitaker Straw ro:Jack Straw ru:Стро, Джек simple:Jack Straw fi:Jack Straw sv:Jack Straw zh:施仲宏This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N |
---|---|
playername | Steve Kean |
dateofbirth | September 30, 1967 |
height | |
cityofbirth | Glasgow |
countryofbirth | Scotland |
position | Winger |
currentclub | Blackburn Rovers (manager) |
years1 | 1985–1987 | caps1 0 | goals1 0 | clubs1 Celtic |
years2 | 1987 | caps2 4 | goals2 0 | clubs2 → Swansea City (loan) |
years3 | 1987–1988 | caps3 32 | goals3 1 | clubs3 Alloa Athletic |
years4 | 1988–1991 | caps4 88 | goals4 16 | clubs4 Academica Coimbra |
years5 | 1991–1992 | caps5 10 | goals5 1 | clubs5 Bath City |
years6 | 1993–1994 | caps6 21 | goals6 4 | clubs6 Newbury Town |
manageryears1 | 2003–2007 | managerclubs1 Fulham (assistant manager) |
manageryears2 | 2007–2008 | managerclubs2 Real Sociedad (assistant manager) |
manageryears3 | 2008–2010 | managerclubs3 Coventry City (assistant manager) |
manageryears4 | 2010– | managerclubs4 Blackburn Rovers }} |
He joined Swansea City on loan in 1987, at the same time as Chris Coleman. They formed a lasting professional relationship, which carried on after both of their playing days had ended.
Kean then played for Academica Coimbra in Portugal.
In June 2008, it was reported that Kean was in talks with Chelsea to become assistant coach to Luiz Felipe Scolari. Kean's fluency in Portuguese from his playing days was believed to be a key reason for Chelsea's interest.
On 4 August 2009 Blackburn Rovers manager Sam Allardyce appointed Kean as his new first team coach. Kean replaced Karl Robinson who returned to Milton Keynes Dons. Allardyce commented that he had received numerous applications for the first-team coaching position and Kean "stood out above the rest through his personality, experience and knowledge of football at the highest level".
After the sacking of Allardyce on 13 December 2010, Kean was installed as caretaker manager for Blackburn. On 22 December, Kean was appointed manager on a contract until the end of the season to prove his abilities as manager. On 4 January 2011, it was revealed by Blackburn Rovers' owner Anuradha Desai, chairperson of Venkys, that Kean would be offered a new 2-3 year long-term contract to manage the club. On 20 January 2011, it was confirmed by Rovers that Kean had signed a contract until June 2013.
On 15 August 2011 Kean was convicted of drink driving at Macclesfield Magistrates' Court. The Court rejected his defence that his drinks had been spiked following a match against Manchester United. He was banned from driving for 18 months and fined £1,800.
Team | Nat | From | To | Record |
!G!!W!!D!!L!!Win % | ||||
align=left |
Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:People from Cumbernauld Category:Scottish footballers Category:Association football wingers Category:Celtic F.C. players Category:Swansea City A.F.C. players Category:Alloa Athletic F.C. players Category:Associação Académica de Coimbra players Category:Bath City F.C. players Category:The Football League players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Scottish expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal Category:Scottish football managers Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. managers Category:Premier League managers
it:Steve Kean no:Steve KeanThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N |
---|---|
name | Meaghan Jette Martin |
background | solo_singer |
birth name | Meaghan Jette Martin |
birth date | February 17, 1992 |
origin | Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
genre | Pop and R&B; |
occupation | Actress, singer, musician, dancer |
instrument | Vocals, piano, guitar |
years active | 2006–present |
associated acts | Demi Lovato and Jonas Brothers |
label | Jonas Records (2009–present) |
website | MeaghanJetteMartin.com }} |
Meaghan Jette Martin (born February 17, 1992) is an American actress and singer, who is known for her role as Tess Tyler in the Disney Channel original movies ''Camp Rock'' and ''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam''. She starred in the now canceled ABC Family television series ''10 Things I Hate About You'' as Bianca Stratford, and was the main character Jo in the movie ''Mean Girls 2''.
Martin was selected by ''TV Guide'' in 2008 as one of the "13 Hottest Young Stars to Watch". She was the online host for the 2008 ''Disney Channel Games''.
Martin voiced the character Naminé in all subsequent releases in ''Kingdom Hearts'' series, replacing Brittany Snow, who did not return to the series.
Martin starred in the ABC Family sitcom ''10 Things I Hate About You'' as Bianca (originated by Larisa Oleynik in the film version). She also had the role of Megan Kennedy in the independent film ''Dear Lemon Lima''. Martin filmed the sequel to ''Camp Rock'', ''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam'', reprising her role as Tess Tyler, which was released on September 3, 2010 on Disney Channel. In 2011, Martin starred in ''Mean Girls 2'' as the main character. Martin also played the role of Aubrey in the film ''Sironia'', which is to be released in 2011.
On June 16, 2011, Martin appeared for one night in Super Summer Theatre's live production of "Annie" at Spring Mountain Ranch in Las Vegas, NV in the role of ''Star-To-Be''.
Martin is also starring in Wendy (web series) as Wendy alongside Tyler Blackburn. Wendy is a dark twist on 'Peter Pan'. The series premieres on macys.com on September 15, 2011.
She has also recorded a version of the Olivia Newton-John song "Magic" for the Wizards of Waverly Place Soundtrack. Martin has partnered with Build-A-Bear Workshop for their "Love.Hugs.Peace" movement. For the ad campaign, she recorded a special version of "Let's Talk About Love". She also recorded two songs for ''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam'', "Tear it Down" and "Walkin in My Shoes", alongside Camp Rock 2 co-star Matthew "Mdot" Finley. She is also on collaborative song "It's On", which features all of her co-stars from the movie. All songs appear on the soundtrack to the movie.
Martin appeared in Demi Lovato's music video for the song "Remember December".
Martin was not a part of the Jonas Brothers World Tour 2010 that starred the Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato, and the cast of ''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam'' because she was filming ''Mean Girls 2''.
Year | ! Title | ! Role | Notes |
2007 | ''Just Jordan'' | Ashley | Episode: "Home Alone in the Diner" |
2007 | Candy | Episode "Fall from Grace" | |
2007 | '''' | Stacie | Episode: "Sleepover Suite" |
2008 | ''Camp Rock'' | Tess Tyler | TV Movie |
2008 | Sarah | ||
2009 | ''Dear Lemon Lima'' | Megan Kennedy | |
2009 to 2010 | Bianca Stratford | 20 Episodes | |
2010 | ''Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam'' | Tess Tyler | TV Movie |
2011 | ''Mean Girls 2'' | Johanna 'Jo' Mitchell | TV Movie |
2011 | ''Sironia'' | Aubrey | Post-Production |
2011 | ''Wendy'' | Wendy |
; Video Games
! Year | ! Title | ! Role |
2008 | ''Kingdom Hearts Re: Chain of Memories'' | Naminé |
2009 | ''Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days'' | Naminé |
2010 | ''Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep'' | Naminé |
2011 | ''Kingdom Hearts Re:coded'' | Naminé |
! Year !! Title !! Notes | ||
"Too Cool" | ||
"2 Stars" | ||
"Video Girl" (voice over) | ''A Little Bit Longer'' | |
"When You Wish Upon A Star" | ''DisneyMania 6'' | |
"Let's Talk About Love" | Build-A-Bear Workshop Promo | |
"Hate You" | MySpace | |
"Walkin' In My Shoes" with Matthew "Mdot" Finley | ||
"Tear It Down" with Matthew "Mdot" Finley | ||
"Its On" with the cast of Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam |
scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;" | Title | Year | Peak chart positions | ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" | Album | |
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | |||||
"Too Cool" | — | — | ||||
"2 Star" | — | — | ||||
33 | — | |||||
"When You Wish Upon A Star" | — | 36 | No Album | |||
"Magic" | — | — | ''Wizards Of Waverly Place'' | |||
"Walkin' In My Shoes" | — | — | ||||
"Tear It Down" | — | — | ||||
"Its On" feat.Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam Cast | — | — | ||||
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominated work !! Result | ||||
2010 | Young Artist Awards | Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role (Comedy or Drama) |
Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:American child actors Category:21st-century actors Category:American child singers Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:American female singers Category:American pop singers Category:American pianists Category:American guitarists Category:Actors from Nevada Category:People from the Las Vegas metropolitan area
da:Meaghan Jette Martin de:Meaghan Jette Martin es:Meaghan Martin fr:Meaghan Jette Martin id:Meaghan Jette Martin it:Meaghan Jette Martin ka:მეგან ჯეტ მარტინი nl:Meaghan Jette Martin ja:メガン・ジェット・マーティン no:Meaghan Jette Martin pl:Meaghan Jette Martin pt:Meaghan Jette Martin ru:Мартин, Меган Джетт simple:Meaghan Jette Martin sl:Meaghan Jette Martin fi:Meaghan Jette Martin sv:Meaghan Jette Martin tr:Meaghan Jette Martin vi:Meaghan Jette Martin zh:米格納·傑特·馬汀This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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