An actor (usually actress for female; see terminology) is a person who acts in a dramatic production and who works in film, television, theatre, or radio in that capacity. The ancient Greek word for an "actor," ''(hypokrites)'', means literally "one who interprets"; in this sense, an actor is one who interprets a dramatic character.

Terminology

After 1660, when women first appeared on stage, ''actor'' and ''actress'' were initially used interchangeably for female performers, but later, influenced by the French ''actrice'', ''actress'' became the usual term. The etymology is a simple derivation from ''actor'' with ''ess'' added. The word ''actor'' refers to a person who acts regardless of gender, and "is increasingly preferred", while ''actress'' refers specifically to a female person who acts. ''Actress'' "remains in general use", although in a survey of a "wide cross-section of current British English", compiled in 2010, ''actor'' was almost twice as commonly found as ''actress''. Within the profession, however, the re-adoption of the neutral term dates to the 1950s–60s, the post-war period when women's contribution to cultural life in general was being re-evaluated. ''Actress'' remains the common term used in major acting awards given to female recipients.

The gender-neutral term "player" was common in film in the early days of the Motion Picture Production Code with regards to the cinema of the United States, but is now generally deemed archaic. However, it remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a theatre group or company (such as the East West Players).

History

The first recorded case of an actor performing took place in 534 BC (though the changes in calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly) when the Greek performer Thespis stepped on to the stage at the ''Theatre Dionysus'' and became the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story. Prior to Thespis' act, stories were only known to be told in song and dance and in third person narrative. In honour of Thespis, actors are commonly called ''Thespians''. Theatrical legend to this day maintains that Thespis exists as a mischievous spirit, and disasters in the theatre are sometimes blamed on his ghostly intervention.

Actors were traditionally not people of high status, and in the Early Middle Ages travelling acting troupes were often viewed with distrust. In many parts of Europe, actors could not even receive a Christian burial, and traditional beliefs of the region and time period held that this left any actor forever condemned. However, this negative perception was largely reversed in the 19th and 20th centuries as acting has become an honoured and popular profession and art.

Techniques

Method acting

Method acting is a technique developed from the acting 'system' created in the early 20th century by Konstantin Stanislavski in his work at the Moscow Art Theatre and its studios. The Group Theatre first popularised the Method in the 1930s; it was subsequently advanced and developed in new directions by Stella Adler, Sanford Meisner, Uta Hagen, Lee Strasberg (at the Actors Studio in the 1940s and 50s), and others. In Stanislavski's system', the actor analyzes the character in order to play him or her with psychological realism and emotional authenticity. Using the Method, an actor may recall emotions or reactions from his or her own life and use them to identify with the character being portrayed.

Method actors are often characterized as immersing themselves so totally in their characters that they continue to portray them even off-stage or off-camera for the duration of the project. However, this is a popular misconception. While some actors do employ this approach, it is generally not taught as part of the Method. Stella Adler, who was a member of the Group Theatre, along with Strasberg, emphasised a different approach of using creative imagination.

Method acting offers a systematic form of actor training in which the actor's sensory, psychological, and emotional abilities are developed; it revolutionized theatre in the United States.

Presentational and representational acting

Presentational acting refers to a relationship between actor and audience, whether by direct address or indirectly by specific use of language, looks, gestures or other signs indicating that the character or actor is aware of the audience's presence. (Shakespeare's use of punning and wordplay, for example, often has this function of indirect contact.)

In representational acting, "actors want to make us 'believe' they are the character; they pretend." The illusion of the fourth wall with the audience as voyeurs is striven for.

As opposite gender

In the past, only men could become actors in some societies. In the ancient Greece and Rome and the medieval world, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on the stage, and this belief persisted until the 17th century, when in Venice it was broken. In the time of William Shakespeare, women's roles were generally played by men or boys.

When an eighteen year Puritan prohibition of drama was lifted after the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. Margaret Hughes is credited by some as the first professional actress on the English stage. This prohibition ended during the reign of Charles II in part due to the fact that he enjoyed watching actresses on stage. The first occurrence of the term ''actress'' was in 1700 according to the OED and is ascribed to Dryden.

In Japan, men (onnagata) took over the female roles in kabuki theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the Edo period. This convention has continued to the present. However, some forms of Chinese drama have women playing all the roles.

In modern times, women sometimes play the roles of prepubescent boys. The stage role of Peter Pan, for example, is traditionally played by a woman, as are most principal boys in British pantomime. Opera has several "breeches roles" traditionally sung by women, usually mezzo-sopranos. Examples are Hansel in ''Hänsel und Gretel'', Cherubino in ''The Marriage of Figaro'' and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier.

Women in male roles are uncommon in film with the notable exceptions of the films ''The Year of Living Dangerously'' and ''I'm Not There''. In the former film Linda Hunt played the pivotal role of Billy Kwan, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In the latter film Cate Blanchett portrayed Jude Quinn, a representation of Bob Dylan in the sixties, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in comic theatre and film. Most of Shakespeare's comedies include instances of overt cross-dressing, such as Francis Flute in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. The movie ''A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum'' stars Jack Gilford dressing as a young bride. Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the Billy Wilder film ''Some Like It Hot''. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the thirty Carry On films. Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams have each appeared in a hit comedy film (''Tootsie'' and ''Mrs. Doubtfire'', respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman.

Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man pretending to be a woman, like Julie Andrews in ''Victor/Victoria'', or Gwyneth Paltrow in ''Shakespeare in Love''. In ''It's Pat: The Movie'', filmwatchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters Pat and Chris (played by Julia Sweeney and Dave Foley).

A few roles in modern films, plays and musicals are played by a member of the opposite sex (rather than a character cross-dressing), such as the character Edna Turnblad in ''Hairspray''—played by Divine in the original film, Harvey Fierstein in the Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 movie musical. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Billy Kwan in ''The Year of Living Dangerously''. Felicity Huffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Bree Osbourne (a man in the process of becoming a woman) in ''Transamerica''.

Acting awards

Academy Awards, also known as the Oscars, for American film

AFI Awards for Australian film

Berlinale German film festival in Berlin (Golden and Silver Bear)

British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award for film and television; also known as BAFTA

Cannes Film Festival Awards

César Awards for French film

Emmy Awards for American television

FAMAS Awards for Filipino cinema

Filmfare Awards honors excellence in the Indian Film Industry (Bollywood) – limited to Hindi language films only

Filmfare Awards South honors excellence in the Indian Film Industry (South Indian) – limited to Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada language films only

Genie Awards for Canadian film

Gemini Awards for Canadian television

Golden Globe Awards for American film and television

Golden Raspberry Awards Worst in American film

Goya Awards for Spanish film

IIFA Awards International Indian Film Academy Awards, for Bollywood

IFTA's for the Irish Film and Television

Star Screen Awards honors excellence in the Indian Film Industry.

Indian National Film Awards for the Indian cinema

Kerala State Film Awards in India for the Malayalam cinema

Laurence Olivier Awards for the theatre

Lux Style Awards for Pakistan film

Nandi Awards in India for Telugu cinema

Nigar Awards also for Pakistani film

San Sebastián International Film Festival Spanish film festival Celebrated in San Sebastián

Sarah Siddons Award for female actress in Chicago Theatre

Screen Actors Guild Awards for American actors in film and television

Tony Awards for the theatre (specifically, Broadway theatre)

Volpi Cups at the Venice Film Festival

See also

Acting

Bit part

Body double

Cameo appearance

Casting (performing arts)

Cast member

Celebrity

Character actor

Charisma

Child actor

Drama school

Dramatis personæ

Ensemble cast

Extra (actor)

GOTE

Improvisational theatre

Leading actor

Lists of actors

Master of Fine Arts

Matinee idol

Method acting

Meisner technique

Mime

Movie star

Movie studio

Pornographic actor

Practical Aesthetics

Pre-production

Presentational acting and Representational acting

Q Score

Stunt work

Supporting actor

Thespis

Understudy

Vaudeville

Viewpoints

Voice Actor

References

Sources

Csapo, Eric, and William J. Slater. 1994. ''The Context of Ancient Drama.'' Ann Arbor: The U of Michigan P. ISBN 0-472-08275-2.

Elam, Keir. 1980. ''The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama''. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen. ISBN 0-416-72060-9.

Weimann, Robert. 1978. ''Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function.'' Ed. Robert Schwartz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3506-2.

Further reading

''An Actor's Work'' by Constantin Stanislavski

''A Dream of Passion: The Development of the Method'' by Lee Strasberg (Plume Books, ISBN 0-452-26198-8, 1990)

''Sanford Meisner on Acting'' by Sanford Meisner (Vintage, ISBN 0-394-75059-4, 1987)

''Letters to a Young Actor'' by Robert Brustein (Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-00806-2, 2005).

''The Empty Space'' by Peter Brook

''The Technique of Acting'' by Stella Adler

External links

Actors' Equity Association (AEA): a union representing U. S. theatre actors and stage managers.

American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA): a union representing U. S. television and radio actors and broadcasters (on-air journalists, etc.).

British Actors' Equity: a trade union representing UK artists, including actors, singers, dancers, choreographers, stage managers, theatre directors and designers, variety and circus artists, television and radio presenters, walk-on and supporting artists, stunt performers and directors and theatre fight directors.

Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance: an Australian/New Zealand trade union representing everyone in the media, entertainment, sports, and arts industries.

Screen Actors Guild (SAG): a union representing U. S. film and TV actors.

Category:Entertainment occupations Category:Acting Category:Theatrical professions Category:Television terminology

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Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Kevin Kline
birth name	Kevin Delaney Kline
birth date	October 24, 1947
birth place	St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
years active	1972–present
occupation	Actor/Comedian
spouse	}}

Kevin Delaney Kline (born October 24, 1947) is an American theatre, voice, film actor and comedian. He has won an Academy Award and two Tony Awards, and has been nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and an Emmy Award.

Early life

Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Peggy and Robert Joseph Kline. His father was a classical music lover and an amateur opera singer who owned and operated The Record Bar, a record store in St. Louis that opened in the early '40s, and sold toys during the '60s and '70s; his father's family also owned Kline's Inc., a department store chain. Kline has described his mother as the "dramatic theatrical character in our family." Kline's father was born into a family of German Jewish ancestry and was an agnostic; Kline's Irish-American mother, the daughter of an emigrant from County Louth, was Catholic. Kline and his siblings were raised Catholic.

Kline graduated from the Catholic Saint Louis Priory School in 1965. He attended Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, where he began as an aspiring classical pianist. After joining the on-campus theater group "Vest Pocket Players" as an undergraduate, he fell in love with the theater and switched to acting, graduating from IU in 1970.

Career

In 1970, Kline was awarded a scholarship to the newly formed Drama Division at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1972, he joined with fellow Juilliard graduates, including Patti LuPone and David Ogden Stiers, and formed the City Center Acting Company (now The Acting Company), under the aegis of John Houseman. The Company traveled across the U.S. performing Shakespeare's plays, other classical works, and the musical ''The Robber Bridegroom'', founding one of the most widely praised groups in American repertory theatre.

In 1976, Kline left The Acting Company and settled in New York City, doing a brief stint as the character "Woody Reed" in the now-defunct soap opera ''Search for Tomorrow''. He followed this with a return to the stage in 1977 to play Clym Yeobright opposite Donna Theodore as Eustacia Vye in The Hudson Guild Theater production of ''Dance on a Country Grave'', Kelly Hamilton's musical version of Thomas Hardy's ''The Return of the Native''. In 1978 he played the small role of "Bruce Granit", a matinée idol caricature, in Harold Prince's ''On the Twentieth Century'', for which he won his first Tony Award. In 1981, Kline appeared with rock diva Linda Ronstadt and singer Rex Smith in the New York Shakespeare Festival's Central Park production of ''The Pirates of Penzance'', winning another Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical, for his comically dashing portrayal of the Pirate King. In 1983, he played the role in a film version of the musical, also with Ronstadt, Smith and Angela Lansbury, which had a limited theatrical release.

In the ensuing years, Kline appeared many times in New York Shakespeare Festival productions of Shakespeare, including starring roles in ''Richard III'', ''Much Ado About Nothing'', ''Henry V'', two productions of ''Hamlet'' (one of which he also directed) and a Tony-nominated Falstaff in a production that combined the two parts of ''Henry IV''.

Dubbed "the American Olivier" by ''New York Times'' theater critic Frank Rich for his stage acting, Kline finally ventured into film in 1982 in Alan J. Pakula's ''Sophie's Choice''. He won the coveted role of the tormented and mercurial Nathan opposite Meryl Streep. Streep won an Academy Award for her performance in the film. Kline was nominated for a Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for best debut performance.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Kline made several films with director Lawrence Kasdan, including ''The Big Chill'', ''Silverado'', ''Grand Canyon'', ''I Love You to Death'', and ''French Kiss''. In 1989, Kline won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the British comedy ''A Fish Called Wanda'', in which he played a painfully inept American ex-CIA thug opposite John Cleese's genteel British barrister and Jamie Lee Curtis' femme fatale/con woman. In 2000, the American Film Institute ranked the film twenty-first on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs.

Though he has been offered many roles that could have boosted him to box-office stardom, Kline has kept a wary distance from the Hollywood star-making machine. He developed a reputation for picking parts with discrimination (such as strong roles in ''Grand Canyon'' and ''Life as a House''), leading to the industry nickname "Kevin Decline". Other awards have included Drama Desk Awards, Golden Globe awards, a Gotham Award, a Hasty Pudding Theatricals Man of the Year Award, and a St. Louis International Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award. He also has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

Film reviewers have widely praised his talent. ''Newsday'' said Kline "has proved himself to be one of the most talented and versatile American actors of his generation."

He played the title role in ''King Lear'' at the Public Theatre, and took the lead role in a Broadway production of ''Cyrano de Bergerac'' opposite Jennifer Garner. That production was forced to close temporarily after only eleven performances as a result of the Broadway stagehands' strike, but subsequently reopened. ''Cyrano'' was filmed in 2008 and aired as part of PBS's ''Great Performances'' series in January 2009. In January 2008, Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for his portrayal of Jaques in Kenneth Branagh's film ''As You Like It'', adapted from Shakespeare's play. The film premiered theatrically in 2006 in Europe. It bypassed theatres and was sent straight to HBO in the U.S. Kline's film ''The Conspirator'' premiered during the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010 and was described as an "old fashioned historical thriller". It was well received by most critics. Kline will also star in the 2012 comedy ''Darling Companion'' alongside Diane Keaton.

In December 2004 Kline became the 2,272^nd recipient of a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard.

Personal life

Throughout the 1970s, Kline was involved in a long-term relationship with his Juilliard classmate Patti LuPone. They separated and reconnected many times before finally ending their relationship in 1978. Their relationship is precisely detailed in LuPone's memoir, ''Patti LuPone: A Memoir''.

Kline married actress Phoebe Cates, 15 years his junior, in 1989. The couple live in New York City and have two children: Owen Joseph Kline (born October 14, 1991), who had a featured role in ''The Squid and the Whale'', and Greta Simone Kline (born March 21, 1994). After his son was diagnosed with juvenile diabetes, Kline became active with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. In November 2004, he was presented with the JDRF's Humanitarian of the Year award by Meryl Streep for his volunteer efforts on behalf of the organization.

The Kevin Kline Awards honor theatre professionals in St. Louis in a wide array of categories, which include best actor and actress, set design, choreography, and original play. The first awards ceremony took place on March 20, 2006.

Filmography

Title	Year	Role	Notes
! scope="row"	1982	Nathan Landau
''''	1983
''''	1983	Harold Cooper
! scope="row"	1985	Paden
! scope="row"	1986	Henry Squires
''Cry Freedom''	1987	Donald Woods
''''	1988	Otto West
''''	1989	Nick Starkey
''I Love You to Death''	1990	Joey Boca
''Soapdish''	1991	Jeffery AndersonDr. Rod Randall	Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
! scope="row"	1991	Mack
''Consenting Adults''	1992	Richard Parker
! scope="row"	1992	Douglas Fairbanks
! scope="row"	1993	Dave KovicPresident William Harrison Mitchell	Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''''	1993	Narrator	Voice Only
! scope="row"	1994	Frixos
! scope="row"	1995	Luc Teyssier
''''	1996	Captain Phoebus	Voice Only
''''	1997	Ben Hood
''Fierce Creatures''	1997	Vince McCainRod McCain
''In & Out''	1997	Howard Brackett
''''	1999	Nick Bottom
! scope="row"	1999	U.S. Marshal Artemus 'Artie' GordonPresident Ulysses S. Grant
''''	2000	Tulio
''''	2001	Cal Gold
''Life as a House''	2001	George Monroe	Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
! scope="row"	2002	Marcus Skinner	Uncredited
''''	2002	Captain Phoebus
''''	2002	William Hundert
''De-Lovely''	2004	Cole Porter
''''	2006	Chief Inspector Dreyfus
''''	2006	Guy Noir
! scope="row"	2006	Jaques	Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
! scope="row"	2007	Ray Sheridan	Munich Film Festival Award for Best Actor
''Definitely, Maybe''	2008	Hampton Roth
''''	2008	Andre	Voice Only
! scope="row"	2008	Cyrano de Bergerac
''Queen to Play''	2009	Docteur Kröger
''''	2010	Henry Harrison
! scope="row"	2011	Alvin
''''	2011	Edwin Stanton
''Bob's Burgers''	2011 - present	Mr. Fischoeder	Voice Only

References

External links

in 2010

St. Louis Walk of Fame

The Kevin Kline Awards

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:Gilbert and Sullivan performers Category:Indiana University alumni Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Jewish descent Category:Juilliard School alumni Category:Actors from Missouri Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri Category:Shakespearean actors Category:Tony Award winners

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Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	''Dev Anand''
birth name	Dharmadev Anand
birth date	September 26, 1923
birth place	Shakargarh, Gurdaspur, Punjab, British India (now in Narowal District, Pakistan)
nationality	Indian
spouse	Kalpana Kartik (1954–present)
years active	1946–present
occupation	Actor, Producer, Director
other names	Dev Sahaab Dev Anand Bhai }}

Dharmadev Anand () (born 26 September, 1923), better known as Dev Anand (), is an Indian Hindi Cinema actor, director and film producer. Dev is the second of three brothers who were active in Hindi Cinema. His brothers are Chetan Anand and Vijay Anand. Their sister, Sheel Kanta Kapur, is the mother of renowned Hindi and English film director Shekhar Kapur. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contributions towards Indian cinema.

Early life

Dev was born Dharmadev Kishorimal Anand on 23 September, 1923 in Shakargarh Tehsil of Gurudaspur district (now in Narowal District, Pakistan) in undivided Punjab, British India to advocate Kishorimal Anand. Dev is the second of three brothers born to Kishorimal Anand. Dev's younger sister is Sheela Kanta Kapur, who is mother of Shekhar Kapur. His older brother was Chetan Anand and younger one was Vijay Anand. Dev graduated in English literature from the Government College, Lahore, (now in Pakistan).

Career

Dev Anand, after graduating in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore, British India left his hometown and came to Mumbai in the early 1940s. He began his career in the military censor office at Churchgate, Mumbai, for a salary of Rs.200. He joined his older brother Chetan as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).

He was soon offered a debut as an actor by Prabhat Talkies to star in their film ''Hum Ek Hain''(1946). While shooting for the film in Pune, Dev struck a friendship with another fellow legendary actor Guru Dutt. They had decided between themselves that if one of the two becomes successful first in film industry then they would help the other to be successful. It was a mutual understanding between them that when Dev Anand produced a film , Guru Dutt would direct it and when Guru Dutt directed a film, Dev Anand would act in it.

In the late forties Dev Anand got few offers to star opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman oriented films, as the male lead. Dev Anand considered himself to be lucky to get a chance to star opposite such an established actress and accepted the offers. While shooting these films, he became romantically involved with Suraiya. The two of them were paired in six films together - Vidya, Shaair, Jeet, Afsar, Sanam and Do Sitaare, which were all successful at the box office and in these films Suraiya was always first billed in credits to imply she was a bigger star than Dev Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of a song sequence in the film Jeet — where unfortunately during shooting, a boat capsized and Dev Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. Her grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Dev Anand Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried all her life. They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed and Do Sitare was the last film of the pair to release. Although Dev had tasted success in the films he starred in with Suraiya, the producers and directors attributed the success of these films to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya. Dev was looking for opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be displayed as people were skeptic about Dev's acting abilities, .

Dev was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar. He spotted Dev hanging around in the studios and picked him as the hero for the Bombay Talkies production, ''Ziddi'', costarring Kamini Kaushal (1948) which became an instant success. After Ziddi's success Dev had decided that he would start producing films. So in 1949, Dev turned producer and launched his own company ''Navketan''(which mean newness), which till 2011 has produced 31 films and continues to produce movies even today.

Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, ''Baazi'' (1951). The film starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. The film Baazi saw debut of Kalpana Kartik aka Mona Singh as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director. The collaboration was a success at the box office and the pair Dev Anand - Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together. They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan, Taxi Driver, House No. 44 and Nau Do Gyaarah went on to become big hits too. During the making of film Taxi Driver, the couple fell in love and Dev proposed marriage to his heroine Kalpana. In 1954 Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony. The couple had a son, Suneil Anand in 1956. After her marriage Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further.

A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films like ''House No. 44'', ''Pocket Maar'', ''Munimji'', ''Funtoosh'', ''C.I.D.'' and ''Paying Guest''. In the fifties his films were based on mystery genre or light comedy love stories or were films with social relevance like ‘’Ek Ke Baad Ek’’ and ''Funtoosh''. His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated. He starred in a string of box office successes for the remainder of the 1950s opposite newcomer Waheeda Rehman in C.I.D. (1956), ''Solva Saal'', ''Kala Pani'', ''Kala Bazar'' and ''Baat Ek Raat Ki''. Waheeda first became a star with C.I.D becoming a hit. In 1955 he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in ''Insaniyat''. With his acting in ''Kala Pani'' (1958), as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film. He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally like Pocketmaar(1956), ''Kala Pani'' (1958), Bombai Ka Babu(1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success in them. Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, like in ''Jaal''(1952). Apart from his pair with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pair with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in late 50’s and 60’s. His films ''Rahee'' and ''Aandhiyaan'', were screened along with Raj Kapoor's ''Awaara''. From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand ruled the roost.

In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired romantic image with films like Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinaare Kinaare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha , Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai and Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda. In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy.Raj Kapoor though younger than Dev nand, started gaining weight and this affected his career and even Dilip Kumar's films started flopping in the late sixties. But Dev Anand,being slim and fit, continued to look much younger even in the late sixties and seventies. He gave many popular films till 1990 as the leading man.

His first colour film, ''Guide'' with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan. Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book. He met and persuaded Narayan to give his assent to the project. Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965. Guide, directed by younger brother Vijay Anand, was an acclaimed movie. Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom. He is not above thoughtlessly exploiting her for personal gains. Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation.

He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on thriller genre which featured Vaijayantimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen. Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, where Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit.It was Johnny Mera Naam which made Hema Malini a big star.

His directorial debut, the espionage drama Prem Pujaari, was a flop but has developed a cult following over the years. He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, ''Hare Rama Hare Krishna'' which talked about the prevalent hippie culture. His find Zeenat Aman, who played the mini-skirt sporting, pot-smoking Janice, became an overnight sensation. Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes. This same year, he starred with Mumtaz in ''Tere Mere Sapne'', an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel, ''The Citadel''. The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful.

In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of father in films like Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero were failures at box office. Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man – three each opposite Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman and Yeh Gulistaan Hamara with Sharmila Tagore became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man. But he delivered hits again and romanced young heroines Yogita Bali and Rakhee in Banarasi Babu(1973), Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam(1973) and Amir Ghareeb(1974), Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna(1973), Warrant(1975) and Darling Darling(1977). In 1976, his brother directed a mystery flick named Bullet which though critically acclaimed was not successful at box office.

The presence of his '''discoveries''' in the 70’s— the Zeenat and later, the Tina Munim in films and his good chemistry with beautiful young stars like Rakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini, Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties.

Dev Anand has also been politically active. He led a group of film personalities who stood up against the Internal Emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977. He also formed a party called the National Party of India, which he later disbanded.

The 1978 hit ''Des Pardes'', directed by Dev Anand was the debut was actress Tina Munim and this film’s success gave him the tag of evergreen hero. He was 55 but he shared very good chemistry with the 20 year old Tina Munim. Dev Anand was offered lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee. Dev Anand’s successful run at the box office continued in the 1980’s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar(both opposite Tina Munim), Swami Dada(1982) being both critically acclaimed and box office hits.

Though Dev Anand’s demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero. He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D.Burman. He expected the film to do well but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided to not act in films any more.

But the of films with Dev Anand as the lead hero Hum Naujawan (1985), Lashkar (1989) and Awwal Number(1990) , where Dev Anand costarred with Aamir Khan were average grossers and appreciated by critics. He was already sixty year old in 1983 when he acted with Padmini Kolhapuri in Swami Dada but did not look old. In 1989, his directorial venture the critically acclaimed Sachché Ka Bolbala was released but it was a commercial failure.

Since the 1990s except for Awwal Number, rest of the eight films directed by him were box office failures. But Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed.

Dev Anand has directed 19 films and produced 31 films of which 7 directorial ventures and 18 films respectively were commercially successful at the box office. He wrote the story for 13 of his films. Critics say his directorial ventures have always been ahead of its time. Dev Anand's films are well known for their hit songs. He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films. His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Mohammad Rafi and Kishore Kumar produced some very popular songs. S.D Burman, R.D Burman, Rafi and Kishore Kumar were his special friends.

In September 2007, Dev's own autobiography "Romancing with Life" was released at a birthday party with the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. In Febraury 2011, his 1961 black and white film Hum Dono was digitised and colourised and released.

Dev Anand is credited with giving actors like Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma a break into the film industry and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan. Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in 70's.

Awards, honours and recognitions

Filmfare Awards

1955 - Nominated Best Actor for ''Munimji'' 1958 - Winner Best Actor for ''Kalapani'' 1959 - Nominated Best Actor for ''Love Marriage''

1960 - Nominated Best Actor for ''Kala Bazar''

1961 - Nominated Best Actor for ''Hum Dono'' 1966 - Winner Best Film for ''Guide'' 1991 - Winner Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award

National honours and recognitions

1996 - Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award

1997 - "Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award" for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry.

1998 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta.

1999 - Sansui "Lifetime Achievement Award" for his 'Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema' in New Delhi.

2000 - Film Goers' "Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium" Award in Mumbai.

2001 - Padma Bhushan Award (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India).

2001 - "Special Screen Award" for his contribution to Indian cinema.

2001 - "Evergreen Star of the Millennium" Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards

2002 - Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence

2003 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" for ‘Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema’ at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa.

2004 - "Legend of Indian Cinema" Award at Atlantic City (United States).

2004 - "Living Legend Award" by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry.

2005 - "Sony Golden Glory Award"

2006 - "ANR Award" by the Akkineni International Foundation.

2006 - "Glory of India Award" by IIAF, London.

2007 - "Punjab Ratan" (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment.

2008 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub

2008 - "Lifetime Achievement Award" by Rotary Club of Bombay

2008 - Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards

2009 - Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards

2010 - "Phalke Ratna Award" by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy.

He is also a recipient of the Rashtriya Gaurav Award

International honors and recognitions

In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award at the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America - Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton - for his 'Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema'.

In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association "Star of the Millennium" Award in the Silicon Valley, California.

Donna Ferrar, Member New York State Assembly, honoured him with a "New York State Assembly Citation" for his 'Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York' on 1 May 2001.

In 2005, he was honoured with a "Special National Film Award" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal’s first NationIndian film festival in Stockholm.

In 2008 he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission. .

Filmography

References

External links

List of Dev Anand songs

Category:1923 births Category:Indian Hindus Category:Living people Category:Indian film actors Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Ravians Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:People from Gurdaspur Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Category:Indian actors Category:Hindi film actors Category:Indian film producers Category:Hindi-language film directors Category:Indian film directors Category:People from Mumbai

ar:ديف اناند de:Dev Anand es:Dev Anand fr:Dev Anand gu:દેવ આનંદ hi:देव आनन्द it:Dev Anand kn:ದೇವ್ ಆನಂದ್ ml:ദേവ് ആനന്ദ് mr:देव आनंद ta:தேவ் ஆனந்த் ur:دیو آنند

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Miloš Forman
birth name	Jan Tomáš Forman
birth date	February 18, 1932
birth place	Čáslav, Czechoslovakia
occupation	ActorDirectorScreenwriter
years active	1953–present
spouse	Jana Brejchová (1958–62; divorced)Vera Kresadlova-Formanova (1964–99; divorced) Martina Zborilova-Forman (1999–present) }}

Jan Tomáš Forman (; born February 18, 1932), better known as Miloš Forman (, ), is a Czech-American director, screenwriter, professor, and an emigrant from Czechoslovakia. Two of his films, ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' and ''Amadeus'', are among the most celebrated in the history of film, both garnering him the Academy Award for Best Director. He was also nominated for the same award for ''The People vs. Larry Flynt''. He also won Golden Globe, Cannes, Berlinale, BAFTA, Cesar, David di Donatello, European Film Academy, and Czech Lion awards.

Personal life

Forman was born in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic), the son of Anna (née Švábová), who ran a summer hotel, and Rudolf Forman, a professor. His parents were Protestants; his father was arrested for distributing banned books during the Nazi occupation and died in Buchenwald in 1944. His mother died in Auschwitz in 1943. Forman lived with relatives during World War II and later discovered that his biological father was a Jewish architect, Otto Kohn. He has a brother Pavel Forman, 12 years older, Czech painter who also emmigrated after 1968 invasion - to Australia. In his youth he wanted to become a theatrical producer, bypassing theater.

After the war, Forman attended King George College public school in the spa town Poděbrady, where his fellow students included Václav Havel, the Mašín brothers and future film-makers Ivan Passer and Jerzy Skolimowski. He later studied screenwriting at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. During the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in summer 1968, he left Europe for the United States.

Forman's first wife was Czech movie star Jana Brejchová. They met during the making of the movie ''Štěňata'' (1957). They divorced in 1962. Forman has twin sons with his second wife, Czech actress Věra Křesadlová-Formanová. Both sons, Petr Forman and Matěj Forman, born 1964, live for the theatre. That marriage lasted for thirty-five years, spanning 1964 to 1999. Then Forman married Martina Zbořilová on November 28, 1999. They also have twin sons, Jim and Andy (born 1999, named for comics Jim Carrey and Andy Kaufman), and reside in Connecticut.

In 2006, he received the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

He is a professor emeritus at Columbia University.

The asteroid 11333 Forman was named after Forman.

In 2009 a documentary film about Forman directed by Miloš Šmídmajer emerged – ''Milos Forman: Co te nezabije...''.

He has written poems and published an autobiography called ''My Two Worlds''.

Career

Along with future favorite cinematographer Miroslav Ondříček and many years friend with school – Ivan Passer Forman has wound mute document ''Semafor'' about theater. Forman's first important achievement is the documentary ''Audition'' whose subject was competing singers. He directed several Czech comedies in Czechoslovakia. However, during the Prague Spring and the ensuing 1968 invasion, he was in Paris negotiating the production of his first American film. His employer, a Czech studio, fired him, claiming that he had been out of the country illegally. He moved to New York, where he later became a professor of film at Columbia University and co-chair (with his former teacher František Daniel) of Columbia's film department. One of his protégés was future director James Mangold, whom Forman had advised about scriptwriting.

In 1977, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

In 1985 he headed the Cannes film festival and in 2000 did the same for the Venice festival. He presided over a ceremony of Ceasar in 1988.

In 1997, he received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Forman co-starred alongside actor Edward Norton in the actor's directorial debut, ''Keeping the Faith'' (2000), as the wise friend to Norton's conflicted priest.

In April 2007 the jazz opera ''Dobře placená procházka'' premiered at the National Theatre, directed by Forman's son, Petr Forman.

Forman received an honorary degree in 2009 from Emerson College in Boston.

He regularly collaborates with cinematographer Miroslav Ondříček.

Movies

''Loves of a Blonde''

''Loves of a Blonde'' is one of best–known movies of Czechoslovak New Wave and has been rewarded on the Venice and Locarno film festivals.

''The Firemen's Ball''

A 1967 Czechoslovak-Italian co-production, this was Forman's first color film. It is one of the best–known movies of Czechoslovak New Wave. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film.

''Taking Off''

The first movie Forman realized in United States, ''Taking Off'' was rewarded at Cannes Film Festival. The film starred Lynn Carlin and Buck Henry.

''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest''

In spite of initial difficulties, he started directing in the United States, and achieved success in 1975 with the adaptation of Ken Kesey's novel ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher. The film won five Oscars, winning (as one of only three in history, with ''It Happened One Night'' and ''The Silence of the Lambs'') in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay, which firmly established Forman's reputation.

''Hair''

The success of ''One flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' allowed Forman to direct the long-planned film ''Hair'' a (rock opera) in 1979, based on the Broadway musical by James Rado and Gerome Ragni and Galt MacDermot. The film starred Treat Williams, John Savage and Beverly D'Angelo.

''Amadeus''

Forman's next important achievement was the adaption of Peter Shaffer's ''Amadeus'' in 1984—retelling the story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri. The film starred Tom Hulce, Elizabeth Berridge and (for this role rewarded Oscar) F. Murray Abraham. This brought him his second Oscar for Best Director and numerous other awards. The movie won eight Oscars, including Best Picture. Forman and Shaffer call their movie ''fantasy inspired life and magical death of Mozart''.

''Valmont''

Adaptation of novel Pierre Choderlos de Laclos – ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'' had its premiere on November 17, 1989. Another film adaptation by Stephen Frears had been released the previous year and received much acclaim. The film starred Colin Firth, Meg Tilly and Annette Bening. It did not earn favorable reviews.

''The People vs. Larry Flynt''

The 1996 biopic of pornographic publisher Larry Flynt brought Forman another Oscar nomination. The film starred Woody Harrelson, Courtney Love and Edward Norton.

''Man on the Moon''

The biography of famous actor and comic Andy Kauffman (in this role rewarded Golden Globe Jim Carrey) had premiere on December 22, 1999. The film starred Jim Carrey, Danny DeVito, Courtney Love and Paul Giamatti.

''Goya's Ghosts''

This free biography of Spanish painter Francisco Goya (American-Spain co-production) premiered on November 8, 2006. The film starred Natalie Portman, Javier Bardem, Stellan Skarsgård and Randy Quaid.

''The Ghost of Munich''

Premiere of Forman's newest historical drama in France based on the novel by Georges-Marc Benamou and written by Forman and Georges-Marc Benamou is expected in 2012. The central topic is the Munich Agreement. There will be a female protagonist, an investigative journalist who, thirty years after the conference, sets out to locate Édouard Daladier, the former French Council president.

Influence on the Czech language

Forman's early films are popular among Czechs. Many situations and phrases from his movies have passed into common use. For example, the Czech term ''zhasnout'' (''to switch lights off'') from ''The Firemen's Ball'', associated with petty theft in the film, has been used to describe the large-scale asset stripping that occurred in the country during the 1990s.

Style

Forman has made his own personal style of comedy. His heroes are outsiders leading unconventional lives. His movies are often closely rooted in reality and possess a "para-documentary" quality. His movies typically involve an amateur cast of actors, or actors that are not typically well known.

Filmography

Filmography
Year	Film	Oscar nominations	Oscar wins	Film director	! style="background:#ccc;"	Actor	Role
1954
1955
1958	Štěňata (''Puppies'')
1960	Laterna magika II
1963	Kdyby ty muziky nebyly
1963	Audition (''Konkurs'')
1964
1964	Loves of a Blonde (''Lásky jedné plavovlásky'')	1
1966	Dobře placená procházka (''A well paid walk'')
1967	The Firemen's Ball (''Hoří, má panenko'')	1
1971
1971	I Miss Sonia Henie (Short Film)
1973	Visions of Eight
1975		9	5
1979
1981		8
1984		11	8
1986	Heartbum						Dmitri
1989		1
1989	New Years Day						Lazlo
1996	The People vs. Larry Flynt	2
1999
2000	Keeping the Faith						Father Havel
2006	Goya's Ghosts
2008	Chelsea on the Rocks
2009	Peklo s princeznou (''Hell with a Princess'')
2011

Awards, nominations and honours

Academy Awards

1975: ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (won)

1984: ''Amadeus'' (won)

1996: ''The People vs. Larry Flynt'' (''nomination'')

Golden Globe

1975: ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (won)

1984: ''Amadeus'' (won)

1981: ''Ragtime'' (''nomination'')

1996: ''The People vs. Larry Flynt'' (won)

Cannes

1971: ''Taking Off'' (Won)

1968: ''The Firemen's Ball'' (''nomination'')

Berlinale

1999: ''Man on the Moon'' (won)

1996: ''The People vs. Larry Flynt'' (won)

BAFTA

1975: ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (won)

1984: ''Amadeus'' (''nomination'')

1971: ''Taking Off'' (''nomination – Best Film'')

1971: ''Taking Off'' (''nomination – Best Screenplay'')

César Award

1984: ''Amadeus'' (won)

1975: ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (''nomination'')

1979: ''Hair'' (''nomination'')

1989: ''Valmont'' (''nomination'')

David di Donatello

1975: ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (won)

1984: ''Amadeus'' (won – Best Film)

1984: ''Amadeus'' (won – Best Screenplay)

1979: ''Hair'' (won)

European Film Academy

1996: ''The People vs. Larry Flynt'' – Award for European contribution to world cinema – screen Prix International (won)

Czech Lion

1997: Contribution to Czech cinema (won)

List of Greatest Czechs

Největší Čech: # 30 place

References

External links

Bibliography of books and articles about Forman via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center

Milos Forman, BBC News of March 2001

Interview with Milos Forman: Defender of the Artist and the Common Man

Miloš Forman profile

Category:1932 births Category:Akira Kurosawa Award winners Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:American people of Czech descent Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Director Academy Award winners Category:Best Director Golden Globe winners Category:Columbia University faculty Category:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States Category:Czech expatriates Category:Czech film directors Category:Eastern Bloc defectors Category:English-language film directors Category:Living people Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Alumni of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague Category:American screenwriters Category:American film actors Category:Czechoslovak film directors Category:Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)‎ Category:People from Čáslav

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Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Natalie Wood
birth name	Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko
birth date	July 20, 1938
birth place	San Francisco, California
death date	November 29, 1981
death place	Santa Catalina Island, California
other namess	Natasha GurdinNatalie Wood Wagner
occupation	Actress
years active	1943–81
spouse	}}

Natalie Wood (born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko (); July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress.

Wood began acting in movies at the age of four and became a successful child actor in such films as ''Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947). A well received performance opposite James Dean in ''Rebel Without a Cause'' (1955) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and helped her to make the transition from a child performer. She then starred in the musicals ''West Side Story'' (1961) and ''Gypsy'' (1962). She also received Academy Award for Best Actress nominations for her performances in ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961) and ''Love with the Proper Stranger'' (1963).

Her career continued successfully with films such as ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'' (1969). After this she took a break from acting and had two children, appearing in only two theatrical films during the 1970s. She was married to actor Robert Wagner twice, and to producer Richard Gregson. She had one daughter by each: Natasha Gregson and Courtney Wagner. Her younger sister, Lana Wood, is also an actress. Wood starred in several television productions, including a remake of the film ''From Here to Eternity'' (1979) for which she won a Golden Globe Award.

Wood drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California at age 43. She had not yet completed her final film, the science fiction drama ''Brainstorm'' (1983) with Christopher Walken, which was released posthumously.

Early life and childhood stardom

Wood was born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko in San Francisco, to Russian immigrant parents Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova) (1912–1998) and Nikolai Stepanovich Zacharenko. As an adult, she stated, "I'm very Russian, you know." She spoke in Russian and English. Her father was born in Vladivostok and he, his mother, and two brothers, immigrated to Montreal, Quebec and later to San Francisco. There, he worked as a day laborer and carpenter. Her paternal grandfather Stepan worked in a chocolate factory in Russia and was killed in street fighting between Red and White Russian soldiers in 1918. After doing another film directed by Pichel, her mother signed her to a role with 20th Century Fox studio for her first major role, the Christmas classic ''Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947), which made her one of the top child stars in Hollywood. Within a few months after the film's release she was so popular that Macy's invited her to appear in the store's annual Thanksgiving Day parade.

She would eventually appear in over 20 films as a child, appearing opposite such stars as Gene Tierney, James Stewart, Maureen O'Hara, Bette Davis and Bing Crosby. As a child actor, her formal education took place on the studio lots wherever she was acting. California law required that until age 18, actors had to spend at least three hours per day in the classroom, notes Harris. "She was a straight A student," and one of the few child actors to excel at arithmetic. Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who directed her in ''The Ghost and Mrs. Muir'' (1947), said that "In all my years in the business, I never met a smarter moppet." Wood remembers that period in her life:

I always felt guilty when I knew the crew was sitting around waiting for me to finish my three hours. As soon as the teacher let us go, I ran to the set as fast as I could.

Teen stardom

Wood successfully made the transition from child star to ingenue at age 16 when she co-starred with James Dean and Sal Mineo in ''Rebel Without a Cause'', Nicholas Ray's film about teenage rebellion. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She followed this with a small but crucial role in John Ford's western ''The Searchers'' which starred John Wayne and also featured Wood's sister, Lana, who played a younger version of her character in the film's earlier scenes.

In the 1953-1954 television season, Wood played Ann Morrison, the teenaged daughter in the ABC situation comedy, ''The Pride of the Family'', with Paul Hartman cast her father, Albie Morrison; Fay Wray, as her mother, Catherine, and Robert Hyatt, as her brother, Junior Morrison.

Wood graduated in 1956 from Van Nuys High School.

Signed to Warner Brothers, Wood was kept busy during the remainder of the decade in many 'girlfriend' roles that she found unsatisfying. The studio cast her in two films opposite Tab Hunter, hoping to turn the duo into a box office draw that never materialized. Among the other films made at this time were 1958's ''Kings Go Forth'' and ''Marjorie Morningstar''. As Marjorie Morningstar, she played the role of a young Jewish girl in New York City who has to deal with the social and religious expectations of her family, as she tries to forge her own path and separate identity.

Adult career

After appearing in the box office flop ''All the Fine Young Cannibals'', Wood's career was salvaged by her casting in director Elia Kazan's ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961) opposite Warren Beatty, which earned Wood Best Actress Nominations at the Academy Awards, Golden Globes and BAFTA Awards. Also in 1961 Wood played Maria in the Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise musical ''West Side Story'' which was a major box office and critical success, however, the singing parts were sung by Marni Nixon. Wood did sing when she starred in the 1962 film, ''Gypsy.'' She co-starred in the slapstick comedy ''The Great Race'' (1965), with Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Peter Falk. Wood then received her third Academy Award nomination and another Golden Globe award in 1964 for ''Love with the Proper Stranger'', opposite Steve McQueen.

Although many of Wood's films were commercially profitable, her acting was criticized at times. In 1966 she won the Harvard Lampoon Worst Actress of the Year Award. She was the first performer in the award's history to accept it in person and the ''Harvard Crimson'' wrote she was "quite a good sport." Conversely, director Sydney Pollack said "When she was right for the part, there was no one better. She was a damn good actress." Other notable films she starred in were ''Inside Daisy Clover'' (1965) and ''This Property Is Condemned'' (1966), both of which co-starred Robert Redford and brought subsequent Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress. In both films, which were set during the Great Depression, Wood played small-town teens with big dreams. After the release of the films, Wood suffered an emotional breakdown and sought professional therapy. During this time, she turned down the Faye Dunaway role in ''Bonnie and Clyde'' because she didn't want to be separated from her analyst.

After three years away from acting, Wood played a swinger in ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'' (1969), a comedy about sexual liberation. The film was one of the top ten box office hits of the year, and Wood received ten percent of the film's profits. After becoming pregnant with her first child, Natasha Gregson, in 1970, she went into semi-retirement and only acted in four more theatrical films during the remainder of her life. She made a very brief cameo appearance as herself in ''The Candidate'' (1972), reuniting her for a third time with Robert Redford. She also reunited on the screen with Robert Wagner in the television movie of the week ''The Affair'' (1973) and in an adaptation of ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (1976) broadcast as a special by NBC in which she also worked with Sir Laurence Olivier. She made cameo appearances on Wagner's prime-time detective series ''Switch'' in 1978 as "Bubble Bath Girl" and ''Hart to Hart'' in 1979 as "Movie Star." During the last two years of her life, Wood began to work more frequently as her daughters reached school age.

Film roles Wood turned down during her career hiatus went to Ali MacGraw in ''Goodbye, Columbus'', Mia Farrow in ''The Great Gatsby'' and Faye Dunaway in ''The Towering Inferno''. Later, Wood chose to star in misfires like the disaster film ''Meteor'' (1979) with Sean Connery and the sex comedy ''The Last Married Couple in America'' (1980). She found more success in television, receiving high ratings and critical acclaim in 1979 for ''The Cracker Factory'' and especially the miniseries film ''From Here to Eternity'' with Kim Basinger and William Devane. Wood's performance in the latter won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in 1980. Later that year, she starred in ''The Memory of Eva Ryker'' which proved to be her last completed production.

At the time of her death, Wood was filming the sci-fi film ''Brainstorm'' (1983), co-starring Christopher Walken and directed by Douglas Trumbull. She was also scheduled to star in a theatrical production of ''Anastasia'' with Wendy Hiller and in a film called ''Country of the Heart'', playing a terminally ill writer who has an affair with a teenager, to be played by Timothy Hutton. Due to her untimely death, both of the latter projects were canceled and the ending of ''Brainstorm'' had to be re-written. A stand-in and sound-alikes were used to replace Wood for some of her critical scenes. The film was released posthumously on September 30, 1983, and was dedicated to her in the closing credits.

She appeared in 56 films for cinema and television. Following her death, ''Time'' magazine noted that although critical praise for Wood had been sparse throughout her career, "she always had work."

Personal life

Marriages

Natalie Wood's two marriages to actor Robert Wagner were highly publicized. Wood said she had a crush on Wagner since she was a child and on her 18th birthday she went on a studio-arranged date with the 26-year old actor. They married a year later on December 28, 1957, which met with great protest from Wood's mother. In an article in February 2009, Wagner recalled their early romance:

I saw Natalie around town but she never seemed interested. She was making ''Rebel Without a Cause'' and hanging out with James Dean; I was with an older crowd. The first time I remember really talking to her was at a fashion show in 1956. She was beautiful, but still gave no hint about the mad crush she had on me. I later found out she had signed with my agent simply because he was my agent. A month later, I invited Natalie to a premiere on what turned out to be her 18th birthday. At dinner, we both sensed things were different. I sent her flowers and the dates continued. I remember the instant I fell in love with her. One night on board a small boat I owned, she looked at me with love, her dark brown eyes lit by a table lantern. That moment changed my life.

A year after their wedding, Wood expressed her feelings in a letter to her new husband:

: "You are my husband, my child, my strength, my weakness, my lover, my life."

Wood and Wagner separated in June 1961 and divorced in April 1962.

On May 30, 1969, Wood married British producer Richard Gregson. The couple dated for two and a half years prior to their marriage, while Gregson waited for his divorce to be finalized. They had a daughter, Natasha Gregson (born September 29, 1970). They separated in August 1971 after Wood overheard an inappropriate telephone conversation between her secretary and Gregson. The split also marked a brief estrangement between Wood and her family, when mother Maria and sister Lana told her to reconcile with Gregson for the sake of her newborn child. She filed for divorce, and it was finalized in April 1972.

In early 1972, Wood resumed her relationship with Wagner. The couple remarried on July 16, 1972, just five months after reconciling and only three months after she divorced Gregson. Their daughter, Courtney Wagner, was born on March 9, 1974. They remained married until Wood's death nine years later on November 29, 1981.

Other relationships

Biographer Suzanne Finstad writes that Wood had a relationship with director Nicholas Ray, director of ''Rebel Without a Cause'', when she was 16 and he was 43. During her teens, Wood went on studio-arranged dates with older men, including actors Tab Hunter and Nick Adams, and dated actor Raymond Burr, when she was 17 and he was 38. Wood also dated actors Michael Caine, Steve McQueen, Warren Beatty and Dennis Hopper, singer Elvis Presley, director Henry Jaglom, and politician Jerry Brown.

Among her celebrity friends were fellow child performers Margaret O'Brien, Carol Lynley and Stefanie Powers, .

Death

In September and October 1981, Wood stayed in Raleigh, North Carolina where she, Christopher Walken, Louise Fletcher and other cast members did location work for the science-fiction film ''Brainstorm''. Although her husband Robert Wagner had a commitment to his series ''Hart to Hart'' in Los Angeles, he visited Wood in Raleigh once. Wood spent most of November in California shooting interior scenes, many of them utilizing special effects, with other cast members on the MGM lot in Culver City.

Wood spent Thanksgiving at her Beverly Hills home with her husband, parents, sister Lana and secretary Mart Crowley. The next day, the Wagners and Christopher Walken went to Catalina Island for the weekend. On Saturday night, November 28, the Wagners' yacht (''Splendour'') was anchored in Isthmus Cove. Also on board was the boat's skipper, Dennis Davern, who had worked for the couple for many years. The official theory is that Wood either tried to leave the yacht or to secure a dinghy from banging against the hull when she accidentally slipped and fell overboard. When her body was found, she was wearing a down jacket, nightgown, and socks. A woman on a nearby yacht said she heard calls for help at around midnight. The cries lasted for about 15 minutes and were answered by someone else who said, "Take it easy. We'll be over to get you." "It was laid back," the witness recalled. "There was no urgency or immediacy in their shouts." There was much partying going on in the waters of Isthmus Cove, though, and while it has never been proven that the woman calling for help was, indeed, Natalie Wood, no other person has ever been identified or come forward as having called out for help on that night. An investigation by Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi resulted in an official verdict of accidental drowning. Noguchi concluded Wood had drunk "seven or eight" glasses of wine and was intoxicated when she died. Noguchi also wrote that he found Wood's fingernail scratches on the side of the rubber dinghy indicating she was trying to get in. Wood was 43 at the time of her death and is buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. On March 11, 2010 Wood's sister Lana stated that she is going to ask that the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department reopen the case of her death.

Scores of international media and photographers and thousands of ordinary spectators tried to attend Wood's funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. All were required to remain outside the cemetery walls. Among the notable attendees were Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Fred Astaire, Rock Hudson, David Niven, Gregory Peck, Gene Kelly, Elia Kazan and Sir Laurence Olivier. Olivier flew from London to Los Angeles to attend.

Filmography

Film

Notes
1943		Little girl who drops ice cream cone	uncredited
1946	''The Bride Wore Boots''	Carol Warren
1946	''Tomorrow Is Forever''	Margaret Ludwig
1947	''Driftwood''	Jenny Hollingsworth
1947	''The Ghost and Mrs. Muir''	Anna Muir as a child
1947	''Miracle on 34th Street''	Susan Walker
1948	''Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!''	Bean McGill
1949	''Father Was a Fullback''	Ellen Cooper
1949	''The Green Promise''	Susan Anastasia Matthews
1949	''Chicken Every Sunday''	Ruth Hefferan
1950		Nancy 'Nan' Howard
1950	''The Jackpot''	Phyllis Lawrence
1950		Penny Macaulay
1950	''No Sad Songs for Me''	Polly Scott
1951	''The Blue Veil''	Stephanie Rawlins
1951	''Dear Brat''	Pauline Jones
1952		Gretchen Drew
1952	''Just for You'	Barbara Blake
1952	''The Rose Bowl Story''	Sally Burke
1954		Helena as a child
1955	''Rebel Without a Cause''	Judy	Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1955	''One Desire''	Seely Dowder
1956	''The Girl He Left Behind''	Susan Daniels
1956	''The Burning Hills''	Maria Christina Colton
1956	''A Cry in the Night''	Liz Taggert
1956		Debbie Edwards (older)
1957	''Bombers B-52''	Lois Brennan
1958	''Kings Go Forth''	Monique Blair
1958		Marjorie Morgenstern
1960	''All the Fine Young Cannibals''	Sarah 'Salome' Davis
1960	''Cash McCall''	Lory Austen
1961		Maria
1961	''Splendor in the Grass''	Wilma Dean Loomis
1962		Louise	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1963	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Angie Rossini	Nominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1964		Helen Gurley Brown
1965	''Inside Daisy Clover''	Daisy Clover	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—World Film Favorite – Female
1965	''The Great Race''	Maggie DuBois
1966		Penelope Elcott
1966	''This Property Is Condemned''	Alva Starr	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1969	''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice''	Carol Sanders
1972		Herself	cameo
1973	''The Affair''	Courtney Patterson	TV movie
1975	''Peeper''	Ellen Prendergast
1976	''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof''	Maggie	TV movie
1979		Karen Holmes	Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
1979	''The Cracker Factory''	Cassie Barrett	TV movie
1979		Tatiana Nikolaevna Donskaya
1980	''The Last Married Couple in America''	Mari Thompson
1980	''The Memory of Eva Ryker''	Eva/Claire Ryker	TV movie
1980	''Willie & Phil''	Herself	(cameo)
1983		Karen Brace	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress

Television

Notes
1953	''Jukebox Jury''	as Herself	Guest appearance
1953	''Pride of the Family''	Ann Morrison	One season
1954		Rene Marchand	One episode, "Return of the Dead"
1969	''Bracken's World''	Cameo	Guest appearance
1978		Girl in the Bubble Bath	Guest Appearance
1979	''Hart to Hart''	Movie Star	Pilot episode, as Natasha Gurdin

Other awards

Most Talented Young Actress of 1946 National Association of Theatre OwnersGolden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Grauman's Chinese Theatre Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Mar del Plata Film FestivalNew York Film Critics Circle Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Globe Award Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Hollywood Chamber of Commerce

Year !! Organization !! Award !! Film !! Result
1946	Box Office Magazine	|	''Tomorrow Is Forever''	Won
1956	|	Star of Tomorrow Award		Won
1957	Golden Globe Award ||	New Star Of The Year – Actress	''Rebel Without a Cause''	Won
1958	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	Marjorie Morningstar (film)>Marjorie Morningstar''	Nominated
1958	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (13th place)
1959	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (7th place)
1960	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1961	|	Handprint Ceremony		Inducted
1961	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (14th place)
1962	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	''Splendor in the Grass''	Nominated
1962	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (5th place)
1963	|	Top Female Musical Performance	Gypsy (1962 film)>Gypsy''	Nominated
1963	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (2nd place)
1964	|	Best Actress	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Won
1964	|	Best Actress	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Nominated
1964	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Nominated
1964	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (3rd place)
1965	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (6th place)
1966	|	World Film Favorite		Won
1966	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (8th place)
1967	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (3rd place)
1968	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (12th place)
1970	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1971	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1987	|	Hollywood Walk of Fame		Inducted

Bibliography

Frascella, Lawrence and Al Weisel. ''Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause''. Touchstone, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-6082-1.

Nickens, Christopher. ''Natalie Wood: A Biography in Photographs''. Doubleday, 1986. ISBN 0-385-23307-8.

Noguchi, Thomas T. ''Coroner''. Simon & Schuster (October 1983). ISBN 0671467727.

Rulli, Marti and Dennis Davern. ''Goodbye Natalie Goodbye Splendour''. Medallion, 2009. ISBN 1597776394.

Wood, Lana. ''Natalie: A Memoir by Her Sister''. Putnam Pub Group, 1984. ISBN 0-399-12903-0.

References

External links

'Natalie Wood Style and Beauty Page'

Natalie Wood at Who2

Category:1938 births Category:1981 deaths Category:Accidental deaths in California Category:American actors Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American people of Russian descent Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Category:Deaths by drowning Category:New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners Category:People from San Francisco, California Category:People from Santa Rosa, California Category:Santa Rosa, California

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