A caravanserai, or khan, also known as caravansary, caravansera, or caravansara in English (Persian: كاروانسرا ''kārvānsarā'', Turkish: ''kervansaray'') was a roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa, and South-Eastern Europe, especially along the Silk Road.

These were found frequently along the Persian Empire's Royal Road, a 2500 km long ancient highway that stretched from Sardis to Susa according to Herodotus:: "Now the true account of the road in question is the following:- Royal stations exist along its whole length, and excellent caravansaries; and throughout, it traverses an inhabited tract, and is free from danger."

Architecture

Most typically a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter. The courtyard was almost always open to the sky, and the inside walls of the enclosure were outfitted with a number of identical stalls, bays, niches, or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, animals, and merchandise.

Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing, and ritual ablutions. Sometimes they even had elaborate baths. They also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travelers where they could acquire new supplies. In addition, there could be shops where merchants could dispose of some of their goods.

Etymology

The word is also rendered as caravansara or caravansary. The Persian word ''kārvānsarā'' is a compound word combining ''''kārvān'' (caravan) with ''sara'' (palace, building with enclosed courts), to which the Persian suffix ''-yi'' is added. Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims, or other travelers, engaged in long distance travel.

The caravanserai was also known as a ''khan'' (Persian خان), ''han'' in Turkish, فندق ''funduq'' in Arabic (from the Greek, ''pandocheion'', an inn), and ''fundaco'' in Venice.

In music

Loreena McKennitt's album An Ancient Muse features a track titled ''Caravanserai''.

Kitaro has a song called "Caravansary" (Listen:) on his album ''Silk Road IV: Tenjiku/India'' (1983). It also appears on the albums ''Daylight, Moonlight: Live in Yakushiji'' (2002) and ''Best of Silk Road'' (2003).

The term also appears in the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta ''The Pirates of Penzance''.

Santana released an album named ''Caravanserai'' on the Columbia label.

Notable caravanserais

Büyük Han

Khan As'ad Pasha

Khan Jaqmaq

Khan Sulayman Pasha

Khan Tuman

Khan al-Tujjar (Mount Tabor)

Khan al-Tujjar (Nablus)

Khan al-Umdan

Caravanserai of Sa'd al-Saltaneh

Rabati Malik Caravanserai

Hanul lui Manuc

Selim Caravanserai

Gallery

See also

Islamic architecture

Turkish architecture

Persian architecture

Persian gardens and ''bagh''

Further reading

Branning, Katharine. 2002. The Seljuk Han in Anatolia. www.Turkishhan.org, New York, USA.

''Encyclopædia Iranica'', p. 798-802

Erdmann, Kurt, Erdmann, Hanna. 1961. ''Das anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts'', 3 vols. Berlin: Mann, 1976, ISBN 3-7861-2241-5

Hillenbrand, Robert. 1994. Islamic Architecture: Form, function and meaning. NY: Columbia University Press. (see Chapter VI for an in depth overview of the caravanserai).

Kiani, Mohammad Yusef. 1976. Caravansaries in Khorasan Road. Reprinted from: ''Traditions Architecturales en Iran'', Tehran, No. 2 & 3, 1976.

Yavuz, Aysil Tükel. 1997. The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravansara. In: Gülru Necipoglu (ed). 1997. ''Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World.'' Leiden: E.J. Brill, 80-95. Available online as a PDF document, 1.98 MB archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf.

References

External links

Caravansara Pictures

www.consideratcaravanserai.net: Text and photos on research on caravansara and travel journeys in Central Asia and Middle East.

Caravanserais (Kervansaray) in Turkey

Category:Hotel types Category:Arabic architecture Category:Islamic architecture Category:Silk Road

af:Karavanserai ar:كاروانسرا az:Karvansara ba:Ҡарауанһарай bs:Karavanska stanica bg:Кервансарай ca:Caravanserrall cs:Karavansaraj de:Karawanserei es:Caravasar eo:Karavanserajo fa:کاروان‌سرا fr:Caravansérail fy:Karavaanseray gl:Caravasar io:Karavanserayo it:Caravanserraglio he:חאן (מבנה) ka:ქარვასლა nl:Karavanserai ja:キャラバンサライ no:Karavaneserai pl:Karawanseraj pt:Caravançarai ru:Караван-сарай sr:Каравансарај sv:Karavanseraj th:สถานีคาราวาน tr:Kervansaray uk:Караван-сарай vi:Du lịch Caravan

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
{{infobox musical artist | name	Loreena McKennitt | image LM-DG-1.jpg | background solo_singer | birth_name Loreena Isabel Irene McKennitt | alias | Born February 17, 1957Morden, Manitoba, Canada | origin | instrument Voice, Piano, Harp, Accordion | genre Celtic, World, New Age | occupation Musician, Songwriter, Producer | years_active 1985–present | label Quinlan RoadWarner Bros. RecordsVerve Forecast/Universal Records }}

Loreena Isabel Irene McKennitt, CM, OM, (born February 17, 1957) is a Canadian singer, composer, harpist, accordionist and pianist who writes, records and performs world music with Celtic and Middle Eastern themes. McKennitt is known for her refined, clear soprano vocals. She has sold more than 14 million records worldwide.

Early life

McKennitt was born in Morden, Manitoba of Irish and Scottish descent to parents Jack (a livestock dealer) and Irene McKennitt (a nurse). She moved to Stratford, Ontario in 1981, where she still resides.

When Loreena was young she wanted to become a veterinarian but she found that music chose her rather than she it. Developing a passion for Celtic music, she learned to play the Celtic harp and began busking at various places, including St. Lawrence Market in Toronto in order to earn money to record her first album.

Career

McKennitt's first album, ''Elemental'', was released in 1985, followed by ''To Drive the Cold Winter Away'' (1987), ''Parallel Dreams'' (1989), ''The Visit'' (1991), ''The Mask and Mirror'' (1994), ''A Winter Garden'' (1995), ''The Book of Secrets'' (1997), ''An Ancient Muse'' (2006), ''A Midwinter Night’s Dream'' (2008), and ''The Wind That Shakes The Barley'' (2010). All of her work is released under her own label, Quinlan Road.

In 1990, McKennitt provided the music for the National Film Board of Canada documentary, "The Burning Times" a feminist revisionist account of the Early Modern European witchcraft trials. The main theme would later be rerecorded by her and her band and called "Tango for Evora," a track which appears on her album, The Visit.

In 1993, she toured Europe supporting Mike Oldfield. In 1995, her version of the traditional Irish song "Bonny Portmore" was featured in the ''Highlander'' series. McKennitt's single "The Mummers' Dance" received airplay in North American markets during the spring of 1997, and was used as the theme song for the short-lived TV series, ''Legacy''.

Her music appeared in the movies ''The Santa Clause'', ''Soldier'', ''Jade'', ''Holy Man'', ''The Mists of Avalon'' and ''Tinkerbell''; and in the television series ''Roar'', ''Due South'', ''Ever After'', and ''Full Circle (Women and Spirituality)''.

Personal life

In 1998, McKennitt's fiancé Ronald Rees, his brother Richard (not the British actor) and their close friend Gregory Cook drowned during a boating accident on Georgian Bay. She was deeply affected by the event and subsequently founded the ''Cook-Rees Memorial Fund'' for Water Search and Safety in the same year.

At the time of the incident, she was working on an live album of two performances called ''Live in Paris and Toronto''. The proceeds from this album were donated to the newly created memorial fund, totaling some three million dollars. After the release of the live album, McKennitt decided to substantially reduce the number of her public performances and did not release any new recordings until the studio album ''An Ancient Muse'' in 2006.

Honors

Juno Award, Best Roots/Traditional Album 1992, for ''The Visit''.

Juno Award, Best Roots/Traditional Album 1994, for ''The Mask and Mirror''.

Billboard Music Award for International Achievement, 1997.

Headline performer for HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH Prince Philip at The Golden Jubilee Celebrations, Province of Manitoba, 2002.

Honorary Doctor of Letters, Wilfrid Laurier University, 2002.

Member of the Order of Manitoba, July 2003.

Member of the Order of Canada, July 2004.

Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Manitoba, June 2005

Canadian Ambassador, Hans Christian Andersen Bicentennary, June 2005

Honorary Doctor of Laws, Queen's University, October 2005

Investiture as Honorary Colonel, 435 Transport and Rescue Squadron, Canadian Air Force, December 2006

Nominated for a Grammy award, Best Contemporary World Music Album, in 2007

Western Canadian Music Awards Lifetime Achievement Award, September 2009

Performed at Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics, Opening Ceremonies, February 12, 2010

Honorary Bachelor of Applied Business, George Brown College, June 2010

Genre and work

McKennitt's music has generally been classified as World / Celtic music even though it contains aspects and characteristics of music from around the globe and is sometimes classified as Folk music in record stores.

Before McKennitt composes any music, she engages in considerable research on a specific subject which then forms the general concept of the album. Before creating ''Elemental'' and ''Parallel Dreams'', she traveled to Ireland for inspiration from the country's history, folklore, geography and culture. The album ''The Mask and Mirror'' was preceded by research in Spain where she engaged in studying Galicia, a Celtic section of Spain, along with its abundant Arabic roots. The result was an album that included elements of Celtic and Arabic music. According to the jacket notes, her album ''An Ancient Muse'' was inspired by travels among and reading about the various cultures along the Silk Road.

McKennitt is compared to Enya, but McKennitt's music is more grounded in traditional and classical invocations, using literary works as sources of lyrics and springboards for interpretation such as "The Lady of Shalott" by Lord Tennyson, "Prospero's Speech" (the final soliloquy in William Shakespeare's ''The Tempest''), "Snow" by Archibald Lampman, "Dark Night of the Soul" by St. John of the Cross, Dante's Prayer, William Blake's "Lullaby", Yeats' "The Stolen Child", "It was an English Ladye Bright" by Sir Walter Scott and "The Highwayman" by Alfred Noyes.

Court case

In 2005, McKennitt was involved in an acrimonious court case in England when her former friend and employee, Niema Ash, published a book which contained intimate details of their friendship. McKennitt argued that much of the book contained confidential personal information which Ash had no right to publish. The English courts found that there had indeed been a breach of confidence and a misuse of McKennitt's private information, and the case is likely to set important precedents in English law on the privacy of celebrities. The House of Lords affirmed the lower court's decisions in 2007.

2006 and later

In September 2006, McKennitt performed live at the Alhambra. The performance premiered on PBS and in August 2007 was released on a three-disc DVD/CD set titled ''Nights from the Alhambra.''

In 2008, McKennitt wrote and composed a song she titled "To The Fairies They Draw Near" as the theme song for Disney's direct-to-video animated film ''Tinker Bell.'' She also provided the narration for the film.

In early 2008, she returned to Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios to record ''A Midwinter Night’s Dream,'' an extended version of her 1995 mini-album ''A Winter Garden: Five Songs for the Season.'' The album was released on October 28, 2008.

Since the release of ''An Ancient Muse,'' Loreena has toured consistently, with a European and North American tour in the spring of 2007, an extensive cross Canada and United States tour in the fall of 2007, a summer tour of Europe in 2008 and a Mediterranean tour in the summer of 2009 with stops in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Hungary and Italy.

On September 17, 2009, McKennitt announced that she planned to release a two-disc album titled "A Mediterranean Odyssey" in the fall of 2009. The first CD, "From Istanbul to Athens," consisted of ten new live recordings made during McKennitt’s 2009 Mediterranean Tour, including songs she had never before recorded in concert. The second CD, "The Olive and the Cedar," had a Mediterranean theme which McKennitt herself curated. It contained previously released studio recordings created between the years of 1994 and 2006.

November 16, 2010 saw the US release (November 12 for Europe) of McKennitt's latest studio album, "The Wind That Shakes the Barley." Recorded at the Sharon Temple, Ontario, it consists of nine traditional Celtic songs. "Every once and again there is a pull to return to one's own roots or beginnings, with the perspective of time and experience, to feel the familiar things you once loved and love still," says Loreena.

Documentaries

Late in the 1990s, McKennitt created ''No Journey's End,'' a half-hour documentary, for American television. In it, she discussed the influences behind her music. ''No Journey's End'' contained excerpts from several songs from the albums ''Parallel Dreams,'' ''The Visit,'' and ''The Mask and Mirror.'' It also shows live performances of the songs "The Lady of Shalott," "Santiago," and "The Dark Night of the Soul." It was later released on DVD and VHS, the former also containing music videos for "The Mummers' Dance" and "The Bonny Swans." A bonus copy of the DVD was included with the 2004 remastered versions of McKennitt's CDs.

In 2008, Loreena released ''A Moveable Musical Feast,'' based on her 2007 ''An Ancient Muse'' tour. The DVD included interviews with Loreena, her band, crew, fans and professional colleagues from the Canadian music industry.

Discography

Studio albums

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions			! rowspan="2"
		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
1985	style="text-align:left;"	* Release date: 1985	* Label: Quinlan Road	—	—	—
1987		* Release date: 1987	* Label: Quinlan Road	—	—	—
1989		* Release date: 1989	* Label: Quinlan Road	—	—	—
1991	style="text-align:left;"	* Release date: 1991	Warner Bros. Records>Warner Bros./Quinlan Road	28	—	—		Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos>BR: Gold	Canadian Recording Industry Association>CAN: 4× Platinum	Recording Industry Association of America>US: Gold
1994		* Release date: 1994	* Label: Quinlan Road	4	18	143		* ARG: Gold	* CAN: 3× Platinum	* US: Gold
1997		* Release date: September 30, 1997	* Label: Warner Bros./Quinlan Road	3	7	17		* ARG: Gold	* CAN: 4× Platinum	* US: 2× Platinum	* GER: Gold
2006		* Release date: November 21, 2006	* Label: MRA/Quinlan Road	9	15	83		* CAN: Platinum
2008		* Release date: October 28, 2008	* Label: Universal/Quinlan Road	12	27	140
2010	style="text-align:left;"	* Release date: November 12, 2010	* Label: Quinlan Road	13	28	141

Live Albums

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions			! rowspan="2"
		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
1995		* Release date: 1995	* Label: Quinlan Road	—	—	—
1999		* Release date: 1999	* Label: Quinlan Road	—	65	—
2007		* Release date: August 21, 2007	Verve Records>Verve/Quinlan Road	—	11	190		* GER: Platinum
2009		* Release date: October 20, 2009	* Label: Quinlan Road	11	—	—

Compilations

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions			! rowspan="2"
		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
1997		* Release date: 1997	* Label: Quinlan Road

EPs

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions	! rowspan="2"
		! style="width:30px;"
1995		* Release date: November 1995	* Label: Quinlan Road	44		* CAN: Gold

Boxed sets

''The Journey Begins'' (2008)

Singles

rowspan="2"	Year	Single	Peak chart positions				Album
! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
rowspan="3"	1991		—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	—
	1993		—	—	—	—
		75	—	—	—
	—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	—
		—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	—
	1997	style="text-align:left;"	"The Mummers' Dance"	10	18	23	14
1998		—	—	—	—
2006		—	—	—	—
2007		—	—	—	—
		—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	—
	2009		—	—	—	—

Videos

''H.M.S. Pinafore'' Live performance recorded during the 1981 Stratford Festival in Stratford Ontario, Canada, starring Michael Burgess, Katherine Terrell, Eric Donkin, Kenneth Pearl, Jim White, et al.; Loreena McKennitt performed in the chorus. (CBC VHS 1986)

''The Mummers' Dance'' (1997)

''The Bonny Swans''

''Nights from the Alhambra'' (2007, Live concert in Spain premiered on ''PBS'') ''A Moveable Musical Feast'' (2008, A tour documentary from Loreena's 2007 North American Tour)

Other

''No Journey’s End'' (half-hour profile, aired on PBS; DVD)

''Heaven on Earth'' (TV Movie 1987 - played "Lady Traveler")

''Highlander III'' (Soundtrack contribution)

''The Santa Clause'' (Soundtrack contribution)

''Léolo'' (Soundtrack contribution)

''Una casa con vista al mar'' (Soundtrack contribution)

''The Mists Of Avalon'' (Soundtrack use)

''The Burning Times'' (Soundtrack contribution)

''Due South'' (Soundtrack use)

''Northern Exposure'' (Soundtrack use)

''Tinker Bell'' (Direct to DVD movie, 2008 - Narrator)

''Soldier'' (Soundtrack use)

References

External links

Quinlan Road (official website of Loreena McKennitt)

Loreena McKennitt interview from the echoes public radio show

Category:Canadian female singers Category:Canadian folk musicians Category:Celtic fusion musicians Category:Musicians from Manitoba Category:Canadian harpists Category:Canadian keyboardists Category:Canadian pianists Category:Canadian singer-songwriters Category:Canadian sopranos Category:Fast Folk artists Category:Warner Bros. Records artists Category:Canadian people of Irish descent Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent Category:People from Morden, Manitoba Category:People from Stratford, Ontario Category:Members of the Order of Canada Category:Members of the Order of Manitoba Category:1957 births Category:Living people

an:Loreena McKennitt br:Loreena McKennitt bg:Лорина Маккенит ca:Loreena McKennitt da:Loreena McKennitt de:Loreena McKennitt es:Loreena McKennitt eu:Loreena McKennitt fa:لورنا مک‌کنیت fr:Loreena McKennitt ga:Loreena McKennitt gd:Loreena McKennitt gl:Loreena McKennitt it:Loreena McKennitt he:לורינה מק'קניט ku:Loreena McKennitt hu:Loreena McKennitt nl:Loreena McKennitt ja:ロリーナ・マッケニット pl:Loreena McKennitt pt:Loreena McKennitt ro:Loreena McKennitt ru:Маккеннитт, Лорина fi:Loreena McKennitt sv:Loreena McKennitt tr:Loreena McKennitt uk:Лоріна МакКенніт zh:罗琳娜·麦肯尼特

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Carlos Santana
background	solo_singer
birth name	Carlos Augusto Alves Santana
alias	Devadip Carlos Santana
born	July 20, 1947Autlán de Navarro, JaliscoMexico
instrument	Vocals, guitar, percussion, violin
genre	Latin rock, chicano rock, Rock, blues rock, funk, jazz fusion, tejano music, salsa, pop, free jazz
occupation	Musician, songwriter
years active	1966–present
label	Arista, Polydor, Columbia, Polygram, CBS
associated acts	Santana, Los Lonely Boys, John McLaughlin
notable instruments	PRS Santana II Yamaha SG2000 DevadipYamaha SG175 Gibson SG
Website	Santana.com }}

Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a Mexican rock guitarist. Santana became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered rock, salsa and jazz fusion. The band's sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales and congas not generally heard in rock music. Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. In 2003, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine listed Santana at number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and 3 Latin Grammy Awards.

Biography

Early life

Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. His father was a mariachi violinist, and Carlos learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight. His younger brother, Jorge Santana, would also become a professional guitarist. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time when there were very few Latinos in American rock and pop music. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana, the city on Mexico's border with California, and then San Francisco. Carlos stayed in Tijuana but joined his family in San Francisco later and graduated from James Lick Middle School and Mission High School there. He graduated from Mission High in 1965. Javier Bátiz, a famous guitarist from Tijuana, said to have been Carlos's guitar teacher who taught him to play a different style of guitar soloing. After learning Javier Batiz's techniques, Santana would make them his own as well.

Early career

In San Francisco, he got the chance to see his idols, most notably B.B. King, perform live. He was also introduced to a variety of new musical influences, including jazz and folk music, and witnessed the growing hippie movement centered in San Francisco in the 1960s. After several years spent working as a dishwasher in a diner and busking for spare change, Santana decided to become a full-time musician. In 1966, he gained prominence by a series of accidental events all happening on the same day. Santana was a frequent spectator at Bill Graham's Fillmore West. During a Sunday matinee show, Paul Butterfield was slated to perform there but was unable to do so as a result of being intoxicated. Bill Graham assembled an impromptu band of musicians he knew primarily through his connections with the Grateful Dead, Butterfield's own band and Jefferson Airplane, but he had not yet picked all of the guitarists at the time. Santana's manager, Stan Marcum, immediately suggested to Graham that Santana join the impromptu band and Graham assented. During the jam session, Santana's guitar playing and solo gained the notice of both the audience and Graham. During the same year, Santana formed the Santana Blues Band, with fellow street musicians, David Brown and Gregg Rolie (bassist and keyboard player, respectively).

With their highly original blend of Latin-infused rock, jazz, blues, salsa, and African rhythms, the band (which quickly adapted their frontman's name, Santana) gained an immediate following on the San Francisco club circuit. The band's early success, capped off by a memorable performance at Woodstock in 1969, led to a recording contract with Columbia Records, then run by Clive Davis.

''Santana''

Santana was signed by CBS Records and went into the studio to record their second album. They were not satisfied with the release and decided changes needed to be made. This resulted in the dismissal of Bob Livingston. Santana replaced him with Mike Shrieve, who had a strong background in both jazz and rock. Marcus Malone was forced to quit the band due to personal problems, and the band re-enlisted Michael Carabello. Carabello brought with him percussionist Jose Chepito Areas, who was already well-known in his country, Nicaragua, and, with his skills and professional experience, was a major contributor to the band.

Bill Graham had been a fan of the band from it's inception, arranged for the band to appear at the Woodstock Music and Art Festival before they had even completed their debut album was even released. They were one of the surprises of the festival; their set was legendary and, later, the exposure of their eleven-minute instrumental "Soul Sacrifice" in the ''Woodstock'' film and soundtrack albums vastly increased Santana's popularity. Graham also gave the band some key advice to record the Willie Bobo song "Evil Ways", as he felt it would get them radio airplay. His first eponymous album, ''Santana'', became a huge hit, reaching number four on the U.S. album charts, and the catchy single "Evil Ways" reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100.

In 1969, Santana's performance at the Woodstock festival introduced the band to an international audience and garnered critical acclaim, although the band's sudden success put pressure on the group, highlighting the different musical directions in which Rolie and Santana were starting to go. Rolie, along with some of the other band members, wanted to emphasize a basic hard rock sound which had been a key component in establishing the band from the start. Santana, however, was increasingly interested in moving beyond his love of blues and rock and wanted more jazzy, ethereal elements in the music, which were influenced by his fascination with Miles Davis and John Coltrane, as well as his growing interest in spirituality. At the same time, Chepito Areas was stricken with a near-fatal brain hemorrhage, and Santana hoped to continue by finding a temporary replacement (first Willie Bobo, then Coke Escovedo), while others in the band, especially Michael Carabello, felt it was wrong to perform publicly without Areas. Cliques formed, and the band started to disintegrate.

Teenage San Francisco Bay Area guitar prodigy Neal Schon was asked to join the band in 1971, in time to complete the third album, ''Santana III''. The band now boasted a powerful dual-lead-guitar act that gave the album a tougher sound. The sound of the band was also helped by the return of a recuperated Chepito Areas and the assistance of Coke Escovedo in the percussion section. Enhancing the band's sound further was the support of popular Bay Area group Tower of Power's horn section, Luis Gasca of Malo, and other session musicians which added to both percussion and vocals, injecting more energy to the proceedings. ''Santana III'' was another success, reaching number one on the album charts, selling two million copies, and yielding the hits "Everybody's Everything" and "No One to Depend On".

But tension in the band continued. Along with musical differences, drug use became a problem, and Santana was deeply worried it was affecting the band's performance. Coke Escovedo encouraged Santana to take more control of the band's musical direction, much to the dismay of some of the others who thought that the band and its sound was a collective effort. Also, financial irregularities were exposed while under the management of Stan Marcum, whom Bill Graham criticized as being incompetent. Growing resentments between Santana and Michael Carabello over lifestyle issues resulted in his departure on bad terms. James Mingo Lewis was hired at the last minute as a replacement at a concert in New York City. David Brown later left due to substance abuse problems. A South American tour was cut short in Lima, Peru, due to student protests against U.S. governmental policies and unruly fans. The madness of the tour convinced Santana that changes needed to be made in the band and in his life.

In January 1972, Santana, Neal Schon and Coke Escovedo joined former Band of Gypsys drummer Buddy Miles for a concert at Hawaii's Diamond Head Crater, which was recorded for the album, Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live!. The performance was erratic and uneven, but the album managed to achieve gold-record status on the weight of Santana's popularity.

''Caravanserai''

In early 1972, Santana and the remaining members of the band started working on their fourth album, ''Caravanserai''. During the studio sessions, Santana and Michael Shrieve brought in other musicians: percussionists James Mingo Lewis and Latin-Jazz veteran, Armando Peraza replacing Michael Carabello, and bassists Tom Rutley and Doug Rauch replacing David Brown. Also assisting on keyboards were Wendy Haas and Tom Coster. With the unsettling influx of new players in the studio, Gregg Rolie and Neal Schon decided that it was time to leave after the completion of the album, even though both contributed to the session. Rolie returned home to Seattle, and after some time later became a founding member of Journey (which Schon would later join as well).

When ''Caravanserai'' did emerge in 1972, it marked a strong change in musical direction towards jazz fusion. The album received critical praise, but CBS executive Clive Davis warned Santana and the band that it would sabotage the band's position as a "Top 40" act. Nevertheless, over the years, the album would achieve platinum status. The difficulties Santana and the band went through during this period were chronicled in Ben Fong-Torres' ''Rolling Stone'' 1972 cover story "The Resurrection of Carlos Santana".

Santana met Deborah King, whom he later married in 1973. She is the daughter of the late blues singer and guitarist Saunders King. They have three children: Salvador, Stella and Angelica. Together with wife Deborah, Santana founded a not-for-profit organization, the Milagro Foundation, which provides financial aid for educational, medical, and other needs.

Shifting styles and spirituality in the 1970s

In 1972, Santana became a huge fan of the pioneering fusion band The Mahavishnu Orchestra and its guitarist John McLaughlin. Aware of Santana's interest in meditation, McLaughlin introduced Santana and Deborah to his guru, Sri Chinmoy. Chinmoy accepted them as disciples in 1973. Santana was given the name Devadip, meaning "The lamp, light and eye of God." Santana and McLaughlin recorded an album together, ''Love, Devotion, Surrender'' with members of Santana and the Mahavishnu Orchestra, along with percussionist Don Alias and organist Larry Young, who both had made appearances on Miles Davis' classic ''Bitches Brew'' in 1969.

In 1973, Santana, having obtained legal rights to the band's name, Santana, formed a new version of the band, Santana, with Armando Peraza and Chepito Areas on percussion, Doug Rauch on bass, Michael Shrieve on drums, and Tom Coster and Richard Kermode on keyboards. Santana was later able to recruit jazz vocalist Leon Thomas for a tour of Japan, which was recorded for the live, sprawling, high-energy fusion album ''Lotus''. CBS records would not allow its release unless the material was condensed. Santana did not agree to those terms, and the album was available in the U.S. only as an expensive, imported, three-record set. The group later went into the studio and recorded ''Welcome'', which further reflected Santana's interests in jazz fusion and his increasing commitment to the spiritual life of Sri Chinmoy.

A collaboration with John Coltrane's widow, Alice Coltrane, ''Illuminations'', followed. The album delved into avant-garde esoteric free jazz, Eastern Indian and classical influences with other ex-Miles Davis sidemen Jack DeJohnette and Dave Holland. Soon after, Santana replaced his band members again. This time Kermode, Thomas and Rauch departed from the group and were replaced by vocalist Leon Patillo (later a successful Contemporary Christian artist) and returning bassist David Brown. He also recruited soprano saxophonist, Jules Broussard to the lineup. The band recorded one studio album ''Borboletta'', which was released in 1974. Drummer Leon "Ndugu" Chancler later joined the band as a replacement for Michael Shrieve, who left to pursue a solo career.

By this time, the Bill Graham's management company had assumed the affairs of the group. Graham was critical of Santana's direction into jazz and felt he needed to concentrate on getting Santana back into the charts with the edgy, street-wise ethnic sound that had made them famous. Santana himself was seeing that the group's direction was alienating many fans. Although the albums and performances were given good reviews by critics in jazz and jazz fusion circles, sales had plummeted.

Santana along with Tom Coster, producer David Rubinson, and Chandler formed yet another version of Santana, adding vocalist Greg Walker. The 1976 album ''Amigos'', which featured the songs "Dance, Sister, Dance" and "Let It Shine", had a strong funk and Latin sound. The album also received considerable airplay on FM album-oriented rock stations with the instrumental "Europa (Earth's Cry Heaven's Smile)" and re-introduced Santana back into the charts. In 1976, ''Rolling Stone'' ran a second cover story on Santana entitled "Santana Comes Home".

The albums conceived through the late 1970s followed the same formula, although with several lineup changes. Among the personnel who came and left the band was percussionist Raul Rekow, who joined in early 1977 and remains to this day. Most-notable of the band's commercial efforts of this era was a version of the 1960s Zombies hit, "She's Not There", on the 1977 album ''Moonflower''.

The relative success of the band's albums in this era allowed Santana to pursue a solo career funded by CBS. First, ''Oneness: Silver Dreams - Golden Reality'', in 1979 and ''The Swing of Delight'' in 1980, which featured some of his musical heroes: Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter and Tony Williams from Miles Davis' legendary 1960s quintet.

The pressures and temptations of being a high-profile rock musician and requisites of the spiritual lifestyle which guru Sri Chinmoy and his followers demanded, were great sources of conflict to Santana's lifestyle and marriage. He was becoming increasingly disillusioned with what he thought was Chinmoy's unreasonable rules imposed on his life, in particular, his refusal to allow Santana and Deborah to start a family. He felt too that his fame was being used to increase the guru's visibility. Santana and Deborah eventually ended their relationship with Chinmoy in 1982.

The 1980s

More radio-pleasing singles followed from Santana and the band. "Winning" in 1981 and "Hold On" (a remake of Canadian artist Ian Thomas' song) in 1982 both reached the top twenty. After his break with Sri Chinmoy, Santana went into the studio to record another solo album with Keith Olson and legendary R&B; producer Jerry Wexler. The 1983 album revisited Santana's early musical experiences in Tijuana with Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love" and the title cut, Chuck Berry's "Havana Moon". The album's guests included Booker T. Jones, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Willie Nelson and even Santana's father's mariachi orchestra. Santana again paid tribute to his early rock roots by doing the film score to ''La Bamba'', which was based on the tragically short life of rock and roll legend Ritchie Valens and starred Lou Diamond Philips.

Although the band had concentrated on trying to produce albums with commercial appeal during the 1980s, changing tastes in popular culture began to reflect in the band's sagging record sales of their latest effort ''Beyond Appearances''. In 1985, Bill Graham had to once again pull strings for Santana to convince principal Live Aid concert organizer Bob Geldof to allow the band to appear at the festival. The group's high-energy performance proved they were still a top concert draw the world over despite their poor performance on the charts. Santana regained a great deal of respect in both jazz and rock circles, with Prince and guitarist Kirk Hammett of Metallica citing him as an influence.

The band Santana returned in 1986 with a new album ''Freedom''. Buddy Miles, who was trying to revive his music career after spending much of the late 1970s and early 1980s incarcerated for drug charges, returned for lead vocals. His onstage presence provided a dose of charisma to the show; but, once again, the sales of the album fell below expectations. Growing weary of trying to appease record company executives with formulaic hit records, Santana took great pleasure in jamming and making guest appearances with notables such as the jazz fusion group Weather Report, jazz pianist McCoy Tyner, Blues legend John Lee Hooker, Frank Franklin, Living Colour guitarist Vernon Reid, and West African singer Salif Keita. He and Mickey Hart of the Grateful Dead later recorded and performed with Nigerian drummer Babatunde Olatunji, who conceived one of Santana's famous 1960s drum jams, "Jingo". In 1988, Santana organized a reunion with past members from the Santana band for a series of concert dates. CBS records released a 20-year retrospective of the band's accomplishments with ''Viva Santana!''.

That same year Santana formed an all-instrumental group featuring jazz legend Wayne Shorter on tenor and soprano saxophone. The group also included Patrice Rushen on keyboards, Alphonso Johnson on bass, Armando Peraza and Chepito Areas on percussion, and Leon "Ndugu" Chancler on drums. They toured briefly and received much acclaim from the music press, who compared the effort with the era of ''Caravanserai''. Santana released another solo record, ''Blues for Salvador'', which won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.

In 1990, Santana left Columbia Records after twenty-two years and signed with Polygram. The following year, he made a guest appearance on Ottmar Liebert's album ''Solo Para Ti'', on the songs "Reaching out 2 U" and on a cover of his own song, "Samba Pa Ti". In 1992, Santana hired jam band Phish as his opening act.

Return to commercial success

Santana's record sales in the 1990s were very low. Toward the end of the decade, he was without a contract. However, Arista Records' Clive Davis, who had worked with Santana at Columbia Records, signed him and encouraged him to record a star-studded album with mostly younger artists. The result was 1999's ''Supernatural'', which included collaborations with Everlast, Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty, Eric Clapton, Lauryn Hill, Wyclef Jean, Cee-Lo, Maná, Dave Matthews, K. C. Porter, J. B. Eckl, and others.

However, the lead single was what grabbed the attention of both fans and the music industry. "Smooth", a dynamic cha-cha stop-start number co-written and sung by Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty, was laced throughout with Santana's guitar fills and runs. The track's energy was immediately apparent on radio, and it was played on a wide variety of station formats. "Smooth" spent twelve weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming in the process the last #1 single of the 1990s. The music video, set on a hot barrio street, was also very popular. ''Supernatural'' reached number one on the US album charts and the follow-up single, "Maria Maria", featuring the R&B; duo The Product G&B;, also hit number one, spending ten weeks there in the spring of 2000. ''Supernatural'' eventually sold over 15 million copies in the United States, making it Santana's biggest sales success by far.

Carlos Santana, alongside the classic Santana lineup of their first two albums, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. He performed "Black Magic Woman" with the writer of the song, Fleetwood Mac's founder Peter Green. Green was inducted the same night.

In 2000 ''Supernatural'' won nine Grammy Awards (eight for Santana personally), including Album of the Year, Record of the Year for "Smooth", and Song of the Year for Thomas and Itaal Shur. Santana's acceptance speeches described his feelings about music's place in one's spiritual existence. Later that year at the Latin Grammy Awards he won three awards including Record of the Year. In 2001, Santana's guitar skills were featured in Michael Jackson's song "Whatever Happens", from the album ''Invincible''.

In 2002, Santana released ''Shaman'', revisiting the ''Supernatural'' format of guest artists including P.O.D. and Seal. Although the album was not the runaway success its predecessor had been, it produced two radio-friendly hits. "The Game of Love" featuring Michelle Branch, rose to number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent many weeks at the top of the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and "Why Don't You & I" written by and featuring Chad Kroeger from the group Nickelback (the original and a remix with Alex Band from the group The Calling were combined towards chart performance) which reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100. "The Game of Love" went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.

In early August 2003, Santana was named fifteenth on ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's "List of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

On April 21, 2005, Santana was honored as a BMI Icon at the 12th annual BMI Latin Awards. Santana was the first songwriter designated a BMI Icon at the company's Latin Awards. The honor is given to a creator who has been "a unique and indelible influence on generations of music makers."

In 2005, Herbie Hancock approached Santana to collaborate on an album again using the ''Supernatural'' formula. ''Possibilities'' was released on August 30, 2005, featuring Carlos Santana and Angélique Kidjo on "Safiatou". Also, in 2005, fellow Latin star Shakira invited Santana to play the soft rock guitar ballad "Illegal" on her second English-language studio album Oral Fixation Vol. 2.

Santana's 2005 album ''All That I Am'' consists primarily of collaborations with other artists; the first single, the peppy "I'm Feeling You", was again with Michelle Branch and The Wreckers. Other musicians joining the mix this time included Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, Kirk Hammett from Metallica, hip-hop/reggae star Sean Paul and R&B; singer Joss Stone. In April and May 2006, Santana toured Europe, where he promoted his son Salvador Santana's band as his opening act.

In 2007, Santana appeared, along with Sheila E. and José Feliciano, on Gloria Estefan's album ''90 Millas,'' on the single "No Llores". He also teamed again with Chad Kroeger for the hit single "Into the Night".

In 2008, Santana started working with his long-time friend, Marcelo Vieira, on his solo album ''Marcelo Vieira's Acoustic Sounds'', which is due to be released at the end of the year. It features tracks such as "For Flavia" and "Across the Grave", the latter featuring heavy melodic riffs by Santana.

Carlos Santana performed at the 2009 American Idol Finale with the top 13 finalists, which starred many acts such as KISS, Queen and Rod Stewart. On July 8, 2009, Carlos Santana appeared at the Athens Olympic Stadium in Athens with his 10-member all-star band as part of his "Supernatural Santana – A Trip through the Hits" European tour. On July 10, 2009, he also appeared at Philip II Stadium in Skopje. With 2.5 hours concert and 20 000 people, Santana appeared for the first time in that region. "Supernatural Santana – A Trip through the Hits" is currently playing at The Hard Rock hotel in Las Vegas, where it will play through 2011.

Santana is featured as a playable character in the music video game Guitar Hero 5. A live recording of his song "No One To Depend On" is included in game, which was released on September 1, 2009.

Carlos recently opened a chain of upscale Mexican restaurants called "Maria Maria". It is a combined effort with Chef Roberto Santibañez. They are located in Tempe, Arizona, Mill Valley (now closed), Walnut Creek and Danville, California, Austin, Texas, and Boca Raton, Florida.

Influences

Around the age of 8, Santana "fell under the influence" of blues performers like B.B. King and John Lee Hooker. He also credits Jimi Hendrix, Mike Bloomfield and Peter Green as important influences; he considered Bloomfield a direct mentor, writing of a key meeting with Bloomfield in San Francisco in the foreword he wrote to a biography of Bloomfield, ''Michael Bloomfield: If You Love These Blues-An Oral History'' in 2000.

Equipment

Guitars and effects

Santana played a red Gibson SG Special with P-90 pickups at the Woodstock festival. From 1976 until 1982, his main guitar was a Yamaha SG 175B and sometimes a white Gibson SG Custom with 3 open coil pick-ups. In 1982 he started to use a custom made PRS guitar, which became his main instrument around 1988. Santana currently uses a Santana II model guitar using PRS Santana III pickups with nickel covers and a tremolo, with .009-.042 gauge D'Addario strings. Santana's guitar necks and fretboards are constructed out of a single solid piece of Brazilian Rosewood; this helps create the smooth, singing, glass-like tone for which he is known.

Santana also uses a classical guitar, the Alvarez Yairi CY127CE with Alvarez tension nylon strings.

Santana does not use many effects pedals. His PRS guitar is connected to a Mu-Tron wah wah pedal (or, more recently, a Dunlop 535Q wah) and a T-Rex Replica delay pedal. then through a customized Jim Dunlop amp switcher which in turn is connected to the different amps or cabinets.

Previous setups include an Ibanez Tube Screamer right after the guitar. He is also to have been known to use an Electro Harmonix Big Muff distortion for his famous sustain. In the song "Stand Up" from the album ''Marathon'', Santana uses a Heil talk box in the guitar solo.

Amplifiers

Carlos Santana's distinctive lead guitar tone is produced by PRS Santana signature guitars plugged into a multi-amp setup. The rig consists of a Mesa Boogie Mark I, Dumble Overdrive Reverb and more recently a Bludotone amplifier. Carlos often blends the sounds from each amp in various combinations to achieve a more complex tone. He also literally put the Boogie in Mesa Boogie: "Santana exclaimed to Smith, 'Shit, man. That little thing really Boogies! It was this statement that brought the Boogie name to fruition.'"

Specifically, Santana combines a Mesa/Boogie Mark I head running through a Boogie cabinet with Altec 417-8H (or recently JBL E120s) speakers, and a Dumble Overdrive Reverb and/or a Dumble Overdrive Special running through a Brown or Marshall 4x12 cabinet with Celestion G12M "Greenback" speakers, depending on the desired sound. Shure KSM-32 microphones are used to pick up the sound, going to the PA. Additionally, a Fender Cyber-Twin Amp is mostly used at home.

Personal life

Carlos Santana became a naturalized American citizen in 1965.

On October 19, 2007, his wife of 34 years, Deborah, filed for divorce citing "irreconcilable differences".

Carlos Santana became engaged to Cindy Blackman, after proposing to her during a concert of the Universal Tone Tour at Tinley Park in Chicago, Illinois on July 9, 2010. The two were married in December 2010.

Discography

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions										[[Music recording sales certification
		!width="30"	!width="30"	AUT	!width="30"	!width="30"	!width="30"	!width="30"	!width="30"	!width="30"	!width="30"
		* Released: July 20, 1973	* Label: Columbia Records	* Format: LP, CD	14	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7	style="text-align:left;"
	style="text-align:left;"	* Released: October 1974	* Label: Columbia Records	* Format: LP, CD	79	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	40
	style="text-align:left;"	* Released: 1979	* Label: Columbia Records	* Format: LP, CD	—	—	—	12	—	43	—	—	—	55

Awards and nominations

|- | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | "Caravanserai" | Best Pop Instrumental Performance - With Vocal Coloring | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 1988 | "Blues for Salvador" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group Or Soloist) | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 1993 | "Gypsy/Grajonca" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 1996 | "Every Now And Then" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance | |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"| 2000 | rowspan="2"|"Smooth" | Record of the Year | |- | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- | rowspan="2"|''Supernatural'' | Album of the Year | |- | Best Rock Album | |- | "Maria Maria" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- | "El Farol" | Best Pop Instrumental Performance | |- | "The Calling" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance | |- | "Put Your Lights On" | Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |- | "Love Of My Life" | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2002 | "The Game of Love" | Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals | |}

References

Sources

''Soul Sacrifice; The Carlos Santana Story'' Simon Leng 2000

''Space Between The Stars'' Deborah Santana 2004

''Rolling Stone'' "The Resurrection of Carlos Santana" Ben Fong Torres 1972

''New Musical Express'' "Spirit of Santana" Chris Charlesworth November 1973

''Guitar Player'' Magazine 1978

''Rolling Stone'' "The Epic Life of Carlos Santana" 2000

''Santana I'' – Sony Legacy Edition: liner notes

''Abraxas'' – Sony Legacy Edition: liner notes

''Santana III'' – Sony Legacy edition: liner notes

''Viva Santana'' – CBS CD release 1988; liner notes

''Power, Passion and Beauty – The Story of the Legendary Mahavishnu Orchestra'' Walter Kolosky 2006

''Best of Carlos Santana'' – Wolf Marshall 1996; introduction and interview

Further reading

Chipley Slavicek, Louise. ''Carlos Santana'', Chelsea House Publications or Facts on File, 2006, 119 p., ISBN 0-7910-8844-8

Leng, Simon. ''Soul Sacrifice: The Santana Story'', Firefly-S.A.F. Publishing, 2000, 224 p., ISBN 0-946719-29-2. Republ. as ''Santana'', Catedra, 2002, ISBN 84-376-1947-5

McCarthy, Jim; Ron Sansoe, Ron, foreword by Carlos Santana. ''Voices of Latin Rock: The People and Events That Created This Sound'', Omnibus Press, 2004 and Hal Leonard Publishing, 2005, 316 p., ISBN 0-634-08061-X

Miller, Hal; Santana Debbie; Faulkner, John (ed.), w/ a foreword by Bill Graham. ''Santana: A Retrospective of the Santana Band's Twenty Years in Music'', San Francisco Mission Cultural Center, 1987 or 1988, 50p., no ISBN. Includes a 4-p genealogical tree w/ the members's name for every Santana band from 1966.

Molenda, Michael (ed.). ''Guitar Player Presents Carlos Santana'', Backbeat Books, 2010, 124 p., ISBN 978-0-87930-976-3

Remstein, Henna. ''Carlos Santana (Latinos in the Limelight)'', Chelsea House Publications, 2001, 64 p., ISBN 0-7910-6473-5

Shapiro, Marc. ''Carlos Santana: Back on Top'', St-Martin's Press, 2000 and 2002, 288 p., ISBN 0-312-28852-2

Sumsion, Michael. ''Maximum Santana: The Unauthorized Biography of Santana'', Chrome Dreams, 2003, ISBN 1-84240-107-6. A CD-audio biog

Weinstein, Norman. ''Carlos Santana: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2009, 152 p., ISBN 978-0313354205

Woog, Adam. ''Carlos Santana: Legendary Guitarist'', Lucent Books, 2006, 104 p., ISBN 1-59018-972-8

External links

Official website

Milagro Foundation

Information about Carlos Santana

Concerts online at Wolfgang's Vault

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American Christians Category:American musicians of Mexican descent Category:American rock guitarists Category:Arista Records artists Category:Blues rock musicians Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Honorees Category:Lead guitarists Category:Mexican Christians Category:Mexican emigrants to the United States Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Autlán, Jalisco Category:People from Tijuana Category:Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:Santana (band) members Category:World music musicians Category:World Music Awards winners Category:Chicano rock musicians

ar:كارلوس سانتانا an:Carlos Santana az:Karlos Santana bar:Carlos Santana bg:Карлос Сантана cs:Carlos Santana cy:Carlos Santana da:Carlos Santana de:Carlos Santana el:Κάρλος Σαντάνα es:Carlos Santana eo:Carlos Santana fa:کارلوس سانتانا fr:Carlos Santana gl:Carlos Santana ko:카를로스 산타나 hy:Կարլոս Սանտանա hr:Carlos Santana io:Carlos Santana id:Carlos Santana it:Carlos Santana he:קרלוס סנטנה ka:კარლოს სანტანა sw:Carlos Santana hu:Carlos Santana mk:Карлос Сантана nl:Carlos Santana ja:カルロス・サンタナ no:Carlos Santana oc:Carlos Santana pl:Carlos Santana pt:Carlos Santana ro:Carlos Santana qu:Carlos Santana ru:Сантана, Карлос sk:Carlos Santana sr:Karlos Santana sh:Carlos Santana fi:Carlos Santana sv:Carlos Santana th:ซานตาน่า tr:Carlos Santana uk:Карлос Сантана vi:Carlos Santana zh:卡洛斯·山塔那