Name	Mariachi
''Traditional mariachi band''
Bgcolor	darksalmon
Color	black
Stylistic origins	Son Jaliscience
Cultural origins	18th century, Cocula, Jalisco
Instruments	Violin, guitarrón, guitarra de golpe, vihuela, guitar, trumpet, and occasionally a harp
Subgenrelist	List of Mariachi genres
Subgenres	Ranchera, Traditional
Other topics	Charro – Jarabe tapatío(also the name of a song) }}

Mariachi is a genre of music that originated in the State of Jalisco, in Mexico. It is an integration of stringed instruments highly influenced by the cultural impacts of the historical development of Western Mexico. Throughout the history of mariachi, musicians have experimented with brass, wind, and percussion instruments. In addition, sociohistorical factors have influenced the repertoire in terms of the performance of diverse regional song forms as well as the evolution of the performance attire. Mariachi is important to the study of Mexican music because, as an ensemble created during the colonial period, it found its essence during the postcolonial era, blossomed during the nationalist era, and has made a global impact in contemporary times. Throughout this development, particularly since the nationalist era, mariachi music has become emblematic of Mexican music by appropriating various Mexican regional song forms, experimenting in popular radio programs, appearing in the earliest Mexican films, and performing during presidential campaigns (Loza 1993, Turino 2003, Sheehy 2005, de la Mora 2006, Jáuregui 2007).

"The consensus of modern scholars is that the word mariachi is indigenous to Mexico. The now-extinct Coca language of central Jalisco is the most frequently cited as its probable source. Legend erroneously attributes the word to the French Intervention of the 1860s, explaining it as a corruption of the French word mariage, and citing a similarity between mariachi (or its archaic variant, mariache) and the French word for wedding. Historical documents prove that both the word mariachi and the ensemble it designates pre-date the French occupation of Mexico, making any similarity with the French word a phonetic coincidence" (Clark, 1996).

The mariachi ensemble generally consists of violins, trumpets, a classical guitar, a ''vihuela'' (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), a ''guitarrón'' (a large acoustic bass guitar) and, on occasion, a harp. The musicians dress in silver-studded charro outfits with wide-brimmed hats. The original Mariachis were Mexican street musicians or buskers, but many today are professional entertainers making paid appearances in the entertainment industry. Professionals can usually play more than one instrument, and all can sing. They sometimes accompany ranchera singers such as Vicente Fernández or even pop star Luis Miguel. Although ranchera singers dress in a traje de charro (Charro suit), they are not considered mariachis. Mariachi music, as well as other forms of traditional Mexican music, is also noted for the grito mexicano, a yell done at musical interludes within a song, either by the musicians or the audience.

Although mariachis play at events such as weddings and formal occasions such as a quinceañeras (a girl's fifteenth birthday celebration), they are often used to serenade women because many of the songs have romantic lyrics. Trios of mariachis may be found for hire to seranade; the best known venues are the ''Plaza de los Mariachis'' in Guadalajara and the ''Plaza Garibaldi'' in Mexico City). Mother's days are also a popular occasion for mariachis. Prices vary immensely and are seldom cheap.

Foreign tourists often confuse ''mariachis'' with other types of buskers seen in Mexico, such as the ''jarochos'', typical of the State of Veracruz, or "norteño" bands, which come from the Northern states of Mexico. The term ''Mariachi'' refers only to musicians who dress and play in a style typical of Jalisco, though the style and music has spread far. Usually a ''guitarrón'' and a ''vihuela'' must be present for a group to be considered ''mariachi''.

Instrumentation

Current mariachi instrumentation includes a guitarrón, a vihuela, a guitar, violins, and trumpets. Some groups might use a guitarra de golpe (a guitar mid-way in size and tone between the guitarrón and vihuela), a mariachi harp or even a flute. Since the 1970s some singers have occasionally added other instruments such as accordion, organ, keyboard, harmonica, saxophone and even drums, although they were considered additions, never part of the mariachi instrumentation itself. During the last years ranchera singers as Alejandro Fernández and Pepe Aguilar, have made fusions of mariachi with orchestra and percussion, giving birth to a Mariachi/pop ballad crossover style.

A complete mariachi group has as many as eight violins, two trumpets, and a guitar – all standard European instruments. The vihuela is a high-pitched, round-backed guitar-like instrument that gives the Mariachi its typical rhythmic vitality. The guitarrón is a deep-voiced guitar that serves as the bass of the ensemble. The mariachi harp usually doubles the bass line, but may also ornament the melody. These latter three instruments have European origins, but their present forms are strictly Mexican.

Mariachis who incorporate an accordion are known as tejano, not mariachi.{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citation needed#Section |text=citation needed |class=noprint Template-Fact |title=This claim needs references to reliable sources |date= }}

Mariachi songs are interpreted mostly by tenor-pitched singers, a characteristic feature in this type of music. Mariachi songs are even interpreted by opera singers like "Cielito Lindo" interpreted by the Three Tenors on distinct occasions. Most notably, the tenors Placido Domingo and José Carreras worked on a tour with Alejandro Fernandez where they sang along with several classic mariachi and Mexican folk songs.

Musical forms

Metre in 2/4 [chun-ta]

:*Canción ranchera (a dos tiempos) :*Corrido (a dos tiempos) :*"Polka" :*Pasodoble :*Marcha

Metre in 3/4 [chun-ta-ta]

:*Canción ranchera (tres tiempos) :*Corrido (tres tiempos) :*Valses mexicanos :*Son Jaliscience :*Huapango

Metre in 4/4

:*Bolero ranchero :*Danzón :*Ranchera Lenta :*Cumbia

Metre in 6/8

:*Son Jaliscience :*Jarabe :*Huapango

Metre mixed

::Examples: :*"Muerte de un gallero" (corrido-son) :*"El Charro Mexicano" (ranchera-son)

Classical music obertures

Mariachis and artists

José Alfredo Jiménez

Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán

Jorge Negrete

Pedro Infante

Vicente Fernández

Antonio Aguilar

Pepe Aguilar

Pedro Fernández

Alejandro Fernández

Ana Gabriel

Chayito Valdez

Miguel Aceves Mejía

Tito Guízar

Shaila Dúrcal

Los Caballeros

Selena

References

External links

''A Brief History on the Mariachi Tradition''

''Mariachimusic.com Online''

''Tucson's Ronstadt Family''

"Mariachi Women"

"Mariachi Directory"

Category:Mexican styles of music * Category:Spanish words and phrases Category:National symbols of Mexico Category:Mexican musical ensembles

br:Mariachi ca:Mariatxi da:Mariachi de:Mariachi es:Mariachi fa:ماریاچی fr:Mariachi gl:Mariachi hr:Mariachi it:Mariachi he:מריאצ'י lt:Mariači nl:Mariachi ja:マリアッチ no:Mariachi pl:Mariachi pt:Mariachi ru:Мариачи sr:Маријачи fi:Mariachi sv:Mariachi zh:墨西哥街頭樂隊

birth date	August 10, 1960 (age 51)
birth place	Málaga, Andalucia, Spain
birth name
spouse	Ana Leza (1987–95)Melanie Griffith (1996–present)
occupation	director/actor }}

José Antonio Domínguez Banderas (born August 10, 1960), better known as Antonio Banderas, is a Spanish film actor, film director, film producer and singer. He began his acting career at age 19 with a series of films by director Pedro Almodóvar and then appeared in high-profile Hollywood films including ''Assassins'', ''Evita'', ''Interview with the Vampire'', ''Philadelphia'', ''Desperado'', ''The Mask of Zorro'', ''Spy Kids'' and the ''Shrek'' sequels.

Early life

Banderas was born in Málaga, Andalucía, Spain, in 1960 to Ana Banderas, a school teacher, and José Domínguez Prieto, a police officer in the Guardia Civil. He has a younger brother, Francisco. Although the family name is Domínguez, he took his mother's surname as his stage name. He initially wanted to become a professional soccer player until a broken foot sidelined his dreams at the age of fourteen. He went on to enroll in some drama classes, eventually joining a theater troupe that toured all over Spain. His work in the theater, and his performances on the streets, eventually landed him a spot with the National Theatre of Spain.

Career

Early work, 1982–90

His acting career began at the age of 19, when he worked in small theatres during Spain’s post-dictatorial cultural movement known as the 'Movida'. While performing with the theatre, Banderas caught the attention of Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar, who cast the young actor in his 1982 film debut, ''Labyrinth of Passion''. Two years later he went on to appear in the director's ''Law of Desire'', making headlines with his performance as a gay man, which required him to engage in his first male-to-male onscreen kiss. After Banderas appeared in Almodóvar's 1986 ''Matador'', the director cast him in his internationally acclaimed 1988 film, ''Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown''. The recognition Banderas gained for his role increased two years later when he starred in Almodóvar's controversial ''Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!'' as a mental patient who kidnaps a porn star (Victoria Abril) and keeps her tied up until she returns his love. It was his breakthrough role in ''Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!'', that helped spur him on to Hollywood. Having become a regular feature of Almodóvar's movies all throughout the 1980s, Almodóvar is credited for helping launch Banderas's international career.

Breakthrough, 1991–94

Banderas was first introduced to the American audience in the documentary film ''Madonna: Truth or Dare'' (1991). In the film, Madonna says she wants to seduce Banderas even though she knows he is married.

The following year, still speaking minimal English, he began acting in U.S. films. Despite having to learn all his lines phonetically, Banderas still managed to turn in a critically praised performance as a struggling musician in his first American drama film, ''The Mambo Kings'' (1992).

Banderas then broke through to mainstream American audiences in the film, ''Philadelphia'' (1993), as the gay lover of AIDS-afflicted lawyer Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks). The film's success earned Banderas wide recognition, and the following year was given a role in Neil Jordan's high-profile adaptation of Anne Rice's ''Interview with the Vampire'', which allowed him to share the screen with Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt.

Worldwide recognition, 1995–present

He appeared in several major Hollywood releases in 1995, including a starring role in the Robert Rodriguez-directed film, ''Desperado'' and the antagonist on the action film ''Assassins'' co starred with Sylvester Stallone. In 1996, he starred alongside Madonna in ''Evita'', an adaptation of the musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice in which he played the narrator, Che, a role played by David Essex in the original 1978 West End production. He also made success with his role as the legendary masked swordsman, Zorro in the 1998 film ''The Mask of Zorro''. He was the first Spanish actor to portray the character.

In 2001, he collaborated with Robert Rodriguez who cast him in the ''Spy Kids'' film trilogy. He also starred in Michael Cristofer's ''Original Sin'' alongside Angelina Jolie the same year. In 2002, he starred in Brian De Palma's ''Femme Fatale'' opposite Rebecca Romijn-Stamos and in Julie Taymor's ''Frida'' with Salma Hayek. In 2003, he starred in the last installment of the trilogy ''Once Upon A Time In Mexico'' (in which he appeared with Johnny Depp and Salma Hayek). Banderas' debut as a director was the poorly-received ''Crazy in Alabama'' (1999), starring his wife Melanie Griffith.

In 2003, he returned to the musical genre, appearing to great acclaim in the Broadway revival of Maury Yeston's musical ''Nine'', based on the film ''8½'', playing the prime role originated by the late Raúl Juliá. Banderas won both the Outer Critics Circle and Drama Desk awards, and was nominated for the Tony Award for best actor in a musical. His performance is preserved on the Broadway cast recording released by PS Classics. The following year (2004), he received the Rita Moreno HOLA Award for Excellence from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors (HOLA).

His voice role as Puss in Boots in ''Shrek 2'', ''Shrek the Third'' and the last film in the Shrek franchise, ''Shrek Forever After'', helped make the character popular on the family film circuit. In 2005, he reprised his role as Zorro in ''The Legend of Zorro'', though this was not as successful as ''The Mask of Zorro''. In 2006, he starred in ''Take the Lead'', a high-set movie in which he played a ballroom dancing teacher. That year, he directed his second film ''El camino de los ingleses'' (English title: ''Summer Rain''), and also received the L.A. Latino International Film Festival's "Gabi" Lifetime Achievement Award on 14 October. He hosted the 600th episode of ''Saturday Night Live'' (during season 31).

He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 6801 Hollywood Blvd. in 2005.

In 2011, the horror thriller ''The Skin I Live In'' marked the return of Banderas to Pedro Almodóvar, the Spanish director who launched his international career. The two had not worked together since the 1990s ''Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!'' In ''The Skin I Live In'' he breaks out of the Latin Lover mold from his Hollywood work and stars as a calculating revenge-seeking plastic surgeon following the rape of his daughter. According to the Associated Press Banderas' performance is among his strongest in recent memory. Also he once again lends his voice to Puss in Boots this time as the protagonist of the ''Shrek'' spin-off family film, ''Puss in Boots''. This film has Banderas reuniting with Salma Hayek for the sixth time.

Business activities

He has invested some of his film earnings in Andalusian products, which he promotes in Spain and the US. He owns 50% of a winery in Villalba de Duero, Burgos, Spain, called Anta Banderas, which produces red and rosé wines.

He performed a voice-over for a computer-animated bee which can be seen in the United States in television commercials for Nasonex, an allergy medication, and was seen in the 2007 Christmas advertising campaign for Marks & Spencer, a British retailer.

He has been a veteran of the perfume industry. The actor has been working with fragrance and beauty multinational company Puig for over ten years becoming one of the brand's most successful representatives. Banderas and Puig have successfully promoted a number of fragrances so far – ''Diavolo'', ''Diavolo for Women'', ''Mediterraneo'', ''Spirit'', ''Spirit for Women'', and following the success of ''Antonio and Blue Seduction for men'' in 2007, launched his latest ''Blue Seduction for Women'' the following year.

Personal life

Both Melanie Griffith and Antonio Banderas were married to other people when they first met. Banderas divorced his first wife, Ana Leza, and in May 14, 1996, married American actress Melanie Griffith in a private, low-key ceremony in London. They had met a year earlier while shooting ''Two Much''. They have a daughter, Stella del Carmen (b. 1996), who appeared with her parents in the 1999 film ''Crazy in Alabama'', in which Griffith starred and which Banderas directed. In 2002, the couple's dedication to philanthropy was recognized when they received the 'Stella Adler Angel Award' for their extensive charity work.

In 1996, Banderas appeared among other figures of Spanish culture in a video supporting the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party lists in the general election.

He is a long time supporter of the Málaga CF.

He is an officer (mayordomo de trono) of a Roman Catholic religious brotherhood in Málaga and travels, with his wife and daughter, during Holy Week to take part in the processions, although in an interview with ''People'' magazine Banderas had once described himself as an agnostic. In May 2010, Banderas received his honorary doctorate from the University of Málaga in the city where he was born.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |+ Actor (Movies & TV) |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | 1982 | ''Pestañas postizas'' | Antonio Juan | |- | 1982 | ''Laberinto de pasiones'' | Sadec | |- | 1983 | ''Y del seguro... líbranos Señor!'' | | |- | 1984 | ''El caso Almería'' | | |- | 1984 | ''El señor Galíndez'' | Eduardo | |- | 1984 | ''Fragmentos de interior'' | Joaquín | TV Series |- | 1984 | ''Los zancos'' | Alberto | |- | 1985 | ''Réquiem por un campesino español'' | Paco | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorMurcia Week of Spanish Cinema for Best Actor |- | 1985 | ''La corte de Faraón'' | Fray José | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorMurcia Week of Spanish Cinema for Best Actor |- | 1985 | ''Caso cerrado'' | Preso | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1986 | ''Matador'' | Ángel | Nominated — Goya Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Murcia Week of Spanish Cinema for Best Actor |- | 1986 | ''Puzzle'' | | |- | 1986 | ''27 horas'' | Rafa | Sant Jordi Awards for Best Spanish Actor |- | 1986 | ''Delirios de amor'' | | Sant Jordi Awards for Best Spanish ActorNominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1987 | ''La ley del deseo'' | Antonio Benítez | Sant Jordi Awards for Best Spanish ActorNominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1987 | ''Así como habían sido'' | Damián | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1988 | ''La Mujer de tu vida: La mujer feliz'' | Antonio | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best TV Actor |- | 1988 | ''Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown'' | Carlos | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1988 | ''El placer de matar'' | Luis | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1988 | ''Baton Rouge'' | Antonio | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''Bajarse al moro'' | Alberto | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''Si te dicen que caí'' | Marcos | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''La Blanca Paloma'' | Mario | Valladolid International Film Festival for Best ActorFotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1989 | ''Hasta Luego Tenis'' | Jake Spicer | |- | 1989 | ''El Acto'' | Carlos | |- | 1990 | ''La otra historia de Rosendo Juárez'' | Rosendo Juárez | TV |- | 1990 | '''' | Ricky | Golden India Catalina Award for Best ActorFotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorACE Awards for Best ActorNominated — Goya Awards for Best Actor |- | 1990 | ''Contra el viento'' | Juan | Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1992 | ''Una Mujer bajo la lluvia'' | Miguel | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1992 | '''' | Néstor Castillo | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie ActorNominated — Spanish Actors Union Award for Lead Performance |- | 1993 | ''Il Giovane Mussolini (Benito)'' | Benito Mussolini | TV |- | 1993 | '' (Outrage!)'' | Marcos | Nominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1993 | '''' | Pedro Tercero García | his first English-language film |- | 1993 | ''Philadelphia'' | Miguel Álvarez | |- | 1994 | ''Of Love and Shadows'' | Francisco | Nominated — NCLR Bravo Awards for Best Actor in a Feature Film |- | 1994 | ''Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles'' | Armand | |- | 1995 | ''Miami Rhapsody'' | Antonio | |- | 1995 | ''Desperado'' | El Mariachi (Manito) | Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best KissNominated — MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Male |- | 1995 | ''Four Rooms'' | as Man (segment "The Misbehavers") | |- | 1995 | ''Assassins'' | Miguel Bain | |- | 1995 | ''Never Talk to Strangers'' | Tony Ramirez | |- | 1995 | ''Two Much'' | Art Dodge | Nominated — Goya Award for Best ActorNominated — Fotogramas de Plata Award for Best Movie Actor |- | 1996 | ''Evita'' | Che | Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |- | 1997 | ''Wag the Dog'' | Ramón | later on replaced by the real Ramón |- | 1998 | '''' | Alejandro Murrieta/Zorro | European Film Awards for Best European Actor |- | 1998 | ''Andrew Lloyd Webber's Royal Albert Hall Celebration'' | Che/Phantom | |- | 1999 | '''' | Ahmad ibn Fadlan | Nominated — ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film |- | 1999 | '''' | Morales Pittman | |- | 1999 | ''Play It to the Bone'' | César Domínguez | |- | 2001 | '''' | Father Matt Gutiérrez | |- | 2001 | ''Spy Kids'' | Gregorio Cortez | Nominated — ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion PictureNominated — Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Male Butt Kicker |- | 2001 | ''Original Sin'' | Luís Vargast | |- | 2002 | ''Femme Fatale'' | Nicolas Bardo | |- | 2002 | ''Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams'' | Gregorio Cortez | |- | 2002 | ''Frida'' | David Alfaro Siqueiros | |- | 2002 | ''Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever'' | Agent Jeremiah Ecks | |- | 2003 | ''Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over'' | Gregorio Cortez | |- | 2003 | ''Once Upon a Time in Mexico'' | El Mariachi | |- | 2003 | ''And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself'' | Pancho Villa | |- | 2003 | ''Imagining Argentina'' | Carlos Rueda | |- | 2004 | ''Far Far Away Idol'' | rowspan=2| Puss In Boots | Voice |- | 2004 | ''Shrek 2'' | VoiceNominated — Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature ProductionNominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated — VES Award for Best Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture |- | 2005 | '''' | Don Alejandro de la Vega/Zorro | Nominated — |- | 2006 | ''Take the Lead'' | Pierre Dulaine | |- | 2007 | ''Bordertown'' | Díaz | |- | 2007 | ''Shrek the Third'' | Puss In Boots | Voice |- | 2008 | ''My Mom's New Boyfriend'' | Tommy Lucero / Tomas Martinez | |- | 2008 | ''The Other Man'' | Ralph (pronounced "Rafe") | |- | 2009 | ''Thick as Thieves'' | Gabriel Martin | |- | 2010 | ''Shrek Forever After'' | Puss In Boots | Voice |- | 2011 | ''The Big Bang'' | Ned Cruz | |- | 2011 | ''The Skin I Live In'' | Dr. Ledgard | |- | 2011 | ''Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World'' | Gregorio Cortez | uncredited (scenes cut) |- | 2011 | ''Puss in Boots'' | Puss in Boots | post-production |- | 2012 | ''Haywire | TBA | filming |}

+ Director & Producer
Year	Film	Role	Notes
1999	''Crazy in Alabama''	Director	ALMA Award for Best Director of a Feature FilmEuropean Film Award for Achievement in World CinemaNominated — Golden Lion for Directing
2006		Director
2008	''Missing Lynx''	Producer

Musicals on Broadway

+ Theater
Year	Play	Role	Notes
2003		Guido Contini	Theatre World Award
2011		Alexis Zorba	Broadway Revival will open in the Fall of 2011

See also

[[List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards

References

External links

Antonio Banderas appointed Goodwill Ambassador at Bay Ledger

Category:1960 births Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:Spanish people Category:Andalusian people Category:Living people Category:People from Málaga (city) Category:Spanish film actors Category:Spanish musical theatre actors Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:GLAAD Media Awards winners

ar:أنتونيو بانديراس an:Antonio Banderas az:Antonio Banderas bn:আন্তোনিও বান্দেরাস be-x-old:Антоніё Бандэрас bg:Антонио Бандерас ca:Antonio Banderas cs:Antonio Banderas cy:Antonio Banderas da:Antonio Banderas de:Antonio Banderas et:Antonio Banderas el:Αντόνιο Μπαντέρας es:Antonio Banderas eo:Antonio Banderas eu:Antonio Banderas fa:آنتونیو باندراس fr:Antonio Banderas ga:Antonio Banderas gl:Antonio Banderas hr:Antonio Banderas io:Antonio Banderas id:Antonio Banderas it:Antonio Banderas he:אנטוניו בנדרס la:Antonius Banderas lt:Antonio Banderas hu:Antonio Banderas mk:Антонио Бандерас nl:Antonio Banderas ja:アントニオ・バンデラス no:Antonio Banderas oc:Antonio Banderas pl:Antonio Banderas pt:Antonio Banderas ro:Antonio Banderas ru:Бандерас, Антонио sco:Antonio Banderas sq:Antonio Banderas simple:Antonio Banderas sk:Antonio Banderas sr:Антонио Бандерас sh:Antonio Banderas fi:Antonio Banderas sv:Antonio Banderas th:อันโตเนียว บันเดรัส tr:Antonio Banderas uk:Антоніо Бандерас vi:Antonio Banderas zh:安东尼奥·班德拉斯

name	Sungha Jung
birth name	정성하
birth date	September 02, 1996
birth place	Seoul, Korea
nationality	South Korean
other names	colloquially: ''Sungha Jung'', ''jwcfree'', ''jungsungha'', ''blueseaJSH''
years active	September 8, 2001–present
known for	Guitar music
website	Official website }}

Title	Korean name
Hangul	정성하
Hanja
Rr	Seongha Jeong
Mr	Sŏngha Jŏng}}

Seongha Jeong (정성하) (colloquially: Sungha Jung) (born 2 September 1996) is a South Korean professional acoustic finger-style guitarist who has risen to fame on YouTube and other sites, mainly through the South Korean audience.His first guitar cover was "Anak" by Fredie Aguilar. As of 2011, his channel had over 14 million views, with his videos getting a total of over 356 million views, and also over 500,000 subscribers.

Seongha typically takes three days to learn and practice a new piece, and video-record it for upload onto YouTube. His genre selection is rather broad, as he learns and plays many pieces that are playable on guitar, therefore consequently spread across numerous genres.

Seongha has won 13 awards on YouTube, including 6 "#1" awards. Also on YouTube, Seongha has 474 videos with over one million views. Seongha's video with the most views is the one which shows him playing the theme from "Pirates Of The Caribbean", at 28,405,644 views as of January 27th 2012.

Seongha has composed 18 pieces as of February 2011, two of which are featured in his debut album, "Perfect Blue". He released his second album, "Irony", on 21 September 2011.

In 2011, he performed in the US with Trace Bundy, as well as touring in Scandinavia and Japan.

Discography

''Perfect Blue'' (2010)

''Irony'' (2011)

See also

Yuto Miyazawa, Seongha's Japanese electric guitar-playing counterpart

Trace Bundy, Fellow acoustic guitarist with whom Seongha collaborates

Ulli Bögershausen, Fellow acoustic guitarist who helped him get his sponsorship with Lakewood Guitars

References

External links

Category:South Korean guitarists Category:Fingerstyle guitarists Category:People from Seoul Category:Video bloggers Category:South Korean Internet personalities Category:1996 births Category:Living people

de:Sungha Jung ko:정성하 it:Sungha Jung ja:チョン・ソンハ pl:Sungha Jung pt:Sungha Jung ro:Sungha Jung ru:Чон Сонха sv:Sungha Jung vi:Seongha Jeong zh:鄭成河

name	El Mariachi
director	Robert Rodriguez
producer	Robert RodriguezCarlos Gallardo
writer	Robert Rodriguez
starring	Carlos GallardoConsuelo GómezPeter MarquardtReinol Martínez
music	Eric GuthrieChris KnudsonÁlvaro RodriguezCecilio RodriguezMark Trujillo
cinematography	Robert Rodriguez
editing	Robert Rodriguez
studio	Los Hooligans Productions
distributor	Columbia Pictures
released
runtime	81 minutes
country
language	Spanish
budget	$7,000
gross	$2,040,920
followed by	''Desperado'' }}

''El Mariachi'' is a 1992 Spanish-American action film that is the debut of writer/director Robert Rodriguez. The Spanish language film was shot in the northern Mexican bordertown of Ciudad Acuña with a mainly amateur cast. The US$7,000 production was originally intended for the Mexican home video market, but executives at Columbia Pictures liked the film so much that they bought the American distribution rights. Columbia eventually spent several times more than the 16 mm film's original budget on 35 mm transfers, promotion, marketing and distribution.

The success of Rodriguez's directorial debut led him to create two further entries, ''Desperado'' (1995) and ''Once Upon a Time in Mexico'' (2003), in what came to be known as the ''Mariachi Trilogy''.

Plot

In a small Mexican town, a ruthless criminal, nicknamed Azul (Reinol Martínez), breaks out of jail and vows revenge on the local drug lord, Moco (Peter Marquardt), who put him there in the first place, by using a guitar case which carries a small arsenal of guns. At the same time, a young mariachi (Carlos Gallardo) arrives in the town looking for work, carrying his guitar case with his signature guitar. From the confines of his heavily guarded villa on the outskirts of town, Moco sends a large group of hitmen to kill Azul, but because both men are dressed in black and carrying guitar cases, the hitmen mistake the mariachi for the criminal. Only Moco knows what Azul looks like. The mariachi kills four of Moco's men in self-defense. As the mariachi seeks refuge in a bar owned by a woman named Dominó (Consuelo Gómez), he falls in love with her. Unfortunately, her bar is financed by Moco.

When Azul visits the bar for a beer and information about Moco, he accidentally leaves with the mariachi's guitar case. Moco's thugs capture Azul on the street but let him go when they learn that the case he is carrying contains only a guitar. A short time later, the mariachi is captured and taken to Moco, who identifies him as the wrong man and sets him free.

Meanwhile, Azul, who has no directions to Moco's home, takes Dominó with him and orders her to take him to Moco's, or Moco will kill the mariachi. Dominó agrees in order to save the mariachi's life. When they arrive at Moco's gated compound, Azul pretends to take Dominó hostage in order to gain entry. Moco soon realizes that Dominó has fallen for the mariachi and, in a rage, shoots both her and Azul. Suddenly, the mariachi arrives to find the woman he loves gunned down. Moco then shoots the mariachi's left hand, rendering him useless as a guitar player. However, overcome with grief and rage, the mariachi picks up Azul's gun and kills Moco, taking revenge for Dominó's death. Moco's surviving henchmen, seeing their leader dead, walk off and leave Moco's body and the wounded mariachi behind.

In the final scene, the mariachi leaves the town on Dominó's motorbike, taking her dog and her letter-opener to remember her by. His dreams to become a mariachi have been shattered, and his only protection for his future are the weapons of Azul, which he took along in the guitar case.

Cast

Actor !! Role
Carlos Gallardo (actor)	Carlos Gallardo	El Mariachi
Consuelo Gómez	Dominó
Peter Marquardt	Moco
Reinol Martínez	Azul
Jaime de Hoyos	Bigotón
Ramiro Gómez	Waiter
Jesús López Viejo	Clerk
Luis Baro	Dominó's Assistant
Óscar Fabila	The Boy

Production

The film was shot in numerous locations in Acuña, Coahuila. Rodriguez had a $7,000 budget, almost half of which he raised by participating in experimental clinical drug testing while living in Austin. The opening scenes feature a shootout in a jail. It was the local Acuña jail situated on the outskirts of the town. Also, both the female warden and the male guard were both the real-life warden and guard; Rodriguez thought it convenient because it saved him the cost of hiring actors and renting clothing. The intro bar scene was shot inside the Corona Club, and exterior street scenes were shot on Hidalgo Street. The shoot out was filmed outside at "Boy's Town" the local red-light district.

Not everyone in Acuña was pleased at first: local journalists Ramiro Gómez and Jesús López Viejo were especially critical of the filming, and to win them over, Rodriguez gave them small parts in the film. Due to the high body count of the film (i.e. people whose characters had been shot could obviously not return), Rodriguez increasingly had difficulties finding adult men to play thugs; for that reason, when the Mariachi meets Moco's gang in the end scene, the gang consists mainly of teenagers.

On the ''El Mariachi'' DVD, Rodriguez devotes both a DVD commentary and an "Extras" section to explaining the tricks of filming a feature-length movie with just $7,000. Rodriguez heavily stresses the need for cost cutting, "because if you start to spend, you cannot stop anymore." This is why he cut costs at every possible opportunity, such as not using a slate (instead, the actors signaled the number of scene and number of take with their fingers), not using a dolly (he held the camera while being pushed around in a wheelchair), not using professional lighting (essentially using two 200-watt clip-on desk lamps) and not hiring a film crew (the actors not used in the scenes helped out). Also, Rodriguez believed in filming scenes sequentially in one long take with just one camera: every few seconds, he froze the action, so he could change the camera angle and make the audience believe he had a couple of cameras at the same time. Also, bloopers were kept in to save film: noted by Rodriguez were scenes when the Mariachi jumps on a bus, where Rodriguez is visible; the Mariachi bumping his weapon into a street pole; him failing to throw his guitar case on a balcony and Dominó twitching her face when she is already dead. In the end, he used only 24 rolls of film and only spent $7,225 of the $9,000 he had planned.

Rodriguez also gave insight into his low budget approach to simulate machine gun fire. The problem was that when using real guns, as opposed to the specially designed blank firing firearms used in most films, the blanks would jam the weapon after being fired once. To solve this, Rodriguez filmed the firing of one blank from different angles, dubbed canned machine gun sounds over it, and had the actors drop bullet shells to the ground to make it look like as if multiple rounds had been shot. In addition, he occasionally used water guns instead of real guns to save money. Rodriguez also describes that the squibs they used in shootout scenes were simply condoms filled with fake blood fixed over weightlifting belts.

Rodriguez also noted the use of improvisation. The tortoise which crawls in front of the Mariachi was not planned, but was kept as a good idea. Similarly, there is a scene in which the Mariachi buys a coconut, but Rodriguez forgot to show him paying for the fruit; instead of driving back to the place to shoot additional scenes, Rodriguez decided to build in a voice-over in which the Mariachi asserts that the coconuts were for free. Improvisation was also useful to cover up continuity mistakes: at the end of the movie, the Mariachi has his left hand shot, but Rodriguez forgot to bring the metal glove to cover up the actor's hand; he solved it by packing his hand with black duct tape.

In the DVD commentary, Rodriguez describes the acting of Peter Marquardt (who portrayed gangster boss ”Moco”). As the language of the film was Spanish, which Marquardt did not master, he had to learn his lines without understanding what he was saying. The running gag, in which Moco lights up his match using the moustache of his henchman Bigotón, was described by Rodriguez as a means to start and end the film: the end scene is a parody of this scene. Also, Marquardt suffered some physical discomfort in the final shooting scene. When Moco is hit in the chest, his blood squib exploded with such force that he ''really'' crumpled to the ground in pain.

Originally, the film was meant to be sold on the Latino video market as funding for another bigger and better project that Rodriguez was contemplating. However, after being rejected from various Latino straight-to-video distributors, Rodriguez decided to send his film (it was in the format of a trailer at the time) to bigger distribution companies where it started to get attention.

Music

For the scene in which the Mariachi delivers a song in front of Dominó, Rodriguez hired a local exterminator. Recording the song with little more than a microphone held next to the musician, Rodriguez pitched the voice to match the voice of Mariachi actor Carlos Gallardo.

Book

The story of the film's production inspired Rodriguez to write the book ''Rebel Without a Crew: Or How a 23-Year-Old Filmmaker With $7,000 Became a Hollywood Player''.

Awards

''El Mariachi'' won multiple international awards, and writer/producer/director Rodriguez went on to gain international fame, being interviewed on such shows as ''Sábado Gigante'', and going on to make more Hollywood-backed films such as ''The Faculty'' and ''Sin City''.

References

;Further reading

External links

Category:1992 films Category:1990s action films Category:1990s crime films Category:1990s drama films Category:1990s thriller films Category:Spanish films Category:Spanish crime films Category:Spanish drama films Category:Spanish thriller films Category:American films Category:American action thriller films Category:American crime drama films Category:American crime thriller films Category:Spanish-language films Category:Films directed by Robert Rodriguez Category:Directorial debut films Category:Fictional Mexican people Category:Gangster films Category:Independent films Category:Films set in Mexico Category:Films shot in Mexico Category:Neo-Western films Category:Sundance Film Festival award winners Category:Columbia Pictures films

de:El Mariachi es:El mariachi fr:El Mariachi hr:El Mariachi it:El Mariachi, suonatore di chitarra he:אל מריאצ'י hu:El Mariachi – A zenész nl:El Mariachi ja:エル・マリアッチ pl:El Mariachi pt:El Mariachi ru:Музыкант (фильм) fi:El Mariachi sv:El Mariachi tr:Gitarım ve Silahım

Avi Ostrowsky is a music director originally from Israel. He studied with Gary Bertini and Mordechai Seter in the Rubin Academy of Tel Aviv. He then studied with Hans Swarowsky in the Music Academy of Vienna and with Franco Ferrara in Italy. While studying in Vienna his talent was rapidly recognized by his teachers which permitted him to coast through the three year programme in only two years. In 1968 he won the first prize in the Nikolai Malko contest in Copenhagen. That same year he became artistic director of the Haifa Symphony Orchestra, position which he held until 1972. In 1970 he established the Israel Kibbutz Orchestra, which he directed until 1974 and again from 1998 to 2003. In 1973 he founded the Beer Sheva Sinfonietta and directed it until 1978 when he was named director of the Antwerp Philharmonic Orchestra, position which he held until 1984. Form 1989 to 1993 he led the Radio Norway Symphonica. Since then he has been invited to conduct many orchestras around the world. London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC Philharmonic, UNAM Philharmonic Orchestra, Amsterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, South African National Youth Orchestra and Hungarian National Philharmonic Orchestra (Philharmonica Hungarica) are among the ones interested in his working with them. He toured Australia with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He has recorded Stravinsky's ''Le sacre du printemps'' and ''Petrushka'' as well as the Mahler and Schubert symphonies and Berlioz's "Symphonie fantastique", among others. He currently lives near Tel-Aviv and occasionally resides in Brussels. He often travels to Mexico City where he is frequently invited to conduct the OFUNAM.

References

''a Biography''

Ortowsky, Avi Category:Alumni of the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna Category:Living people

he:אבי אוסטרובסקי ru:Островский, Ави