• 
  Ambrose
  :St. Ambrose redirects here. For the university, see Saint Ambrose University. For other uses, see Ambrose (disambiguation)
  http://wn.com/Ambrose
• Benedict XIV
  http://wn.com/Benedict_XIV
• 
  Bernard of Clairvaux
  Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (1090 – August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order.
  http://wn.com/Bernard_of_Clairvaux
• Biblical magi
  http://wn.com/Biblical_magi
• Charlemagne
  Charlemagne (; , meaning Charles the Great; possibly 74228 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France, Germany (where he is known as Karl der Große), and the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne wished to expand his kingdom by "the sword and the cross". He wished to see his kingdom grow, but he also wanted Christianity to be taught in all the kingdoms he conquered as well. Charlemagne was a Catholic and a strong believer in his faith.
  http://wn.com/Charlemagne
• 
  Charles Dickens
  Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was the most popular British novelist of the Victorian era, and he remains popular, responsible for some of English literature's most iconic characters.
  http://wn.com/Charles_Dickens
• 
  Charles I of England
  Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was the second son of James VI of Scots and I of England. He was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.
  http://wn.com/Charles_I_of_England
• 
  Clement Clarke Moore
  Clement Clarke Moore (July 15, 1779 – July 10, 1863) claimed to be the author of "A Visit from St. Nicholas".
  http://wn.com/Clement_Clarke_Moore
• 
  Cyprian
  :This page is about Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. For other Cyprians, see Cyprian (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Cyprian
• 
  Ebenezer Scrooge
  Ebenezer Scrooge is the principal character in Charles Dickens' 1843 novel, A Christmas Carol. At the beginning of the novel, Scrooge is a cold-hearted, tight-fisted and greedy man, who despises Christmas and all things which engender happiness. Dickens describes him thus: "The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue, and he spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice ..." His last name has come into the English language as a byword for miserliness and misanthropy, traits displayed by Scrooge in the exaggerated manner for which Dickens is well-known. The tale of his redemption by the three Ghosts of Christmas (Ghost of Christmas Past, Ghost of Christmas Present, and Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come) has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday. Scrooge's catchphrase, "Bah, humbug!" is often used to express disgust with many of the modern Christmas traditions.
  http://wn.com/Ebenezer_Scrooge
• 
  Edmund the Martyr
  Edmund the Martyr (died 20 November 869) was a king of East Anglia who was venerated as a martyr saint soon after his death at the hands of Danish Vikings. Contemporary evidence for his life and death is largely confined to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and his coinage. In the late 10th century, Abbo of Fleury was commissioned to write a life of the saint, which was translated into Old English by Ælfric of Eynsham. According to Abbo, Edmund was captured and tortured by the Great Heathen Army and died the death of a martyr.
  http://wn.com/Edmund_the_Martyr
• 
  Felix Mendelssohn
  Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 18094 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.
  http://wn.com/Felix_Mendelssohn
• Francis of Asissi
  http://wn.com/Francis_of_Asissi
• George III
  http://wn.com/George_III
• 
  George Washington
  George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)
  http://wn.com/George_Washington
• German American
  German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
  http://wn.com/German_American
• 
  Gregory of Nazianzus
  Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 329 – January 25 389 or 390) (also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen) was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople. He is widely considered the most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic age. As a classically trained speaker and philosopher he infused Hellenism into the early church, establishing the paradigm of Byzantine theologians and church officials.
  http://wn.com/Gregory_of_Nazianzus
• 
  Hong Kong
  Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
  http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
• 
  Isaac Newton
  Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 ) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most influential people in human history. His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
  http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton
• 
  James I of England
  James VI & I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567. On 24 March 1603, he also became King of England and Ireland as James I when he inherited the English crown and thereby united the Crowns of the Kingdoms of Scotland and England (each country remained legally separate though both ruled by James). James VI & I continued to hold both crowns until his death in 1625, but based himself in England (the larger of the two realms) from 1603.
  http://wn.com/James_I_of_England
• 
  Jesus
  Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE),
  http://wn.com/Jesus
• 
  John Audelay
  John Audelay or Awdelay (? – c.1426) was a priest and poet from Haughmond Abbey in Shropshire; he is one of the few English poets of the period whose name is known to us. Some of the first Christmas carols recorded in English appear among his works.
  http://wn.com/John_Audelay
• 
  John Chrysostom
  John Chrysostom (c. 349–407, ), Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities. After his death (or, according to some sources, during his life) he was given the Greek surname chrysostomos, meaning "golden mouthed", rendered in English as Chrysostom.
  http://wn.com/John_Chrysostom
• 
  Louis Duchesne
  Louis Marie Olivier Duchesne (13 September 1843 – 21 April 1922) was a French priest, philologist, teacher and a critical historian of Christianity and Roman Catholic liturgy and institutions.
  http://wn.com/Louis_Duchesne
• 
  Louis Prang
  Louis Prang (March 12, 1824 - September 14, 1909) was an American printer, lithographer and publisher.
  http://wn.com/Louis_Prang
• Macao
  http://wn.com/Macao
• 
  Maltese people
  The Maltese () are an ethnic group associated with the Southern European nation of Malta, and with the Maltese language. Malta is an island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Included within the ethnic group defined by the Maltese people are the Gozitans () who inhabit Malta's sister island, Gozo.
  http://wn.com/Maltese_people
• 
  Martin Luther
  Martin Luther (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. Strongly disputing the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money, he confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.
  http://wn.com/Martin_Luther
• Origen of Alexandria
  http://wn.com/Origen_of_Alexandria
• 
  Papist
  Papist is a term, usually disparaging or an anti-Catholic slur, referring to the Catholic Church, its teaching, practices or adherents. It was coined during the English Reformation to denote a Christian whose loyalties were to the Pope, rather than to the Church of England. Over time, however, it came to mean one who supported Papal authority over all Christians and thus became a popular term, especially among Anglicans and Presbyterians. The word, dating from 1534, derives via Middle French from Latin papa, meaning "Pope".
  http://wn.com/Papist
• 
  Pliny the Elder
  Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
  http://wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder
• Prudentius
  Aurelius Prudentius Clemens was a Roman Christian poet, born in the Roman province of Tarraconensis (now Northern Spain) in 348. He probably died in Spain, as well, some time after 405, possibly around 413. The place of his birth is uncertain, but it may have been Caesaraugusta Saragossa, Tarraco Tarragona, or Calagurris Calahorra.
  http://wn.com/Prudentius
• 
  Puritan
  The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms: historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of . T. D. Bozeman therefore uses instead the term precisianist in regard to the historical groups of England and New England.
  http://wn.com/Puritan
• Puritans
  http://wn.com/Puritans
• Queen Charlotte
  #REDIRECTCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  http://wn.com/Queen_Charlotte
• 
  Queen Victoria
  Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India of the British Raj from 1 May 1876, until her death. At 63 years and 7 months, her reign as the Queen lasted longer than that of any other British monarch, and is the longest of any female monarch in history. Her reign is known as the Victorian era, and was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress within the United Kingdom.
  http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria
• Ronald Hutton
  Ronald Hutton (born 1954) is a British historian, working as a Professor of the subject at the University of Bristol, and sometimes appears in this capacity on British television and radio. He is also the author of a number of eleven books upon his specialist subjects; Britain in the 17th century, the history of the Neopagan movement and historical British paganism and folklore. He holds a fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford and is also a Commissioner of English Heritage. Hutton's first published work, a biography of Charles II, was released in 1989, and was followed by a work on the British Republic. During the 1990s he published four books, one of which examined ancient British paganism, two of which dealt with later folklore and the fourth of which looked at the later Neopagan religion of Wicca.
  http://wn.com/Ronald_Hutton
• 
  Saint Joseph
  Saint Joseph (Hebrew יוֹסֵף, "Yosef"; ), often clarified as Saint Joseph the Carpenter, is an important figure in Christian belief, the husband of Mary, mother of Jesus. According to Christian tradition he was not the biological father of Jesus, but acted as his foster-father and as head of the Holy Family. According to Christian tradition, Jesus was referred to as the son of Joseph during his public life, though in Mark he is referred to as Mary's son (Mark 6:3). Joseph is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran churches.
  http://wn.com/Saint_Joseph
• 
  Saint Nicholas
  Saint Nicholas (, Agios ["holy"] Nikolaos ["victory of the people"]) (270 – 6 December 346) is the canonical and most popular name for Nikolaos of Myra, a saint and Greek Bishop of Myra (Demre, in Lycia, part of modern-day Turkey). Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker (in Greek: thaumaturgos). He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, and thus became the model for Santa Claus, whose English name comes from the Dutch Sinterklaas. His reputation evolved among the faithful, as is common for early Christian saints. In 1087, his relics were furtively translated to Bari, in southeastern Italy; for this reason, he is also known as Nikolaos of Bari.
  http://wn.com/Saint_Nicholas
• Sir Edmund Andros
  http://wn.com/Sir_Edmund_Andros
• Sir Henry Cole
  http://wn.com/Sir_Henry_Cole
• St. Martin of Tours
  http://wn.com/St_Martin_of_Tours
• St. Nicholas
  http://wn.com/St_Nicholas
• 
  Tertullian
  Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian (ca. 160 – ca. 220 A.D.), was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity".
  http://wn.com/Tertullian
• 
  Thomas Nast
  Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon."
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Nast
• three kings
  http://wn.com/three_kings
• 
  Ulysses S. Grant
  Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) as well as military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. Under Grant's command, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and ended the Confederate States of America. Grant began his lifelong career as a soldier after graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1843. Fighting in the Mexican American War, he was a close observer of the techniques of Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. He resigned from the Army in 1854, then struggled to make a living in St. Louis. After many financial setbacks, he finally moved to Galena, Illinois where he worked as a clerk in his father's tannery shop, making Galena his permanent legal home.
  http://wn.com/Ulysses_S_Grant
• 
  Valens
  :This article is about the Roman Emperor. For other people called Valens, see Valens
  http://wn.com/Valens
• Virgin Mary
  http://wn.com/Virgin_Mary
• 
  Washington Irving
  Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving also served as the U.S. minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846.
  http://wn.com/Washington_Irving
• William B. Sandys
  William B. Sandys (1792 – 18 February 1874) (pronounced "Sands"), was an English solicitor, member of the Percy Society, fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and remembered for his publication Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern (London, Richard Beckley, 1833), a collection of seasonal carols that Sandys had gathered and also apparently improvised. Sandys' book marked the first appearances of many now-classic English carols, including "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen", and "The First Noel", and contributed to the mid-Victorian revival of the holiday. Sandys presented his collections in three parts. The first part "Containing Ancient Carols and Christmas Songs, From the Early Part of the Fifteenth to The End of the Seventeenth Century" contains examples in Middle English and Early Modern English.
  http://wn.com/William_B_Sandys
• William I of England
  http://wn.com/William_I_of_England

• 
  Algeria
  Algeria (Arabic: , al-Jazā’ir, Berber: Dzayer, French: Algérie), officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria'''), is a country in North Africa. In terms of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.
  http://wn.com/Algeria
• 
  Antioch
  Antioch on the Orontes (; ; ; Arabic:انطاکیه, Antakya; also Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch) was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.
  http://wn.com/Antioch
• 
  Battle of Adrianople
  The Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern. The battle took place about 8 miles or 13 kilometers north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia and ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Adrianople
• 
  Battle of Trenton
  The Battle of Trenton took place on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse weather made it possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Trenton
• Bethlehem
  Bethlehem (, , lit "House of Meat"; , Beth Leḥem or Modern Hebrew Beyt Leḥem, lit "House of Bread;" Bethleém) is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank, approximately south of Jerusalem, with a population of about 30,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the Palestinian National Authority and a hub of Palestinian culture and tourism. The Hebrew Bible identifies Beit Lehem as the city David was from and the location where he was crowned as the king of Israel. The New Testament Gospels of Matthew and Luke identify Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth. The town is inhabited by one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, though the size of the community has shrunk due to emigration.
  http://wn.com/Bethlehem
• 
  Boston
  Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
  http://wn.com/Boston
• 
  Brazil
  Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
  http://wn.com/Brazil
• 
  Canterbury
  Canterbury ( or ) is an English city which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
  http://wn.com/Canterbury
• 
  Colombia
  Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
  http://wn.com/Colombia
• 
  Constantinople
  Constantinople (, , Turkish: Istanbul) was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
  http://wn.com/Constantinople
• 
  Dundee
  Dundee () (from the ) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland; fully named as Dundee City, it is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. It lies on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea.
  http://wn.com/Dundee
• 
  England
  England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
  http://wn.com/England
• 
  France
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/France
• 
  Harvard University
  Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
  http://wn.com/Harvard_University
• 
  Hong Kong
  Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
  http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
• 
  Illinois
  Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
  http://wn.com/Illinois
• 
  Iran
  Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
  http://wn.com/Iran
• 
  Japan
  Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
  http://wn.com/Japan
• 
  Liechtenstein
  The Principality of Liechtenstein ( ; , ) is a doubly landlocked alpine microstate in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 km² (about 61.7 square miles), and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz; the biggest town is Schaan. Liechtenstein has the highest gross domestic product per person in the world according to the CIA World Factbook.
  http://wn.com/Liechtenstein
• Macao
  http://wn.com/Macao
• 
  Metz
  Metz (; ) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. It is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. The residents of the city are called Messin(e)(s).
  http://wn.com/Metz
• 
  Mexico
  Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
  http://wn.com/Mexico
• 
  Montenegro
  Montenegro ( or ; Montenegrin: Crna Gora, Црна Гора, , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
  http://wn.com/Montenegro
• 
  North Korea
  North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
  http://wn.com/North_Korea
• NY
  http://wn.com/NY
• 
  Philadelphia
  Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
  http://wn.com/Philadelphia
• 
  Rome
  Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
  http://wn.com/Rome
• 
  Saudi Arabia
  The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
  http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia
• 
  Scotland
  Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
  http://wn.com/Scotland
• Shropshire
  Shropshire ( or ; alternatively Salop; abbreviated, in print only, Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Wales to the west. Shropshire is one of England's most rural and sparsely populated counties with a population density of 91/km2 (337/sq mi). The shire county and its districts were replaced by a unitary authority on 1 April 2009. The borough of Telford and Wrekin, included in Shropshire for ceremonial purposes, has been a unitary authority since 1998.
  http://wn.com/Shropshire
• 
  Slovakia
  The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakia ; Slovak:, long form ) is a state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is a landlocked country bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
  http://wn.com/Slovakia
• 
  Thailand
  Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
  http://wn.com/Thailand
• 
  Turkey
  Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
  http://wn.com/Turkey
• 
  United Kingdom
  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
  http://wn.com/United_Kingdom
• 
  Venezuela
  Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
  http://wn.com/Venezuela
• 
  Virginia
  The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
  http://wn.com/Virginia

• 311
• A Christmas Carol
• Adeste Fidelis
• Advent
• advertising
• African Rite
• Algeria
• amaryllis
• Ambrose
• American Revolution
• Ancient Rome
• angel
• angels
• Annunciation
• Antioch
• Arianism
• Arnobius
• Aston Hall
• baptism of Jesus
• Baptism of the Lord
• Basil of Caesarea
• Battle of Adrianople
• Battle of Trenton
• bay leaves
• Bell (instrument)
• Benedict XIV
• Bernard of Clairvaux
• Bethlehem
• Bible
• Bible verse
• Biblical magi
• bishop
• Black Peter
• Boston
• Brazil
• Buffalo Law Journal
• bûche de Noël
• Calendar of saints
• candles
• candy canes
• Canonical gospels
• Canterbury
• carols
• Catholic Church
• Catholicism
• censorship
• Charlemagne
• Charles Dickens
• Charles I of England
• Charles Wesley
• Christ
• Christian
• Christian Church
• Christian symbols
• Christianity
• Christianity Today
• Christians
• Christkind
• Christkindl
• Christmas cactus
• Christmas card
• Christmas carol
• Christmas decoration
• Christmas dinner
• Christmas Eve
• Christmas lights
• Christmas music
• Christmas ornaments
• Christmas pudding
• Christmas seal
• Christmas stocking
• Christmas Sunday
• Christmas tradition
• Christmas tree
• Christmas village
• Christmas worldwide
• Christmastide
• Chronography of 354
• Chronology of Jesus
• Church of Scotland
• church service
• Clement Clarke Moore
• Colombia
• Colonial America
• commemorative stamp
• commercialism
• Constantinople
• crinoline
• Crown of Thorns
• Cyprian
• Day of Atonement
• deadweight loss
• December 25
• Deck the Halls
• Ded Moroz
• Donatist
• dove
• drunkenness
• Dundee
• Dutch language
• E-card
• Early Middle Ages
• Eastern Christianity
• Eastern Orthodox
• Ebenezer Scrooge
• economist
• Edmund the Martyr
• elf
• England
• England and Wales
• English Civil War
• English Interregnum
• English language
• English Restoration
• Epiphany (Christian)
• Epiphany (holiday)
• evergreen
• fantasy
• Father Christmas
• Federal holiday
• Felix Mendelssohn
• Film studio
• France
• Francis of Asissi
• frankincense
• fruit cake
• garland
• Garland (decoration)
• George III
• George Washington
• German American
• German language
• Germanic paganism
• gift
• Gift economy
• gift-giving
• Godey's Lady's Book
• gold
• gold (color)
• Good King Wenceslas
• Gospel of Luke
• Gospel of Matthew
• Great Awakening
• green
• Gregorian calendar
• Gregory of Nazianzus
• Halloween
• Harvard University
• Hebrew calendar
• heirloom
• Hessian (soldiers)
• High Middle Ages
• History Channel
• History Today
• holiday
• Holiday greetings
• holly
• Holy Spirit
• Holy Trinity
• Hong Kong
• Hudson Valley
• Humbug
• I Saw Three Ships
• icon
• iconography
• Illinois
• Imbuljuta tal-Qastan
• Iran
• Isaac Newton
• ivy
• James I of England
• Japan
• Jesus
• Ježíšek
• Jingle Bells
• John Audelay
• John Chrysostom
• Joulupukki
• Julian calendar
• Kingdom of Hanover
• Knecht Ruprecht
• Koleda
• La Befana
• Latin American
• Liechtenstein
• Lititz
• Little Christmas
• Llewellyn Worldwide
• Louis Duchesne
• Louis Prang
• Lynch vs. Donnelly
• Macao
• magnate
• Maltese people
• manger
• Martin Luther
• marzipan
• Mass (liturgy)
• medieval
• Merriam-Webster
• Metz
• Mexico
• microeconomic theory
• Middle Ages
• Middle English
• Midnight Mass
• Midwinter
• Midwinter Christmas
• mince pie
• miser
• mistletoe
• Montenegro
• Moravian Church
• Mrs. Claus
• myrrh
• Nativity Fast
• Nativity of Jesus
• nativity scene
• Nepal
• New Amsterdam
• New England
• New Testament
• New Year's Day
• New York City
• Noel
• Norse paganism
• North Korea
• Northern Europe
• NY
• Old English language
• Old Testament
• Oriental Orthodox
• Origen of Alexandria
• pagan
• panettone
• Papist
• parade
• Pashons
• Peace
• Pennsylvania German
• Personent hodie
• Philadelphia
• philately
• Pliny the Elder
• poinsettia
• popish
• postage stamps
• potica
• pre-Christian
• Presbyterianism
• presents
• Project Gutenberg
• Prudentius
• public
• Puritan
• Puritans
• Père Noël
• Queen Charlotte
• Queen Victoria
• Quercus ilex
• red
• Religion
• religious
• retail
• Rockefeller Center
• Roman calendar
• Rome
• Ronald Hutton
• rose
• Roundhead
• Royal Mail
• Saint Anselm College
• Saint Joseph
• Saint Nicholas
• Santa Claus
• Saturnalia
• Saudi Arabia
• Scotland
• Sectarianism
• secular
• secularity
• semi-postal
• Short story
• Shropshire
• Sicily
• Silent Night
• silver (color)
• sin
• Sinterklaas
• Sir Edmund Andros
• Sir Henry Cole
• Sled
• Slovakia
• snowmen
• South Tyrol
• Southern Cross
• spring equinox
• St. Martin of Tours
• St. Nicholas
• stanza
• Star of Bethlehem
• stollen
• Tertullian
• Thailand
• The Beast (Bible)
• The First Noel
• The Guardian
• Theology Today
• Thomas Nast
• three kings
• tree worship
• Tudor period
• Turkey
• Twelve Holy Days
• U.S. Census Bureau
• U.S. Supreme Court
• Ulysses S. Grant
• United Kingdom
• US Postal Service
• USA Today
• Valens
• Venezuela
• Victorian Britain
• Virgin Mary
• Virginia
• Waffle_day
• Washington Irving
• Wassailing
• Weihnachtsmann
• Western Christianity
• White (color)
• white elephant
• William B. Sandys
• William I of England
• winter solstice
• Winterval
• wreath
• wreaths
• Yule
• Yule log
• Yuletide
• zodiac
• Zondervan

Robbins, Christmas Filmography

• The Demon Lover (1977)