1945

__NOTOC__ Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

Below, events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.

January

: The Soviet Union liberates Auschwitz.]]

January – American troops cross the Siegfried Line into Belgium.

January 5 – Australia recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland.

January 7 – British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference at Zonhoven describing his supporting role at the Battle of the Bulge.

January 12 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula-Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe against the Nazis.

January 17 – WWII: A Soviet patrol arrests Raoul Wallenberg in Hungary.

January 20

* WWII: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw.

* The Holocaust: The evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp begins.

January 22 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated to an unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States. No president before, or since, has ever reached a third term in office.

January 23 – Hungary drops out of WWII, agreeing to an armistice with the Allies.

January 26 – WWII: Infantry action at Holtzwihr, France, for which Audie Murphy is awarded the Medal of Honor.

January 27 – The Holocaust: The Red Army liberates the Auschwitz and Birkenau death camps.

January 28 – WWII: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened Burma Road.

January 30

* The Wilhelm Gustloff, with over 10,000 mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen (Gdynia) in the Gdansk Bay, is sunk by three torpedoes from the Soviet submarine S-13 in the Baltic Sea; up to 9,400 are thought to have died – the greatest loss of life in a single ship sinking in war action in history..

* Raid at Cabanatuan: 121 American soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American POWs from the Japanese-held camp at Cabanatuan City, Philippines.

January 31 – Eddie Slovik is executed by firing squad for desertion, the first American soldier since the American Civil War, and last to date to be executed for this offense.

February

, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, February 2, 1945.]] , U.S. Marines land on the island, February 19, 1945.]]

February 2 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill leave to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference.

February 3 – WWII:

* Battle of Manila: United States forces capture Manila from the Japanese Imperial Army.

* The Soviet Union agrees to enter the Pacific War against Japan once hostilities against Germany are concluded.

February 4–February 11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.

February 6 – French writer Robert Brasillach is executed for collaboration with the Germans.

February 7 – WWII: General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila.

February 9

* Walter Ulbricht becomes leader of the German Communists in Moscow.

* WWII: "Black Friday": A force of Allied Bristol Beaufighter aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful attack on German destroyer Z33 and escorting vessels sheltering in Førde Fjord, Norway.

February 10 – WWII: The SS General von Steuben is sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13.

February 13 – WWII:

* Soviet forces capture Budapest, Hungary from the Nazis.

* Royal Air Force bombing of Dresden, Germany.

February 14 – Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru join the United Nations.

February 16 – WWII:

* American and Filipino ground forces land on Corregidor Island in the Philippines.

* Combined American and Filipino forces recapture the Bataan Peninsula.

February 19–February 20 – 980 Japanese soldiers die as a result of a killing spree by long saltwater crocodiles in Ramree, Burma.

February 19 – WWII – Battle of Iwo Jima: About 30,000 United States Marines land on Iwo Jima.

February 21 – The last V-2-rocket is launched from Peenemünde.

February 23 – WWII:

* Battle of Iwo Jima: A group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima (taken by Joe Rosenthal), later wins a Pulitzer Prize.

* The 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, freed the captives of the Los Baños internment camp.

* The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined American and Filipino ground troops.

* American and Filipino troops enter Intramuros, Manila.

* The German garrison in Poznań capitulates to Red Army and Polish troops.

* Turkey joins the war on the allies side.

February 24 – The Egyptian Premier Ahmad Mahir Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.

February 28 – In Bucharest, a violent demonstration takes place, during which the bolşevic group opens fire on the army and protesters. In response, Andrei Y. Vishinsky, USSR vice commissioner of foreign affairs and president of the Allied Control Commission for Romania, travels to Bucharest to compel Nicolae Rădescu to resign as premier.

March

dies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp of typhus]]

March – Anne Frank, dies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Lower Saxony, Germany, of typhus.

March 1 – Franklin D. Roosevelt gives what will be his last address to a joint session of Congress, reporting on the Yalta Conference.

March 2 – Former U.S. Vice-President Henry A. Wallace starts his term of office as U.S. Secretary of Commerce, serving under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

March 2 – The Bachem Ba 349 Natter is launched from Stetten am kalten Markt. The Natter is the first manned rocket, developed as anti-aircraft weapon. The launch fails and the pilot dies.

March 3 – WWII:

* Previously neutral Finland declares war on the Axis powers.

* United States and Filipino troops take Manila, Philippines.

A possible experimental atomic test blast occurs at the Nazis' Ohrdruf military testing area.

March 4 – In the United Kingdom, The Princess Elizabeth, later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the British Army's Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as a truck driver/mechanic.

March 4 – Football club FC Red Star (in Serbian: FK Crvena Zvezda) formed in Belgrade, Yougoslavia.

March 6 – A Communist-led government is formed in Romania under Petru Groza following Soviet intervention.

March 7 – WWII: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.

March 8 – Josip Broz Tito forms a government in Yugoslavia.

March 9 – Film Les Enfants du Paradis premieres in Paris.

March 9–March 10 – WWII: American B-29 bombers attack Japan with incendiary bombs; Tokyo is fire-bombed, killing 100,000 citizens.

March 15 – The 17th Academy Awards ceremony is held, broadcast via radio for the first time. Best Picture goes to Going My Way.

March 16 – WWII: The Battle of Iwo Jima unofficially ends, with small pockets of guerrilla resistance persisting past the official conclusion of the battle.

March 17 – WWII: Kobe, Japan is fire-bombed by 331 B-29 bombers, killing over 8,000 people.

March 18 – WWII: 1,250 American bombers attack Berlin.

March 19 – WWII:

* Adolf Hitler orders that all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.

* Off the coast of Japan, bombers hit the aircraft carrier USS Franklin, killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship.

March 21 – WWII: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma.

March 22 – The Arab League is formed with the adoption of a charter in Cairo, Egypt.

March 24

* WWII – Operation Varsity: Two airborne divisions capture bridges across the Rhine River to aid the Allied advance.

* Sylvester the cat, a cartoon character, debuts in Life with Feathers

March 26 – WWII: The Battle of Iwo Jima officially ends, with the mopping up of the remaining areas of Japansese resistance.

March 29 – The "Clash of Titans": George Mikan and Bob Kurland duel at Madison Square Garden. OSU defeats DePaul 52–44.

March 30 – WWII:

* Soviet Union forces invade Austria and take Vienna.

* Alger Hiss congratulated in Moscow for his part in bringing positions of Western powers and the USSR closer to each other at the Yalta Conference.

April

explodes after persistent attacks from U.S. aircraft during the Battle of Okinawa, 7 April 1945.]] , along with his wife Eva Braun, committed suicide on 30 April 1945.]]

April 1 – WWII – Battle of Okinawa: United States troops land on Okinawa.

April 4 – WWII: American troops liberate their first Nazi concentration camp, Ohrdruf death camp in Germany.

April 6 – WWII: Sarajevo is liberated from the Nazi Germany and Nazi Croatia (German puppet state) by the Yugoslav Partisans.

April 7 – WWII:

* The only flight of the German ramming unit known as the Sonderkommando Elbe takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24 B-17s and B-24s of the United States Eighth Air Force.

The Japanese battleship Yamato is sunk north of Okinawa while enroute on a suicide mission.

* Kantarō Suzuki becomes Prime Minister of Japan.

April 9

* WWII: The Battle of Königsberg, in East Prussia, ends.

* Abwehr conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster and Hans Dohanyi are hanged at Flossenberg concentration camp, along with pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

April 10 – WWII:

* The Allied Forces liberate the Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.

* Visoko is liberated by the 7th, 9th and 17th Krajina Brigades from the Tenth Division of Yugoslav Partisan forces.

April 12 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) dies suddenly at Warm Springs, Georgia; Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd President, serving until 1953.

April 15 – The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated.

April 16 – WWII: The Goya is sunk by the Soviet submarine L-3.

April 17 – Brazilian forces liberate the town of Montese, Italy, from German forces.

April 18 – American war correspondent Ernie Pyle is killed by Japanese machine gun fire on the island of Ie Shima off Okinawa.

April 19 – Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel, a musical play based on Ferenc Molnár's Liliom, opens on Broadway and becomes their second long-running stage classic.

April 22 – Heinrich Himmler, through Count Bernadotte, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies, but not the Soviet Union.

April 24 – Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historical Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.

April 25

* Founding negotiations for the United Nations begin in San Francisco.

* WWII – Elbe Day: United States and Soviet troops link up at the Elbe River, cutting Germany in two.

April 26 – Battle of Bautzen (WWII): The last "successful" German panzer-offensive in Bautzen ends with the city recaptured.

April 27

* U.S. Ordinance troops find the coffins of Frederick Wilhelm I, Frederick the Great, Paul von Hindenburg, and his wife.

* The Western Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional on all fronts.

April 28 – Benito Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, are executed by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee the country. Their bodies are then hung by their heels in the public square of Milan.

April 29

* Operation Manna: British Lancaster bombers drop food into the Netherlands to prevent the starvation of the civilian population.

* Brazilian forces liberate the commune of Fornovo di Taro, Italy, from German forces.

* Adolf Hitler marries his long-time mistress Eva Braun in a closed civil ceremony in the Berlin Führerbunker.

April 30 – Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit suicide as the Red Army approaches the Führerbunker in Berlin. Karl Dönitz succeeds Hitler as President of Germany; Joseph Goebbels succeeds Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.

May

May – For all practical purposes the ICPC ceases to exist (recreated on June 3, 1946).

May 1 – WWII:

* Hamburg Radio announces that Hitler has died in battle, "fighting up to his last breath against Bolshevism."

* Joseph Goebbels and his wife commit suicide after killing their six children. Karl Dönitz appoints Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany.

* Troops of the Yugoslav 4th Army, together with the Slovene 9th Corpus NOV, enter Trieste.

* Mass suicide in Demmin.

May 2 – WWII:

The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Soviet soldiers hoist the Red flag over the Reich Chancellery.

* Troops of the New Zealand Army 2nd Division enter Trieste a day after the Yugoslavs; the German Army in Trieste surrenders to the New Zealand Army.

* Lübeck is liberated by the British Army.

May 3 – WWII:

* The prison ships Cap Arcona, Thielbek and Deutschland are sunk by the RAF in Lübeck Bay.

* Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help to start the U.S. space program).

* German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in Tübingen, Germany.

May 4 – WWII:

* The concentration camp Neuengamme near Hamburg is liberated by the British Army.

* The North German army surrenders to Marshal Bernard Montgomery.

Holland is liberated by British and Canadian troops. German forces officially surrender one day later.

Denmark is liberated. German forces officially surrender one day later.

May 5 – WWII:

* Prague rises up against the Nazis.

* Ezra Pound, the poet and author, is arrested by American soldiers in Italy for treason.

* The US 11th Armored Division liberates the prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp, including Simon Wiesenthal.

* Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation.

* Admiral Karl Dönitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.

* A Japanese balloon bomb kills five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell, near Bly, Oregon, when it explodes as they drag it from the woods. They are the only people killed by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII.

May 6 – WWII: Axis Sally delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops (the first was on December 11, 1941).

May 7 – WWII: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document takes effect the next day.

May 8 – WWII:

* V-E Day (Victory in Europe, as Nazi Germany surrenders) commemorates the end of WWII in Europe, with the final surrender being to the Soviets in Berlin, attended by representatives of the Western Powers.

* Canadian troops move into Amsterdam, after German troops surrender.

* The British 8th Army, together with Slovene partisan troops and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in Carinthia and Klagenfurt.

May 8–29 – Sétif massacre: In Algeria, thousands die as French troops and released Italian POWs kill an estimated 6,000 to 40,000 Algerian citizens.

May 9 – WWII:

* The Soviet Union marks V-E Day.

* Hermann Göring is captured by the United States Army.

* The Norwegian resistance movement in Oslo, Norway, arrests the traitor Vidkun Quisling.

* The Red Army enters Prague.

* General Alexander Löhr, Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia, signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.

* The German occupation of the Channel Islands ends with the liberation by British troops.

* Alderney, an annex of the concentration camp Neuengamme, is liberated.

May 12

* Argentinian labour leader José Peter declares the Federación Obrera de la Industria de la Carne dissolved.

* Rev. W. V. Awdry's children's book The Three Railway Engines, first of The Railway Series, is published in England.

May 14–15 – WWII – Battle of Poljana: The last battle of the War in Europe is fought at Poljana near Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia.

May 23 – President of Germany Karl Dönitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.

May 23 – Heinrich Himmler, former head of the Nazi SS, commits suicide in British custody.

May 28 – William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw") is captured. He is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime broadcasts on German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January 1946.

May 29

* German communists, led by Walther Ulbricht, arrive in Berlin.

* Dutch painter Han van Meegeren is arrested for collaboration with the Nazis, but the paintings he had sold to Hermann Göring (Koch) are later found to be his fakes.

May 30 – The Iranian government demands that all Soviet and British troops leave the country.

June

June 1 – The British take over Lebanon and Syria.

June 5 – The Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.

June 6 – King Haakon VII of Norway returns to Norway.

June 11

* William Lyon Mackenzie King is re-elected as Canadian prime minister.

* The Franck Committee recommends against a surprise nuclear bombing of Japan.

June 12 – The Yugoslav Army leaves Trieste, leaving the New Zealand Army in control.

June 21 – WWII: The Battle of Okinawa ends.

June 24 – WWII: A victory parade is held in Red Square in Moscow.

June 25 – Seán T. O'Kelly is elected the second President of Ireland.

June 26 – The United Nations Charter is signed.

June 29 – Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union.

July

: Trinity Test at night in New Mexico.]]

July 1 – WWII: Germany is divided between the Allied occupation forces.

July 5 – WWII: The Philippines are declared liberated.

July 8 – WWII: Harry S. Truman is informed that Japan will talk peace if it can retain the reign of the Emperor.

July 9 – A forest fire breaks out in the Tillamook Burn (the third in that area since 1933).

July 15 – The Scott Morrison Award of Minor Hockey Excellence was first given out to recipient Gordie Howe

July 16 – The Trinity Test, the first of an atomic bomb, using about six kilograms of plutonium, succeeds in unleashing an explosion equivalent to that of 19 kilotons of TNT.

July 16 – WWII: A train collision near Munich, Germany kills 102 war prisoners.

July 17–August 2 – WWII – Potsdam Conference: At Potsdam, the three main Allied leaders hold their final summit of the war.

July 21 – WWII: President Harry S. Truman approves the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.

July 23 – WWII: French marshal Philippe Pétain, who headed the Vichy government during WWII, goes on trial for treason.

July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as the United Kingdom's Prime Minister after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new Prime Minister.

July 26 – The Potsdam Declaration demands Japan's unconditional surrender; Article 12 permitting Japan to retain the reign of the Emperor has been deleted by President Truman.

July 28 – An U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bomber crashes into the Empire State Building, killing 14 people, including all on board.

July 28 – WWII: Japan ambiguously rejects the Potsdam Declaration..

July 29 – The BBC Light Programme radio station is launched, aimed at mainstream light entertainment and music.

July 30 – WWII: The heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the Japanese submarine I-58 in the Philippine Sea. Some 900 survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600 die before help arrives. Captain Charles B. McVay III of the cruiser is later court-martialed and convicted.

August

rising 18 km into the air.]] aboard the USS Missouri.]]

August 6 – WWII: Atomic bombing of Hiroshima: A United States B-29 Superfortress, the Enola Gay, drops an atomic bomb, codenamed "Little Boy", on Hiroshima, Japan, at 8:15 a.m. (local time).

August 7 – President Harry Truman announces the successful bombing of Hiroshima with the atomic bomb, while returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy cruiser in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

August 8

* The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States Senate, and this nation becomes the third one to join the new international organization.

* The Soviet Union declares war on Japan.

August 9 – WWII:

* A United States B-29 Bomber, the Bockscar, drops an atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man", on Nagasaki, Japan, at 11:02 a.m. (local time).

The Soviet Union begins its army offensive against Japan in the northern part of the Japanese-held Chinese region of Manchuria.

August 10 – WWII: Japan offers to surrender to the Allies, "provided this does not prejudice the sovereignty of the Emperor".

August 11 – WWII: The Allies reply to the Japanese surrender offer by saying that Emperor Hirohito will be subject to the authority of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces.

August 13 – The Zionist World Congress approaches the British government to discuss the founding of the country of Israel.

August 14 – WWII: Emperor Hirohito accepts the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.

August 15

* Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization founded as a specialized agency of the United Nations.

* WWII: Emperor Hirohito announces Japan's surrender on the radio. The United States calls this day V-J Day (Victory in Japan). This ends the period of Japanese expansionism and begins the period of Occupied Japan.

* WWII: Korea gains independence following Japan's surrender.

August 17

* Indonesian nationalists Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Soekarno as president. Dutch colonial authorities do not approve.

* The novel Animal Farm by George Orwell is first published by Fredric Warburg in London.

August 19

* Vietnam War: The Viet Minh (led by Ho Chi Minh) take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.

* Chinese Civil War: Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek meet in Chongqing to discuss an end to hostilities between the Communists and the Nationalists.

September

September 2

* Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to Filipino and American forces at Kiangan, Ifugao.

* WWII ends: The final official surrender of Japan is accepted by the Supreme Allied Commander, General Douglas MacArthur, and Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz for the United States, and delegates from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, China, and others from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu, on board the American battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay (but in Japan August 14 is recognized as the day the Pacific War ended).

* Ho Chi Minh promulgates the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, and unity from the north to the south.

September 4 – WWII: Japanese forces surrender on Wake Island after hearing word of their country's surrender.

September 5

* Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese-American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist "Tokyo Rose", is arrested in Yokohama.

* The Russian code clerk Igor Gouzenko comes forward with numerous documents implicating the Soviet Union in numerous spy rings in North America: both in the United States and in Canada.

September 8

* American troops occupy southern Korea, while the Soviet Union occupies the north, with the dividing line being the 38th parallel of latitude. This arrangement proves to be the indirect beginning of a divided Korea.

* Hideki Tōjō, Japanese prime minister during most of WWII, attempts suicide to avoid facing a war crimes tribunal.

September 9 – The first case of a computer bug is found: a moth lodged in a relay of a Harvard Mark II computer at the Naval Weapons Center in Dahlgren, Virginia.

September 11

* Radio Republik Indonesia starts broadcasting.

* The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces.

September 12 – The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in Singapore.

September 18 – Typhoon Makurazaki in Japan kills 3,746 people.

September 20 – Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru demand that all British troops depart India.

October

: The United Nations is formed. This was its flag. The modern version is slightly retouched.]] : Nuremberg trials begin, after Buchenwald closed.]]

October – Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a communications satellite in a Wireless World magazine article.

October 1–October 15 – Operation Backfire: Three A4 rockets are launched near Cuxhaven in order to show Allied forces the rocket with liquid fuel.

October 3–October 10 – The Detroit Tigers win the World Series against the Chicago Cubs, who have not made it to the World Series since.

October 4 – The Partizan Belgrade sports society is founded in Belgrade, Serbia.

October 5 – A strike by the Set Decorator's Union in Hollywood results in a riot.

October 15 – WWII: Pierre Laval, the former premier of Vichy France, is shot to death by a firing squad for treason against France.

October 16 – FAO established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.

October 17 – A massive number of people, headed for CGT, gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina to demand Juan Perón's release. This is known to the Peronists as the Día de la lealtad (Loyalty Day). It is considered the founding day of Peronism.

October 18 – Isaías Medina Angarita, president of Venezuela, is overthrown by a military coup.

October 21 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.

October 23 – Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals.

October 24

* ICJ ("World Court") established by the United Nations Charter.

* The United Nations is founded.

* The Norwegian Nazi leader Vidkun Quisling is shot to death by a firing squad for treason against Norway.

October 27 – Indonesian separatists riot and fight Dutch and British security forces.

October 29

* Getúlio Vargas resigns as the president of Brazil.

* At Gimbels Department Store in New York City, the first ballpoint pens go on sale at $12.50 each.

October 30 – The undivided country of India joins the United Nations. Pakistan is formed and joins later.

November

November 1

* International Labour Organization (ILO) In 1945, the organisation's new constitution came into effective.

* John H. Johnson publishes the first issue of the magazine Ebony.

* Telechron introduces the model 8H59 "Musalarm", the first clock radio.

November 9 – Soo bahk do Moo Duk Kwan is founded.

November 13 – Charles De Gaulle is elected head of a French provisional government

November 15 – Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee, and Mackenzie King call for a U.N. Atomic Energy Commission.

November 16

* Cold War: The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology.

* The motion picture The Lost Weekend, starring Ray Milland, is released. The most realistic film portrayal of alcoholism up to that time, it wins several Oscars in the following year.

November 16

* Yeshiva College is founded.

November 20 – The Nuremberg Trials begin: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals of WWII start at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.

November 28 – An earthquake in Balochistan (Pakistan) causes a tsunami and kills 4,000.

November 29

* The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is declared (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). Marshal Tito is named president.

Assembly of the world's first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), is completed. It covers of floor space. The first set of calculations is run on the computer.

December

December 2

* General Eurico Gaspar Dutra is elected president of Brazil.

* French banks (Banque de France, BNCI, CNEP, Crédit Lyonnais, and Société Générale) nationalized.

December 3 – Communist demonstrations in Athens presage the Greek Civil War.

December 4 – By a vote of 65–7, the United States Senate approves the entry of the United States into the United Nations.

December 5 – A flight of USAF Avenger torpedo bombers known as Flight 19 disappears on a training exercise.

December 21 – General George S. Patton dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9.

December 27

* Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the World Bank.

* Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases in Palestine.

Date unknown

found.]]

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is founded.

Poland has two rival governments.

The Nag Hammadi scriptures are discovered.

Female suffrage is enacted in Guatemala and Japan.

Saskatchewan Government Insurance, the first state-owned automobile insurance company in North America, is created.

Denmark recognizes independent Iceland.

The U.S. House of Representatives calls for unrestricted Jewish immigration to Palestine in order to establish a Jewish commonwealth there.

Knox's Translation of the Vulgate New Testament (commissioned by the Catholic Church) is published.

The Berklee College of Music is founded in Boston.

The Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, the first chiropractic college in Canada, initiates its four year doctoral program.

At the Mayo Clinic, streptomycin is first used to treat tuberculosis.

Percy Spencer accidentally discovers that microwaves can heat food. The invention of the microwave oven follows.

Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Newburgh, New York, become the first cities or towns to add fluoride to municipal drinking water.

The first nuclear reactor outside of the U.S. is completed in Chalk River, Ontario.

High-altitude, west-to-east winds across the Pacific Ocean (discovered by the Japanese in 1942 and by U.S. Army Air Forces in 1944) are dubbed the jet stream.

Salvador Edward Luria and Alfred Day Hershey independently recognize that viruses undergo mutations.

The herbicide 2,4-D is introduced; it is later used as a component of Agent Orange.

A team led by Charles D. Coryell discovers chemical element 61, the only one still missing between one and 96 on the periodic table. The new element is called promethium.

Raymond Libby develops the oral penicillin antibiotic.

American Canamid discovers folic acid, a vitamin abundant in green leafy vegetables, liver, kidney, and yeast.

The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in Klamath Falls, Oregon.

Births

January

January 3

* Stephen Stills, American rock singer and songwriter

* Abbas Khattak, Commander of the Pakistan Air Force

January 4 – Richard R. Schrock, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

January 10

* Jennifer Moss, British actress (d. 2006)

* Rod Stewart, British rock singer

January 14 – Einar Hákonarson, Icelandic painter

January 15

* Vince Foster, deputy White House counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton (d. 1993)

* Princess Michael of Kent, member of the British Royal Family

January 20 – Robert Olen Butler, American writer

January 25 – Leigh Taylor-Young, American actress

January 26 – Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (d. 1987)

January 27 – Harold Cardinal, Cree political leader, writer, and lawyer (d. 2005)

January 29

* Jim Nicholson, Northern Irish politician

* Tom Selleck, American actor

January 30 – Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997)

January 31 – Joseph Kosuth, American artist

February

February 2 – David D. Friedman, American economist

February 3

* Bob Griese, American football player

* Philip Waruinge, Kenyan boxer

February 6 – Bob Marley, Jamaican reggae singer and musician (d. 1981)

February 7 – Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player

February 9 – Mia Farrow, American actress

February 12 – Maud Adams, Swedish actress

February 14 – Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein

February 16 – Jeremy Bulloch, English actor

February 17 – Brenda Fricker, Irish actress

February 20 – Henry Polic II, American actor

February 24 – Barry Bostwick, American actor

February 25

* Elkie Brooks, English singer

* Roy Saari, American swimmer

February 26 – Marta Kristen, Norwegian actress

February 27 – Carl Anderson, American singer and actor (d. 2004)

February 28 – Bubba Smith, American football player and actor

March

March 1 – Dirk Benedict, American actor

March 4

* Dieter Meier, Swiss singer and children's writer

* Tommy Svensson, Swedish football manager and player

* Gary Williams, American basketball coach

March 7 – John Heard, American actor

March 8

* Jim Chapman, American politician

* Micky Dolenz, American actor, director and rock musician (The Monkees)

* Jay Ingram, Canadian television host, author and journalist

* Anselm Kiefer, German painter

March 9 – Dennis Rader, American serial killer

March 13 – Anatoly Fomenko, Russian mathematician

March 15 – A. K. Faezul Huq, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (d. 2007)

March 17 – Katri Helena, Finnish singer

March 19 – Cem Karaca, Turkish musician (d. 2004)

March 20

* Jay Ingram, Canadian television host, author and journalist

* Pat Riley, American basketball coach

March 26 – Mikhail Voronin, Russian gymnast (d. 2004)

March 29

* Walt Frazier, American basketball player

* Willem Ruis, Dutch game show host (d. 1986)

March 30 – Eric Clapton, English rock guitarist

March 31 – Gabe Kaplan, American actor, comedian, and professional poker player

April

April 2 – Linda Hunt, American actress

April 4 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit, French activist

April 7 – Werner Schroeter, German film director

April 9 – Peter Gammons, American baseball sportswriter

April 12 – Lee Jong-wook, Korean Director-General of the World Health Organization (d. 2006)

April 13

* Tony Dow, American actor, producer, and director (Leave It to Beaver)

* Lowell George, American rock musician (Little Feat)

* Bob Kalsu, American football player (d. 1970)

April 14 – Ritchie Blackmore, English rock guitarist (Deep Purple)

April 21 – Diana Darvey, British actress, singer and dancer (d. 2000)

April 25 – Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish rock songwriter (ABBA)

April 27 – August Wilson, American playwright (d. 2005)

April 29

* Hugh Hopper, British musician (d. 2009)

* Tammi Terrell, American soul singer (d. 1970)

May

May 1 – Rita Coolidge, American pop singer

May 2 – Sarah Weddington, American attorney

May 4 – Narasimhan Ram, Indian journalist

May 5 – Kurt Loder, American film critic, author, and television personality

May 6

* Jimmie Dale Gilmore, American musician

* Bob Seger, American rock singer

May 8 – Keith Jarrett, American musician

May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, CEO

May 15 – Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese crown

May 16 – Nicky Chinn, English rock songwriter (The Sweet, Suzi Quatro)

May 17 – Tony Roche, Australian tennis player

May 19 – Pete Townshend, English rock guitarist and lyricist (The Who)

May 21

* Richard Hatch, American actor

* Ernst Messerschmid, German physicist and astronaut

May 22 – Victoria Wyndham, American actress (Another World)

May 23

* Lauren Chapin, American child actress and evangelist

* Doris Mae Oulton, Canadian community developer

May 24 – Priscilla Presley, American actress and businesswoman

May 28 – John Fogerty, American rock singer (Creedence Clearwater Revival)

May 29 – Gary Brooker, English pianist and singer (Procol Harum)

May 30 – Gladys Horton, American singer (The Marvelettes) (d. 2011)

May 31

* Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German film director (d. 1982)

* Laurent Gbagbo, President of Cote d'Ivoire

June

June 1 – Frederica von Stade, American mezzo-soprano

June 2 – Jon Peters, American film producer

June 3 – Hale Irwin, American professional golfer

June 4

* Anthony Braxton, American composer and musical instrumentalist

* Gordon Waller, Scottish singer, songwriter and guitarist (Peter and Gordon) (d. 2009)

June 5 – John Carlos, American athlete

June 6 – David Dukes, American actor (d. 2000)

June 7 – Wolfgang Schussel, Chancellor of Austria

June 8 – Steven Fromholz, American singer-songwriter

June 9 – Nike Wagner, German woman of the theater

June 11 – Adrienne Barbeau, American actress, television personality and author

June 12 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer player

June 14 – Jörg Immendorff, German painter

June 15 – Françoise Chandernagor, French writer

June 16 – Claire Alexander, Canadian ice hockey player

June 17

* P. D. T. Acharya, Secretary General Lok Sabha

* Frank Ashmore, American actor

* Art Bell, American radio talk show host

* Ken Livingstone, British politician

* Eddy Merckx, Belgian cyclist

June 19

* Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar poet, politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

* Radovan Karadžić, Serbian politician

June 20 – Anne Murray, Canadian singer

June 24 – George Pataki, Governor of New York

June 25 – Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter

June 26 – Dwight York, American musician, fashion consultant, cult leader, and child molester

June 28 – David Knights, British bassist (Procol Harum)

June 29 – Chandrika Kumaratunga, President of Sri Lanka

July

July 1 – Debbie Harry, American rock singer (Blondie)

July 5 – Lu Sheng-yen, leader of the True Buddha School

July 6 – Burt Ward, American actor

July 7 – Michael Ancram, British politician

July 8 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss Federal Councilor

July 9 – Dean Koontz, American writer

July 10 – Ron Glass, American actor

July 11 – Richard Wesley, American playwright and screenwriter

July 15 – Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (d. 2003)

July 16 – Victor Sloan, Irish artist

July 17 – Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia

July 20

* Kim Carnes, American singer-songwriter

* Larry Craig, U.S. senator from Idaho

July 21 – John Lowe, English darts player

July 24 – Azim Premji, Indian businessman

July 26 – Dame Helen Mirren, British actress

July 28 – Jim Davis, American cartoonist

July 30 – Roger Dobkowitz, American game show producer

August

August 1 – Douglas D. Osheroff, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

August 2 – Joanna Cassidy, American actress

August 4 – Alan Mulally, American businessman, current CEO of the Ford Motor Company

August 5

* Loni Anderson, American actress

* Ja'net Dubois, American actress and singer

August 6 – Ron Jones, British director (d. 1993)

August 7 – Alan Page, American football player

August 9 – Posy Simmonds, English cartoonist

August 14

* Steve Martin, American actor and comedian

* Eliana Pittman, Brazilian singer and actress

* Wim Wenders, German film director and producer

August 19 – Ian Gillan, English rock singer (Deep Purple)

August 22 – Ron Dante, American rock singer, songwriter, and record producer (The Archies)

August 24 – Vince McMahon, is an American professional wrestler, promoter, in-ring announcer, play-by-play commentator and film producer. He currently serves as the chairman and chief executive officer of World Wrestling Entertainment

August 26 – Tom Ridge, American politition

August 31

* Van Morrison, Irish rock musician

* Itzhak Perlman, Israeli-American violinist and conductor

September

September 1 – Mustafa Balel, Turkish writer

September 4 – Danny Gatton, American guitarist (d. 1994)

September 5 – Al Stewart, Scottish singer-songwriter

September 7 – Jacques Lemaire, Canadian ice hockey coach

September 8

* Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, American musician (Grateful Dead) (d. 1973)

* Rogatien Vachon, Canadian ice hockey player

September 9 – Doug Ingle, American songwriter and singer for Iron Butterfly

September 10 – José Feliciano, Puerto Rican singer

September 11 – Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer and coach

September 14 – Martin Tyler, British sports broadcaster

September 15 – Jessye Norman, American soprano

September 16 – Pat Stevens, American voice actress (d. 2010)

September 17 – Phil Jackson, American basketball coach

September 19 – Randolph Mantooth, American actor and motivational speaker

September 21

* Shaw Clifton, General of the Salvation Army

* Kay Ryan, American poet

September 23 – Paul Petersen, child actor and advocate of other child actors

September 25 – Dee Dee Warwick, American singer (d. 2008)

September 26 – Bryan Ferry, English singer-songwriter and musician (Roxy Music)

September 27

* Max Boyce, Welsh comedian and singer

* Jack Goldstein, Canadian artist (d. 2003)

September 29 – Nadezhda Chizhova, Russian athlete

September 30 – Ehud Olmert, 12th Prime Minister of Israel

October

October 2 – Don McLean, American rock singer-songwriter

October 3

* Kay Baxter, American bodybuilder (d. 1988)

* Viktor Saneyev, Soviet athlete

October 4 – Clifton Davis, American actor

October 6 – Ivan Graziani, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1997)

October 12

* Aurore Clément, French actress

* Dusty Rhodes, American professional wrestler

October 13 – Susan Stafford, American television presenter

October 15 – Jim Palmer, American baseball player

October 18

* Huell Howser, host of California's Gold.

* Yıldo, Turkish showman, footballer

October 19 – John Lithgow, American actor

October 20 – George Wyner, American actor

October 22 – Yvan Ponton, Canadian actor and sportscaster

October 24 – Eugenie Scott, Executive Director of the National Center for Science Education

October 25

* David Schramm, American astrophysicist (d. 1997)

* Peter Ledger, Australian artist (d. 1994)

October 27

* Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil

* Carrie Snodgress, American actress (d. 2004)

October 29 – Melba Moore, American singer and actress

October 30 – Henry Winkler, American actor, producer and director

October 31 – Brian Doyle-Murray, American actor

November

November 3 – Gerd Müller, German footballer

November 5 – Jacques Lanctôt, Canadian terrorist

November 12

* Michael Bishop, American author

* Tracy Kidder, American journalist and author

* Neil Young, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician

November 15 – Anni-Frid Lyngstad, Norwegian rock singer (ABBA)

November 18

* Wilma Mankiller, Chief of the Cherokee Nation (d. 2010)

* Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka

November 21 – Goldie Hawn, American actress

November 23 – Jerry Harris, American sculptor

November 26

* Daniel Davis, American actor

* John McVie, English rock musician (Fleetwood Mac)

November 27 – Barbara Anderson, American actress

November 30 – Mary Millington, British porn star (d. 1979)

December

December 1 – Bette Midler, American actress, comedienne and singer

December 2 – Charles "Tex" Watson, American prisoner

December 7 – Clive Russell, English actor

December 9 – Michael Nouri, American actor

December 13 – Kathy Garver, American actress, author and online radio hostess

December 16 – Patti Deutsch, American voice actress

December 17

* Ernie Hudson, American actor

* Chris Matthews, American news anchor

December 19 – Elaine Joyce, American actress and game show panelist

December 20

* Peter Criss, American rock drummer (KISS)

* Sivakant Tiwari, senior legal officer of the Singapore Legal Service (d. 2010)

December 22 – Diane Sawyer, American news journalist

December 24

* Lemmy Kilmister, English rock singer and bassist (Motörhead)

* Nicholas Meyer, American screenwriter, producer, director and novelist

December 25 – Gary Sandy, American actor (WKRP in Cincinnati)

December 26 – John Walsh, American media personality

December 28 – Birendra of Nepal (d. 2001)

December 30 – Davy Jones, English actor and singer (The Monkees)

December 31 – Barbara Carrera, Nicaraguan-born American actress

Deaths

January

January 2 – Bertram Ramsay, British admiral (b. 1883)

January 3 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic (b. 1877)

January 6 – Josefa Llanes Escoda, Filipino advocate of women's suffrage and founder of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines (b. 1898)

January 9

* Jüri Uluots, Estonian statesman (b. 1890)

* Dennis O'Neill, young victim of the Care Systems (b. 1932)

January 22 – Else Lasker-Schüler, German poet (b. 1869)

January 31 – Eddie Slovik, American soldier (executed) (b. 1920)

February

February 1 – Prince Kiril of Bulgaria (b. 1895)

February 2

* Adolf Brand, German writer (b. 1874)

* Joe Hunt, American tennis champion (b. 1919)

February 3 – Roland Freisler, Nazi German judge (b. 1893)

February 5 – Denise Bloch, French WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1915)

February 5 – Lilian Rolfe, French WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1914)

February 5 – Violette Szabo, French WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1921)

February 10 – Anacleto Diaz, Filipino jurist (murdered during the Battle of Manila) (b. 1878)

February 11 – Al Dubin, Swiss songwriter (b. 1891)

February 12 – Antonio Villa-Real, Filipino jurist (murdered during the Battle of Manila) (b. 1878)

February 17 – Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian WWII heroine (b. 1914)

February 21 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (b. 1902)

February 25 – Mário de Andrade, Brazilian writer and photographer (b. 1893)

March

March – Margot Frank (b. 1926) and her younger sister Anne Frank, German-born Jewish diarist (typhus) (b. 1929)

March 2 – Emily Carr, Canadian artist (b. 1871)

March 3 – Aleksandra Samusenko, Soviet WWII tank commander (b. 1922)

March 4

* Lucille La Verne, American actress (b. 1872)

* Mark Sandrich, American director (b. 1900)

March 16 – Börries von Münchhausen, German poet (b. 1874)

March 18 – William Grover-Williams, French race car driver and war hero (b. 1903)

March 19 – Friedrich Fromm, German Nazi official (b. 1888)

March 20 – Lord Alfred Douglas, English poet (b. 1870)

March 22 – Eliyahu Bet-Zuri, Israeli assassin (executed) (b. 1922)

March 22 – Eliyahu Hakim, Israeli assassin (executed) (b. 1925)

March 23 – Elisabeth de Rothschild, French WWII heroine (executed) (b. 1902)

March 26 – David Lloyd George, Welsh Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1863)

March 29 – Ferenc Csik, Hungarian swimmer (b. 1913)

March 30 – Élise Rivet, French nun and war heroine (b. 1890)

March 31

* Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)

* Harriet Boyd-Hawes, American archaeologist (b. 1871)

* Torgny Segerstedt, Swedish newspaper editor and publicist (b. 1876)

April

April – Auguste van Pels, German-Jewish housemate of Anne Frank (b. 1900)

April 5 – Huldreich Georg Früh, Swiss composer (b. 1903)

April 7 – Elizabeth Bibesco, writer (b. 1897) (pneumonia)

April 9

* Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (hanged) (b. 1906)

* Wilhelm Canaris, head of the German Abwehr (hanged) (b. 1887)

April 10

* Gloria Dickson, American actress (b. 1917)

* H.N. Werkman, Dutch artist and printer (executed) (b. 1882)

April 12 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (b. 1882)

April 18 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist (sniper fire) (b. 1900)

April 18 – William, Prince of Albania (b. 1876)

April 22 – Käthe Kollwitz, German artist (b. 1867)

April 24 – Ernst-Robert Grawitz, German Reichsphysician (S.S. and Police) in the Third Reich (b. 1899)

April 27 – Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil, Turkish author (b. 1867)

April 28 – Benito Mussolini, Italian Fascist dictator (executed) (b. 1883)

April 29 – Malcolm McGregor, American actor (b. 1892)

April 30

* Adolf Hitler, German Nazi dictator (suicide) (b. 1889)

* Eva Braun, German wife of Adolf Hitler (suicide) (b. 1912)

* William Darby, American creator of the U.S. Army Rangers (b. 1911)

* Luisa Ferida, Italian actress (b. 1914) (executed)

May

May 1

* Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (suicide) (b. 1897)

* Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (b. 1901)

May 2 – Martin Bormann, German Nazi leader (b. 1900)

May 5 – Peter van Pels, German-Jewish love interest of diarist Anne Frank (b. 1926)

May 8

* Ernst-Günther Baade, German general (b. 1897) (gangrene)

* Wilhelm Rediess, SS and Police Leader of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. 1900)

* Josef Terboven, Reichskommissar of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (b. 1898)

* Bernhard Rust, Education Minister of Nazi Germany (suicide) (b. 1883)

May 11 – Kiyoshi Ogawa, Kamikaze pilot (b. 1922)

May 14 – Heber J. Grant, 7th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1856)

May 15 – Charles Williams, British author (b. 1886)

May 17 – Bobby Hutchins, Our Gang films child actor (b. 1925)

May 18 – William Joseph Simmons, American founder of the second KKK (b. 1880)

May 19 – Philipp Bouhler, German Nazi leader (b. 1899)

May 23 – Heinrich Himmler, German head of the SS (suicide) (b. 1900)

May 31 – Odilo Globocnik, Austrian Nazi leader (suicide) (b. 1904)

June

June 8 – Robert Desnos, French poet and French resistance fighter (b. 1900)

June 15 – Nikola Avramov, Bulgarian painter (b. 1897)

June 16

* Henry Bellamann, American writer (b. 1882)

* Nikolai Berzarin, Russian Red Army General (b. 1904)

July

July 5 – John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)

July 13 – Alla Nazimova, Russian actress (b. 1879)

July 16 – Addison Randall, American actor (b. 1906)

July 20 – Paul Valéry, French poet (b. 1871)

July 28 – Margot Asquith, Countess of Oxford and Asquith (b. 1864)

July 31 – Artemio Ricarte, Filipino general (b. 1866)

August

August 2 – Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer (b. 1863)

August 9 – Harry Hillman, American athlete (b. 1881)

August 10 – Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist (b. 1882)

August 15 – Korechika Anami, Japanese general (b. 1887)

August 18 – Subhash Chandra Bose, Indian political leader (b. 1897)

August 19 – Tomas Burgos, Chilean philanthropist (b.1875)

August 26 – Franz Werfel, Austrian writer (b. 1890)

August 31 – Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician (b. 1892)

September

September 1 – Frank Craven, American actor (b. 1881)

September 12 – Sugiyama Hajime, Japanese general (b. 1880)

September 15 – Anton Webern, Austrian composer (b. 1883)

September 16 – John McCormack, Irish tenor (b. 1884)

September 20

* Jack Thayer, Titanic survivor (b. 1894)

* Eduard Wirths, German doctor, chief SS doctor at Auschwitz concentration camp (suicide) (b. 1909)

September 24 – Johannes Hans Geiger, German physicist and inventor (b. 1882)

September 26

* Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (b. 1881)

* A. Peter Dewey, first American casualty in Vietnam

October

October 10 – Joseph Darnand, Vichy France politician (executed) (b. 1897)

October 13 – Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate tycoon (b. 1857)

October 15 – Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (executed) (b. 1883)

October 19

* Plutarco Elías Calles, President of Mexico (b. 1877)

* N.C. Wyeth, American illustrator (b. 1882)

October 21 – Henry Armetta, Italian actor (b. 1888)

October 24 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian traitor (executed) (b. 1887)

October 25 – Robert Ley, German Nazi politician (suicide) (b. 1890)

October 26 – Paul Pelliot, French explorer (b. 1878)

October 28 – Gilbert Emery, American actor (b. 1875)

October 31 – Henry Ainley, English actor (b. 1879)

November

November 7 – Gus Edwards, American songwriter (b. 1879)

November 8 – August von Mackensen, German field marshal (b. 1849)

November 11 – Jerome Kern, American composer (b. 1885)

November 16 – Sigurður Eggerz, Prime Minister of Iceland during World War I (b. 1875)

November 20 – Francis William Aston, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)

November 21

* Ellen Glasgow, American novelist (b. 1873)

* Robert Benchley, American humorist, theater critic, and actor (b. 1889)

* Alexander ("Sandy") Patch, US Army lieutenant general, WWII army commander (b. 1889)

November 23 – Charles Armijo Woodruff, 11th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1884)

November 25 – Doris Keane, American stage actress (b. 1881)

November 28 – Dwight F. Davis, American tennis player (b. 1879)

December 4 – Thomas Hunt Morgan, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1866)

December

December 5 – Cosmo Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1864)

December 13 – Josef Kramer, commandant of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp (executed) (b. 1906)

December 14 – Forrester Harvey, Irish actor (b. 1884)

December 16 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (suicide) (b. 1891)

December 21 – George S. Patton, U.S. general (car accident) (b. 1885)

December 22 – Otto Neurath, Austrian philosopher and political economist (b. 1892)

December 25 – Duy Tan, emperor of Vietnam (b. 1899)

December 28 – Theodore Dreiser, American author (b. 1871)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Wolfgang Pauli

Chemistry – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

Physiology or Medicine – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

Literature – Gabriela Mistral

Peace – Cordell Hull

References