Malt liquor is a North American term referring to a type of beer with high alcohol content. In legal statutes, the term often includes any alcoholic beverage above or equal to 5% alcohol by volume made with malted barley. In common parlance, however, it is used for high-alcohol beers made with ingredients and processes resembling those in American-style lager. Malt liquor is distinguished from other beers of high alcohol content in that the brewing process is seen by many critics as targeting high alcohol content and economy rather than quality. However, this label is subject to the viewpoint of the brewer, as there are indeed examples of brews containing high-quality, expensive ingredients that brewers have chosen to label as "malt liquors".

Manufacture

Malt liquor is a strong lager or ale in which sugar, corn or other adjuncts are added to the malted barley to boost the alcoholic strength. These beers tend to be mildly hopped (that is, they are not very bitter).

Brewing and legal definitions

Malt liquor is typically straw to pale amber in color. While typical beer and malt liquor are both made primarily from barley, water, and hops, malt liquors tend to make much greater use of inexpensive adjuncts such as corn, rice, or dextrose. Use of these adjuncts, along with the addition of special enzymes, results in a higher percentage of alcohol than that which is typical for beer. Higher alcohol versions, sometimes called "High Gravity" or just "HG", may contain fusel alcohol, which gives off solvent- or fuel-like aromas and flavors.

The apparently confusing and inconsistent use of the term 'malt liquor' has to do with the vagaries of American alcoholic beverage regulations, which can vary from state to state. In some states, "malt liquor" refers to any alcoholic beverage made by fermenting grain and water; in these states a non-alcoholic beer may also be called a non-alcoholic or non-intoxicating malt liquor. In some states, products labeled 'beer' must fall below a certain alcohol content, and beers that exceed the mark must be labeled as 'malt liquor'. While ordinary beers in the United States average around 5% alcohol by volume, malt liquors typically range from 6% up to 9% alcohol by volume. A typical legal definition is Colorado's Rev. Stat. ss. 12-47-103(19), which provides that:

:"Malt Liquors" includes beer and shall be construed to mean any beverage obtained by the alcoholic fermentation of any infusion or decoction of barley, malt, hops or any other similar products, or any combination thereof, in water containing more than three and two-tenths percent of alcohol by weight.

:(Note: alcohol percentages measured by weight translate into larger figures when re-expressed as alcohol percentages by volume, because ethanol is less dense than water.)

History

The term "malt liquor" appeared first in England during the 1690's in reference to alcoholic beverages which were fermented as opposed to brewed. The first mention of the term in North America appears in a patent issued by the Canadian government on July 6, 1842, to one G. Riley for "an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors."

While Colt 45, St. Ides, Mickey's, Steel Reserve, King Cobra, and Olde English 800 are most closely associated with malt liquors in the United States, the beverage itself is older than these products. Clix is often credited as the first malt liquor made in the United States, granted a patent in 1948. The first widely successful malt liquor brand in America was Country Club, which was produced in the early 1950s by Brewmaster William Miller of the M.K. Goetz Brewing Company in St. Joseph, MO, and marketed toward middle-class White Americans.

Today, malt liquors are marketed to an entirely different demographic, resulting in a stereotyping of the typical consumer. According to a study by Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science in California, malt liquor is the alcohol of choice of the homeless and unemployed. Beginning in the 1980s, many brands of malt liquor began to aggressively target this market and used popular actors (such as Billy Dee Williams and Jonathan Rhys Meyers) or rappers in their advertisements; Ice Cube, for instance, appeared in radio advertisements for St. Ides. Some rappers vigorously opposed this trend, feeling that malt liquor manufacturers were exploiting the African American community. For example, Chuck D, of the group Public Enemy, took a very strong anti-malt liquor stance and once sued St. Ides over an advertisement that sampled his voice without permission.

Forties (40s)

In the American vernacular, a forty-ounce or simply forty is a glass bottle that holds 40 fluid ounces (1.18 liters or sometimes 1.14L ) of malt liquor. Malt liquors are commonly sold in 40 oz bottles, as opposed to the standard twelve ounce (355 mL) bottle that contains a single serving of beer. American domestic "malt liquors" tend to be very inexpensive (generally less than $3 for a 40 oz. bottle), although this is not necessarily true for foreign imports that are also labeled "malt liquor."

Examples of malt liquors sold in forty ounce bottles include Colt 45, Camo 40, Country Club, Olde English 800, Mickey's,Black Bull, Labatt Bleue Dry 7.1, WildCat, Private Stock, Big Bear, St. Ides, Steel Reserve 211, B40 Bull Max, King Cobra, and Hurricane. Dogfish Head Brewery has sporadically produced a high-end bottle-conditioned forty called "Liquor de Malt". Ballantine markets its ale in a forty ounce bottle as well.

At least for a brief period in the mid-1990s, some brands of malt liquor, including Olde English 800 and Mickey's, were available in even larger, 64-ounce glass bottles. Forty-ounce bottles are not permitted in some US states, such as Florida, where the largest container that a malt beverage may be sold at retail is 32 US fluid ounces.

International

While American malt liquor brands are rarely, if ever, exported to Europe, similar inexpensive high-alcohol beers are available in many areas there; these include the "super-strength lagers" such as Tennents Super and Carlsberg Special Brew in the United Kingdom, and in France the "bières fortes" Amsterdam Navigator, Amsterdam Maximator and Bavaria 8.6.

There is a strong tradition of premium high-alcohol beers in Europe, including the Trappist beers of Belgium and France, the bock beers of Germany and Austria, and the barley wines of the United Kingdom. Unlike American malt liquors and super-strength lagers, these are beers with a full body, a complex aroma, and a high price.

See also

40oz. to Freedom

Edward Fortyhands

Low-end fortified wine

References

External links

A thorough history of Malt Liquor

Database of 40s

Riverfront Times - Behold the Forty

Category:Beer styles

Name	Brotha Lynch Hung
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kevin Danell Mann
Born	January 10, 1972
Origin	Sacramento, California, United States
Associated acts	X-Raided, C-Bo, MC Eiht
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper, producer
Years active	1986–present
Label	Black Market, Real Talk, Strange Music
Url	TheRealBrothaLynchHung.com

Kevin Danell Mann (born 1972), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper and record producer from Sacramento, California. Since the release of his debut album 24 Deep in 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung has sold 1.4 million CDs independently, and has been described as a "creator of horrorcore rap".

Music career

Mann grew up as a lonely, reclusive child, listening to Hot 97 and rappers such as Rakim and Slick Rick. He started rapping at the age of 13.

Brotha Lynch Hung appeared on and produced 11 of the 12 tracks on X-Raided's first album Psycho Active in 1992. He Also Featured on the Song "Hoes E Schemin Too" as well as a skit with his brother Sicx on KRD's Sac-Town Funk Album. As the "Street Talk Crew" Lynch, X-Raided, and Sicx recorded the cassette tape Niggaz In Black (1991), according to Lynch to be "some of my best work". The album reached #91 on Billboard's R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums chart, the first of the label's albums to chart.

His most known album Season of da Siccness was released in 1995. The album is known of its extremely graphic imagery of themes including ultraviolence, misogyny, rape and cannibalism. In May 2009, he signed a deal with Midwest rapper Tech N9ne's Strange Music label. In March 2010, he released his Strange Music debut, Dinner and a Movie, selling around 7,000 albums its first week alone.

Brotha Lynch Hung's rapping style has been described as "smooth and quickly delivered", He has been involved in gang confrontations, and was shot once near Arden Fair Mall. Brotha Lynch Hung has described his personal experiences in his music.

Discography

; Studio albums

24 Deep (1993)

Season of da Siccness (1995)

Loaded (1997)

EBK4 (2000)

The Virus (2001)

(2002)

(2002)

Book III (2002)

(2003)

The Ripgut Collection (2007)

Snuff Tapes (2008)

Dinner and a Movie (2010)

Coathangastrangla (April 5, 2011)

References

External links

Official website

CoatHangaStrangla website

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:1990s rappers Category:2000s rappers Category:2010s rappers Category:African American rappers Category:African American record producers Category:American hip hop record producers Category:American shooting survivors Category:Crips Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:Horrorcore artists Category:People from Sacramento, California Category:Rappers from California Category:Underground rappers

Name	Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
Background	group_or_band
Alias	B.O.N.E. Enterprise
Origin	Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Genre	Midwest hip hop, gangsta rap, melodic hip hop, hip hop soul
Years active	1991–present
Label	Ruthless, BTNH Worldwide,Full Surface, Geffen
Associated acts	Eazy-E, Bone Brothers, Mo Thugs Family, II Tru, Twista, Poetic Hustla'z, DJ U-Neek, 2Pac, Biggie
Current members	Krayzie BoneLayzie BoneWish BoneFlesh-n-BoneBizzy Bone
Url	www.bonethugsnharmony.com

Bone Thugs-n-Harmony is a hip hop music group, formed in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., in 1991. It consists of rappers Krayzie Bone, Wish Bone, Flesh-n-Bone, Layzie Bone, and Bizzy Bone. Rapper Eazy-E of the group N.W.A signed Bone Thugs-n-Harmony to Ruthless Records in 1994, when Bone Thugs debuted with EP Creepin on ah Come Up. That EP included the hit single "Thuggish Ruggish Bone."

In 1995, the group released its second album, E. 1999 Eternal, which included hits "1st of tha Month" and "Tha Crossroads." A tribute to the recently deceased Eazy-E, "Tha Crossroads," won a Grammy award in 1997. The Art of War, the group's third album, was also released in 1997.

Bone Thugs released two more albums that did not generate as much hype: BTNHResurrection (2000) and Thug World Order (2002). The group went on hiatus and returned in 2007 with Strength & Loyalty, this time released by Swizz Beatz's label Full Surface Records. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony officially returned with their new album , released in 2010 by their own record label, BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros.

Early years

Formed in 1991, the group consisted of only four members: Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Bizzy Bone and Wish Bone, and the group was originally called B.O.N.E Enterprise. Their first album, Faces of Death, was recorded in 1993. With new member and Layzie's brother, Flesh-n-Bone who was a member of the Crips, added the same year, the group renamed itself Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. In November 1993, the group auditioned backstage for rapper Eazy-E, who was performing in Cleveland with his father. After a second audition, Eazy-E signed the group to his label Ruthless Records.

Ruthless Records

Creepin on ah Come Up

Released in June 1994, the EP Creepin on ah Come Up, was Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's debut with Ruthless. Peaking at #12 on the Billboard 200 album chart and #2 on the Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums chart, it included the hit singles "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" and "Foe tha Love of $", the second of which featured a verse by Eazy-E. "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" peaked at #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and "Foe tha Love of $" peaked at #41 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Rap Tracks.

E. 1999 Eternal

In 1995, the group's second album E. 1999 Eternal was released. It included the singles "1st of tha Month", which peaked at #14 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Hot Rap Tracks, and "Tha Crossroads", which reached #1 on the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts. The album name originated from Eazy-E's album, Eternal E, naming it after Eazy-E's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper that helped make them big. In the same year, Flesh-n-Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album entitled T.H.U.G.S.

The Art of War

In 1997, the group released the double-disc set The Art of War. The single "Look into My Eyes" appeared on the soundtrack of the film Batman & Robin. It peaked at #4 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. Pleading guilty, Flesh-n-Bone was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting BTNHResurrection because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money. He dropped a million-dollar lawsuit he filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract. Three members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony released solo albums in 2001: Bizzy Bone with The Gift, Layzie Bone with Thug by Nature, and Krayzie Bone with Thug on da Line.

Thug World Order

In 2002, the group released Thug World Order. The album debuted at #12 on the Billboard 200,

After Ruthless

Thug Stories

Thug Stories, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's sixth album, was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19, 2006. It marked the first time Bone Thugs-n-Harmony recorded as a trio. Thug Stories sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at #25 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Independent Album Chart.

Strength & Loyalty

Originally to be called The Bone Thugs Story, Strength & Loyalty was released on May 8, 2007. Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years, the album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on iTunes and the Billboard Urban Music charts. The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey, The Game, will.i.am, Akon, Twista, Bow Wow, Yolanda Adams, and Felecia.

Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz, Akon, Pretty Boy & Bradd Young, DJ Toomp, Jermaine Dupri, will.i.am, and others. The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz. The first single was "I Tried", which was their first top 10 hit in 10 years, having peaked at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The second single was "Lil Love", which failed to reach the success of their first single. The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA.

T.H.U.G.S.

T.H.U.G.S. is an album featuring previously unreleased, largely remixed Bone Thugs-n-Harmony songs that didn't make the final cut of BTNHResurrection and Thug World Order albums. It was released on November 13, 2007 by their former record label, Ruthless Records. The sole single off the album was "Young Thugs", which was accompanied by a newly-filmed music video featuring Krayzie, Layzie, Bizzy and Wish.

I Tried (The Bone Thugs Movie)

Bone has also released a movie titled I Tried(directed by Rich Newey), which was originally named "What If..." The topic of the movie is how different the lives of Krayzie, Layzie and Wish would have been if they had never met Eazy-E. The movie was released in stores on September 25 of 2007. It has since become a platinum selling DVD.

Reunion

In November 2007, Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed the Bone Brothers III album with Bizzy Bone, spurring speculation of a full Bone reunion. In a video interview, Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite but that record label issues may prevent an official reunion. Bizzy Bone had attended a Bone Thugs performance during the time and he and the three then-standing members had a "good conversation".

After nearly a decade of incarceration, Flesh-n-Bone was released from prison on July 13, 2008. In an interview, Bizzy confirmed his return to the group, after them all getting together by the time of Flesh's release.

Uni5: The World's Enemy

video. A third single, "Meet Me in the Sky", was released on March 22. Uni-5: The World's Enemy was released on May 4, 2010.

E.1999 Eternal Tour and New Record Deal

In the fall of 2010, the group went on their E.1999 Eternal Tour, a 36-city tour performing songs from their 1995 album E 1999 Eternal with a live band (without Bizzy). Bone will spend the rest of 2010 recording a new CD for a soon-to-be-disclosed new label deal, writing a book, and developing a film project based on their unique story.

Style and technique

Bone's style and technique can be described as melodic, rapid-fire and aggressive. Their flow is often interwoven at a high-speed, melodic pace or slow, harmonic pace. They also tend to ride the beat that they're rapping over. Sometimes there are very few choruses separating their verses from one another. In the beginning, circa Faces of Death, Bone used a pseudo-Jamaican patois delivery with their trademark style, though they rarely do this now. Bone's subject matter has both spiritual and occult undertones (e.g., "Hell Sent", "Intro", "Mr. Ouija", "Mr. Ouija 2" and "Da Introduction"). At first, their subject matter was almost always exclusively about violence and smoking marijuana. Today, however, their subject matter includes other topics such as urban socio-political issues, their old friend and mentor Eazy-E and religion. Besides minor changes to subject matter and sound, their lyrical style, elocution, and overall methodology remain intact.

Discography

1991: Faces of Death

1994: Creepin on ah Come Up

1995: E. 1999 Eternal

1997: The Art of War

2000: BTNHResurrection

2002: Thug World Order

2006: Thug Stories

2007: Strength & Loyalty

2010:

Awards

References

14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5NFX1CG6z4 (Studio Session of Bizzy Bone unreleased album with Papillon Bandana Destination Ailleurs with Layzie Bone on this project) 15. http://www.amazon.com/Destination-ailleurs-Explicit/dp/B003V9AOHG/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&qid;=1294076131&sr;=8-29

External links

Official website

Official Myspace page

Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's ArtistDirect page

Exclusive Interview in Complex magazine

I Tried Movie

Category:Musical groups from Cleveland, Ohio Category:American hip hop groups Category:Hip hop singers Category:Culture of Cleveland, Ohio Category:Musical groups from Ohio Category:Grammy Award winners Category:E1 Music artists Category:1990s music groups Category:Ruthless Records artists Category:Interscope Records artists Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio