The 1990 Goodwill Games was the second edition of the international multi-sport event created by Ted Turner, which was held between July 20 and August 5, 1990. Following an inaugural edition in Moscow, the second games took place in Seattle, United States, highlighting the competition's role in fostering good Soviet–U.S. relations. The games was opened at the Husky Stadium with a speech by former U.S. President Ronald Reagan.^[1] The top three nations in the medal table remained the same as the previous edition: the Soviet Union won 66 gold medals and a total of 188 medals, the United States were a close runner-up with 60 gold medals and 161 medals overall, while East Germany were a distant third with 11 golds.

A renovated Husky Stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the second games

The games motto was "Uniting the World's Best", and a total of 2312 athletes from 54 countries engaged in the 17-day program of 21 sports. Each countries' contingent of athletes did not parade separately at the opening ceremony, but instead all athletes entered the stadium as one large mass (emphasising the theme of international unity).^[2] The size of the sporting program meant that some events were held in the cities surrounding Seattle, including: Tacoma, Spokane and others in the Tri-Cities area.^[3] A number of venues in the region were built or renovated for the Games: Federal Way gained an aquatics venue (King County Aquatic Center) through the games while Seattle itself gained a new track for Husky Stadium and new flooring for the Edmundson Pavilion.^[1] The Seattle Space Needle had a large purpose-built gold medal hung around the structure during the Games.^[4]

The competition featured a significant cultural aspect compared to the previous edition. Around 1400 Soviet athletes came to the US and stayed with host families in Seattle.^[3] Soviet cosmonauts also came to the city and visited schools, and the Moscow State Circus gave a number of performances.^[2] A Goodwill Games Arts Festival was held in conjunction with the sporting event – 1300 artists took part in the festival, which featured a performance by the Bolshoi Ballet, a museum exhibition of Soviet history, and a 2 million-dollar stage production of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace.^[1][3] Similar to the 1986 Goodwill Games, the 1990 edition of the event was not financially successful and Ted Turner personally lost $44 million as a result.^[1]

Two world records were broken during the Games: the 200-meter breaststroke mark was topped by all three medalists in the race, with American Mike Barrowman improving the record to two minutes and 11.53 seconds. Soviet athlete Nadezhda Ryashkina completed a world record of 41:56.21 in the women's 10 km race walk.^[3]

Sports[link]

Medal table[link]

Key

American Kristi Yamaguchi won her first major international gold medal in figure skating at the Games.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Soviet Union	66	68	54	188
2	United States	60	53	48	161
3	East Germany	11	8	24	43
4	Bulgaria	8	7	9	24
5	China	6	7	3	16
6	Cuba	6	4	3	13
7	West Germany	4	3	8	15
8	Canada	4	1	6	11
9	Poland	4	1	0	5
10=	South Korea	3	2	2	7
10=	Spain	3	2	2	7
12	Romania	2	4	2	8
13	Japan	2	3	10	15
14	Italy	2	2	1	5
15	Yugoslavia	2	1	0	3
16=	Hungary	1	1	5	7
16=	Netherlands	1	1	5	7
18	Jamaica	1	1	2	4
19	Denmark	1	1	1	3
20	Mongolia	1	1	0	2
21=	Czechoslovakia	1	0	0	1
21=	Mexico	1	0	0	1
21=	Morocco	1	0	0	1
21=	Suriname	1	0	0	1
25	Australia	0	4	3	7
26	Great Britain	0	2	2	4
27	Turkey	0	2	1	3
28=	Ethiopia	0	2	0	2
28=	New Zealand	0	2	0	2
30	Brazil	0	1	6	7
31	Kenya	0	1	1	2
32	Bahamas	0	1	0	1
33=	France	0	0	1	1
33=	Ireland	0	0	1	1
33=	Sweden	0	0	1	1
33=	United States Virgin Islands	0	0	1	1
Total		192	184	202	578

Participation[link]

A total of 54 nations were represented at the 1990 Games with a total of 2312 athletes attending the games.^[2] However, around 3500 athletes had received invitations to the games and the attendance was a marked decline from the inaugural edition.^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

v t e Athletics at the Goodwill Games 1986 1990 1994 1998 2001 List of Goodwill Games records

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)

The Goodwill Games was an international sports competition, created by Ted Turner in reaction to the political troubles surrounding the Olympic Games of the 1980s. In 1979, the invasion of Afghanistan caused the United States and other Western countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, an act reciprocated when the Soviet and other Eastern Bloc countries (with the exception of Romania) boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Overview[link]

The first Games, held in Moscow in 1986, featured 182 events and attracted over 3,000 athletes representing 79 countries. World records were set by Sergey Bubka (pole vault), Jackie Joyner-Kersee (heptathlon), and both the men and women's 200 m cycle racing, by East Germany's Michael Hübner and the Soviet Union's Erika Salumäe, respectively. World records also fell at the 1990 Games in Seattle, to Mike Barrowman in the 200 m breaststroke and Nadezhda Ryashkina in the 10 km walk.

The 1994 Games were held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the first competition since the Soviet Union had been replaced by fifteen independent republics. Russians set five world records in the weightlifting section, and the games were the first major international event to feature beach volleyball, which would appear at the Olympics for the first time at the 1996 Atlanta Games. Ted Turner's last games were in 1998 in New York City, with memorable highlights including Joyner-Kersee winning her fourth straight heptathlon title, and the U.S. 4x400m relay team setting a world's best time.

The games were later bought from Ted Turner by Time Warner when Turner's company merged with it. Turner explained during a live interview at the 2009 Denver SportAccord conference that although the demise of the games was caused by the short-sighted management of Time Warner, Turner, who left the company, admits "If I'd have stayed there the Goodwill Games would not have been canceled." ^[1][2] Turner is absolute that the games must return, as a bridge to restore cultural contact between Russia and America as relationships have steadily disintegrated since the Cold War through apathy and because both countries controlling 95% of the nuclear arsenals pointed at each other. He insists that it would've been virtually impossible for there to have been World Wars had the Olympics not been boycotted (despite the fact that the United States participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin but later fought Nazi Germany in World War II), because the nations would be too focused on the issue of training teams and that the countries don't want to "mess up their chances".^[3] Turner, anticipates the return of the games, along with other enterprises he is working on.

Time Warner organized the 2001 Games in Brisbane, Australia, before announcing that this would be the last edition of the games. The 2001 edition witnessed Australia win the most medals with 75, but it received very low television ratings in the United States. Nevertheless, critics praised Turner Network Television for showing the games live, rather than on tape delay.

Summer Goodwill Games[link]

Edition	Year	Host City	Country	Notes
I	1986	Moscow	Soviet Union	3,000 athletes and 79 countries
II	1990	Seattle, Washington	United States	2,300 athletes and 54 countries
III	1994	Saint Petersburg	Russia	2,000 athletes and 59 countries
IV	1998	New York City, New York	United States	1,300 athletes and 60 countries
V	2001	Brisbane, Queensland	Australia	Final edition
VI	2005	Phoenix, Arizona	United States	Games cancelled

Winter Goodwill Games[link]

Edition	Year	Host city	Country	Notes
I	2000	Lake Placid, New York	United States	Only Winter Goodwill Games held
II	2005	Calgary, Alberta	Canada	Games cancelled

Sports[link]

Summer sports[link]

Winter sports[link]

Participating countries[link]

Notes[link]

1. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ubt_ef7kUmU
2. ^ http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=31908
3. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ubt_ef7kUmU
4. ^ Men's basketball was not held as a separate event in 1986 because the World Basketball Championship was taking place in Madrid at the same time. The world championship results determined the Goodwill Games winners.
5. ^ Motoball was held only in 1986; the host country was allowed to include one sport of its choice.
6. ^ At the 2000 Games, the figure skating event featured professional skaters because of conflicts with Olympic-eligible skaters competing in their national championships. This enabled France's Surya Bonaly to become the only skater in history to win the same event as both an amateur and professional skater as she also won in 1994.

External links[link]

• "Goodwill Games", 1986. Opening show
• Goodwill Games

Christopher Bowman
Bowman in 1989.
Personal information
Full name	Christopher Nicol Bowman
Country represented	United States
Born	(1967-03-30)March 30, 1967 Hollywood, California, U.S.
Died	January 10, 2008(2008-01-10) (aged 40) North Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Height	5'10" (178 cm)
Former coach	Frank Carroll Toller Cranston John Nicks
Skating club	Los Angeles FSC
Retired	1992
Medal record Men's Figure Skating Competitor for  United States Bronze 1990 Halifax Men's singles Silver 1989 Paris Men's singles World Junior Championships Gold 1983 Sarajevo Men's singles

Christopher Nicol^[1] Bowman (March 30, 1967 – January 10, 2008) was an American figure skater. He was a two-time U.S. national champion and two-time World medalist. He won the 1983 World Junior Figure Skating Championships and competed in two Olympic Winter Games, placing 7th in 1988 and 4th in 1992.

Biography[link]

Bowman was born in Hollywood, California, USA. In his childhood, he appeared in commercials, and two episodes of the TV series Little House on the Prairie.

Bowman withdrew from the 1986 U.S. Championships after finishing second in the short program; he had a separation between his right tibia and fibula.^[2]

He was coached as a skater by Frank Carroll for eighteen years, a relationship that ended following the 1990 World Championships. After that, Bowman was coached by Toller Cranston and then John Nicks. In Inside Edge by Christine Brennan, Bowman admitted to having had a $950 a day cocaine habit during his eligible career, and that he had checked into the Betty Ford Center before the 1988 Olympic Games. Cranston also later described Bowman's drug problems in his book Zero Tollerance.

He was known as "Bowman the Showman" for his crowd-pleasing performances.^[3][4] "If I had to pick the three most talented skaters of all time, I would pick Christopher as one," Brian Boitano, the 1988 Olympic champion, told the Chicago Tribune. "He had natural charisma, natural athleticism, he could turn on a crowd in a matter of seconds and he always seemed so relaxed about it."^[3]

Bowman retired from competitive skating after the 1992 World Championships, and toured with Ice Capades the following year. He left the tour when Ice Capades was purchased by Dorothy Hamill in 1993. For some years thereafter, Bowman worked as a skating coach, first in Massachusetts and then in the Detroit, Michigan area, where he had lived from 1995 until 2007. He also worked as a skating commentator. Prior to his death, he had returned to southern California to make a comeback in acting, with a role as an assistant coach in Down and Distance.^[5]

Bowman was pronounced dead on January 10, 2008 at 12:06 p.m. after being found in a motel in the North Hills area of Los Angeles.^[5] He was 40 years old. The Los Angeles County Coroner determined that Bowman died from an accidental drug overdose.^[6]

He was divorced from skating coach Annette Bowman Jasinkiewicz with whom he had a daughter.^[3][4]

Competitive highlights[link]

• J = Junior level; WD = Withdrew

References[link]

• Past U.S. Champions - SeniorPDF (123 KiB)
• Brennan, Christine. Inside Edge. ISBN 0-684-80167-1. 
• Cranston, Toller. Zero Tollerance. ISBN 0-7710-2334-0. 
• Wright, Benjamin T.. Skating in America. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Christopher Bowman

• Christopher Bowman at the Internet Movie Database
• Official web site