DVD region codes are a DRM technique designed to allow motion picture studios to control aspects of a release, including content, release date, and price, according to the region. DVD video discs may be encoded with a region code restricting the area of the world in which they can be played.

The DVD Copy Control Association in California, USA, requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the Regional Playback Control (RPC) system – according to the Australian government's anti-monopoly watchdog, the ACCC. | Informal term meaning "worldwide". Region 0 is not an official setting; discs that bear the region 0 symbol either have no flag set or have region 1–6 flags set. |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 1 Region 1" /> |United States, Canada, Bermuda, U.S. territories |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 2 Region 2" /> |Europe (except Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus), Middle East, Egypt, Japan, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Greenland |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 3 Region 3" /> |Southeast Asia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Macau |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 4 Region 4" /> |Mexico, Central America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, Oceania |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 5 Region 5" /> |India, Afghanistan, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Africa (except Egypt, South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho), Central and South Asia, Mongolia, North Korea |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 6 Region 6" /> |People's Republic of China, Hong Kong |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 7 Region 7" /> | Reserved for future use (found in use on protected screener copies of MPAA-related DVDs and "media copies" of pre-releases in Asia) |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| 8 Region 8" /> | International venues such as aircraft, cruise ships, etc. |- !style="font-size:1.25em"| ALL Region ALL" /> | Region ALL discs have all 8 flags set, allowing the disc to be played in any locale on any player. |}

DVDs sold in the Baltic States use both region 2 and 5 codes. DVDs sold in Japan use the region 2 code, while Macau and Taiwan use the region 3 code. Hong Kong has historically used Region 3 and has added region 6 since the reunification, now using both.

Region 0 (playable in all regions except 7 and 8) is widely used by China and the Philippines. DVDs in Hispanophone Latin America uses both the region 1 and region 4 codes. Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, and region 5 codes; Indian Disney discs contain only the region 3 code.

European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded "D1" to "D4". "D1" are United Kingdom–only releases; "D2" and "D3" are not sold in the UK and Ireland; "D4" are distributed throughout Europe.

Any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suitable for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, and any other Region 2 or Region 4 area. So-called "Region 0" and "ALL" discs are meant to be playable worldwide.

The term "Region 0" also describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate Regions 1–6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by adjusting discs to refuse to play in such machines. This system is known as "Regional Coding Enhancement". this was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region's discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled.

However, it is easy to work around the scheme. A region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could thus be defeated by briefly playing a "normal" region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players.

, many "multi-region" DVD players defeat regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc's region code and/or allowing the user to manually select a particular region.

Most DVD PC software and hardware can play both NTSC and PAL video and both audio standards.

Implementations of region codes

Standalone DVD players

Usually a configuration flag is set in each player's firmware at the factory. This flag holds the region number that the machine is allowed to play. Region-free players are DVD players shipped without the ability to enforce regional lockout (usually by means of a chip that ignores any region coding), or without this flag set.

However, if the player is not region-free, it can often be unlocked with an unlock code entered via the remote control. This code simply allows the user to change the factory-set configuration flag to another region, or to the special region "0". Once unlocked this way, the DVD player allows the owner to watch DVDs from any region. Many websites exist on the Internet offering these codes, often known informally as hacks. Many websites provide instructions for different models of standalone DVD players, to hack, and their factory codes.

Computer DVD drives

Older DVD drives use RPC-1 ("Regional Playback Control") firmware, which means the drive allows DVDs from any region to play. Newer drives use RPC-2 firmware, which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardware level. These drives can often be reflashed or hacked with RPC-1 firmware, effectively making the drive region-free. However, this usually voids the warranty. Another criticism is that region-coding allows for local censorship. For example, the Region 1 DVD of Stanley Kubrick’s Eyes Wide Shut contains the digital manipulations necessary for the film to secure an MPAA R-rating, whereas these manipulations are not evident in non-Region 1 discs.

See also

Broadcast television systems

DVD Copy Control Association

Regional lockout

References

External links

DVD region information with regards to RCE from Home Theater Info

Region Coding - Explanations & Help from The DVDCodes Source

Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide

Category:Digital rights management Category:DVD Category:Self-censorship

Coordinates	50°43′48″N21°18′52″N
Playername	Kevin Harper
Fullname	Kevin Patrick Harper
Dateofbirth	January 15, 1976
Cityofbirth	Oldham
Countryofbirth	England
Position	Midfielder / Forward
Youthyears1	–1992 | youthclubs1 = Hutchison Vale
Years1	1992–1998 | caps1 = 94 | goals1 = 15 | clubs1 = Hibernian
Years2	1998–2000 | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 1 | clubs2 = Derby County
Years3	1999–2000 | caps3 = 9 | goals3 = 1 | clubs3 = → Walsall (loan)
Years4	2000–2005 | caps4 = 119 | goals4 = 9 | clubs4 = Portsmouth
Years5	2003 | caps5 = 9 | goals5 = 0 | clubs5 = → Norwich City (loan)
Years6	2004 | caps6 = 2 | goals6 = 0 | clubs6 = → Leicester City (loan)
Years7	2005–2007 | caps7 = 26 | goals7 = 1 | clubs7 = Stoke City
Years8	2006–2007 | caps8 = 7 | goals8 = 0 | clubs8 = → Carlisle United (loan)
Years9	2007 | caps9 = 10 | goals9 = 4 | clubs9 = → Walsall (loan)
Years10	2007–2009 | caps10= 29 | goals10= 5 | clubs10= Dunfermline Athletic
Pcupdate	22:06, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Kevin Patrick Harper (born January 15, 1976, in Oldham, Greater Manchester) is a Scottish football player. He is currently without a club following his release from Dunfermline Athletic in the Scottish First Division.

Career

Early career

Harper began his career with non-league Hutchison Vale as a youth. However, it was not long before the talented midfielder was snapped up by Hibernian, making his professional debut aged just 17. As someone of black skin colour, Harper was in a small minority within Scottish football. He was unhappy that having claimed Gary Mackay had racially abused him during an Edinburgh derby game in November 1996, the SFA did not take action in response to his complaint. Despite clear potential, Harper failed to impress at Derby, scoring just two goals against Liverpool in the league

Despite his impressive part in Portsmouth's promotion, Harper was loaned out to Norwich in September 2003. His loan spell at Carrow Road was initially for one month but was extended to three months. He played well at Norwich, but was also sent off for a two-footed tackle on an opposing player in a match against Derby County. On his return to Fratton Park he made only nine appearances for Portsmouth in the 2003-04 season. After failing to regain his place at the start of the 2004-05 season he was loaned to Leicester City.

In January 2005 was sold to Stoke City. Despite starting his Stoke career impressively, Harper was dogged by injuries that prevented him challenging for a first team place. He scored once for Stoke, in a 3-1 win over Norwich City. Harper was loaned to Carlisle United in October 2006 and then Walsall, whom he had played for on loan earlier in his career. He was released by Stoke manager Tony Pulis in May 2007.

Return to Scotland

On 7 July 2007, Harper opted to join Dunfermline Athletic, of the Scottish First Division. He scored the winning goal against Stirling Albion on 25 August 2007 and played in Dunfermline's UEFA Cup matches at home 16 August and away 30 August against BK Hacken FC of Sweden. Harper's season was rather inconsistent, though on March 25, 2008, he scored a hat-trick in the re-arranged fixture against First Division strugglers Stirling Albion, whom he had scored his only other goal of the season against a few months earlier.

Career statistics

|- |1993-94||rowspan="6"|Hibernian||rowspan="5"|Premier Division||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0 |- |1994-95||23||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||5 |- |1995-96||16||3||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||19||3 |- |1996-97||27||5||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5 |- |1997-98||27||1||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1 |- |1998-99||First Division||2||1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||1 |- |1998-99||rowspan="2"|Derby County||rowspan="2"|Premier League||27||1||3||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||2 |- |1999-00||5||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0 |- |1999-00||Walsall||First Division||9||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||1 |- |1999-00||rowspan="5"|Portsmouth||rowspan="4"|First Division||12||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||2 |- |2000-01||24||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||2 |- |2001-02||39||1||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1 |- |2002-03||37||4||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||4 |- |2003-04||Premier League||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0 |- |2003-04||Norwich City||First Division||9||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0 |- |2004-05||Portsmouth||Premier League||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0 |- |2004-05||Leicester City||Championship||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0 |- |2004-05||rowspan="2"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Championship||9||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0 |- |2005-06||14||1||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1 |- |2006-07||Walsall||League Two||10||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||4 |- |2006-07||Stoke City||Championship||3||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0 |- |2006-07||Carlisle United||League One||7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||0 |- |2007-08||rowspan="2"|Dunfermline Athletic||rowspan="2"|First Division||15||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||18||4 |- |2008-09||14||1||0||0||4||0||0||0||18||1 126||20||7||0||9||0||2||0||144||20 214||16||11||1||12||0||colspan="2"|-||237||17 340||36||18||1||21||0||2||0||381||37

Personal life

A month after joining Dunfermline Athletic, Harper was banned from driving for four months and fined £300 for driving over 100 mph near Lockerbie. In October 2008, Harper admitted assaulting his wife by punching, kicking and spitting on her.

See also

Dunfermline Athletic F.C. season 2007-08 | 2008-09

References

External links

Profile at dafc.co.uk

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:People from Oldham Category:Scottish footballers Category:Association football wingers Category:Hibernian F.C. players Category:Derby County F.C. players Category:Walsall F.C. players Category:Portsmouth F.C. players Category:Norwich City F.C. players Category:Leicester City F.C. players Category:Stoke City F.C. players Category:Carlisle United F.C. players Category:Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Premier League players Category:The Football League players Category:Scotland B international footballers

Coordinates	50°43′48″N21°18′52″N
Position	Small forward/power forward
Number	13, 31
Height ft	6 |height_in=9
Weight lbs	206
Birthdate	1973-5-10
Debutyear	1996
Finalyear	2005
Draftyear	1996
Draftround	1
Draftpick	26
Draftteam	Detroit Pistons
College	Georgetown
Teams
Stat1label	Points
Stat1value	6.6
Stat2label	Rebounds
Stat2value	6.4
Stat3label	Steals
Stat3value	1.1
Letter	w
Bbr	WilliJe01

Jerome Williams (born May 10, 1973 in Washington, D.C.) is a former professional basketball player in the NBA, who last played for the New York Knicks. He was a star player on the Magruder High School basketball team. Drafted out of Georgetown University by the Detroit Pistons with the 26th pick of the 1996 NBA Draft (the pick originally belonged to the San Antonio Spurs and went to the Pistons in the Dennis Rodman trade), he played four-plus years with the Pistons, becoming one of their key reserves. He was a fan favorite during his days playing for the Toronto Raptors due to his tenacious efforts on the court. On February 22, 2001 Williams was traded from the Detroit Pistons, along with Eric Montross, to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Corliss Williamson, Tyrone Corbin, Kornel David and a future first-round draft pick. He was so enthusiastic about joining his new teammates that he immediately drove from Detroit to Toronto upon hearing the news. In 2002-03 with the Raptors, Williams averaged 9.7 points per game, primarily as a starter, which has thus far been his career-best scoring average. In 2003, Williams also made a cameo appearance in the Disney Channel Originall Movie, Full-Court Miracle. December 1, 2003 saw him traded again, this time along with Antonio Davis and Chris Jefferies, to the Chicago Bulls for Jalen Rose, Donyell Marshall and Lonny Baxter. Overall in 2003-04, Williams played in 68 games, starting 44 of them, averaging 6.2 points and 7.0 rebounds per game. During the 2004 offseason, he was involved in yet another trade, one that sent him and Jamal Crawford to the Knicks for Dikembe Mutombo, Frank Williams, Othella Harrington and Cezary Trybanski. His relocation to New York meant a relocation to the bench, as his minutes dropped down to around 17 a game. On August 15, 2005, Williams was waived by the Knicks to avoid luxury taxes on his salary, as part of the NBA's new labor agreement. He announced his retirement from his playing career less than 48 hours later. Williams played in 587 games over nine seasons, averaging 6.6 points and 6.4 rebounds per game. Williams joined the NBA's "Basketball Without Borders" program, an effort to teach the game and bring resources to underdeveloped nations in Africa, Asia and elsewhere. In Toronto, he was always greeted with a standing ovation when he returned in a Bulls or Knicks uniform. Nicknamed the Junkyard Dog (or JYD) by Rick Mahorn in his early days as a Detroit Piston for his hard work and hustle (as stated in an interview while he served as a commentator on NBA TV), Williams sometimes referred to himself in the third person.

On January 25, 2006, Williams rejoined the Toronto Raptors as their community representative.

Williams also played a minor role in the Canadian FBI show, Sue Thomas: F.B. Eye. He played Otis Washington, a dealer turned snitch.

References

External links

Williams' NBA.com blog about Basketball Without Borders

Williams' stats @ basketball-reference.com

Category:1973 births Category:African American basketball players Category:American expatriate basketball people in Canada Category:Detroit Pistons draft picks Category:Chicago Bulls players Category:Detroit Pistons players Category:Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players Category:Junior college men's basketball players in the United States Category:Living people Category:New York Knicks players Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:Toronto Raptors players

Coordinates	50°43′48″N21°18′52″N
Caption	McAvoy in 2007
Birthname	James Andrew McAvoy
Birth date	April 21, 1979
Birth place	Port Glasgow, Scotland
Yearsactive	1995–present
Occupation	Actor
Spouse	Anne-Marie Duff(2006–present; 1 son)

James Andrew McAvoy ( ; born April 21, 1979) they began dating when he was 16 and broke up in 2003. At the age of 27, he married actress Anne-Marie Duff, then 36, whom he met while working together on the set of the comedy drama series Shameless on 18 October 2006 in Scotland. The couple live in Crouch End, London. On Tuesday 26 January 2010 the couple announced that they are expecting their first child together. It was announced on June 16 that Duff had given birth to a baby boy named Andrew in the early summer.

He enjoys science fiction which he said started from the age of 11 with The Lord of the Rings. He considers himself a spiritual person who no longer practices Catholicism. His big interest outside acting and science fiction is football; he is a huge fan of Celtic Football Club, stating that his dream role would be to play Celtic legend Jimmy Johnstone.

Stage and screen credits

Filmography

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;" |-style="background:#B0C4DE;" ! Year ! Film ! Role ! Notes |- |1995 | The Near Room | Kevin | |- |rowspan="2"| 1997 | Regeneration | Anthony Balfour | |- | The Bill | Gavin Donald | one episode, "Rent" |- |2000 | Lorna Doone | Sergeant Bloxham | TV film (BBC and A&E; co-production) |- |rowspan="3" | 2001 | Band of Brothers | Pvt. James W. Miller | TV miniseries, one episode "Replacements" |- | Swimming Pool | Mike | Also known as The Pool |- | Murder in Mind | Martin Vosper | one episode, "Teacher" |- |rowspan="4" | 2002 | White Teeth | Josh | TV film |- | Bollywood Queen | Jay | |- | The Inspector Lynley Mysteries | Gowan Ross | TV series; episode "Payment in Blood" |- | Foyle's War | Ray Pritchard | one episode, "The German Woman" |- |rowspan="4" | 2003 | Frank Herbert's Children of Dune | Leto Atreides II | TV miniseries |- | Bright Young Things | Simon Balcairn | |- | Early Doors | Liam | TV series (4 episodes; Series 1 only) |- | State of Play | Dan Foster | TV serial |- |rowspan="3" | 2004 | Wimbledon | Carl Colt | |- | Strings | Hal Tara (Voice) | English Version |- | Inside I'm Dancing | Rory O'Shea | Also known as Rory O'Shea Was HereNominated — London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor |- | 2004 | Shameless | Steve McBride | TV series (13 episodes; and )Nominated — British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Newcomer, written by Paul Abbott and Danny Brocklehurst |- |rowspan="3" | 2005 | | Mr. Tumnus, The Faun |Empire Award for Best ActorNominated — London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the Year |- | ShakespeaRe-Told | Joe Macbeth | 1 episode ("Macbeth") |- | Starter for 10 | Brian Jackson | |- |rowspan="1" | 2006 | The Last King of Scotland | Dr. Nicholas Garrigan |BAFTA Scotland Award for Best ActorRising Star Award, BAFTANominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting RoleNominated — British Independent Film Award for Best ActorNominated — European Film Award for Best ActorNominated — London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor |- |rowspan="2" | 2007 | Becoming Jane | Thomas Lefroy | |- | Atonement | Robbie Turner | Empire Award for Best ActorLondon Film Critics Circle Award for British Actor of the YearNominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RoleNominated — European Film Award for Best ActorNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture DramaNominated — Irish Film Award for Best International Actor |- |rowspan="2" |2008 | Penelope | Johnny Martin/Max |Premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2006, released in the US & UK in 2008. |- | Wanted | Wesley Gibson | Awarded — MTV Movie Award for Best KissAwarded — National Movie Award for Best Performance - Male |- |2009 | The Last Station | Valentin Bulgakov | Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture |- |rowspan="1"| 2010 | The Conspirator | Frederick Aiken | |- |rowspan="3"| 2011 | Gnomeo and Juliet | Gnomeo (voice) | |- | Wanted 2 | Wesley Gibson | |- | | Professor Charles Francis Xavier / Professor X | filming |- |rowspan="1"| 2012 | The Grass Crown | Marcus Tullius Cicero'' | TV mini-series |- |}

Theatre

The Tempest, Brunton Theatre - Ferdinand

Romeo and Juliet, The Courtyard Hereford (1999) - Romeo

West Side Story, The Courtyard Hereford (1999) - Riff

Beauty and the Beast, Adam Smith Theatre (1999–2000, pantomime) - Bobby

Romeo and Juliet (2000) - Romeo

The Reel of the Hanged Man, Traverse Theatre (2000) - Gerald

Lovers, Royal Lyceum Theatre - Joe

Out In The Open, Hampstead Theatre (2001) - Iggy

Privates On Parade, Donmar Warehouse (2001–2002) - Pt Steven Flowers

Breathing Corpses, Royal Court Theatre (2005) - Ben

Three Days of Rain, Apollo Theatre (2009) - Walker

References

External links

James McAvoy Comprehensive profile

James McAvoy visits Uganda

James McAvoy Atonement video interview (with Keira Knightley), September 2007

"'I feel on the edge of failure'" The Guardian feature story, 7 September 2007. (Accessed 23 September 2007).

Wanted">"James McAvoy: Most Wanted

Category:1979 births Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Living people Category:Scottish Roman Catholics Category:Scottish film actors Category:Scottish stage actors Category:Scottish television actors Category:People from Crouch End Category:People from Glasgow Category:Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama alumni Category:Shakespearean actors Category:People from Port Glasgow