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June 18
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James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark novel which perfected his stream of conciousness technique and combined nearly every literary device available in a modern re-telling of The Odyssey. Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939), and his complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.
http://wn.com/James_Joyce -
Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who is best known as the author of the three major collections of erotic poetry: Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria. He is also well known for the Metamorphoses, a mythological hexameter poem, the Fasti, about the Roman calendar, and the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, two collections of poems written in exile on the Black Sea. Ovid was also the author of several smaller pieces, the Remedia Amoris, the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and the long curse-poem Ibis. He also authored a lost tragedy, Medea. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature. The scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the canonical Latin love elegists. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, decisively influenced European art and literature and remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology.
http://wn.com/Ovid -
Paul the Apostle
http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle -
Primož Trubar
Primož Trubar () (9 June 1508 – 28 June 1586) was a Slovene protestant reformer, the founder and the first superintendent of the Protestant Church of the Slovene Lands, a consolidator of the Slovene language and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
http://wn.com/Primož_Trubar -
St. Anthony of Padua
http://wn.com/St_Anthony_of_Padua -
St. John the Baptist
http://wn.com/St_John_the_Baptist -
St. Peter
http://wn.com/St_Peter
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Eritrea
Eritrea ( or ; Ge'ez: , Arabic: إرتريا Iritrīyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under with an estimated population of 5 million.
http://wn.com/Eritrea -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii -
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland -
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
http://wn.com/Kenya -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Lower mainland
http://wn.com/Lower_mainland -
Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
http://wn.com/Luxembourg -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of equator—the word hemisphere literally means 'half sphere'. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator. Earth's northern hemisphere contains most of its land area and most of its human population (about 90%).
http://wn.com/Northern_Hemisphere -
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is south of the equator—the word hemisphere (from the Greek word σφαιρα (sphere)
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas -
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
http://wn.com/Venezuela
- 23 June
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- Argentina
- astrology
- Belgium
- Black Music Month
- Bloomsday
- British Columbia
- Canada
- Cancer (astrology)
- Children's Day
- Comrades Marathon
- D-Day
- day
- Denmark
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- Father's Day
- Finland
- Flag Day
- Gay pride
- Gemini (astrology)
- Greek mythology
- Gregorian calendar
- Hawaii
- Hera
- honeysuckle
- interleague play
- Ireland
- Irish Calendar
- James Joyce
- Julian calendar
- June 1
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- June 6
- Juneteenth
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- Kamehameha Day
- Kenya
- Litha
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- Luxembourg
- Madaraka Day
- marriage
- Mexico
- Midsummer (holiday)
- month
- Moonstone (gemstone)
- Mother's Day
- neopaganism
- Netherlands
- Northern Hemisphere
- Ovid
- Paul the Apostle
- pearl
- precession
- Primož Trubar
- Quebec
- Roman mythology
- Romania
- rose
- Slovene language
- solstice
- South Africa
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- St. Anthony of Padua
- St. John the Baptist
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- summer
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- Trooping the Colour
- Ulysses (novel)
- UTC
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TNA Today (June 18, 2010)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:51
- Published: 18 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Dec 2011
- Author: TNAwrestling
TNA Wrestling Today with Jeremy Borash and Don West. Watch it daily weekdays at www.tnawrestling.com/tnatoday
http://wn.com/TNA_Today_June_18,_2010
Crime Patrol - Episode 18 - 25th June 2011
Crime Patrol coming back in its 4th season attempts to bring stories of crime happening all around the country. Crimes that tell us, we need to be careful, we need to be watchful. Crimes that tell us lives could have been saved.Every crime we hear of, either warns us to be careful or scares us, it could happen to us. Every crime ignites a feeling, "It should not have happened".Would knowing the "Why" behind a crime, help in stopping a crime from happening?"I don't like the way he looks at me", "I don't like the way he/she is behaving", "I think he/she is out of his/her mind", "I think he/she has gone crazy". That gaze, that quirky smile, that persistent stare which unnerves. It is difficult to understand the intentions but the hints are there.In a house a husband and wife argue, fight. A vessel comes flying, a glass breaks. Husband is angry and the wife is upset. That hatred, that ego. The distance that keeps growing. It is difficult to comprehend the damage, but the cracks are there.Feelings... expressions. Misunderstood, unresolved callings of the heart. The cracks are there. Too wide to be missed. Yet when the heart takes over the mind, the outcome is a mindless tragedy.Crime Patrol- Dastak will attempt to look at the signs, the signals that are always there before these mindless crimes are committed. Instincts/Feelings/Signals that so often tell us that not everything is normal. May be, that signal/feeling/instinct is just not enough to believe it could result in a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Crime_Patrol__Episode_18__25th_June_2011
June 18 Thursday evening weather
June 18 Thursday evening weather
http://wn.com/June_18_Thursday_evening_weather
Achievement Hunter Weekly Update #18 (Week of June 28th, 2010)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Published: 28 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: RoosterTeeth
Jack is flying solo this week as Geoff is out of town. Join him won't you as he runs through this week's releases as well as some gaming news. Joel also makes a cameo.
http://wn.com/Achievement_Hunter_Weekly_Update_#18_Week_of_June_28th,_2010
Bade Acche Laggte Hai - Episode 18 - 28th June 2011
Priya promises Sharma and Kapoor family that Karthik and Natasha will definetly get married. Priya gets extremely upset. Raghav discloses her sister Niharika about Ram and Priya's marriage. Niharika considers Priya as her biggest obstacle. Ram feels guilty about the incident. Raghav reveals Niharika that Ram and Priya's marriage will be super benificial. Will Ram agree to marry Priya? What will be Priya and her family's decision? Bade Acche Laggte Hai is the story of two strangers getting married ... and falling in love. Priya is a happy go lucky woman in her early 30s, not married so far and quite sure that she wouldn't be able to get married ever. She takes tuitions for college students and is happy with the world.Ram Kapoor, a wealthy man in his early 40s, is a ruthless entrepreneur who also believes that he has missed the bus of marriage. But as fate would have it, they bump into each other through a minor car accident which hurts their egos more than their vehicles and then after a series of miscommunications and misunderstandings, destiny contrives once again to get the two married.What more surprises await Ram and Priya? Will they fall in love? To get these answers, watch Bade Acche Laggte Hai ... yeh dharti, yeh nadiyaa, yeh raina aur tum.
http://wn.com/Bade_Acche_Laggte_Hai__Episode_18__28th_June_2011
Union contract extended to June 18
ALBUQUERQUE (KRQE) – Negotiators agreed to extend the union contract for 2000 Smith's Grocery Store employees until June 18. The current contract was set expire Saturday at midnight.
http://wn.com/Union_contract_extended_to_June_18
Today in History for June 18th
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Published: 18 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: AssociatedPress
Highlights of this day in history: Churchill rallies Britain in World War II; Napoleon beaten at Battle of Waterloo; Amelia Earhart crosses the Atlantic; Sally Ride becomes America's first woman in space; Ex-Beatle Paul McCartney born. (June 18)
http://wn.com/Today_in_History_for_June_18th
'Sandwitches' At The House Of Blues
House Of Blues June, 18 2011. The Show Where Tyler Broke His Foot.
http://wn.com/'Sandwitches'_At_The_House_Of_Blues
Adaalat - Episode 31 - 18th June 2011
" Adalat is a show - Promoolving around KD Pathak, a suave, sophisticated, witty and yet unconventional lawyer who is known as a 'Houdini' in circles of law because he can get his clients out of the tightest of situations. His success rate of acquittals is 100 percent. But most importantly KD stands not for his client, but for Justice. KD has an amazing eye for detail and an insatiable thirst for knowledge. He always seems to know enough about every profession, and what he doesn't know he covers up/makes up with his smartness. A quick thinker. KD steps into a case when all is doomed for the accused. All the doors are shut. When the prosecution has prepared a water tight open and shut case where even a blind man can tell that the accused is guilty. But no one can see the case from the angle KD does. He digs fervently for loopholes in the prosecution's case much to their frustration and thinking on his feet, he manages to turn the entire case around. Often through histrionics, magical gimmicks (since he has recently started learning magic ... and uses a parallel between magic and justice... that often what we see is not all... there is something beyond it), performances, which the Judge does not approve of ! And nor does his ex-love Maya (The Prosecutor who is often at the receiving end!) - But that is KD. Unstoppable, incorrigible and completely enthralling and entertaining. It is a treat to watch him perform in court week after week, tearing the toughest of cases to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Adaalat__Episode_31__18th_June_2011
Crime Patrol - Episode 16 - 18th June 2011
CRIME PATROL is a reality series. However the case presentation would be a story telling form that would have the interest of a fiction drama presentation. The prelude and finale to the case would make the case a complete story. Interactions with the analysts on the show would be treated with the audience interest point of view keeping it only as much as essential to the story telling. Going beyond the drama of police action in a crime situation, the show also aims to look into the "why" behind a crime. Police action on one hand gives the show the edge of how the law keepers bring the culprits to book or stop a crime from being committed. On the other hand, the show will also be looking at the sociological aspect behind a crime- both from the victim as well as the criminal's side. The cases would be driven by cameras moving along with the police force from the time a crime is reported or when the police receive a call till the point the case is brought to a logical conclusion in the police records for further movement in the court of law. As such the police force is deemed to be the law keeper and not the justice authority.
http://wn.com/Crime_Patrol__Episode_16__18th_June_2011
LA Noire 18: A Difficult Decision
Hannah has to make a tricky decision and choose between two suspects - which will she pick?
http://wn.com/LA_Noire_18_A_Difficult_Decision
You Can't See Me, I'm Sneaking! -- Ze's 30-Day Challenge: Day 18
www.youtube.com Click this to watch Ze's 30-Day Challenge: Day 17! Modern Warfare 2: You Can't See Me, I'm Sneaking! -- Ze's 30-Day Challenge: Day 18 ORIGINALLY RECORDED: June 18, 2010 So, this is day 18 of my challenge. Modern Warfare 2 again! I'm just playing like usual, not much to be said in this episode. I'll try to get a Medal of Honor Commentary out soon! Be sure to do the following: Follow me on Twitter! www.twitter.com Send any questions for me to: www.formspring.me DIRECTOR'S CHANNEL: www.youtube.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Follow Machinima on Twitter! Machinima twitter.com Inside Gaming twitter.com Machinima Respawn twitter.com Machinima Entertainment, Technology, Culture twitter.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE SPORTS GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE TRAILERS, GO TO: www.youtube.com TAGS: zemachinima ze royal viking commentary modern warfare call of duty june challenge thirty days month two killstreak horrible pro not machinima machinimarespawn gameplay tips awesome greatest knife throw ever pokemon gears of war two warzone Team Fortress Earthworm Science Enrichment GLaDOS Gun Crackdown Clones Battle Supercar yt:quality=high Call of Duty Modern Warfare [2] MW2 UPC 47875333376 047875837492 0047875333376 PS3 XBox 360 XBox360 X360 PC MPN 83747 Infinity Ward Activision CoD 6 MW two
http://wn.com/You_Can't_See_Me,_I'm_Sneaking!_-_Ze's_30-Day_Challenge_Day_18
Gamer's Digest - 4.2 on June 28th, Fandral's Flamescythe, New Map Opening Animations
Subscribe to Gamer's Digest: www.youtube.com Contents: 0:15 - Fandral's Flamescythe 1:01 - New Fan Made Art 1:09 - 4.2 PvP Patchnotes 2:02 - New Map Opening Animations 2:33 - New Blizzard Rage of the Firelands Art 3:15 - New Blizzard 4.2 Cinematic 7:03 - Razer Naga Epic Giveaway _______________________________________________________________ Facebook Page: www.facebook.com ZybakTV Store: zybaktv.spreadshirt.com _______________________________________________________________ Links: Fandral's Flamescythe: www.youtube.com New Blizzard Fan Art: us.blizzard.com New Map Opening Animation: www.youtube.com 4.2 Cinematic: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Gamer's_Digest__42_on_June_28th,_Fandral's_Flamescythe,_New_Map_Opening_Animations
Ramayan 18/06/2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:14
- Published: 02 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: ndtvimagine
Ramayan is a tale for every generation. It is multi-layered, multi-faceted, multi-dimensional... and this new daily version of the timeless classic has been interpreted to cater to the taste of a shining, modern India. Television is all about great stories well told, and for us, Ramayan is India's greatest story ever and we hope to re-tell it in a compelling, entertaining manner.
http://wn.com/Ramayan_18/06/2009
IGN Daily Fix, 6-18: Halo 3 & Movie News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 19 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: IGNentertainment
Blizzard HOPES to release StarCraft 2 later this year, New Xbox, & Bay quits Transformers.
http://wn.com/IGN_Daily_Fix,_6-18_Halo_3_Movie_News
Adam Lambert - If I Had You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 18 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: AdamLambertVEVO
Music video by Adam Lambert performing If I Had You. (C) 2010 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Adam_Lambert__If_I_Had_You
The Haul - 6/18/2011 - DulceCandy87 julieg713 destinygodley makeupD0LL lilpumpkinpie05
Today on The Haul DuleCandy87 Shares a haul www.youtube.com julieg713 shares her favorite primers www.youtube.com lilpumpkinpie05 shares a smokey eye makeup tutorial www.youtube.com makeupD0LL gets inspired by Nikki Minaj www.youtube.com And destinygodley channels Naomi Campbell www.youtube.com It's all here on The Haul! KEYWORDS ----------------- StyleHaul The Haul DulceCandy87 julieg713 destinygodley makeupD0LL lilpumpkinpie05 MAC NYX Target Urban Decay Too Faced Lady Gaga Viva Glam Nikki Minaj Naomi Campbell Makeup tutorial primer potion
http://wn.com/The_Haul__6/18/2011__DulceCandy87_julieg713_destinygodley_makeupD0LL_lilpumpkinpie05
Inside Gaming - E3 2011 Recap! - 6/18/11!
www.youtube.com Click here to watch yesterday's IGDaily! Inside Gaming - E3 2011 Recap! - 6/18/11! Take a look at what we saw at this year's E3. The Dead Pixel gives us an overview of the event and his opinions on what's coming. Sign up for the Inside Gaming Newsletter! www.machinima.com Check out the Inside Gaming Blog! blog.machinima.com Visit the Inside Gaming Facebook Page! www.facebook.com Follow Inside Gaming on Twitter! www.twitter.com In this video you will see... HOW TO see the future. HOW TO take motion control too far. HOW TO paraphrase. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Follow Machinima on Twitter! Machinima twitter.com Inside Gaming twitter.com Machinima Respawn twitter.com Machinima Entertainment, Technology, Culture twitter.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE SPORTS GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE MMO & RPG GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE TRAILERS, GO TO: www.youtube.com TAGS: "Machinima" "E3" "Electronics Entertainment Expo" Video Games Ubisoft Microsoft Sony Nintendo Konami EA "Inside Gaming" Adam Kovic "The Dead Pixel" Interviews News Press Conference " "Kinect" "Wii" "Wii U" "PS Vita" "Nintendo 3DS" Ice T "Gears Of War 3" "PSN Plus" "Motion Control" "Move" "Assassin's Creed: Revelations" "Ghost Recon: Future Soldier" "Far Cry 3" "Rayman Origins" "Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception"
http://wn.com/Inside_Gaming__E3_2011_Recap!__6/18/11!
Defqon.1 2011 - Maintrack Endshow (DVD Blu-Ray preview 5of7)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:04
- Published: 25 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: Qdancedotnl
Defqon.1 Festival took place on 24, 25 & 26 June at Evenemententerrein Biddinghuizen. This item "Endshow" is also available on the DVD/BLU-RAY. The DVD/BLU-RAY is now limited available here: store.q-dance.nl More info about Defqon.1 Festival can be found at Defqon1.nl.
http://wn.com/Defqon1_2011__Maintrack_Endshow_DVD_Blu-Ray_preview_5of7
Crisis In The Congo: Uncovering The Truth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:26
- Published: 18 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: congofriends
Crisis in the Congo: Uncovering The Truth explores the role that the United States allies, Rwanda and Uganda, have played in triggering the greatest humanitarian crisis at the dawn of the 21st century. Support the completion of the film: congojustice.org Sign The Petition:www.change.org Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Congo Resources: friendsofthecongo.org
http://wn.com/Crisis_In_The_Congo_Uncovering_The_Truth
THE SKANKS AT WAL-MART
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 18 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: ItsKingsleyBitch
Please watch this "Wal-Mart" by Mr. Ghetto fuckery www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_SKANKS_AT_WAL-MART
The Osama Bin Laden - 6/18/2011 - Joke of the Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:15
- Published: 18 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Jan 2012
- Author: jokeofthedayshow
www.wholesomelane.com Goes down smooth. Subscribe www.youtube.com Tweet: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/The_Osama_Bin_Laden__6/18/2011__Joke_of_the_Day
Pronunciation Frustration
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 18 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Jan 2012
- Author: OMFGItsJackAndDean
Fac-e-book t-shirt: www.districtlines.com Tweet it: clicktotweet.com Follow us: twitter.com twitter.com Fac-e-book: www.facebook.com Music by: Dominic Fera www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Pronunciation_Frustration
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Creative Commons![Dorsal view, Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120128015101im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/4b/a7/ad62426885aa0762e243a7c17e10_small.jpg "Dorsal view, Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.")
Creative Commons / Benjamint444![Nazca Booby, Espanola Island. Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120128015101im_/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/ca/a4/e5c3590089532e69f4517c0d9a1e_small.jpg "Nazca Booby, Espanola Island. Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.")
Creative Commons / Benjamint444
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Creative Commons / Altair78![Lord Hill's Column, sited outside the Shirehall, is the largest Grecian doric column in the world [33]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120128015101im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/97/e3/06f3b1345eaa857c7ed7cb1c69dd_small.jpg "Lord Hill's Column, sited outside the Shirehall, is the largest Grecian doric column in the world [33]")
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![Dorsal view, Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120128015101/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/4b/a7/ad62426885aa0762e243a7c17e10_medium.jpg "Dorsal view, Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.")
![Nazca Booby, Espanola Island. Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120128015101/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/ca/a4/e5c3590089532e69f4517c0d9a1e_medium.jpg "Nazca Booby, Espanola Island. Nazca boobies are known for practicing obligate silicide.[5] They lay two eggs, several days apart. If both eggs hatch, the elder chick will push its sibling out of the nest area, leaving it to die of thirst or cold.")
![Lord Hill's Column, sited outside the Shirehall, is the largest Grecian doric column in the world [33]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120128015101/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/97/e3/06f3b1345eaa857c7ed7cb1c69dd_medium.jpg "Lord Hill's Column, sited outside the Shirehall, is the largest Grecian doric column in the world [33]")
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There’s an image of Clarence Clemons every fan finds iconic. It sprawls over the 1975 classic album, “Born To Run,” but it communicates as much through its position on the package as any other aspect of the photo. Naturally, the front focuses on its star, Bruce Springsteen. But he’s leaning on...
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June () is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and one of the four months with a length of 30 days. Ovid provides two etymologies for June's name in his poem concerning the months entitled the ''Fasti''. The first is that the month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter and equivalent to the Greek goddess Hera, whilst the second is that the name comes from the Latin word ''iuniores'', meaning "younger ones," as opposed to ''maiores'' ("elders") for which the preceding month May is named (''Fasti'' VI.1–88). See: Months in various calendars also called the season of the unicorn.
At the start of June, the sun rises in the constellation of Taurus; at the end of June, the sun rises in the constellation of Gemini. However, due to the precession of the equinoxes, June begins with the sun in the astrological sign of Gemini, and ends with the sun in the astrological sign of Cancer.
June is the month with the longest daylight hours of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest daylight hours of the year in the Southern Hemisphere.
June in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to December in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa.
In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological summer is 1 June. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological winter is 1 June.
June is known for the large number of marriages that occur over the course of the month. According to one etymology, June is named after Juno (Hera). Juno was the goddess of marriage and a married couple's household, so some consider it good luck to be married in this month.
In Iceland, folklore says that if you bathe naked in the morning dew on the morning of June 24, you are supposed to keep aging at bay for longer.
In both common and leap years, no other month begins on the same day of the week as June. This month and May are the only two months that have this property. June ends on the same day of the week as March every year.
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June symbols
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af:Junie als:Juni am:ጁን ang:Sēremōnaþ ab:Рашәара ar:يونيو an:Chunio arc:ܚܙܝܪܢ frp:Jouen ast:Xunu gn:Jasypoteĩ ay:Juyphi phaxsi az:İyun bn:জুন zh-min-nan:6 goe̍h ba:Июнь (Һатай) be:Чэрвень be-x-old:Чэрвень bh:जुन bcl:Hunyo bar:Juni bs:Juni br:Mezheven bg:Юни ca:Juny cv:Çĕртме уйăхĕ ceb:Hunyo cs:Červen co:Ghjugnu cy:Mehefin da:Juni de:Juni dv:ޖޫން dsb:Smažki et:Juuni el:Ιούνιος eml:Zógn myv:Аштемков es:Junio eo:Junio ext:Juñu eu:Ekain ee:Masa fa:ژوئن hif:June fo:Juni fr:Juin fy:Juny fur:Zugn ga:An Meitheamh gv:Mean Souree gd:An t-Ògmhios gl:Xuño gan:六月 gu:જૂન xal:Мөчн сар ko:6월 haw:Iune hy:Հունիս hi:जून hsb:Junij hr:Lipanj io:Junio ig:Önwa ishií ilo:Junio id:Juni ia:Junio ie:Junio iu:ᔪᓂ/juni os:Июнь xh:Eyesilimela is:Júní it:Giugno he:יוני jv:Juni kl:Juuni kn:ಜೂನ್ ka:ივნისი csb:Czerwińc kk:Маусым kw:Mis Metheven rw:Kamena ky:Июнь sw:Juni kv:Лӧддза-номъя тӧлысь ht:Jen ku:Pûşper mrj:Июнь lad:Djunio lbe:Июнь lo:ມີຖຸນາ la:Iunius lv:Jūnijs lb:Juni lt:Birželis lij:Zûgno li:Juni ln:Sánzá ya motóbá lmo:Giügn hu:Június mk:Јуни mg:Jiona ml:ജൂൺ mt:Ġunju mi:Pipiri mr:जून महिना arz:يونيه ms:Jun mwl:Júnio mdf:Июньков my:ဇွန် nah:Tlachicuazti nl:Juni nds-nl:Juni ne:जुन new:जुन ja:6月 nap:Giùgno ce:Мангал бутт pih:Juun no:Juni nn:Juni nrm:Juîn nov:June oc:Junh mhr:Пеледыш uz:Iyun pa:ਜੂਨ pnb:جون koi:Юнь km:ខែមិថុនា tpi:Jun nds:Juni pl:Czerwiec pnt:Κερασινός pt:Junho crh:İyün ksh:Juuni (Moohndt) ro:Iunie qu:Inti raymi killa rue:Юн ru:Июнь sah:Бэс ыйа se:Geassemánnu sc:Làmpadas sco:Juin sq:Qershori scn:Giugnu simple:June ss:ÍNhlaba sk:Jún sl:Junij szl:Czyrwjec so:Juun ckb:حوزەیران sr:Јун sh:Jun su:Juni fi:Kesäkuu sv:Juni tl:Hunyo ta:ஜூன் kab:Yunyu roa-tara:Sciugne tt:Июнь te:జూన్ tet:Juñu th:มิถุนายน tg:Июн tr:Haziran tk:Iýun udm:Инвожо uk:Червень ur:جون vec:Giugno vi:Tháng sáu vo:Yunul fiu-vro:Piimäkuu wa:Moes d' djun vls:Juni war:Hunyo wo:Suwe ts:Khotavuxika yi:יוני yo:Oṣù Kẹfà zh-yue:6月 diq:Heziran bat-smg:Biržielis zh:6月
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Demetri Martin (born May 25, 1973) is an American comedian, actor, artist, musician, writer and humorist. Martin is best known for his work as a stand-up comedian, contributor on ''The Daily Show'' and for his Comedy Central show ''Important Things with Demetri Martin''.
Early life
Demetri Martin was born to a Greek American family in New York City, New York, and grew up in Toms River, New Jersey. He is the son of Lillian, a nutritionist, and Dean C. Martin, a Greek Orthodox priest. Martin graduated from Yale University in 1995. Although he was accepted into Harvard Law School, he went to New York University School of Law after he received a full scholarship. In 1996 Martin interned for the Domestic Policy Council at the Clinton White House, then after completing his second year of law school he dropped out.
Career
In 2001, Martin caught his first big break in stand-up comedy when he appeared on Comedy Central's stand-up showcase ''Premium Blend''. At the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe he won the Perrier award with his show ''If I...''. The show was turned into a British television special in 2004. From 2003 to 2004, Martin wrote for ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''. In 2004, Martin had his own ''Comedy Central Presents'' stand-up special. His special was divided into three parts. In the first, he performed in traditional stand-up comedy fashion. In the second segment, he used humorous drawings as visual aids, which would serve either as the punchline or a background. During the third segment, he played a guitar and put on a pseudo-play where he would strum his guitar while talking; some of his comedian friends dressed as fairies and dragons acted according to the story he was telling, detailing the magical land where his jokes came from. Martin's mother and grandmother also appeared.Since late 2005, he has been credited as a contributor on ''The Daily Show'', on which he has appeared as the named "Senior Youth Correspondent" and on which he hosts a segment called "Trendspotting". He has used this segment to talk about so-called hip trends among youth such as hookahs, wine, guerilla marketing and Xbox 360. A piece about social networking featured his profile on MySpace. On March 22, 2007, Demetri made another appearance on ''The Daily Show'', talking about the Viacom lawsuit against Google and YouTube.
He has recorded a comedy CD/DVD titled ''These Are Jokes'', which was released on September 26, 2006. This album also features ''Saturday Night Live'' member Will Forte and stand-up comedian Leo Allen.
Martin returned to ''The Daily Show'' on March 22, 2006, as the new Youth Correspondent, calling his segment "Professional Important News with Demetri Martin". In 2007, he starred in a Fountains of Wayne music video for "Someone to Love" as Seth Shapiro, a character in the song. He also starred in the video for the new Travis single "Selfish Jean", in which he wears multiple t-shirts with lyrics written on them.
On September 2, 2007, Martin appeared on the season finale of the HBO series ''Flight of the Conchords''. He appeared as a keytar player named Demetri.
He also had a part in the movie ''The Rocker'' (2008) starring Rainn Wilson. Martin played the part of the videographer when the band in the movie was making their first music video.
In 2009, he hosted and starred in his own television show called ''Important Things With Demetri Martin'' on Comedy Central. Later in June, it was announced his show had been renewed for a second season. The second season premiered, again on Comedy Central, on February 4, 2010. Martin has stated that ''Important Things'' will not return for a third season.
Prior to completing work on his second season, Martin starred in the comedy-drama film ''Taking Woodstock'' (2009), directed by Ang Lee, which premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. In the film Martin plays Elliot Tiber, a closeted gay artist who has given up his ambitions in the city to move upstate and help his old-world Jewish family run their Catskill Mountains motel. The film is based on the book written by Tiber.
On April 25, 2011, Martin released his first book, titled ''This Is a Book''.
Future plans
Martin sold his movie concept ''Will'' to DreamWorks; he is expected to play a key supporting role. He will play the lead in the film ''Moon People'', a pitch that he sold to Columbia Pictures.Martin also signed a blind script deal with CBS in October 2010 to produce, write, and star in his own television series.
After CBS was shown the pilot for the series, they decided not to air it.
On August 11, 2011, Fox ordered a presentation of a new animated show they might air.
''If I''
''If I'' is a Perrier Comedy Award-winning comedy one-man show written and performed by Demetri Martin at the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It was also aired on British television as a special. The show is an autobiographical examination of Martin's life, as seen through various definitions of the word "if."The title of the special comes from a lengthy palindromic poem that Martin wrote; the words "if I" are at the center of the poem.
Comedic style
Martin is known for being an unconventional stand-up comic. He uses extensive wordplay (particularly paraprosdokians), one-liners, and drawings on a "large pad", as well as accompanying his jokes with music on either guitar, harmonica, piano, keyboard, glockenspiel, toy bells, ukulele, or tambourine, sometimes all at once. He has cited comedian Steven Wright as an important influence (both use deadpan one-liners in their acts) and he is also a fan of Bill Cosby.
Personal life
According to a July 2011 interview on the WTF with Marc Maron podcast , Demetri had a short-lived marriage to a girl he knew from high school. They began dating after high school and got married when he was in NYU Law School and she was attending NYU Medical School. He was aged 25 and in the end of his marriage/going through divorce when his stand-up career began .Martin moved to Santa Monica, California in 2009.
Discography
Filmography and television work
| Year | ! Title | ! Role | Notes |
| 2002 | ''Analyze That'' | Personal Assistant | |
| 2003 | ''If I''| | Himself | British television special, also writer |
| 2004 | ''12:21''| | Himself | short film, also writer |
| 2004 | ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''| | Himself | 1 episode, series writer |
| 2007 | "''Someone to Love (Fountains of Wayne song)Someone to Love''" || | Seth Shapiro | ''Fountains of Wayne'' music video |
| 2007 | ''Flight of the Conchords (TV series)Flight of the Conchords'' || | Demetri | Season 1, Episode 12 |
| 2008 | ''The Rocker (film)The Rocker'' || | Kip (a music video producer) | |
| 2009 | ''Paper Heart''| | Himself | |
| 2009 | ''Post Grad''| | Ad Exec | |
| 2009 | ''Moon People''| | lead role and writer | |
| 2009 | ''Taking Woodstock''| | Elliot Tiber | lead role |
| 2009–2010 | ''Important Things with Demetri Martin''| | Himself / Various | lead role, writer, series creator, executive producer, and composer |
| 2011 | ''Take Me Home Tonight (film)Take Me Home Tonight'' || | Goldman Sachs Employee | supporting role |
| 2011 | ''Contagion (film)Contagion'' || | ||
| 2011 | ''Conan''| | Himself | guest |
Written works
''This Is a Book'', April 2011, .
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Category:1973 births Category:Actors from New Jersey Category:Actors from New York City Category:American comedians Category:American comedy musicians Category:American comedy writers Category:American film actors Category:American humorists Category:American people of Greek descent Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:American television writers Category:Living people Category:New York University alumni Category:Writers from New Jersey Category:Writers from New York City Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners Category:Yale University alumni
cs:Demetri Martin da:Demetri Martin de:Demetri Martin fr:Demetri Martin gl:Demetri Martin it:Demetri Martin simple:Demitri Martin fi:Demetri Martin sv:Demetri MartinThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Osama bin Laden |
| Birth date | March 10, 1957 |
| Birth place | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| Death date | May 02, 2011 |
| Death place | Abbottabad, Pakistan |
| Placeofburial | North Arabian Sea |
| Religion | Sunni Islam (Qutbism) |
| Years active | 1979–2011 |
| Death cause | Ballistic trauma |
| Successor | Ayman Al-Zawahiri |
| Spouse(s) | Najwa GhanhemKhadijah SharifKhairiah SabarSiham SabarAmal Ahmed al-Sadah |
| Children | |
| Allegiance | Al-Qaeda |
| Serviceyears | 1988–2011 |
| Battles | Soviet war in AfghanistanWar on Terror:
|
Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings. From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, with a bounty by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
After being placed on the FBI's Most Wanted list, bin Laden remained in hiding during three U.S. presidential administrations. On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives in a covert operation ordered by United States President Barack Obama. Shortly after his death, bin Laden's body was buried at sea. Al-Qaeda acknowledged his death on May 6, 2011, vowing to retaliate.
Early life and education
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, a son of Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, a billionaire construction magnate with close ties to the Saudi royal family, and Mohammed bin Laden's tenth wife, Hamida al-Attas (then called Alia Ghanem). In a 1998 interview, bin Laden gave his birth date as March 10, 1957.
Mohammed bin Laden divorced Hamida soon after Osama bin Laden was born. Mohammed recommended Hamida to Mohammed al-Attas, an associate. Al-Attas married Hamida in the late 1950s or early 1960s, and they are still together. The couple had four children, and bin Laden lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one half-sister. The bin Laden family made $5 billion in the construction industry, of which Osama later inherited around $25–30 million.
Bin Laden was raised as a devout Wahhabi Muslim. From 1968 to 1976, he attended the élite secular Al-Thager Model School. He studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest he earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979, or a degree in public administration in 1981. One source described him as "hard working", another said he left university during his third year without completing a college degree. At university, bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the Quran and jihad" and charitable work. Other interests included writing poetry; reading, with the works of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and Charles de Gaulle said to be among his favorites; black stallions; and association football, in which he enjoyed playing at centre forward and followed the fortunes of Arsenal F.C.
Personal life
In 1974, at the age of 17, bin Laden married Najwa Ghanem at Latakia, Syria; they were divorced before September 11, 2001. Bin Laden's other known wives were Khadijah Sharif (married 1983, divorced 1990s), Khairiah Sabar (married 1985), Siham Sabar (married 1987), and Amal al-Sadah (married 2000). Some sources also list a sixth wife, name unknown, whose marriage to bin Laden was annulled soon after the ceremony. Bin Laden fathered between 20 and 26 children with his wives. Many of bin Laden's children fled to Iran following the September 11 attacks and Iranian authorities reportedly continue to control their movement.Bin Laden's father Mohammed died in 1967 in an airplane crash in Saudi Arabia when his American pilot misjudged a landing. Bin Laden's eldest half-brother, Salem bin Laden, the subsequent head of the bin Laden family, was killed in 1988 near San Antonio, Texas, in the United States, when he accidentally flew a plane into power lines.
The FBI described bin Laden as an adult as tall and thin, between 6 ft 4 in and 6 ft 6 in (193–198 cm) in height and weighing about 165 pounds (75 kg). Interviewer Lawrence Wright, on the other hand, described him as quite slender, but not particularly tall. Bin Laden had an olive complexion and was left-handed, usually walking with a cane. He wore a plain white turban and he had stopped wearing the traditional Saudi male headdress. Bin Laden was described as soft-spoken and mild-mannered in demeanor.
Name
There is no universally accepted standard for transliterating Arabic words and Arabic names into English; bin Laden's name is most frequently rendered "Osama bin Laden". The FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as other U.S. governmental agencies, have used either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin", both of which may be abbreviated as "UBL". Less common renderings include "Ussamah bin Ladin" and, in the French-language media, "Oussama ben Laden". Other spellings include "Binladen" or, as used by his family in the West, "Binladin". The decapitalization of ''bin'' is based on the convention of leaving short prepositions and articles uncapitalized in surnames; however, ''bin'' means "son of" and is not, strictly speaking, a preposition or article. The spellings with ''o'' and ''e'' come from a Persian-influenced pronunciation also used in Afghanistan, where bin Laden spent many years.Osama bin Laden's full name, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awad, son of Laden". "Mohammed" refers to bin Laden's father Mohammed bin Laden; "Awad" refers to his grandfather, Awad bin Aboud bin Laden, a Kindite Hadhrami tribesman; "Laden" refers not to bin Laden's great-grandfather, who was named Aboud, but to a more distant ancestor.
The Arabic linguistic convention would be to refer to him as "Osama" or "Osama bin Laden", not "bin Laden" alone, as "bin Laden" is a patronymic, not a surname in the Western manner. According to bin Laden's son Omar bin Laden, the family's hereditary surname is "al-Qahtani" (, ''āl-Qaḥṭānī''), but bin Laden's father Mohammed bin Laden never officially registered the name.
Osama bin Laden had also assumed the ''kunyah'' "Abū ʿAbdāllāh" ("father of Abdallah"). His admirers have referred to him by several nicknames, including the "Prince" or "Emir" (الأمير, ''al-Amīr''), the "Sheik" (الشيخ, ''aš-Šayḫ''), the "Jihadist Sheik" or "Sheik al-Mujahid" (شيخ المجاهد, ''al-Muǧāhid Šayḫ''), "Hajj" (حج, ''Ḥaǧǧ''), and the "Director". The word ''ʾusāmah'' (أسامة) means "lion", earning him the nicknames "Lion" and "Lion Sheik".
Beliefs and ideology
According to former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer, who led the CIA's hunt for Osama bin Laden, the al-Qaeda leader was motivated by a belief that U.S. foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East, condensed in the phrase "They hate us for what we do, not who we are."
Bin Laden also said only the restoration of Sharia law would "set things right" in the Muslim world, and that alternatives such as "pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy" must be opposed. This belief, in conjunction with violent jihad, has sometimes been called Qutbism after being promoted by Sayyid Qutb. Bin Laden believed that Afghanistan, under the rule of Mullah Omar's Taliban, was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world. Bin Laden consistently dwelt on the need for violent jihad to right what he believed were injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states, the need to eliminate the state of Israel, and the necessity of forcing the United States to withdraw from the Middle East. He also called on Americans to "reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling, and usury", in an October 2002 letter.
Bin Laden's ideology included the idea that innocent civilians, including women and children, are legitimate targets of jihad. Bin Laden was anti-Semitic, and delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next." Shia Muslims have been listed along with "heretics, [...] America, and Israel" as the four principal "enemies of Islam" at ideology classes of bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization.
Bin Laden opposed music on religious grounds, and his attitude towards technology was mixed. He was interested in "earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants" on the one hand, but rejected "chilled water" on the other.
His viewpoints and methods of achieving them had led to him being designated as a terrorist by scholars, journalists from ''The New York Times'', the BBC, and Qatari news station Al Jazeera, analysts such as Peter Bergen, Michael Scheuer, Marc Sageman, and Bruce Hoffman and he was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli.
Bin Laden's overall strategy against much larger enemies such as the Soviet Union and United States was to lure them into a long war of attrition in Muslim countries, attracting large numbers of jihadists who would never surrender. He believed this would lead to economic collapse of the enemy nation. Al-Qaeda manuals clearly outline this strategy.
Militant activity
Mujahideen in Afghanistan
After leaving college in 1979, bin Laden went to Pakistan and joined Abdullah Azzam to take part in the Soviet war in Afghanistan. During Operation Cyclone from 1979 to 1989, the United States provided financial aid and weapons to the mujahideen leaders through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Bin Laden met and built relations with Hamid Gul, who was a three-star general in the Pakistani army and head of the ISI agency. Although the United States provided the money and weapons, the training of militant groups was entirely done by the Pakistani Armed Forces and the ISI.By 1984, bin Laden and Azzam established Maktab al-Khidamat, which funneled money, arms and fighters from around the Arab world into Afghanistan. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden's inherited family fortune paid for air tickets and accommodation, paid for paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihadi fighters. Bin Laden established camps inside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan and used it to train volunteer fighters against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. It was during his time in Pakistan that he began wearing camouflage-print jackets and carrying a Russian-made assault rifle.
Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda
By 1988, bin Laden had split from Maktab al-Khidamat. While Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, bin Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main points leading to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was Azzam's insistence that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming a separate fighting force. Notes of a meeting of bin Laden and others on August 20, 1988, indicate al-Qaeda was a formal group by that time: "Basically an organized Islamic faction, its goal is to lift the word of God, to make his religion victorious." A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge (''bayat'') to follow one's superiors.
According to Wright, the group's real name was not used in public pronouncements because "its existence was still a closely held secret". His research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed at an August 11, 1988, meeting between "several senior leaders" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad, who along with his Arab legion "had brought down the mighty superpower" of the Soviet Union.
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait under Saddam Hussein on August 2, 1990, put the Saudi kingdom and the House of Saud at risk, with Iraqi forces on the Saudi border and Saddam's appeal to pan-Arabism potentially inciting internal dissent. Bin Laden met with King Fahd, and Saudi Defense Minister Sultan, telling them not to depend on non-Muslim assistance from the United States and others, offering to help defend Saudi Arabia with his mujahideen. Bin Laden's offer was rebuffed, and after the Saudi monarchy invited the deployment of U.S. troops in Saudi territory, Bin Laden publicly denounced Saudi Arabia's dependence on the U.S. military. Bin Laden believed the presence of foreign troops in the "land of the two mosques" (Mecca and Medina) profaned sacred soil. Bin Laden's criticism of the Saudi monarchy led that government to attempt to silence him.
Shortly after Saudi Arabia invited U.S. troops into Saudi Arabia, bin Laden turned his attention to attacks on the West. On November 8, 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of El Sayyid Nosair, an associate of al-Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed, discovering copious evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers. This marked the earliest discovery of al-Qaeda terrorist plans outside of Muslim countries. Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and later admitted guilt for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York on November 5, 1990.
Bin Laden continued to speak publicly against the Saudi government for harboring American troops, for which the Saudis banished him. He went to live in exile in Sudan, in 1992, in a deal brokered by Ali Mohamed.
Sudan and return to Afghanistan
In Sudan, bin Laden established a new base for mujahideen operations in Khartoum. He bought a house on Al-Mashtal Street in the affluent Al-Riyadh quarter and a retreat at Soba on the Blue Nile. During his time in the country he heavily invested in the infrastructure and in agriculture and businesses. He continued his verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, and in response, on March 5, 1994, Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Laden's passport. His family was persuaded to cut off his $7 million a year stipend. By now bin Laden was strongly associated with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ attempted to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The attempt failed, and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.As a result of his dealings in and advocacy of violent extremist jihad, Osama bin Laden lost his Saudi citizenship in 1994 and was disowned by his billionaire family.
Sudan also began efforts to expel bin Laden. The 9/11 Commission Report states:
In late 1995, when Bin Laden was still in Sudan, the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Laden. CIA paramilitary officer Billy Waugh tracked down Bin Ladin in the Sudan and prepared an operation to apprehend him, but was denied authorization. U.S. Ambassador Timothy Carney encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Laden, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship. Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding.
The 9/11 Commission Report further states:
In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. U.S. officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted Bin Laden expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also Bin Laden may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, or both.
In May 1996, under increasing pressure on Sudan, from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, bin Laden returned to Jalalabad, Afghanistan aboard a chartered flight, and there forged a close relationship with Mullah Mohammed Omar. When bin Laden left Sudan, he and his organization were significantly weakened, despite his ambitions and organizational skills.
In August, 1996, bin Laden declared war against the United States. This fatwā was first published in Al Quds Al Arabi, a London-based newspaper. The fatwā is entitled "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places." Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The reference to occupation in the fatwā refers to U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of controlling air space in Iraq, known as Operation Southern Watch.
In Afghanistan, bin Laden and al-Qaeda raised money from "donors from the days of the Soviet jihad", and from the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to establish more training camps for Mujahideen fighters.
Bin Laden effectively had hijacked Ariana Afghan Airlines, which ferried Islamic militants, arms, cash and opium through the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan as well as provided false identifications to members of bin Laden's terrorist network. Viktor Bout helped to run the airline, maintaining planes and loading cargo. Michael Scheuer, head of the CIA's bin Laden unit, concluded that Ariana was being used as a "terrorist taxi service".
Early attacks and aid for attacks
It is believed that the first bombing attack involving bin Laden was the December 29, 1992, bombing of the Gold Mihor Hotel in Aden in which two people were killed.It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to ''Jannah'' (Paradise) if they were good Muslims and to ''Jahannam'' (hell) if they were bad or non-believers. The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.
In the 1990s bin Laden's al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in Algeria, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded but the war that followed killed 150,000–200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist surrender to the government.
Bin Laden funded the Luxor massacre of November 17, 1997, which killed 62 civilians, but outraged the Egyptian public. In mid-1997, the Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing bin Laden to abandon his Nazim Jihad compound and move his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south.
Another successful attack was carried out in the city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with the Taliban by sending several hundreds of Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand Hazaras overrunning the city.
In February 1998, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri co-signed a ''fatwa'' in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders which declared the killing of North Americans and their allies an "individual duty for every Muslim" to "liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the holy mosque (in Mecca) from their grip". At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that North Americans are "very easy targets". He told the attending journalists, "You will see the results of this in a very short time."
Bin Laden and Al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on June 24, 1998.
The 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings were a series of attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the major East African cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. The attacks were linked to local members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, brought Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri to the attention of the United States public for the first time, and resulted in the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation placing bin Laden on its Ten Most Wanted list.
In December 1998, the Director of Central Intelligence Counterterrorist Center reported to President Bill Clinton that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the United States of America, including the training of personnel to hijack aircraft.
At the end of 2000, Richard Clarke revealed that Islamic militants headed by bin Laden had planned a triple attack on January 3, 2000 which would have included bombings in Jordan of the Radisson SAS Hotel in Amman and tourists at Mount Nebo and a site on the Jordan River, the sinking of the destroyer USS ''The Sullivans'' in Yemen, as well as an attack on a target within the United States. The plan was foiled by the arrest of the Jordanian terrorist cell, the sinking of the explosive-filled skiff intended to target the destroyer, and the arrest of Ahmed Ressam.
Yugoslav Wars
A former U.S. State Department official in October 2001 described Bosnia and Herzegovina as a safe haven for terrorists, after it was asserted that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists, some with ties to Osama bin Laden. In 1997, ''Rzeczpospolita'', one of the largest Polish daily newspapers, reported that intelligence services of the Nordic-Polish SFOR Brigade suspected that a center for training terrorists from Islamic countries was located in the Bocina Donja village near Maglaj in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1992, hundreds of volunteers joined an "all-mujahedeen unit" called El Moujahed in an abandoned hillside factory, a compound with a hospital and prayer hall.
According to Middle East intelligence reports, bin Laden financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. Among them was Karim Said Atmani who was identified by authorities as the document forger for a group of Algerians accused of plotting the bombings in the United States of America. He is a former roommate of Ahmed Ressam, the man arrested at the Canadian-U.S. border in mid-December 1999 with a car full of nitroglycerin and bomb-making materials. He was convicted of colluding with Osama bin Laden by a French court.
A Bosnian government search of passport and residency records, conducted at the urging of the United States, revealed other former mujahideen who were linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists, and had lived in the area north of Sarajevo, the capital, in the past few years. Khalil al-Deek, was arrested in Jordan in late December 1999 on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites; a second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with Osama bin Laden. In its June 26, 1997, report on the bombing of the Al Khobar building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, ''The New York Times'' noted that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslims forces. Further, the captured men also admitted to ties with Osama bin Laden.
In 1999 it was revealed that bin Laden and his Tunisian assistant Mehrez Aodouni were granted citizenship and Bosnian passports in 1993 by the government in Sarajevo. This information was denied by the Bosnian government following the September 11 attacks, but it was later found that Aodouni was arrested in Turkey and that at that time he possessed the Bosnian passport. Following this revelation, a new explanation was given that bin Laden "did not personally collect his Bosnian passport" and that officials at the Bosnian embassy in Vienna, which issued the passport, could not have known who bin Laden was at the time.
During his trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević presented FBI documents that verified bin Laden's al-Qaeda had a presence in the Balkans and aided the Kosovo Liberation Army, which was identified by the U.S. State Department as a terrorist organization shortly before the 1998 embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya. Milošević had argued that the United States aided the terrorists which culminated in its backing of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.
September 11, 2001 attacks
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After his denial, Osama bin Laden finally claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States in 2004. The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial passenger aircraft, the subsequent destruction of those planes and the World Trade Center in New York City, New York, severe damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the deaths of 2,974 people and the nineteen hijackers. In response to the attacks, the United States launched a War on Terror to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the September 11 attacks is clear and irrefutable. The UK Government reached a similar conclusion regarding al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11 attacks, although the government report notes that the evidence presented is not necessarily sufficient for a prosecutable case.
Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks. On September 16, 2001, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack.
In a videotape recovered by U.S. forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way that indicates foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, 2001. The merits of this translation have been disputed. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: "This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic."
In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements. In it he stated he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers. In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, bin Laden accused U.S. President George W. Bush of negligence on the hijacking of the planes on September 11.
According to the tapes, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Through two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden announced, "I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers. [...] I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers [...] with the raids" (May 23, 2006). In the tapes he was seen with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two of the 9/11 hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they made preparations for the attacks (videotape broadcast September 7, 2006).
Identified motivations of the September 11 attacks include the support of Israel by the United States, presence of the U.S. military in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the U.S. enforcement of sanctions against Iraq.
Criminal charges
| name | Usama Bin Laden |
|---|---|
| charge | * Murder of U.S. Nationals Outside the United States
|
| reward | $25 million |
| alias | * Usama Bin Muhammad Bin Ladin
|
| birth date | 1957 |
| birth place | Saudi Arabia |
| death date | May 02, 2011 |
| death place | Abbottabad, Pakistan |
| cause | Ballistic trauma |
| nationality | Saudi Arabian |
| gender | Male |
| height | 6'4" to 6'6" |
| weight | Approximately 160 pounds |
| occupation | Unknown |
| added date | June 7, 1999 |
| remove date | May 2, 2011 |
| number | 456 |
| status | Killed/Captured }} |
Bin Laden became the 456th person listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added to the list on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure prior to the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001. In 1999, U.S. President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.
Years later, on October 10, 2001, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in direct response to the September 11 attacks, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.
Despite the multiple indictments listed above and multiple requests, the Taliban refused to extradite Osama bin Laden. They did however offer to try him before an Islamic court if evidence of Osama bin Laden's involvement in the September 11 attacks was provided. It was not until eight days after the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001 that the Taliban finally did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third-party country for trial in return for the United States ending the bombing. This offer was rejected by President Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable, with Bush responding "there's no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he's guilty."
On June 15, 2011, federal prosecutors of the United States of America officially dropped all criminal charges against Osama Bin Laden following his death in May.
Attempted capture by the United States
Clinton administration
Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton. Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (and specifically their elite Special Activities Division) to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized. On August 20, 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by United States Navy ships in the Arabian Sea struck bin Laden's training camps near Khost in Afghanistan, narrowly missing him by a few hours. In 1999 the CIA, together with Pakistani military intelligence, had prepared a team of approximately 60 Pakistani commandos to infiltrate Afghanistan to capture or kill bin Laden, but the plan was aborted by the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état; in 2000, foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA had fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a convoy of vehicles in which bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which bin Laden was riding.In 2000, prior to the September 11 attacks, Paul Bremer characterized the Clinton administration as "correctly focused on bin Laden", while Robert Oakley criticized their "obsession with Osama".
Bush administration
Immediately after the September 11 attacks, U.S. government officials named bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death. On July 13, 2007, this figure was doubled to $50 million. The Airline Pilots Association and the Air Transport Association offered an additional $2 million reward.According to ''The Washington Post'', the U.S. government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the Battle of Tora Bora, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the United States to commit enough U.S. ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the United States in the war against al-Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the Battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border.
''The Washington Post'' also reported that the CIA unit composed of their special operations paramilitary forces dedicated to capturing bin Laden was shut down in late 2005. Bush had previously defended this scaling back of the effort several times, saying, "I don't know where bin Laden is. I have no idea and really don't care. It's not that important. It's not our priority."
U.S. and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in Tora Bora between August 14–16, 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al-Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al-Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al-Zawahiri.
Obama administration
On October 7, 2008, in the second presidential debate, on foreign policy, then-presidential candidate Barack Obama pledged, "We will kill bin Laden. We will crush al-Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority." Upon being elected, then President-elect Obama expressed his plans to "renew U.S. commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, according to his national security advisers" in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist. President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that "conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah," replacing it with "with a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn."
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials had had no reliable information on bin Laden's whereabouts for years. One week later, General Stanley McChrystal, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda will not be defeated unless its leader, Osama bin Laden, is captured or killed. Testifying to the U.S. Congress, he said bin Laden had become an "iconic figure, whose survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world", and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. "I don't think that we can finally defeat al-Qaeda until he's captured or killed", McChrystal said of bin Laden. "Killing or capturing bin Laden would not spell the end of al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he remained at large."
In April 2011, President Obama ordered a covert operation to kill or capture bin Laden. On May 1, 2011, the White House announced that U.S. Navy SEALs had carried it out, killing him in his Abbottabad, Pakistan compound.
Activities and whereabouts after the September 11 attacks
While referring to Osama bin Laden in a CNN film clip on September 17, 2001, then President George W. Bush stated, "I want justice. There is an old poster out west, as I recall, that said, 'Wanted dead or alive'. Subsequently, bin Laden retreated further from public contact to avoid capture. Numerous speculative press reports were issued about his whereabouts or even death; some placed bin Laden in different locations during overlapping time periods. None were ever definitively proven. After military offensives in Afghanistan failed to uncover his whereabouts, Pakistan was regularly identified as his suspected hiding place. Some of the conflicting reports regarding bin Laden’s continued whereabouts and mistaken claims about his death follow:
In December 11, 2005, a letter from Atiyah Abd al-Rahman to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi indicated that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, "Atiyah" instructs Zarqawi to "send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership [...] I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them..." Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are "weak" and "have many of their own problems." The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to The Washington Post. Al-Qaeda continued to release time-sensitive and professionally-verified videos demonstrating bin Laden's continued survival as recently as August 2007. In 2009, a research team led by Thomas W. Gillespie and John A. Agnew of UCLA used satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in Parachinar as bin Laden's likely hideouts. . In March 2009, the New York Daily News reported that the hunt for bin Laden had centered in the Chitral District of Pakistan, including the Kalam Valley. Author, Rohan Gunaratna, stated that captured al-Qaeda leaders had confirmed that bin Laden was hiding in Chitral. In the first week of December 2009, a Taliban detainee in Pakistan said he had information that bin Laden was in Afghanistan in 2009. The detainee reported that in January or February (2009) he met a trusted contact who had seen bin Laden in Afghanistan about 15 to 20 days earlier. However, on December 6, 2009, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the United States had had no reliable information on the whereabouts of bin Laden in years. Pakistan's Prime Minister Gillani rejected claims that Osama bin Laden was hiding in Pakistan. On Dec. 9, 2009 BBC News reported that U.S. Army General Stanley A. McChrystal, who served as Commander of the U.S. forces in Afghanistan from June 15, 2009 until June 23, 2010 emphasized the continued importance of the capture or killing of bin Laden, thus indicating that the U.S. high command believed that bin Laden was still alive On February 2, 2010, Afghan president, Hamid Karzai arrived in Saudi Arabia for an official visit. The agenda included discussion of a possible Saudi role in Karzai’s plan to reintegrate Taliban militants. During the visit an anonymous official of the Saudi Foreign Ministry declared that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban severed ties with extremists and expelled Osama bin Laden. On June 7, 2010, the Kuwaiti newspaper, Al Siyassa reported that bin Laden was hiding out in the mountainous town of Savzevar, in north eastern Iran. The Australian News,online edition published the claim on June 9. On June 9, The Australian News, online edition repeated the claim. On October 18, 2010, an unnamed NATO official suggested that bin Laden was "alive and well and living comfortably" in Pakistan, protected by elements of the country's intelligence services. A senior Pakistani official denied the allegations and said the accusations were designed to put pressure on the Pakistani government ahead of talks aimed at strengthening ties between Pakistan and the United States. On April 16, 2011, a leaked Al Jazeera report claimed that bin Laden had been captured by U.S. forces in Afghanistan.
Whereabouts just prior to his death
In July 2010, CIA operatives spotted Bin Laden's courier, Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti driving through the streets of Peshawar, Pakistan. In August 2010, Al-Kuwaiti drives into a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. About 35 miles north of the capital, Islamabad, and just yards from a military academy. It was originally believed that bin Laden was hiding near the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, but he was found away in a three-story mansion in Abbottabad at . Bin Laden's mansion was located southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy, the country's "West Point". Google Earth maps show that the compound was not present in 2001, but was present on images taken in 2005.
Death
Osama bin Laden was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1 a.m. local time by a United States special forces military unit. The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation by a team of United States Navy SEALs from the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or informally by its former name, SEAL Team Six) of the Joint Special Operations Command, with support from CIA operatives on the ground. The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan. After the raid, U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried it at sea within 24 hours of his death.
Critics accused Pakistan's military and security establishment of protecting bin Laden. For example, Mosharraf Zaidi, a leading Pakistani columnist, stated, "It seems deeply improbable that bin Laden could have been where he was killed without the knowledge of some parts of the Pakistani state." Pakistan's president Asif Ali Zardari denied that his country's security forces sheltered bin Laden, and called any supposed support for bin Laden by the Pakistani government "baseless speculation".
It was speculated that the issue might further strain U.S. ties with Pakistan. Bin Laden was killed in what some suggest was his residence for five years. It was an expensive compound located less than a mile from Pakistan's version of West Point, probably built for him and less than 100 kilometers' drive from the capital.
The Pakistani government's foreign office issued a statement that "categorically denies" any reports by the media that the country's leadership, "civil as well as military, had any prior knowledge of the U.S. operation against Osama bin Laden".
Pakistan's United States envoy, ambassador Husain Haqqani, promises a "full inquiry" into how Pakistani intelligence services failed to find bin Laden in a fortified compound, just a few hours drive from Islamabad, and stated that "obviously bin Laden did have a support system; the issue is, was that support system within the government and the state of Pakistan or within the society of Pakistan?"
See also
References
;Footnotes ;Additional notes # The date according to Pakistan Standard Time (UTC+05:00). ;Bibliography }} }} }}
Further reading
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External links
Category:1957 births Category:2011 deaths Category:20th-century criminals Category:21st-century criminals Category:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Category:Afghan Civil War Category:Al-Qaeda founders Category:Al-Qaeda propagandists Category:Bin Laden family Category:Burials at sea Category:Civil engineers Category:Deaths by firearm in Pakistan Category:FBI Most Wanted Terrorists Category:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Category:Islamic terrorism Category:People from Abbottabad Category:People of the Soviet war in Afghanistan Category:People of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Category:Salafis Category:Saudi Arabia expatriates Category:Saudi Arabian expatriates in Pakistan Category:Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members Category:Saudi Arabian anti-communists Category:Saudi Arabian poets Category:September 11 attacks Category:Stateless persons Category:War on Terror Category:People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee
af:Osama bin Laden als:Osama bin Laden ar:أسامة بن لادن an:Osama bin Laden ast:Osama bin Laden az:Üsamə bin Laden bn:ওসামা বিন লাদেন zh-min-nan:Osama bin Laden map-bms:Usamah bin Ladin be:Усама бін Ладэн be-x-old:Усама бін Ладэн bcl:Osama bin Laden bs:Osama bin Laden br:Ousama ben Laden bg:Осама бин Ладен ca:Ossama bin Laden ceb:Osama bin Laden cs:Usáma bin Ládin cy:Osama bin Laden da:Osama bin Laden pdc:Osama bin Laden de:Osama bin Laden et:Usāmah ibn Lādin el:Οσάμα μπιν Λάντεν es:Osama bin Laden eo:Usama bin Laden ext:Osama bin Laden eu:Osama bin Laden fa:اسامه بن لادن hif:Osama bin Laden fo:Osama bin Laden fr:Oussama ben Laden fy:Osama bin Laden ga:Osama bin Laden gl:Osama bin Laden ko:오사마 빈라덴 hy:Ուսամա բեն Լադեն hi:ओसामा बिन लादेन hr:Osama bin Laden io:Osama bin Laden id:Usamah bin Ladin ia:Osama bin Laden ie:Osama bin Laden os:Усама бен Ладен is:Osama bin Laden it:Osama bin Laden he:אוסאמה בן לאדן jv:Osama bin Laden kn:ಒಸಾಮಾ ಬಿನ್ ಲಾಡೆನ್ ka:ოსამა ბინ ლადენი kk:Осама бен Ладен sw:Osama bin Laden ku:Usama bin Ladin la:Usama bin Ladin lv:Osama bin Ladens lb:Osama Bin Laden lt:Osama bin Ladenas li:Usâmah bin Lâdin lmo:Osama bin Laden hu:Oszáma bin Láden mk:Осама бин Ладен mg:Osama Bin Laden ml:ഉസാമ ബിൻ ലാദൻ mt:Osama Bin Laden mr:ओसामा बिन लादेन mzn:اسامه بن لادن ms:Osama bin Laden mwl:Osama bin Laden my:အိုစမာ ဘင်လာဒင် nl:Osama bin Laden ne:ओसामा बिन लादेन ja:ウサーマ・ビン・ラーディン no:Osama bin Laden nn:Osama bin Laden oc:Osama bin Laden mhr:Усама бен Ладен uz:Usoma bin Lodin pnb:اسامہ بن لادن pap:Osama bin Laden ps:اسامه بن لادن pms:Osama bin Laden nds:Osama bin Laden pl:Usama ibn Ladin pt:Osama bin Laden ro:Osama bin Laden ru:Усама бен Ладен sco:Osama bin Laden sq:Bin Laden scn:Osama bin Laden simple:Osama bin Laden sk:Usáma bin Ládin sl:Osama bin Laden szl:Usama ibn Ladin so:Usaama bin Laadin ckb:ئوسامە بن لادەن sr:Осама бин Ладен sh:Osama bin Laden fi:Osama bin Laden sv:Usama bin Ladin tl:Osama bin Laden ta:உசாமா பின் லாதின் te:ఒసామా బిన్ లాదెన్ th:อุซามะฮ์ บิน ลาดิน tr:Usame bin Ladin uk:Осама бен Ладен ur:اسامہ بن لادن vi:Osama bin Laden zh-classical:拉登 war:Osama bin Laden yi:אסאמא בין לאדען yo:Osama bin Laden zh-yue:賓拉登 diq:Usama bın Ladın bat-smg:Osama bin Ladens zh:奥萨马·本·拉登This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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