Is it safe to use a squat toilet during pregnancy?
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Dimmer C, Martin B, Reeves N, Sullivan F. Squatting for the prevention of hemorrhoids. Townsend Lett Doc Patients 1996;159:66-70Laney DW Jr, Balistreri WF. The gastrointestinal tract and liver. Constipation. In: Rudolph AM, Kamei RK, eds. Rudolph's Fundamentals of pediatrics. 2d ed. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, 1998:399–405.
Lam, T. C. F., Islam, et al. (1993), Does squatting reduce pelvic floor descent during defaecation?. Aust. N.Z. J. Surg., 63: 172–174. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1993.tb00512.xOpens a new window
Russell JGB. Moulding of the pelvic outlet. J Obstet Gynaec Brit Cwlth 1969;76:817-20)
Yang, J.-M. and Huang, W.-C. (2004), Sonographic findings in acute urinary retention secondary to retroverted gravid uterus: pathophysiology and preventive measures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 23: 490–495. doi: 10.1002/uog.1039