Kakaisaran Romawi
- Pikeun kagunaan séjén, tempo Kakaisaran Romawi (disambiguasi).
Kakaisaran Romawi Senatus PopulusQue Romanus (SPQR) "Sénat jeung Rahayat Roma" [nb 1] | ||||
Kakaisaran | ||||
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Ibu kota | Roma nyaéta ibu kota pulitis nepi ka 286 M Aya sababaraha puseur pulitis nalika Katétraan samentawis Roma tetep jadi ibu kota nominal, budaya, jeung idéologis. Konstantin ngadegkeun sarta ngawangun ulang kota Konstantinopel salaku ibu kota kakaisaran nu anyar dina 330.[2] Mediolanum (Milan) mangrupa batur gawéna nalika babagian Wétan/Kulon ningkat remenna. Pangadilan kakaisaran kulon teras dipindahkeun ka Ravenna. | |||
Basa | Latin, Yunani | |||
Pamaréntahan | Otokrasi | |||
Kaisar | ||||
- 27 SM – 14 M | Augustus | |||
- 378–395 | Theodosius I | |||
- 475–476 / 1449–1453 | Romulus Augustus / Konstantin XI | |||
Badan législatif | Sénat Romawi | |||
Jaman | Kuna klasik | |||
- Patempuran Actium | 2 Séptémber 31 SM | |||
- Octavia nyatakeun Augustus | 27 SM | |||
- Diocletian misahkeun adminstrasi kakaisaran antawsi Wétan jeung Kulon | 285 | |||
- Konstantin nu Ageung ngadegkeun Konstantinopel salaku ibu kota kakaisaran nu anyar | 330 | |||
- Pupusna Theodosius nu Ageung, diteraskeun ku dibagina kakaisaran kana wétan jeung kulon | 395 | |||
- Turunna Kaisar Kulon Romulus Augustus/Labuhna Konstantinopel * | 476/1453 M | |||
Aréa | ||||
- 25 SM[3][4] | 2.750.000 km2 (1.061.781 mil pasagi) | |||
- 50[3] | 4.200.000 km2 (1.621.629 mil pasagi) | |||
- 117[3] | 6.500.000 km2 (2.509.664 mil pasagi) | |||
- 390 [3] | 4.400.000 km2 (1.698.849 mil pasagi) | |||
Populasi | ||||
- Perkiraan 25 SM[3][4] | 56.800.000 | |||
Kapadetan | 20,7 /km2 (53,5 /mil pasagi) | |||
- Perkiraan 117[3] | 88.000.000 | |||
Kapadetan | 13,5 /km2 (35,1 /sq mi) | |||
Mata uang | (a) 27 SM – 212 M: 1 emas aureus (1/40 lb. emas, dirobah ka 1/50 lb. dina 212) = 25 pérak denarii = 100 perunggu sesterces = 400 tambaga asses. (b) 294–312: 1 emas aureus solidus (1/60 lb. emas) = 10 pérak argentei = 40 perunggu folles = 1.000 logam nu diturunkeun denarii (c) 312 ka hareup: 1 emas solidus (1/72 lb.) = 24 pérak siliquae = 180 perunggu folles | |||
Ayeuna bagian ti | Tingali artikel | |||
* Kajadia-kajadian ieu nandaan ahirna Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon (286–476)[5] jeung Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan (330–1453). |
Kakaisaran Romawi (Latin: Imperium Romanum) nyaéta jaman pasca-Républik ti peradaban Romawi kuna, dicirian ku wangun pamaréntahan otokrasi sarta kakawasaan wewengkon nu lega di Éropa jeung sadeukeuteun Méditérania.[6]
Dina ahir abad ka-3 Maséhi, Diocletian ngadegkeun sarta mraktékkeun babagian kakawasaan antawis 4 kaisar (kawanoh salaku katétraan) sangkan leuwih alus ngamankeun wewengkonna nu lega, ngahirkeun Krisis Abad KAtilu. Nalika dékade sanggeusna, Kakaisaran remen dibagi kana poros Wétan/Kulon. Sanggeus pupusna Theodosius I dina 395, kakaisaran dibagi pikeun nu pangahirna.[7]
Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon ngahir dina 476 basa Romulus Augustus dipaksa turn tahta pikeun raja perang Jérmanik, Odoacer.[8] Romawi Wétan atanapi Kakaisaran Bizantium ngahir dina 1453 nalika pupusna Konstantin XI sarta labuhna Konstantinopel ka Mehmed II, pamingpin Turki Ottoman.[9]
Kiwari[édit | édit sumber]
Wewengkon Kakaisaran Romawi ayeuna mangrupa bagian ti nagara:
Albania
Aljazair
Andorra
Arab Saudi
Arménia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bélgia
Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina
Britania Raya
Bulgaria
Géorgia
Hungaria
Iran
Irak
Israél
Italia
Jérman
Kosovo[a]
Kroasia
Kuwait
Libanon
Liechtenstéin
Libya
Luksemburg
Makédonia
Malta
Maroko
Mesir
Moldova
Monako
Monténégro
Wewengkon Paléstina
Perancis
Portugal
Romania
Rusia
San Marino
Sérbia
Siprus
Slovénia
Spanyol
Suis
Suriah
Tunisia
Turki
Ukraina
Kota Vatikan
Walanda
Yordania
Yunani
Catean jeung rujukan[édit | édit sumber]
- ↑ Since classical and modern concepts of state do not coincide, other possibilities include Res publica Romana, Imperium Romanum or Romanorum (also in Greek: Βασιλείᾱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων – Basileíā tôn Rhōmaíōn – ["Dominion (Literally 'kingdom') of the Romans"]) and Romania. Res publica, as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while Imperium Romanum (or, sometimes, Romanorum) is used to refer to the territorial extent of Roman authority. Populus Romanus, "the Roman people", is often used for the Roman state dealing with other nations. The term Romania, initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as the collectivity of its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward and was eventually carried over to the Byzantine Empire. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: Speculum, 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 (pp. 2–3).)
- ↑ Bennett, J. Trajan: Optimus Princeps. 1997. Fig. 1
- ↑ Konstantin I (306–337 M) ku Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Written 2004-1-8. Retrieved 2007-3-20.
- ↑ a b c d Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History (Duke University Press) 3 (3/4): 125. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
- ↑ John D. Durand, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation, 1977, pp. 253–296.
- ↑ "Roman Empire – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". www.britannica.com. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-09.
- ↑ "Roman Empire", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008
- ↑ Chester G. Starr, A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 1974. pp. 670–678.
- ↑ Isaac Asimov. Asimov's Chronology of the World. Harper Collins, 1989. p. 110.
- ↑ Asimov, p. 198.
- Frank Frost Abbott (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.
- John Bagnell Bury, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius, 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5
- Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304-34912-7
- J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212, 1967, ISBN 0-8014-9273-4
- Donald R. Dudley, The Civilization of Rome, 2nd ed., 1985, ISBN 0-452-01016-0
- Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, 1988, ISBN 0-500-27495-9
- Freeman, Charles (1999). The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-88515-0.
- Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1789
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Punic Wars, Cassell & Co, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35284-5
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3
- Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, 2003, ISBN 0-500-05124-0
- Michael Grant, The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X
- Benjamin Isaac, "The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East" Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-814926-3
- Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration, 1993, ISBN 0-415-09375-9
- Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-2158-4
- Reid, T. R. (1997). "The World According to Rome". National Geographic 192 (2): 54–83. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/. Archived 2007-12-11 di Wayback Machine
- Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X
Tumbu kaluar[édit | édit sumber]
Pék paluruh émbaran nu leuwih loba ngeunaan Kakaisaran Romawi ku jalan nyungsi proyék sabaraya Wikipédia | |
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- Adena, L. The 'Jesus Cult' and the Roman State in the Third Century Archived 2015-01-04 di Wayback Machine, Clio History Journal, 2008.
- Roman battlefield unearthed deep inside Germany
- BBC Romans for Children
- Classics Unveiled Archived 2012-03-05 di Wayback Machine
- Complete map of the Roman Empire in year 100 Archived 2010-05-19 di Wayback Machine
- Detailed history of the Roman Empire
- Historical Atlas (Swedish)
- Roman Numismatic Gallery
- The Celts and Romans
- The Roman Empire
- The Roman Empire in the First Century from PBS
- UNRV Roman History
- The Romans
Citakan:Ancient Rome topics Citakan:Roman history by territory Citakan:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation & presence Citakan:Ancient Greek and Roman Wars Citakan:Empires Citakan:Former monarchies Italian peninsula
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