Post-Marxism

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Not to be confused with Postmodern philosophy, Postsocialism, Post-communism, or Post-leftism.
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Post-Marxism is a political philosophy, critical social theory and school of thought which radically deconstructs Marxism, countering classical Marxist materialism, economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism, whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism.[1][2] Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist[3][4][5] frameworks and neo-Marxist,[6] analysis,[7] in response to the decline of the Left post-protests of 1968.[8] Most notably, post-Marxists are anti-essentialist,[9] rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building 'radical democracy.[10][11][12]

The term "post-Marxism" first appeared in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theoretical work Hegemony and Socialist Strategy,[13][14] although Gilles Deleuze is often considered (at least an inspiration for) a post-Marxist politics.[15] Post-Marxism is a wide category not well-defined, containing the work of Laclau and Mouffe[16][17] on the one hand, and some strands of autonomism,[18] post-structuralism,[19] cultural studies,[20] and Deleuzian-inspired 'politics of difference'[21][22] on the other. Recent overviews of post-Marxism are provided by Ernesto Screpanti,[23] Göran Therborn,[24] and Gregory Meyerson.[25] Prominent post-Marxist journals include New Formations,[26] Constellations,[27] Endnotes,[28] and Arena.[29]

History[edit]

Post-Marxism dates from the late 1960s and several trends and events of that period influenced its development.[30] The weakness of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc paradigm became evident and Marxism faced a crisis of credibility from the time of the Second International onwards. This happened concurrently with the occurrence internationally of the strikes and occupations of 1968, the rise of Maoist theory and its synthesis with Marxism–Leninism, and the proliferation of commercial television which covered in its broadcasts the Vietnam War.

Subsequently, Laclau and Mouffe address the proliferation of "new subject positions" by locating their analysis on a post-Marxist non-essentialist framework. Simultaneously, radicals in Italy, known as the Workerists, began to theorise against the conservative Italian Communist Party,[31] and radicals such as Félix Guattari redefined old Lacanian models of desire and subjectivity, which had often been tied to the communist project.[32][33]

In the UK, Stuart Hall[34] began to experiment with increasingly aggressive post-structuralist theorists in the wake of New Labour whilst working for Marixsm Today.[35]

Criticism[edit]

Post-Marxism has been criticised from both the left and the right. Nick Thoburn has criticised Laclau's post-Marxism (and its relationship to Eurocommunism) as essentially a rightward shift to social democracy.[36] Ernest Mandel[37] and Sivanandan[38][39] also make this same point. Richard Wolff also claims that Laclau's formulation of post-Marxism is a step backwards.[40] Oliver Eagleton (son of Terry Eagleton) claims that Mouffe's 'radical democracy' has an inherent conservative nature.[41]

Post-Marxism has also been criticised for downplaying or ignoring the role of race, neocolonialism, and Eurocentrism.[42][43]

People[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Callinicos, Alex (2022). Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism (1st ed.). Routledge.
  2. ^ Arditi, Benjamin (September 2007). "Post-hegemony: politics outside the usual post-Marxist paradigm". Contemporary Politics. 13 (3): 205–226. doi:10.1080/13569770701467411. S2CID 154296914.
  3. ^ Jacobs, Thomas (2 October 2018). "The Dislocated Universe of Laclau and Mouffe: An Introduction to Post-Structuralist Discourse Theory". Critical Review. 30 (3–4): 294–315. doi:10.1080/08913811.2018.1565731. hdl:1854/LU-8600661. S2CID 150207035.
  4. ^ bloomsbury.com. "Marx Through Post-Structuralism". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  5. ^ "Alberto Toscano: Solidarity and Political Work | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  6. ^ Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives. 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. JSTOR 1389516. S2CID 146959219.
  7. ^ Peters, Michael A.; Neilson, David; Jackson, Liz (6 December 2022). "Post-marxism, humanism and (post)structuralism: Educational philosophy and theory". Educational Philosophy and Theory. 54 (14): 2331–2340. doi:10.1080/00131857.2020.1824783. S2CID 224983298.
  8. ^ "post-Marxism". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  9. ^ "post-Marxism". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100339585 (inactive 2023-05-16). Retrieved 2023-05-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2023 (link)
  10. ^ Sim, Stuart (2022). Reflections on Post-Marxism: Laclau and Mouffe's Project of Radical Democracy in the 21st Century. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-2183-1.[page needed]
  11. ^ Mclean, Ian; Mcmillan, Alistair (2003) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (Article: State). Oxford University Press.
  12. ^ Mouffe, Chantal (June 1995). "Post-Marxism: Democracy and Identity". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 13 (3): 259–265. doi:10.1068/d130259. S2CID 144784412.
  13. ^ McKenna, Tony (3 April 2014). "Against Post-Marxism: How Post-Marxism Annuls Class-Based Historicism and the Possibility of Revolutionary Praxis". International Critical Thought. 4 (2): 142–159. doi:10.1080/21598282.2014.906538. S2CID 144911344.
  14. ^ Bowman, Paul (2019). "Ernesto Laclau (1935-), Chantal Mouffe (1948-) and Post-Marxism". Introducing Literary Theories. pp. 799–809. doi:10.1515/9781474473637-104. ISBN 978-1-4744-7363-7. S2CID 246928968.
  15. ^ thewastedworld (2020-02-22). "Underground Intensities: The Gothic Marxism of Deleuze and Guattari". The Wasted World. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  16. ^ Breckman, Warren (2013). "Introduction". Adventures of the Symbolic. pp. 1–23. doi:10.7312/columbia/9780231143943.003.0008. ISBN 978-0-231-14394-3.
  17. ^ Fisken, Timothy David (2012). The Turn to the Political: Post-Marxism and Marx's Critique of Politics (Thesis). UC Berkeley.
  18. ^ "Post-Marxism". MARX 200. 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  19. ^ Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13713-7.[page needed]
  20. ^ Tunderman, Simon (2 November 2021). "Post-Marxist reflections on the value of our time. Value theory and the (in)compatibility of discourse theory and the critique of political economy". Critical Discourse Studies. 18 (6): 655–670. doi:10.1080/17405904.2020.1829664. S2CID 225142057.
  21. ^ "The Politics of Difference". Gilles Deleuze. 2005. pp. 114–153. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139165419.005. ISBN 978-0-521-84309-6.
  22. ^ Toscano, Alberto (2008). "Chapter Twenty-Eight. Marxism expatriated: Alain Badiou's turn". Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism. pp. 529–548. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004145986.i-813.149. ISBN 978-90-474-2360-7.
  23. ^ Screpanti, Ernesto (2000). "The postmodern crisis in economics and the revolution against modernism". Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society. 12 (1): 87–111. doi:10.1080/08935690009358993. S2CID 145419981.
  24. ^ Therborn, Göran (2008). From Marxism to Post-Marxism. London: Verso Books. p. 208.
  25. ^ Meyerson, Gregory; San Juan, E. Jr. (2009). "Post-Marxism as Compromise Formation". Cultural Logic: Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice. 16. doi:10.14288/clogic.v16i0.191554.
  26. ^ "New Formations: About". Lawrence Wishart. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  27. ^ "Constellations Journal - About".
  28. ^ Endnotes. "Endnotes". endnotes.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  29. ^ "About Arena – Arena". arena.org.au. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
  30. ^ Hunter, Allen (1988). "Post-Marxism and the New Social Movements". Theory and Society. 17 (6): 885–900. doi:10.1007/BF00161731. JSTOR 657793. S2CID 147229586.
  31. ^ Thoburn, Nicholas (2003). Deleuze, Marx and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45783-0.[page needed]
  32. ^ Falzon, John (2017). Communists Like Us. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-1-74258-941-1.[page needed]
  33. ^ Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9.[page needed]
  34. ^ "On the Front Lines of the Populism Wars". jacobin.com. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  35. ^ Hall, Stuart; Morley, David; Chen, Kuan-Hsing (1996). "Post-marxism". Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203993262. ISBN 978-0-415-08803-9. S2CID 238049370.
  36. ^ Thoburn, Nicholas (2003). Deleuze, Marx and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45783-0.[page needed]
  37. ^ "From Stalinism to Eurocommunism". Verso. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  38. ^ "All That Melts into Air is Solid: The Hokum of New Times (Part 2)". Verso. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  39. ^ "The Long Crisis of British Marxism in the Shadow of Thatcher – 🏴 Anarchist Federation". www.anarchistfederation.net. 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  40. ^ Wolff, Richard D.; Cullenberg, Stephen (1986). "Marxism and Post-Marxism". Social Text (15): 126–135. doi:10.2307/466496. JSTOR 466496.
  41. ^ Eagleton, Oliver (2022-11-29). "What Chantal Mouffe gets wrong". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  42. ^ Schueller, Malini Johar (July 2009). "DECOLONIZING GLOBAL THEORIES TODAY: Hardt and Negri, Agamben, Butler". Interventions. 11 (2): 235–254. doi:10.1080/13698010903053303. S2CID 142580442.
  43. ^ Ukraine, Samir AminTopics: Globalization Imperialism Marxism Places: Global Syria (2014-11-01). "Monthly Review | Contra Hardt and Negri". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  44. ^ "'The Use of Bodies' reviewed by Eric D Meyer". marxandphilosophy.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  45. ^ "Psychoanalysis in Post-Marxism: The Case of Alain Badiou - No Subject - Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis - Encyclopedia of Lacanian Psychoanalysis". No Subject - Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  46. ^ Ozselcuk, Ceren (2009). Post-Marxism After Althusser: A Critique of the Alternatives (Thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst.
  47. ^ Watson, Janell (1 November 2013). "Repoliticizing the Left". The Minnesota Review. 2013 (81): 79–101. doi:10.1215/00265667-2332174. S2CID 144465252.
  48. ^ Gilbert, Jeremy (2009-09-01). "Deleuzian politics? A survey and some suggestions". New Formations. 2009 (68).
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  53. ^ Bowman, Paul (2007). Post-Marxism Versus Cultural Studies: Theory, Politics and Intervention. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1762-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1r27t5.[page needed]
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  58. ^ McLoughlin, Daniel (2016-10-01). "Post-Marxism and the Politics of Human Rights: Lefort, Badiou, Agamben, Rancière". Law and Critique. 27 (3): 303–321. doi:10.1007/s10978-016-9177-0. ISSN 1572-8617. S2CID 254747857.
  59. ^ Mouffe, Chantal (June 1995). "Post-Marxism: Democracy and Identity". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 13 (3): 259–265. doi:10.1068/d130259. S2CID 144784412.
  60. ^ Mouzelis, Nicos P. (1990). Post-Marxist Alternatives. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-12978-2. ISBN 978-0-333-57815-5.
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  62. ^ Browning, Gary K. (June 2005). "A globalist ideology of post‐Marxism? Hardt and Negri's Empire". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 8 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/13698230500108876. S2CID 143556108.
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  66. ^ Gilbert, Jeremy (2009-09-01). "Deleuzian politics? A survey and some suggestions". New Formations. 2009 (68).
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Further reading[edit]

  • Badiou, Alain; Macey, D; Corcoran, S. (2015). The communist hypothesis. London: Verso.
  • Butler, Judith; Laclau, Ernesto; Žižek, Slavoj (2000). Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left.
  • Callinicos, A., Kouvélakis, E. and Pradella, L. (2021). Routledge handbook of Marxism and post-Marxism. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Dean, J. (2018). Communist Horizon. Verso.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1993). Specters of Marx.
  • Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Winchester: Zero Books.
  • Galfarsoro, Imanol (2012). "(Post)Marxismoa, kultura eta eragiletasuna: Ibilbide historiko labur bat" [(Post) Marxism, Culture and Effectiveness: A Brief Historical Journey]. In Aizpuru, Alaitz (ed.). Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida [A guide to thinking in the Basque Country] (in Basque). Bilbo: UEU. ISBN 978-84-8438-435-9.
  • Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2000). Empire. Harvard.
  • Holloway, J. (2019). Change the world without taking power : the meaning of revolution today. London Pluto Press.
  • Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics.
  • Sim, Stuart (2002). Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History. Routledge studies in social and political thought. New York; London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-18616-8.
  • Thoburn, Nick (2003). Deleuze, Marx, and Politics. Routledge
  • Tormey, Simon; Townshend, Jules (2006). Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism. Pine Forge Press.
  • Žižek, Slavoj (1989). The Sublime Object of Ideology.

External links[edit]

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