Gacha game
A gacha game (Japanese: ガチャ ゲーム, Hepburn: gacha gēmu) is a video game that implements the gacha (toy vending machine) mechanic. Similar to loot boxes, gacha games entice players to spend in-game currency to receive a random in-game item. Some in-game currency generally can be gained through game play, and some by purchasing it from the game publisher using real-world funds.
Most implementors of the Gacha model are free-to-play (F2P) mobile games.[1][2]
The gacha game model began to be widely used in the early 2010s, particularly in Japan.[1][2] Most of the highest-grossing mobile games in Japan use it, and it has become an integral part of Japanese mobile game culture.[3] The game mechanism is also increasingly used in Chinese and Korean games, as well as Western games.[3][4][5][6] Despite their ubiquity, gacha games have been criticized for being addictive, and are often compared to gambling due to the incentive to spend real-world money on chance-based rewards.
Model[edit]
Rolling/pulling[edit]
There are many collectable characters, cards, or other items (details will vary based on nature of game). Many of them are obtainable only through a "gacha" mechanic.[3] In this, the player "pulls" or "spins" in a manner analogous to a slot machine or roulette wheel. In doing so they expend a fixed portion of a premium currency in exchange for receiving a random "drop" from the banner "rolled on". Some of the rewards drop less frequently than others. It is common for the schema of item rarities to be public information, dubbed "open gacha". It is common for there to be a rarity tier on around the order of appearing in one percent of rolls. Between this rarity and the commonality of limited-time availability of promoted gacha drops, players are encouraged to roll the gacha while their desired item is available.[3]
Pity[edit]
Some gacha models use a pity system: the player will be guaranteed an item after pulling for that item a large number of times without success. "Soft" pity increases the probability slightly of getting a rare item with every pull, counting up and recalculating the probability until the rare item is received, while "hard" pity uses a counter to keep track of the number of pulls and automatically dispense the rare item after reaching a preset number of rolls.
In-game currency[edit]
Games can include multiple in-game currencies with complex schemes for converting between them. This makes it more difficult for the player to model the dollar cost of a unit of a currency that isn't the "premium" one.
It is commonly possible to get the "premium" (obtained with real money) currency through gameplay, albeit in rigorously limited quantities.
Virtual item[edit]
Many kinds of virtual items can be in the loot table for a banner. Gameplay units such as cards, characters, equippable gear, or more abstract loot such as "experience" are all possible.
Login and task rewards[edit]
In many games, gacha rewards are essential for players to make progress in the game.[6] Players are generally given free or discounted gachas in low amounts on a regular schedule, in exchange for logging in or doing in-game tasks.
Common mechanics[edit]
Banners[edit]
Banners are "pools" of available items (characters, loot, cards, etc) that players can "roll" on. Offered banners can be perpetually available or can have a limited duration. Games generally have some of both, with player retention efforts and in-game advertising emphasizing the limited availability of some or all of the items in the latter.
Limited banners[edit]
Sometimes, these banners are limited, such that specific prizes can only be obtained within a specific event time-frame.[3]
Stamina[edit]
Stamina is a resource that is required for, and consumed by, core in-game actions such as (in a fighting-oriented game) beginning combat encounters. It regenerates over time, often up to a cap. It can typically be regenerated or gained instantly through some form of microtransaction or premium currency spending. The name for this resource is usually different on a per-game basis, but stamina is typically the general term used for this type of currency in general across games.
Variations[edit]
| Mechanic | Description |
|---|---|
| Complete gacha | "Complete gacha" (コンプリートガチャ), also shortened as "kompu gacha"[7][8] or "compu gacha"[9] (コンプガチャ), was a monetization model popular in Japanese mobile phone video games until 2012, when it was found to be illegal by Japan's Consumer Affairs Agency. Players roll in attempt to "complete" a set of common items from particular loot pool in order to unlock a rare item. The first few items in a set can be rapidly acquired but as the number of missing items decreases it becomes increasingly unlikely that redeeming a loot box will complete the set (see coupon collector's problem). This is particularly true if there are a large number of common items in the game, since eventually one single, specific item is required.[8] |
| Box gacha | There is a set of items in specific quantities; this is the "box". The player rolls for items in the box; rolled items are deducted from the item amounts remaining in the box. As a result, over successive rolls, the set of possible "draws" shrinks until the player has all of the items.[10][11] Its popularity grew around the time that the complete gacha controversy was becoming publicized. |
| Redraw gacha | Redraw gacha allows the player to "re-roll" the gacha, returning their drawn item in exchange for another opportunity to draw, so as to potentially get something else. Some games offer this feature for free.[10] In games that offer some free gacha rolls at the start, beginning players may "re-roll" by creating new accounts and doing the starter rolls on each until they get the draws they want.[12] |
| Consecutive gacha | Consecutive gacha improves the chances of receiving rare rewards when the player spends in bulk. As opposed to spending a set amount for individual rolls, a player can spend a larger amount in order to roll several times in a row for a slightly discounted price.[11] |
| Step-up gacha | The player's rates are improved for each consecutive roll or instance of spending within a single session or a limited time period (e.g. five checkpoints; must roll five times or spend five times within half an hour to get the rewards for step one, two, three, four, and five in succession.)[11] |
| Open versus closed gacha | Gacha that show (open) versus hide (closed) the exact probabilities of pulling rare items.[10] |
| Sugoroku gacha | Sugoroku (literally "double six") "game board" gacha involve moving around on a virtual game board to obtain rewards. Generally movement is performed by rolling dice and the dice rolls can be directly or indirectly accrued through rolling. |
Appeal[edit]
Game developers have praised gacha as a free-to-play monetization strategy.[13][6] Most developers that work primarily with free-to-play games recommend it be incorporated into the game starting with the concept for maximum monetization potential.[6]
It has been debated what makes gacha so addictive to so many players. Proposed mechanisms include playing on the hunter-gatherer instinct to collect items, as well as the desire to complete a set,[6] effective use of the "fear of missing out", or, simply the same mechanisms that drive gambling.[13]
The model of gacha has been compared to that of collectible trading card games as well as to gambling.[13]
Whales[edit]
An aspect of monetisation commonly found in the financing of gacha games involves a model where a large part of the game's revenue comes from a very small proportion of players who spend an unusually large amount of money on gacha rolls, essentially subsidising the game for other players who may spend smaller amounts of money, or even free-to-play players that spend no money at all. The high-spending players are often colloquially referred to as "whales".[12]
Criticism and controversy[edit]
Resemblance to gambling[edit]
In May 2012, an article was published in a conservative Japanese newspaper, the Yomiuri Shimbun, that criticized social networking games and specifically gacha for exploiting the naivety of children to make a profit. The main complaint of the article was that the gacha model too closely resembled gambling. The paper called for an investigation by Japan's Consumer Affairs Agency to prevent abuse of the system.[14][full citation needed] Several cases of teenagers and even younger kids spending equivalents of over US$1000 have been reported in the media.[15][16] Shortly after, the suggested investigation was performed and the model of complete gacha was declared illegal by the Consumer Affairs Agency, citing the Law for Preventing Unjustifiable Extras or Unexpected Benefit and Misleading Representation,[9][8] The Consumer Affairs Agency stated that virtual items could be considered "prizes" under existing legislation written in 1977 to prevent the complete gacha practice in the context of baseball trading cards. Within a month of the statement being issued, all major Japanese game publishers had removed complete gacha rules from their games, though many developers found ways around this.[8][17] In addition, several lawsuits were launched in Japan against companies selling gacha products, leading to temporary decrease in their stock market value by almost a quarter.[18][19][20] Japanese mobile game developers, including GREE and DeNA, worked to establish a self-regulating industry group, the Japan Social Game Association, which was an attempt to push developers from these models, but it did not prove successful, and the Association was disbanded by 2015.[17]
The mechanism has come under scrutiny for its similarity to gambling, and some countries require drop rates to be made public, or have banned certain practices (e.g., complete gacha).[21][22] Many players also feel regret after making purchases in these games according to a survey.[23] This type of game has also come under criticism for luring players into spending thousands of dollars at a time to get what they want,[20] and the way gacha outcomes are presented within the game have also been criticized.[24] Children are likely to be affected by the gambling-like mechanism since mobile devices provides easy access to payment; some game developers also intentionally introduce emotional manipulations and exploitive practices.[25] A 2019 research paper has noted that "the gacha system has proven to be addictive and problematic" and speculated that the loopholes in the gacha system could be exploited for international money laundering.[18]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Toto, Serkan. "Gacha: Explaining Japan's Top Money-Making Social Game Mechanism". Serkan Toto: CEO Blog. Kantan Games. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "'Fire Emblem Heroes' Is a Gacha Game - Here's What That Means". Inverse. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e "Japanese gachas are sweeping F2P games in the West". 2 November 2016.
- ^ "Nintendo's Mobile 'Fire Emblem' Is a 'Gacha' Game, Here's What That Means". Waypoint. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Nakamura, Yuji (3 February 2017). "Nintendo treading on shaky ground as new mobile game takes 'gacha' global". Japan Times Online.
- ^ a b c d e Heinze, Johannes (18 July 2017). "How gacha can benefit Western game developers". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Kompu gacha freemium systems banned in Japan". VG247. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d Akimoto, Akky (16 May 2012). "Japan's social-gaming industry hindered by government's anti-gambling move". The Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Social Games' "Compu Gacha" Model Officially Declared Illegal". Siliconera. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ a b c Koeder, Marco; Tanaka, Ema; Sugai, Philip (June 2017). "Mobile Game Price Discrimination effect on users of Freemium services– An initial outline of Game of Chance elements in Japanese F2P mobile games" (PDF). 14th International Telecommunications Society (ITS) Asia-Pacific Regional Conference: "Mapping ICT into Transformation for the Next Information Society". Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Toto, Dr Serkan (14 March 2016). "How Japanese Mobile Game Makers Go After Whales: 5 Popular Gacha Mechanics – Kantan Games Inc. CEO Blog". Retrieved 12 November 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Flachner Balázs (22 July 2020). "Virtuális kemény drog tolja a mobilos játékok szekerét". Index.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Will Luton (2013). Free-to-Play: Making Money From Games You Give Away. New Riders. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-13-341124-9.
- ^ Yomiuri Shimbun (May 29, 2012). "Social networking games must be responsible".
- ^ Russell, Jon (6 May 2012). "Japan Mulls Ban on Controversial but Lucrative Game Genre". The Next Web. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Heroines Are A Dangerous Drug: Japanese Users Spend Massive Money On Imaginary Idols". Kotaku. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ a b Hood, Vic (20 October 2017). "What the UK can learn from the Far East's battle with loot boxes". Eurogamer. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ a b Pramanta, Rio Akbar; Utomo, Tri Cahyo (26 September 2019). "Psychoanalytical Approach to Transnational Money Laundering Utilizing Japanese Mobile Online Games with Gacha System: A Forecasting Study". Journal of International Relations. 5 (4): 646–652.
- ^ "$6,065 Spent in One Night Shows Dark Side of Japan's Mobile Games". Bloomberg. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ a b Barder, Ollie. "Japanese Mobile Gaming Still Can't Shake Off The Spectre Of Exploitation". Forbes. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Feit, Daniel. "Gacha Watch: Japan's Social Game Industry Shifts Gears After Government Crackdown". WIRED. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ "China's new law forces Dota, League of Legends, and other games to reveal odds of scoring good loot". 2 May 2017.
- ^ "Gacha Watch: 60% of Japan's Social Game Players Have Buyer's Remorse". Wired. 27 August 2012.
- ^ "バンダイナムコ、スマホ「ガチャ」で誤表示". 日本経済新聞. 15 November 2017.
- ^ Liu, Kevin (1 July 2019). "A Global Analysis into Loot Boxes: Is It 'Virtually' Gambling?". Washington International Law Journal. 28 (3): 763. ISSN 2377-0872.
