WLFL

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This article is about the television station. For the English association football league, see West Lancashire Football League.
WLFL
WLFLCW22.svg
CityRaleigh, North Carolina
Channels
BrandingCW 22 (general)
Programming
Affiliations22.1: The CW (2006–present)
22.2: Stadium
22.3: TBD
22.4: Antenna TV[1]
Ownership
Owner
WRDC
History
First air date
December 18, 1981 (41 years ago) (1981-12-18)
Former call signs
WLFL-TV (1981–1993)
Former channel number(s)
Analog:
22 (UHF, 1981–2009)
Digital:
57 (UHF, until 2009)
27 (UHF, 2009–2019)
Independent (1981–1986)
Fox (1986–1998)
The WB (1998–2006)
Call sign meaning
"We're Light for Living"
(slogan used by original owner prior to sign-on)
Technical information
Licensing authority
FCC
Facility ID73205
ClassDT
ERP775 kW
HAAT605.3 m (1,986 ft)
Transmitter coordinates35°40′29″N 78°31′39″W / 35.67472°N 78.52750°W / 35.67472; -78.52750
Links
Public license information
Websiteraleighcw.com

WLFL (channel 22) is a television station licensed to Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, serving the Research Triangle area as an affiliate of The CW. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside Durham-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WRDC (channel 28). Both stations share studios in the Highwoods Office Park, just outside downtown Raleigh, while WLFL's transmitter is located in Auburn, North Carolina.

History[edit]

Channel 22 had been allocated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Raleigh as an educational reserved channel in 1952.[2] However, it was unreserved by the mid-1960s, and in 1965, two groups that had sought the channel alone merged. The groups were Crescent Broadcasting Company, led by former governor Terry Sanford, and the Springfield Television Broadcasting Company of Springfield, Massachusetts.[3] The merged company found itself waiting on the FCC for approval of its application.[4] The main issue was that the FCC was busy revamping the table of UHF television allocations nationally. They had hoped for channel 22 because Springfield Television already owned two channel 22 stations (WWLP-TV in Springfield and WKEF in Dayton, Ohio), but they instead received channel 28 along with the call letters WJHF when the construction permit was granted.[5] That June, the FCC then let them move back to channel 22.[6] Springfield became the full owner of the construction permit at year's end,[7] and the station even began purchasing movie packages,[8] but ownership soon reverted to the Sanford group, which then discontinued its plans for WJHF.[9]

Channel 22 was then used by WRDU (channel 28), a new UHF station in Durham, for its Raleigh translator; established on channel 70 in 1969,[10] it moved to channel 22 in 1972.[11]

"Light for Living"[edit]

Interest in building a full-service station on channel 22 began in 1976 when Carolina Christian Communications, a group formed by Durham TV service shop owner L.L. "Buddy" Leathers, began raising funds with the goal of building a station with family-oriented and religious programs.[12] Shortly before Christmas 1976, the group filed for a construction permit to build channel 22; a possible contender, Durham Life Broadcasting, had instead opted against filing for channel 22 and bought channel 28.[13] Leathers expressed hope that any facilities vacated by an expanding WRDU could be reused by his station.[14]

A construction permit was awarded in 1977, and Leathers selected the call sign WLFL—"Light for Living".[15] WTVD in Durham also gifted its Broad Street studio, which it had used since 1954 was about to vacate, to Carolina Christian Communications; prior to being a television studio, it had served as a jail and a sanitorium.[16] However, Carolina Christian soon found that the former WRDU transmission facility was inadequate to cover the Raleigh–Durham area, and the group sought to raise $1 million in temporary financing to get the station going.[17] It was still waiting for FCC approval to move its transmitter in May 1979.[18]

Because lenders were reluctant to loan money to a non-profit, Leathers had the construction permit transferred for $633,000 from Carolina Christian Communications to Family Television Inc., in which Leathers also owned a stake.[19] Despite the change to a more commercial operation, the gift of WTVD's studio carried no restrictions forbidding its use by a for-profit company.[19][20] In August 1981, a start date of the following month was announced;[21] however, delays in constructing the station's tower at Apex held up completion.[22]

WLFL began broadcasting on the afternoon of December 18, 1981, with the film Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing as its inaugural program.[23][24] The station's Durham quarters would prove to be temporary; because channel 22 was designated to Raleigh, it had to move its main studio there within 18 months of starting up.[25] Even before launch, the possibility was floated of the station leaving Durham for Raleigh.[26]

On November 5, 1984, Family Television announced it would sell WLFL to S&F Communications Corp., a group led by Stephen D. Seymour, and Stuart D. Frankel,[27] with a call sign change to WMVZ planned for when the new owners took over.[28] Seymour had scouted the station for the A.S. Abell Company, publisher of The Baltimore Sun; however, Abell opted not to make the transaction and offered its option to buy to Seymour.[29]

TVX ownership[edit]

The Seymour deal fell apart, and in June 1985, the Norfolk, Virginia–based TVX Broadcast Group purchased WLFL, for $14.5 million, after the deal with S&F fell through.[30] TVX, in announcing the purchase, informed investors that it would likely have to sell WNRW in Winston-Salem to buy WLFL; the two stations' signals overlapped, a combination then generally not allowed by the FCC.[31] The FCC approved the WLFL transaction in February 1986 and gave TVX 12 months to divest itself of WNRW.[32][a] During 1986, WLFL also became the market's first Fox affiliate when the network launched on October 9,[34] and it leased space in a distribution center on Front Street in Raleigh.[35]

TVX upgraded WLFL's programming. By the end of the decade, the station's programming was attracting five percent of the market, though it was well ahead of WPTF-TV, an anemic NBC affiliate, in that station's news time slots.[36] By November 1990, it had passed WPTF in total-day ratings.[37]

Later in 1986, TVX acquired five major-market independent stations from Taft Broadcasting in a highly leveraged transaction.[38] TVX's bankers, Salomon Brothers, provided the financing for the acquisition and in return held more than 60 percent of the company.[39] The company was to pay Salomon Brothers $200 million on January 1, 1988, and missed the first payment deadline, having been unable to lure investors to its junk bonds even before Black Monday.[40] While TVX recapitalized by the end of 1988,[41] Salomon Brothers reached an agreement in principle in January 1989 for Paramount Pictures to acquire options to purchase the investment firm's majority stake.[42] This deal was replaced in September with an outright purchase of 79 percent of TVX for $110 million.[43]

Paramount ownership and Ten O'Clock News[edit]

In 1991, Paramount acquired the remainder of TVX, forming the Paramount Stations Group.[44]

Former logo as a WB affiliate, used from 2003 to 2006.

Paramount sold WLFL to the Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1994 and entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) with WRDC the following year. That station was owned by Glencairn Ltd., a separate entity that was majority-owned by the Smith family, founders and owners of Sinclair, which thus had an effective duopoly in the market even before purchasing WRDC outright in 2001. While WLFL was the senior partner in the deal, it vacated its Front Street studios that year and moved the combined operation to WRDC's new facility in the nearby Highwoods office complex. WNCN, which acquired the market's NBC affiliation from WRDC in September 1995, moved into WLFL's old studios at the same time. In 1996, Fox announced it would not renew its affiliation contract with the station when it got involved in a dispute with Sinclair over programming issues during the 10 p.m. slot. Even though Fox later relented, it still managed to seek a new affiliation with WRAZ in 1998, leaving WLFL to pick up programming from The WB. The last Fox program to air on WLFL was Millennium at 9:00 p.m. on July 31, 1998, while the first WB program to air was a repeat airing of Pinky and the Brain at 8:00 a.m. the following day.

CW affiliation[edit]

On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Time Warner announced that they would shut down UPN and The WB, and would move the higher-rated programs from those two networks onto a new service, The CW.[45][46] On February 22, News Corporation announced it would start up another new network called MyNetworkTV.[47] This service, which would be a sister network to Fox, would be operated by Fox Television Stations and its syndication division 20th Television. MyNetworkTV was created in order to give UPN and WB stations that were not mentioned as becoming CW affiliates another option besides becoming independent stations, and was also created to compete against The CW.

It was initially seen as a foregone conclusion that WLFL would be The CW's Triangle affiliate, as it was by far the stronger of the two stations in Sinclair's Triangle duopoly. Network representatives were on record as favoring the "strongest" stations among The WB and UPN's affiliate slates. However, when the new network announced its first group of stations outside the core group of Tribune Company and CBS Corporation-owned stations, WLFL was not on the list. In February, WRDC was announced as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV. It was not until May 2, when Sinclair and The CW signed an affiliation deal for all Sinclair-operated WB affiliates not slated to join MyNetworkTV.

As a CW affiliate, WLFL aired the network's children's programming block (branded as One Magnificent Morning since October 2014) two hours earlier than most other Eastern Time Zone affiliates of The CW, from 5 to 10 a.m. As of 2016, WLFL now airs the block at the normal schedule, from 7 a.m. to noon.

Sinclair was involved in a retransmission dispute with Time Warner Cable, the Triangle's largest cable provider. WLFL and WRDC's original carriage agreement ended on December 31, 2010. The issue involved fees that TWC was willing to pay for programming on WLFL and WRDC.[48] Negotiations between the two parties were extended for another two weeks and were set to expire on January 15, until an agreement was finally reached. Any blackout would, in effect, have limited access for both WLFL and WRDC to a number of cable households within the market. However, both stations are also available through satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network along with AT&T's U-Verse service.[49]

On May 15, 2012, Sinclair and Fox agreed to a five-year affiliation agreement extension for the group's 19 Fox-affiliated stations until 2017. This included an option, that was exercisable between July 1, 2012, and March 31, 2013, for Fox parent News Corporation to buy a combination of six Sinclair-owned stations (two CW/MyNetworkTV duopolies and two standalone MyNetworkTV affiliates) in three out of four markets; WLFL and WRDC were included in the Fox purchase option, along with Sinclair stations in Cincinnati (WSTR-TV), Norfolk (WTVZ) and Las Vegas (KVCW and KVMY).[50]

In January 2013, Fox announced that it would not exercise its option to buy any of the Sinclair stations in the aforementioned four markets. It chose instead to purchase the Charlotte CW/MyNetworkTV duopoly of WJZY and WMYT-TV, and converted WJZY into a Fox O&O in July 2013, displacing that market's Fox affiliate WCCB.[51]

On January 8, 2016, Sinclair announced that American Sports Network would launch as a dedicated, digital multicast network under the American Sports Network name with 10 stations including WLFL on January 11, 2016.[52]

News operation[edit]

Further information: WTVD § News operation

After Fox required most of its affiliates to air local newscasts in the early 1990s or face disaffiliation and after the new owners of WPTF got rid of its perpetually low-rated evening news, WLFL established a news department and launched a nightly prime time show entitled the Fox 22 Ten O'Clock News in 1992. It was the second attempt at a local news program in the 10 p.m. timeslot since an independent outlet in Fayetteville, WKFT, canceled the area's first prime time newscast back in 1989. Unlike WLFL's operation, that station's newscasts focused more on the southern parts of the Triangle market and sold advertising seen during the production specifically to those areas. It began having newscast competition in September 1995 shortly after the sign-on of WRAZ. From the start, this effort was produced by WRAL and was also seen every night. However, since WLFL's hour-long news program was firmly established in the market by that time, it remained a strong operation with a popular on-air team. After the station's switch to The WB in 1998, its nightly show became WB 22 News at 10.

On August 16, 2004, WLFL's news department was downsized and converted into Sinclair's controversial News Central operation. While local news segments and some sports reports remained based in Raleigh, the station shut down its weather department and began featuring national headlines, forecast segments and other sports coverage based out of Sinclair's company headquarters on Beaver Dam Road in Hunt Valley, Maryland. In addition, it featured a one-minute conservative political commentary segment called "The Point". Hosted by Sinclair's Vice President for Corporate Relations, Mark E. Hyman, this feature was controversial as well and a requirement of all company-owned stations with newscasts until its discontinuation in December 2006. In September 2005, WLFL's nightly broadcast was cut down to thirty minutes in an attempt to boost its anemic ratings against WRAZ.

After a fourteen-year run, the station's remaining in-house news department was closed as a result of a cost-cutting move implemented by Sinclair as well as the systematic shutdown of News Central. The last official telecast of WB 22 News at 10 was on March 30, 2006, after which there was no local news on channel 22 for a short period. Former News Central sports anchor Mark Armstrong as well as WLFL news anchor and reporter Tamara Gibbs eventually joined WTVD.

On June 26, 2006, WLFL entered into a news share agreement with ABC owned-and-operated station WTVD. This resulted in the debut of a new nightly prime time newscast called ABC 11 Eyewitness News at 10 on WB 22. Like the previous effort, the broadcast ran directly against the WRAL-produced newscast on WRAZ. Since establishing the arrangement, there have never been any plans announced for a weekday morning show on WLFL that would also be produced by WTVD. This is unlike WRAZ which offers a two-hour extension of WRAL's weekday morning broadcast at 7. Concurrent with its official affiliation switch to The CW on September 18, WLFL's newscast changed its name to ABC 11 Eyewitness News at 10 on CW 22. On April 21, 2008, WTVD became the second station in the Triangle behind WRAL and the eighth ABC-owned station in the United States to upgrade its newscasts to high definition. The prime time news on WLFL was included in the upgrade.

Eyewitness News at 10 was seen every night for 35 minutes, and was produced in WTVD's studios on Liberty Street/US 70 Business/NC 98 in Downtown Durham. In addition to those main facilities, that station also operates bureaus in Fayetteville (on Green Street) and Downtown Raleigh (on Fayetteville Street). During weather forecast segments, WLFL featured WTVD's Doppler weather radar called` "First Alert Doppler XP". This is based at the latter's transmitter site southeast of Garner along the Wake County border with Johnston County.

On June 27, 2022, it was announced on WLFL's social media accounts that the WLFL-produced telecasts will no longer be airing and the Sinclair-produced news program The National Desk will fill the 10 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. time slot, leaving once again WRAZ as the only local station showing news at 10 p.m.[53]

Technical information[edit]

Subchannels[edit]

The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WLFL[1]
Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming
22.1 720p 16:9 WLFL-CW Main WLFL programming / The CW
22.2 480i Stadium Stadium
22.3 TBD TBD
22.4 4:3 Antenna Antenna TV

Analog-to-digital conversion[edit]

WLFL discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 22, on February 17, 2009, four months ahead of the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. It was one of three stations in the Triangle market, along with WRDC and independent station WRAY-TV, that decided to switch on that date, even though the official transition date had been changed to June 12, 2009. Although it had an assigned digital channel that it would move to post-transition that differed from its original digital channel, WLFL continued to broadcast its digital signal on its pre-transition allocation (UHF channel 57). The station's digital signal relocated to UHF channel 27 at noon on June 12, 2009, as the station's original digital channel allocation was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.[54] Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 22.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ That November, TVX filed with the FCC to sell the Winston-Salem station to a new broadcasting group, Act III Broadcasting, owned by television producer Norman Lear.[33]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b RabbitEars TV Query for WLFL
  2. ^ Pardue, Mary Ann (August 23, 1953). "State Making Rapid Advances In Commercial Television". The News and Observer. p. V-7. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ "2 Stations Make Joint UHF Bid". The Charlotte Observer. UPI. March 9, 1965. p. 8A. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Twiggs, Anne (November 30, 1965). "UHF-TV Channel Has Been Delayed". The News and Observer. p. 8. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Morrison, Bill (February 9, 1966). "Fall Debut Looms for TV Station". The News and Observer. p. 10. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "New Station". The News and Observer. June 16, 1966. p. 16. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ "Springfield Acquires Channel 22". The News and Observer. December 20, 1966. p. 12. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ Morrison, Bill (February 1, 1967). "New TV Station Selects Classic Films For Debut". The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 10. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  9. ^ "Firm Drops Bid For TV Channel". The Durham Sun. March 1, 1968. p. 15. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "See what you've been missing!". The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. May 15, 1969. p. 38. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "TV Station Plans Changes". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. October 26, 1972. p. 5. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  12. ^ "Group Plans TV Drive". The News and Observer. February 13, 1976. p. 12. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Christian Channel Planned". The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. December 25, 1976. p. 30. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Adams, Jack (June 4, 1977). "Repairman Wants Christian Fix On TV Programming". Durham Morning Herald. p. 5A. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Christian station given FCC go-ahead". The News and Observer. October 25, 1977. p. 10. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ Larson, Susan (December 20, 1977). "Carolina Christian Communications Gets Gift Of Studio From WTVD". The Durham Sun. pp. 1-A, 2-A. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Morrison, Bill (September 13, 1978). "New TV station billed as 'The Great Alternative'". The News and Observer. p. 13. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ Adams, Jack (May 12, 1979). "'We're Getting There': Christian TV Plan Plods Along". Durham Morning Herald. p. 8A. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ a b Adams, Jack (February 7, 1980). "New Corporation Hopes To Get WLFL-TV On Air". The Herald-Sun. p. 20A. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "A Gift To WLFL Turns On WTVD". Durham Morning World. January 24, 1982. p. TV World 1. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Channel 22 in Durham to go on air Sept. 22". The News and Observer. August 4, 1981. p. 7. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ Wise, Jim (October 3, 1981). "WLFL In Durham: TV Station To Sign On". Durham Morning Herald. p. 1B. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ Wise, Jim (December 18, 1981). "Channel 22 Plans First Show Today". Durham Morning Herald. p. 11C. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "New TV station gets positive feedback". The News and Observer. December 22, 1981. p. 11. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ Selinsky, Debbie (January 10, 1982). "Will Move To Raleigh: New TV Station Signs On After Delays". The Chapel Hill Newspaper. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. pp. 1E, 17E. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ Stovall, Melinda (October 1, 1981). "Durham offices of television station may close". The Durham Sun. p. 1C. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ "Changing Hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. November 5, 1984. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  28. ^ "Call Letter Applications" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 21, 1985. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  29. ^ Flagg, Michael (September 30, 1984). "Buyer of WLFL-TV hopes to boost its share of the market". Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 8D. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  30. ^ "Changing Hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 24, 1985. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  31. ^ Byrd, John (August 14, 1985). "WLFL-TV to be sold, moved to Raleigh". The News and Observer. pp. 1C, 2C. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "In Brief" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 24, 1986. p. 96. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  33. ^ "Changing Hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. November 17, 1986. p. 99. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  34. ^ "Fox network begins to take shape" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 4, 1986. pp. 44–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  35. ^ Jeffries, Charles (May 28, 1986). "WLFL to move offices from Durham to Raleigh". The News and Observer. p. 8B. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ Langford, Bob (March 30, 1988). "WTVD leads in Nielsen, Arbitron ratings for second time". The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 5D. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  37. ^ Langford, Bob (December 19, 1990). "WTVD, WRAL news too close to call; WLFL takes over third". The News and Observer. p. 5D. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ Rassenfoss, Stephen (November 17, 1986). "Taft Broadcasting sells Channel 21". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. p. A17. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ Weiss, Michael (July 8, 1987). "Broadcaster to focus on trimming costs: Channel 21's new owner 'doing deals'". The Dallas Morning News. p. 1D.
  40. ^ Weiss, Michael (January 24, 1988). "Channel 21's latest signals show trouble, possible sale". The Dallas Morning News. p. 2H.
  41. ^ "Fifth Estate Earnings Reports" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 12, 1988. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  42. ^ "Paramount takes step toward buy of TVX stations" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 23, 1989. pp. 70–71. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  43. ^ "Paramount buys TVX" (PDF). Broadcasting. September 18, 1989. p. 89. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  44. ^ "Paramount acquires TVX Group" (PDF). Broadcasting. March 4, 1991. pp. 57, 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  45. ^ 'Gilmore Girls' meet 'Smackdown'; CW Network to combine WB, UPN in CBS-Warner venture beginning in September, CNNMoney.com, January 24, 2006.
  46. ^ UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network, The New York Times, January 24, 2006.
  47. ^ News Corp. Unveils MyNetworkTV, Broadcasting & Cable, February 22, 2006.
  48. ^ "Sinclair/Time Warner Cable - Frequently Asked Questions". Sinclair Broadcast Group. December 7, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  49. ^ Wolf, Alan M. (December 29, 2010). "Cable TV feud is at an impasse". News and Observer. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  50. ^ Sinclair Reups With Fox, Gets WUTB Option, TVNewsCheck, May 15, 2012.
  51. ^ Sinclair In An Acquisition State Of Mind, TVNewsCheck, February 6, 2013.
  52. ^ "ASN launches 24/7 broadcast network on Monday". americansportsnet.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  53. ^ @thecw22 (June 27, 2022). "Programming alert" (Tweet). Retrieved March 21, 2023 – via Twitter.
  54. ^ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds" (PDF). Retrieved March 24, 2012.

External links[edit]

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