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Calendar year
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1985 .
1985 (MCMLXXXV ) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1985th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 985th year of the 2nd millennium , the 85th year of the 20th century , and the 6th year of the 1980s decade.
Calendar year
The year 1985 was designated as the International Youth Year by the United Nations .
January [ edit ]
February [ edit ]
March – The GNU Manifesto , written by Richard Stallman , is first published.[17]
March 1 – After a 12-year-long dictatorship , Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Uruguay .[18]
March 3 – The 8.0 Algarrobo earthquake hits Santiago and Valparaíso , Chile , leaving 177 dead, 2,575 injured, 142,489 houses destroyed, and approximately a million people homeless.[19]
March 8 – A Beirut car bomb , planted in an attempt to assassinate Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah , kills more than 80 people and injures 200 more.[20]
March 11
March 15 – Vice-president José Sarney , upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil , as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill the day before. Sarney would later become Brazil's first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death on April 21 .[23]
March 16 – Lebanon hostage crisis: US journalist Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut ; he remains a prisoner until December 4, 1991.[24]
March 17 – Expo '85 , an international exhibition, opens in Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan , running until September 16.[25]
March 18 – Australia 's longest-running soap opera, Neighbours , debuts on Seven Network .[26]
March 21 – Canadian paraplegic athlete and activist Rick Hansen sets out on his 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi), 26-month Man in Motion tour which raises US$26 million for spinal cord research and quality of life initiatives.[27]
March 25
March 31 – The inaugural WrestleMania is held in Madison Square Garden , New York, and is main-“evented by Hulk Hogan and Mr. T vs. Paul Orndorff and Roddy Piper in a tag-team match.
May 4 – The 30th Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Gothenburg , Sweden and is won by the Bobbysocks! song La det swinge for Norway .[31]
May 5 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan joins West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl for a controversial funeral service at a cemetery in Bitburg , West Germany, which includes the graves of 59 elite S.S. troops from World War II.[32]
May 9 – The 3rd total Victory Day Parade (the first being in 1945 and the next in 1965) is held on Red Square in Moscow in the Soviet Union. It features T-34-85 tanks, veterans of World War II from Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, and is the first parade to be held during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.
May 11
May 15 – Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín terminates Argentine administration of the Falkland Islands but does not relinquish Argentina's claim to the islands .
May 16 – Scientists of the British Antarctic Survey announce the discovery of the ozone hole .[34] [35] [36]
May 25 – Approximately 10,000 people are killed when Bangladesh is affected by the storm surge from Tropical Storm One (1B) .
May 26 – Young driver Danny Sullivan beats veteran Mario Andretti to win the 1985 Indianapolis 500 .[37]
May 29 – Heysel Stadium disaster : Thirty-nine spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus (0–1) at Heysel Stadium in Brussels , Belgium .
May 31 – Forty-four tornadoes hit Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York and Ontario , including a rare powerful F5. In total, the event killed 90 people.
June 6 – The remains of Josef Mengele , the physician notorious for Nazi human experimentation on inmates of Auschwitz concentration camp , buried in 1979 under the name of Wolfgang Gerhard, are exhumed in Embu das Artes , Brazil .[38]
June 14
June 15 – Studio Ghibli , an animation studio, is founded in Tokyo .[41]
June 20 – 1985 Nepal bombings : A series of bomb blasts occurs in Kathmandu and other cities of Nepal .[42]
June 22 – British and Irish police foil a "mainland bombing campaign" sponsored by the Provisional Irish Republican Army which targets luxury vacation resorts.
June 23 – Air India Flight 182 , a Boeing 747 , is blown up by a terrorist bomb 31,000 feet (9,500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland, on a Montreal–London–Delhi flight, killing all 329 aboard.[43]
June 24 – STS-51-G : Space Shuttle Discovery completes its mission, best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman Al Saud , the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a payload specialist .
June 27 – The iconic U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned.[44]
September [ edit ]
The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1985)
October [ edit ]
November [ edit ]
November 6
November 9 – In an all-Soviet match, 22-year-old Garry Kasparov defeats Anatoly Karpov to become the youngest-ever undisputed winner of the World Chess Championship .
November 12 – A total solar eclipse occurs over Antarctica at 14:11:22 UTC.
November 13 – Armero tragedy : The Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupts, killing an estimated 23,000 people, including 21,000 killed by lahars , in the town of Armero , Colombia .
November 19 – Cold War : In Geneva , U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.
November 20 – Microsoft Corporation releases the first international release of Windows 1.0 .
November 23 – EgyptAir Flight 648 is hijacked by the Abu Nidal group and flown to Malta , where Egyptian commandos storm the plane; 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.
November 25 – 1985 Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shoot-down : A Soviet Aeroflot Antonov An-12 cargo airplane, en route from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda , is shot down by South African Special Forces and crashes approximately 43 km east of Menongue , the provincial center of the Cuando Cubango Province , Angola , killing 8 crew members and 13 passengers on board.
November 29 – Gérard Hoarau , exiled political leader from the Seychelles , is assassinated in London .
December [ edit ]
Date unknown [ edit ]
World population [ edit ]
World population
1985
1980
1990
World
4,830,979,000
4,434,682,000
396,297,000
5,263,593,000
432,614,000
Africa
541,814,000
469,618,000
72,196,000
622,443,000
80,629,000
Asia
2,887,552,000
2,632,335,000
255,217,000
3,167,807,000
280,255,000
Europe
706,009,000
692,431,000
13,578,000
721,582,000
15,573,000
South America
401,469,000
361,401,000
40,068,000
441,525,000
40,056,000
North America
269,456,000
256,068,000
13,388,000
283,549,000
14,093,000
Oceania
24,678,000
22,828,000
1,850,000
26,687,000
2,009,000
January [ edit ]
January 1
January 2
January 3 – Asa Akira , American adult actress
January 7 – Lewis Hamilton , British 7-Time Formula One world champion[64]
January 8 – Oh Ha-na , South Korean fencer[65]
January 9 – Juanfran , Spanish footballer[66]
January 11 – Aja Naomi King , American actress[67]
January 12 – Xiao Qin , Chinese gymnast[68]
January 14 – Delfine Persoon , Belgian boxer[69]
January 16
January 17
January 18
January 19
January 20 – Ehsan Haddadi , Iranian discus thrower[81]
January 21 – Aura Dione , Danish pop musician[82]
January 23 – Doutzen Kroes , Dutch supermodel[83]
January 25
January 27 – Eric Radford , Canadian pair skater[86]
January 28
January 29
January 30
January 31 – Kalomira , Greek-American singer and model[95]
February [ edit ]
March 2 – Patrick Makau Musyoki , Kenyan long-distance runner[112]
March 9 – Brent Burns , Canadian Ice Hockey player[113]
March 10 – Lassana Diarra , French footballer[114]
March 11
March 12 – Stromae , Belgian musician[117]
March 13 – Emile Hirsch , American actor[118]
March 15
March 18 – Bianca King , Filipina actress and model
March 21 – Sonequa Martin-Green , American actress[120]
March 22 – Jakob Fuglsang , Danish cyclist[121]
March 23 – Bethanie Mattek-Sands , American tennis player[122]
March 24 – Sayaka Hirano , Japanese table tennis player[123]
March 26
March 27 – Ram Charan , Indian film actor[127]
March 28 – Stan Wawrinka , Swiss tennis player[128]
March 31 – Jessica Szohr , American actress[129]
April 2 – Stéphane Lambiel , Swiss figure skater[130]
April 3
April 4
April 6 – Frank Ongfiang , Cameroonian footballer
April 7 – Saad Lamjarred , Moroccan singer
April 8 – Yemane Tsegay , Ethiopian marathon runner[133]
April 9 – Tomohisa Yamashita , Japanese singer and actor
April 10 – Wang Meng , Chinese short track skater[134]
April 12
April 13 – Carmen Carrera , American model
April 16 – Benjamín Rojas , Argentine singer and actor
April 17
April 18
April 19
April 22
April 25 – Andrea Coda , Italian footballer[142]
April 26
April 27 – Horacio Zeballos , Argentine tennis player[145]
April 30
May 2
May 3
May 4 – Fernandinho , Brazilian footballer
May 5 – P. J. Tucker , American basketball player[154]
May 6 – Chris Paul , American basketball player
May 7 – J Balvin , Colombian reggaeton singer, in Medellín[155]
May 8 – Silvia Stroescu , Romanian artistic gymnast[156]
May 12 – Dániel Tőzsér , Hungarian footballer
May 13
May 14
May 15
May 16 – Andrew Keenan-Bolger , American actor, writer and director
May 17
May 18 – Oliver Sin , Hungarian painter
May 20 – Chris Froome , Kenyan-born British road racing cyclist[162]
May 21
May 22
May 25
May 27
May 28
May 29
May 31 – Zoraida Gómez , Mexican actress
June 1 – Tirunesh Dibaba , Ethiopian athlete[170]
June 4
June 5 – Rubén de la Red , Spanish footballer[174]
June 7 – Richard Thompson , Trinidadian sprinter[175]
June 8 – Sofya Velikaya , Russian fencer[176]
June 9 – Sonam Kapoor , Indian actress and model[177]
June 10 – Andy Schleck , Luxembourgish road cyclist[178]
June 11 – Dmitry Koldun , Belarusian singer[179]
June 12 – Dave Franco , American actor, voice actor, and filmmaker
June 15 – Nadine Coyle , Irish singer
June 17
June 18 – Alex Hirsch , American animator and voice actor
June 20 – Darko Miličić , Serbian basketball player[182]
June 21 – Lana Del Rey , American pop musician[183]
June 24 – Krunoslav Simon , Croatian basketball player
June 25
June 26
June 27
June 28 – Ahmed Kantari , Moroccan footballer
June 30
August 2 – Davey Boy Smith Jr. , Canadian professional wrestler[202]
August 3
August 4
August 5 – Salomon Kalou , Ivorian footballer
August 6 – Bafétimbi Gomis , French footballer[206]
August 8
August 9
August 11
August 12
August 13 – Olubayo Adefemi , Nigerian footballer (d.2011 )
August 14 – Shea Weber , Canadian ice hockey player[208]
August 15
August 16
August 17 – Evgeny Konobry , Russian professional ice hockey player[212]
August 21 – Laura Haddock , English actress[213]
August 24 – Hamid Sourian , Iranian wrestler[214]
August 25 – Rada Manojlović , Serbian singer
August 27 – Kayla Ewell , American actress
August 30
August 31
September [ edit ]
September 4
September 7
September 8
September 9
September 12 – Headhunterz , Dutch DJ and music producer
September 14
September 15 – Iselin Steiro , Norwegian model
September 16
September 17
September 18 – Stoyka Krasteva , Bulgarian boxer[226]
September 19 – Alun Wyn Jones , Welsh rugby union player[227]
September 20 – Tessanne Chin , Jamaican singer, winner of The Voice season 5
September 22 – Tatiana Maslany , Canadian actress
September 23 – Maki Goto , Japanese singer and actress[228]
September 24 – Jessica Lucas , Canadian actress[229]
September 26 – Marcin Mroziński , Polish actor, singer and television presenter
September 28 – Shindong , Korean singer[230]
September 29
September 30
October [ edit ]
October 5 – Nicola Roberts , British singer
October 6 – Sylvia Fowles , American basketball player
October 7 – Evan Longoria , American professional baseball player
October 8 – Bruno Mars , American singer-songwriter and music producer[233] [234]
October 9 – Sam Oji , English footballer (d. 2021 )
October 10
October 11
October 12 – Michelle Carter , American shot putter[235]
October 14 – Sherlyn , Mexican actress
October 16
October 20 – Jennifer Freeman , American actress
October 22 – Hadise , Belgian born-Turkish singer
October 23
October 24 – Wayne Rooney , English footballer
October 25 – Ciara , African-American singer
October 26 – Andrea Bargnani , Italian professional basketball player
October 27
October 28 – Troian Bellisario , American actress
October 29
October 31 – Kerron Clement , American hurdler and sprinter[239]
November [ edit ]
November 2 – Diana Penty , Indian model and actress
November 4 – Marcell Jansen , German footballer[240]
November 8 – Jack Osbourne , English television personality
November 10 – Wu Minxia , Chinese diver[241]
November 11
November 13
November 14 – Thomas Vermaelen , Belgian footballer
November 15 – Lily Aldridge , American model
November 16 – Sanna Marin , Finnish politician, 46th Prime Minister of Finland [242]
November 18 – Allyson Felix , American sprinter[243]
November 20
November 21 – Carly Rae Jepsen , Canadian singer-songwriter
November 22 – Asamoah Gyan , Ghanaian football player
November 23
November 25 – Marcus Hellner , Swedish cross-country skier[244]
November 26 – Matt Carpenter , American baseball player[245]
November 27 – Alison Pill , Canadian actress
November 28 – Magdolna Rúzsa , Hungarian singer
November 30
December [ edit ]
December 1
December 2 – Amaury Leveaux , French swimmer[251]
December 3
December 4 – Krista Siegfrids , Finnish singer
December 5 – Frankie Muniz , American actor, musician, writer, producer, and race car driver[254]
December 6 – Dulce María , Mexican singer and actress[255]
December 7 – Jon Moxley , American professional wrestler
December 8 – Dwight Howard , American basketball player
December 9 – Wil Besseling , Dutch golfer
December 10 – Raven-Symoné , African-American actress, singer, songwriter, executive producer, and director[256]
December 12 – Juan Camilo Zúñiga , Colombian footballer
December 15 – Laia Sanz , Spanish motorcycle driver[257]
December 16 – Amanda Setton , American actress
December 19
December 22 – Edurne , Spanish singer, actress, and TV presenter
December 23 – Harry Judd , English drummer
December 24 – Christina Schwanitz , German shot putter[260]
December 26
December 27
December 31 – Aliaksandra Herasimenia , Belarusian swimmer[262]
January [ edit ]
February [ edit ]
March 3 – Iosif Shklovsky , Soviet astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1916 )
March 7 – George Schick , Czechoslovakian conductor and music educator (b. 1908 )
March 8 – Edward Andrews , American actor (b. 1914 )
March 10
March 11
March 12 – Eugene Ormandy , Hungarian-American conductor (b. 1899 )[267]
March 13 – Mabel Alvarez , American painter (b. 1891 )
March 15 – Radha Krishna Choudhary , Indian historian (b. 1921 )
March 16 – Roger Sessions , American composer (b. 1896 )
March 21 – Sir Michael Redgrave , British actor (b. 1908 )[268]
March 23
March 28 – Marc Chagall , Russian-born French painter (b. 1887 )[269]
March 29
March 30 – Shizuko Kasagi , Japanese singer (b. 1914 )
March 31
April 4 – Kate Roberts , Welsh-language author (b. 1891 )[271]
April 5 – Paul Hugh Emmett , American chemical engineer (b. 1900 )
April 6 – Terence Sanders , British Olympic rower – coxless fours (b. 1901 )[272]
April 7 – Carl Schmitt , German jurist, political theorist and professor of law (b. 1888 )
April 10 – Alfredo Duhalde , Chilean statesman (b. 1898 )
April 11 – Enver Hoxha , Albanian Communist politician, leader of the Party of Labour 22nd Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1908 )[273]
April 14 – Noele Gordon , British actress (b. 1919 )
April 15 – Jack Medica , American Olympic swimmer (b. 1914 )[274]
April 16 – Scott Brady , American actor (b. 1924 )
April 17 – Evadne Price , Australian-British writer, actress and astrologer (b. 1888 )
April 18 – Gertrude Caton–Thompson , English archaeologist (b. 1888 )
April 19 – Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev , Russian ethnologist (b. 1899 )
April 21
April 26 – Albert Maltz , American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1908 )
May 1 – Denise Robins , (akas: Francesca Wright, Ashley French, Harriet Gray, Julia Kane) British romance novelist (b. 1897 )[276]
May 4 – Clarence Wiseman , the 10th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1907 )
May 5 – Sir Donald Bailey , British civil engineer (b. 1901 )
May 6
May 7 – Dawn Addams , British actress (b. 1930 )
May 8
May 9 – Edmond O'Brien , American actor (b. 1915 )[278]
May 10
May 12 – Jean Dubuffet , French artist (b. 1901 )[280]
May 13 – Leatrice Joy , American actress (b. 1893 )
May 14 – Barbara Yung , Hong Kong actress (b. 1959 )
May 15 – Rama Devi , Indian nationalist leader (b. 1889 )
May 16 – Margaret Hamilton , American actress (b. 1902 )
May 18 – Penn Nouth , Cambodian politician, 7-time Prime Minister of Cambodia (b. 1906 )
May 19 – Maqbular Rahman Sarkar , Bangladeshi academic (b. 1928 )[281]
May 22
June 5 – Lord George-Brown , British politician (b. 1914 )
June 6
June 7
June 9 – Clifford Evans , British actor (b. 1912 )
June 10 – George Chandler , American actor (b. 1898 )
June 11 – Karen Ann Quinlan , American right-to-die cause célèbre (b. 1954 )[283]
June 12 – Helmuth Plessner , German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1892 )
June 15
June 17
Either June 18 or June 19 - Bonnie Nettles , American religious leader (b. 1927 )
June 21 – Tage Erlander , Swedish politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1901 )
June 27 – Elias Sarkis , Lebanese lawyer, 27th President of Lebanon (b. 1924 )
June 28 – James Craig , American actor (b. 1912 )
June 30 – Haruo Remeliik , Palauan politician, 1st President of Palau (b. 1933 )
July 1 – Pauli Murray , American civil rights activist, lawyer, author and priest (b. 1910 )
July 3 – Erik Ågren , Swedish boxer (b. 1916 )
July 4 – Jan de Quay , Dutch politician and psychologist, 31st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1901 )
July 8
July 9
July 14 – Lluís Solé , Spanish geographer and academic (b. 1908 )
July 16 – Heinrich Böll , German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917 )
July 17 – Margo , Mexican-born American actress (b. 1917 )
July 19
July 21 – Alvah Cecil Bessie , American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1904 )
July 22 – Matti Järvinen , Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1909 )
July 23
July 25 – Grant Williams , American actor (b. 1931 )
July 26 – Grace Albee , American printmaker and wood engraver. (b. 1890 )
July 27 – John Scarne , American magician and card expert (b. 1903 )
August 1 – D. H. Turner , British art historian and museum curator (b. 1931 )
August 2 – Frank Faylen , American actor (b. 1905 )
August 5 – Arnold Horween , Harvard Crimson and NFL football player (b. 1898 )
August 6
August 8 – Louise Brooks , American actress (b. 1906 )
August 9 – Clive Churchill , Australian rugby league player and coach (b. 1927 )
August 10 – Kenny Baker , American actor and singer (b. 1912 )
August 11 – Hector Grey , Scottish street trader and company director (b. 1904 )
August 12
August 14 – Gale Sondergaard , American actress (b. 1899 )
August 15 – Lester Cole , American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1904 )
August 20 – Donald O. Hebb , Canadian neuropsychologist (b. 1904 )
August 22 – Paul Peter Ewald , German-born American crystallographer and physicist (b. 1888 )
August 24 – Morrie Ryskind , American dramatist (b. 1895 )
August 25
August 28
August 29
August 30 – Taylor Caldwell , Anglo-American writer (b. 1900 )[287]
August 31 – Macfarlane Burnet , Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899 )
September [ edit ]
September 1
September 4
September 6 – Rodney Robert Porter , English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1917 )[290]
September 7
September 8 – John Franklin Enders , American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1897 )
September 9 – Paul Flory , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910 )[291]
September 10
September 11
September 13 – Augusto Rademaker , Brazilian admiral and former military junta member (b. 1905 )
September 14
September 17 – Laura Ashley , Welsh designer (b. 1925 )[292]
September 19 – Italo Calvino , Italian writer (b. 1923 )[293]
September 22 – Axel Springer , German journalist and the founder and owner of the Axel Springer AG (b. 1912 )
September 27 – Lloyd Nolan , American actor (b. 1902 )
September 30
October [ edit ]
October 1 – E. B. White , American writer (b. 1899 )[294]
October 2
October 5 – Abdus Sattar , Bangladeshi statesman, 8th President of Bangladesh (b. 1906 )
October 6 – Nelson Riddle , American bandleader (b. 1921 )
October 9 – Emílio Garrastazu Médici , Brazilian general and statesman, 28th President of Brazil (b. 1905 )
October 10
October 12 – Ricky Wilson , American guitarist (b. 1953 )
October 13 – Francesca Bertini , Italian actress (b. 1892 )
October 14 – Emil Gilels , Soviet pianist (b. 1916 )
October 17 – Abdelmunim Al-Rifai , Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1917 )
October 21 – Dan White , American politician and murderer (Moscone–Milk assassinations ) (b. 1946 )
October 22 – Thomas Townsend Brown , American inventor (b. 1905 )
October 24 – László Bíró , Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen (b. 1899 )
October 29 – John Davis Lodge , American actor and politician (b. 1903 )
November [ edit ]
November 1
November 5
November 6 – Sanjeev Kumar , Indian actor (b. 1937 )
November 8 – Nicolas Frantz , Luxembourgian cyclist (b. 1899 )
November 9 – Marie-Georges Pascal , French actress (b. 1946 )
November 11
November 13
November 14 – Wellington Koo , Chinese statesman (b. 1888 )
November 16 – John Sparkman , American politician (b. 1899 )
November 17
November 19
November 24 – Big Joe Turner , American blues singer (b. 1911 )
November 25 – Geoffrey Grigson , British poet, writer, critic (b. 1905 )
November 27 – Fernand Braudel , French historian (b. 1902 )
November 28 – Johnny McNally , American football player, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1903 )
December [ edit ]
Date unknown [ edit ]
Nobel Prizes [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Test: Total English Skills Training' 2008 Ed . Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008. p. 81. ISBN 978-971-23-5127-3 .
^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Committee for Fisheries (1985). Problems of Trade in Fishery Products . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 157. ISBN 978-92-64-12775-3 .
^ John Higley; Richard Gunther; Higley John (1992). Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe . Cambridge University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-521-42422-6 .
^ Putzel, Michael (January 21, 1985). "Inaugural put on ice" . Spokesman-Review . (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. A1.
^ Central Asia Monitor . Central Asia Monitor. 1994. p. 16.
^ Bob Smith; Salim Amin (December 20, 2013). The Man Who Moved the World . Master Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-9966-052-03-2 .
^ J. Paxton (December 27, 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1985-86 . Springer. p. 551. ISBN 978-0-230-27114-2 .
^ "Hawke Withdraws Support For MX Missile Tests" . AP NEWS . Retrieved February 23, 2021 .
^ United States. Drug Enforcement Administration (2003). Drug Enforcement Administration: A Tradition of Excellence, 1973-2003 . U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. p. 63.
^ Kifner, John (February 15, 1985). "U.S. TV Reporter Free In Lebanon" . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15, 2009 .
^ Altman, Lawrence K. (August 7, 1986). "WILLIAM SCHROEDER DIES 620 DAYS AFTER RECEIVING ARTIFICIAL HEART" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20, 2008 .
^ Altman, Lawrence K. (August 10, 1986). "A HERO OF MEDICINE; Schroeder, Longest User of Jarvik Device, Helped Prove Hearts Can Be Replaced" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20, 2008 .
^ Kleist, Trina (August 16, 1986). "Schroeder's struggle lasts 620 days - artificial heart recipient William J. Schroeder" . Science News . Science Service, Inc. Retrieved September 20, 2008 .
^ "Aircraft accident report : China Airlines Boeing 747-SP, N4522V, 300 nautical miles northwest of San Francisco, California, February 19, 1985" (PDF) . National Transportation Safety Board . March 29, 1986. NTSB/AAR-86/03. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2019 .
^ "Northern Ireland Bloody Day" . TIME . March 11, 1985. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2007 .
^ "The RUC: Lauded and condemned" . BBC . October 31, 2001. Retrieved April 21, 2007 .
^ Debra Cameron; Bill Rosenblatt; Eric Raymond; Eric S. Raymond (1996). Learning GNU Emacs . "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 471. ISBN 978-1-56592-152-8 .
^ Brian C. Hanon (1986). Marketing in Uruguay . U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. p. 3.
^ "Sismos importantes o destructivos desde 1570" (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile : University of Chile Seismologic Service. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2010 .
^ "60 killed by Beirut car bomb" . The Guardian . London. March 9, 1985. Retrieved April 20, 2010 .
^ "1985: Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader" . BBC On This Day . March 11, 1985. Retrieved January 21, 2021 .
^ Geoffrey Gibbs (March 12, 2015). "From the archive, 12 March 1985: Mohamed Al Fayed buys Harrods" . The Guardian . Retrieved January 21, 2021 .
^ Thomas Griffin Sanders (1985). Brazil's New Republic: Tancredo to Sarney . Universities Field Staff International. p. 10.
^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims (2000). Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 3485, April 13, 2000 . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-16-064552-5 .
^ Pacific Basin Study Mission: Report to the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1983. p. 52.
^ Idato, Michael (July 14, 2005). "An Institution Turns 20" . The Age . Melbourne. Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2009 .
^ Thomas Cussans (May 5, 2009). Incredible Journeys: The Stories Behind 60 Remarkable Adventures Over Land, Sea and Air . Pavilion Books. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-84340-534-4 .
^ "The 57th Academy Awards, 1985" . Oscars.org . Retrieved January 21, 2021 .
^ Terry M. Mays (June 18, 2015). Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Africa and the Middle East . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4422-5018-5 .
^ Frederic Eckhard (December 1985). Issues Before the 40th General Assembly of the United Nations 1985-1986 . United Nations Association of the United States of America. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-934654-61-6 .
^ "Gothenburg 1985" . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved March 1, 2021 .
^ "Ronald Reagan: Remarks at a Joint German-American Military Ceremony at Bitburg Air Base in the Federal Republic of Germany" . Retrieved March 2, 2021 .
^ "Fans killed in Bradford stadium fire" . BBC News . May 11, 1985. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2008 .
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9 .
^ Farman, J.C. ; Gardiner, B.G. ; Shanklin, J.D. (1985). "Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx /NOx interaction". Nature . 315 (6016): 207–10. Bibcode :1985Natur.315..207F . doi :10.1038/315207a0 . S2CID 4346468 .
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