Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (video game)

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This article is about the video game. For the series, see Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six. For the novel, see Rainbow Six (novel).
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six
Rb6box.jpg
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Producer(s)Carl Schnurr
Designer(s)
  • Brian Upton
  • Carl Schnurr
Programmer(s)
  • Brian Upton
  • Peter McMurry
Artist(s)Jonathan Peedin
Composer(s)Bill Brown
SeriesTom Clancy's Rainbow Six
Platform(s)Windows, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Mac OS, Game Boy Color, Dreamcast
Release
August 21, 1998
  • Windows
    • NA: August 21, 1998
    • EU: October 1998
  • Nintendo 64
    • NA: November 17, 1999
    • EU: December 1999
  • PlayStation
    • NA: November 23, 1999
    • EU: November 1999
  • Mac OS
    • NA: December 8, 1999
  • Game Boy Color
    • NA: April 3, 2000
    • EU: November 10, 2000
  • Dreamcast
    • NA: May 9, 2000
    • EU: February 2, 2001
Genre(s)Tactical shooter
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer

Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six is a 1998 tactical shooter video game developed and published by Red Storm Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, with later ports for Mac OS, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Game Boy Color, and Dreamcast. It is the first installment in the Rainbow Six series. Based on the Tom Clancy novel of the same name, the game follows Rainbow, a secret international counterterrorist organization, and the conspiracy they unravel as they handle a seemingly random spike in terrorism.

In singleplayer, the player advances through a series of scenarios by playing missions in a campaign. Every mission initializes with a briefing stage, allowing the player to choose their equipment, coordinate their attacks, and advance the plot.[1] Throughout each mission the player directly controls one team member, and can take control of any living operative. In multiplayer, the game pits two teams of players against each other in order to complete objectives depending on the game mode.[2]

Rainbow Six received positive reviews from critics, though the console versions received lower ratings than the PC versions. For most versions, praise was directed toward gameplay, audio, multiplayer, and immersion, while criticism centered on difficulty and AI flaws. In its first year of release, it sold over 200,000 copies, accounting to $8.86 million in revenue.[3] Rainbow Six is considered a milestone in the history of first-person shooters and made a lasting impact on the then-fledgling tactical shooter genre.[1][4]

An expansion pack, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Mission Pack: Eagle Watch, was released on January 31, 1999.

Gameplay[edit]

AI-controlled teammates moving into position in "Operation Steel Wind", the campaign's first mission. This screenshot is from the PC version and features HUD elements typical to most versions of the game.

Rainbow Six is a tactical shooter, in which characters are affected by realistic factors and can be killed with a single bullet; therefore, wise tactics and planning are encouraged to complete missions over sheer force and firepower.[1][2][5]

Before each mission is a planning stage, in which the player is briefed on the situation, chooses the Rainbow operatives to be involved in the mission, organizes them into color-coded teams, and selects their weapons, equipment, and uniforms.[2][5][6] Operatives are categorized into five classes based on their skill specializations: Assault, Demolitions, Electronics, Recon, and Sniper. In the planning stage, the player is shown a map of the area of operations to set team orders, such as AI pathing, team "go" codes to hold until ordered, where AI operatives will deploy equipment such as flashbangs or door breaching charges, and rules of engagement.[1][2]

The game follows a campaign of 16 missions, with the plot being advanced in the mission briefing of each.[4] Objectives in missions include defeating enemies, rescuing hostages, defusing bombs, gathering intelligence, and planting surveillance devices. Players are encouraged to find their own ways to complete objectives using a variety of tactics and methods, ranging from stealthy infiltration to a frontal assault (except in missions where stealth is mandatory).[2] Successful missions often last just minutes, but may require dozens of repetitions and planning changes to account for failures, new plans, or simply faster or more streamlined completion.[1] During gameplay, the player controls one operative directly, and can see stats for that operative and their team on the HUD. Operatives and teams not under player control follow the orders given to them in the planning stage. The player can take control of any living operative at will, making them the leader.[1] Injured operatives cannot be healed during a mission and require time off to heal (they can still be used, just with lower health), while deceased operatives are permanently gone and cannot be used for the rest of the campaign playthrough, forcing players to plan carefully to avoid casualties.[6]

Online multiplayer was available on the MPlayer.com and Zone.com services. Multiplayer modes include cooperative modes, deathmatch, and team deathmatch, among others.[1][2] Rainbow Six once featured a thriving multiplayer community with multiple clans and competitive leagues, though these diminished after MPlayer and Zone were shut down in the 2000s.[citation needed]

Most versions do not show the player's weapon in first-person view, instead only displaying the crosshair and HUD. The only exception to this is the PlayStation version, which shows the equipped weapon's model in the player's hands.[4]

The Game Boy Color version of the game has radically different gameplay due to the platform's technical limitations. Gameplay is slowed and simplified, friendly fire is removed, and the 3D graphics from other releases are replaced by a 2D top-down perspective.[7]

Plot[edit]

In 1999, in response to a post-Cold War rise in terrorist groups orchestrating high-profile attacks internationally, the world's military, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies form "Rainbow", a top secret multinational counterterrorist organization led by John Clark, composed of elite special forces operators, police tactical unit members, and intelligence officers from around the world.

In 2000, Rainbow responds to a series of terrorist attacks linked to the Phoenix Group eco-terrorist organization.[8] Rainbow's operations against Phoenix are assisted by John Brightling, chairman of the powerful biotechnology corporation Horizon Inc., whose facilities are frequently targeted by Phoenix; Anne Lang, the Science Advisor to the President of the United States and an acquaintance of Brightling; and Catherine Winston, a biological expert working with Horizon who is rescued by Rainbow following an attack in the Congo.

After a raid on a Phoenix compound in Idaho that reveals evidence of unethical human experimentation, Rainbow learns that the Phoenix Group is actually a front for Horizon. Viewing humanity as an environmentally destructive "disease", Brightling plans to exterminate most of humanity using a highly contagious manmade strain of the Ebola virus called "Brahma", sparing only Brightling's chosen few, who will rebuild Earth into a scientific environmentally-friendly utopia. To achieve this, Brightling has engineered the attacks to create a heightened fear of terrorism, which he is exploiting to gain a security contract for his private security firm Global Security at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney; Global Security's personnel, led by William Hendrickson, will then release Brahma at the Olympics, spreading the virus across the world when the athletes and spectators return home.[8]

After gathering intelligence and rescuing Winston from a last-ditch attempt to silence her, Rainbow captures Lang and Hendrickson and prevents the release of Brahma at the Olympic Village, foiling Horizon's plans. Brightling and his collaborators flee to their Horizon Ark facility in the Amazon rainforest, from which they had originally planned to weather out the Brahma pandemic. Rainbow assaults the Ark, neutralizes Brightling's collaborators, and takes Brightling into custody.[8]

Development[edit]

The concept of the game that would become Rainbow Six came from a series of early concepts Red Storm Entertainment had conceived following the company's formation in 1996. Selected from a hundred concepts, the initial concept, titled HRT, followed the FBI Hostage Rescue Team rescuing hostages from criminals and terrorists. As the concept grew, Red Storm expanded the scope of the game, adding covert operations and a more international setting, and the concept was renamed to Black Ops.[9] Red Storm CEO Doug Littlejohns, a former Royal Navy submarine commander and a close friend of Clancy's, did not want to develop an arcade shooter with "mindless violence", but also did not want a "boring" slow-paced strategy game, so the game was designed to focus on realism and action, with a strong emphasis on planning and strategy.[10]

The concept of Rainbow Six, both the game and the novel, came from a discussion between Littlejohns and Tom Clancy during a Red Storm company outing in 1996, when Littlejohns mentioned the HRT concept. When Clancy mentioned that he was writing his own novel about a hostage rescue team, their conversation led to Littlejohns noting the protracted diplomatic delays in authorizing a foreign counterterrorist unit's deployment overseas, and he suggested the concept of a permanent counterterrorist unit that already had authorization to deploy internationally. The name "Rainbow" came from the term "Rainbow nation", coined by Desmond Tutu to describe post-apartheid South Africa under Nelson Mandela's presidency. "Six" came from the American rank code for captain (O-6); though John Clark would more accurately be described as a major general (O-8) in the novel, "Rainbow Six" read better than "Rainbow Eight". Lead game designer Brian Upton objected to the addition of "Six", believing having a number at the end of the title would affect a potential sequel, but he was overruled.[10]

Following the game's development doctrine of realism, lead level designer John Sonedecker designed each level to be as accurate and realistic to real-world architecture as possible, noting that the presence of unusual design elements seen in other less-realistic shooters, such as unnecessarily large doorways or building layouts seemingly designed for combat, would ruin the player's immersion and affect gameplay.[10] The development team had access to counterterrorism experts, military trainers, and technical consultants, and used their advice to ensure authenticity and streamline development by cutting mechanics deemed unrealistic or unnecessary, such as jumping. These technical advisors also provided motion capture for character animations.[9][10][11]

By 1997, the game was very behind on schedule, and the developers started crunching. Many developers slept in a spare room of the office.[10] Clancy's involvement in the development process was "minimal", only sending Red Storm an early manuscript of the novel to work plot details into the game (hence why the game's plot features different characters and a slightly different storyline).[9][10] Clancy would insist the developers add features his experts claimed were realistic, such as the fictional heartbeat sensor used in the novel that functions as a radar-like equipment item in-game.[10] In November 1997, the developers realized the game was becoming too demanding, only having single-digit frame rates on high-end devices, so a massive two-month overhaul was ordered.[9] Despite these setbacks, development managed to progress relatively smoothly overall, and a gameplay demonstration at E3 1998 that unintentionally displayed AI teammates rescuing hostages by themselves boosted the game's publicity ahead of release.[9][10]

The game's box art, featuring a Rainbow operative armed with a Heckler & Koch USP, was not created for the game and is actually a modified photograph of Heckler & Koch USA sales executive John T. Meyer. The original image was used to promote the American launch of the USP in 1993. Heckler & Koch permitted the use of the image for the game and sent firearms instructors to assist with motion capture.[11]

The Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Game Boy Color, and Dreamcast releases of the game were each developed by separate companies: Saffire for the N64, Rebellion Developments for the PS1, Crawfish Interactive for the GBC, and Pipe Dream Interactive for the Dreamcast.[citation needed]

Release[edit]

Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six was released for Windows on August 21, 1998 in North America and October 1998 in Europe. The other releases of the game were released gradually over several months between late 1998 and early 2001; the final release of the game, the Dreamcast version, was released on May 9, 2000 in North America and February 2, 2001 in Europe. The game was published by Red Storm Entertainment in North America and Take-Two Interactive in Europe.[citation needed]

Several weeks prior to the game's release, early copies of the game were leaked onto online piracy websites. The users that uploaded the game files reportedly "took credit for 'cracking' a game with no copy protection in it", frustrating the developers; network programmer Dave Weinstein recalled going on a profanity-laden rant on the topic in Red Storm's office, only to be pulled aside by Littlejohns for his volume, having been heard three offices away.[10]

After the release of the game, Tom Clancy offered to sign copies of the game for Red Storm employees, despite being relatively uninvolved in development, annoying several developers; as Upton opined, "Even though it had his name on the box, it wasn't his game. It was our game. He should have been asking us to sign a copy for him!"[10]

The PAL version of the game was one of 20 games preloaded on the PlayStation Classic (excluding the Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong releases), released on December 3, 2018.[12][13]

Eagle Watch expansion pack[edit]

Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Mission Pack: Eagle Watch is an expansion pack of the original game, released on January 31, 1999. It adds five new missions, four new operatives from the Rainbow Six novel, three new weapons, and new multiplayer modes.[14] The new missions, unrelated to each other or the original campaign, take place in 2001 and follow Rainbow's high-profile operations in landmark locations around the world, namely the Buran spaceplane in Russia, the Taj Mahal in India, the Forbidden City in China, the Palace of Westminster in the United Kingdom, and the Capitol in the United States.[14] The expansion was packaged with the original game as Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Gold Pack Edition in 1999.[citation needed]

Reception[edit]

Rainbow Six was met with mostly positive reviews on PC; review aggregator Metacritic displays a score of 85 out of 100 for the PC version alone.[20] However, the console versions received lower ratings upon release. Video game review aggregator GameRankings displays scores of 82% for the PC version;[15] 74% for the Nintendo 64 version;[16] 73% for the Dreamcast version;[19] 54% for the Game Boy Color version;[18] and 48% for the PlayStation version.[17]

Alan Dunkin of GameSpot described the PC version as "actually a pretty good game, albeit very hard and extremely frustrating", and noted its "audio cues, background sounds, and other various noises are also represented very well; the immersive feeling of Rainbow Six is perhaps one of the best seen in a game."[1]

IGN reviewed all versions of the game. Trent C. Ward, reviewing the PC version, praised the game's realism, teammate AI, and addictive multiplayer, highlighting the game's pre-mission planning stage as "almost as fun as playing it out", but lamented how short the campaign felt. He also warned of AI pathfinding glitches, though he noted that "even when the hang-ups are at their worst, you'll be having so much fun that you simply won't care."[2] Mike Lohrey reviewed the Eagle Watch expansion, praising its additions but criticizing AI awareness issues and inconsistent damage mechanics compared to the original game.[14]

Raphael Liberatore, reviewing the game for Computer Gaming World, criticized the "faulty AI" and "game-killing bugs" for ruining the PC version's potential.[27] Liberatore later reviewed Eagle Watch and rated it 4.5 out of 5, stating it "vastly improved the original, AI included, making R6 the standout title it deserves to be."[52]

Next Generation reviewed the PC, Nintendo 64, and Dreamcast versions of the game. Next Generation gave the PC version four stars out of five, stating "In the end, Rainbow Six takes small steps into new territory, succeeding admirably. A brave attempt at something new and an overall fun experience."[44] Mike Wolf gave the Nintendo 64 version three stars out of five, and stated that "A fantastic game with some significant flaws, Rainbow Six is worth playing, but it's not a must-have."[45] Garrett Kenyon gave the Dreamcast version four stars out of five, calling it an "An impressive PC translation that Dreamcast owners should certainly consider owning."[46]

In a 2018 retrospective of the PlayStation version, Push Square's Sam Brooke criticized the game's AI issues and frustrating difficulty, but enjoyed the tactical coordination-focused gameplay and the sense of accomplishment gained from completing missions properly, praising it as "a trailblazer in its genre, a game that was willing to go slow and see what happened."[4]

The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Rainbow Six for its 1998 "Action Game of the Year" award, although the game lost to Half-Life.[53] Rainbow Six was a finalist for Computer Gaming World's 1998 "Best Action" award, which ultimately went to Battlezone. The editors wrote that Rainbow Six "deftly mixed strategic planning with nail-biting action as it brought the world of counterterrorist operations to life."[54] PC Gamer US named Rainbow Six the best action game of 1998.[3] CNN, in partnership with Games.net, named Rainbow Six one of the "Top 25 game downloads of 1998".[55]

Sales[edit]

In the United States, Rainbow Six's Windows release sold 218,183 copies during 1998. These sales accounted for $8.86 million in revenue that year.[3] The PC version's Gold Edition release sold another 321,340 copies in the United States during 1999, and was the country's 12th best-selling computer game that year.[56] According to Gamasutra, Rainbow Six and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Rogue Spear together sold 450,000 copies "during the first half of the 2001/2002 fiscal year".[57]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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