Climate of Turkey

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Turkey's climate is varied and generally temperate, with the regions bordering the Mediterranean and Black Sea heavily affected by the coasts, with the interior being drier and more mountainous. The dry-summer climate makes the country vulnerable to climate change.

Köppen climate types of Turkey
Climate diagram of Turkey[1]

By region[edit]

Aegean and Mediterranean[edit]

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.

Black Sea[edit]

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the most precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. On the other hand, it is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.

Interior plateaus[edit]

Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent maritime influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a humid continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.

Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) do occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year and in the mountains almost the entire year. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below -20 °C (-4 °F), with higher elevated parts dropping below -30 °C (- 22 °F) at times. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally around or above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Nights are cool. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya Plain and the Malatya Plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.[2]

Climatic charts[edit]

Below are the climates from the seven census regions of Turkey, showing how varied they can be in different places around the country:

İstanbul
(Marmara Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
98
 
 
9
3
 
 
80
 
 
9
3
 
 
70
 
 
11
4
 
 
46
 
 
17
8
 
 
36
 
 
21
12
 
 
34
 
 
26
16
 
 
39
 
 
28
19
 
 
48
 
 
29
19
 
 
61
 
 
25
16
 
 
97
 
 
20
12
 
 
111
 
 
15
9
 
 
124
 
 
11
5
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [3]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.9
 
 
48
37
 
 
3.2
 
 
48
37
 
 
2.8
 
 
52
39
 
 
1.8
 
 
62
46
 
 
1.4
 
 
71
54
 
 
1.3
 
 
79
61
 
 
1.5
 
 
83
65
 
 
1.9
 
 
83
66
 
 
2.4
 
 
77
60
 
 
3.8
 
 
68
54
 
 
4.4
 
 
60
47
 
 
4.9
 
 
52
42
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Ankara
(Central Anatolia Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
40
 
 
2
−7
 
 
31
 
 
4
−5
 
 
36
 
 
10
−2
 
 
51
 
 
16
3
 
 
52
 
 
20
7
 
 
39
 
 
24
9
 
 
17
 
 
28
13
 
 
15
 
 
28
13
 
 
18
 
 
24
8
 
 
32
 
 
18
4
 
 
36
 
 
11
−1
 
 
48
 
 
4
−3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [4][5]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.6
 
 
35
20
 
 
1.2
 
 
40
23
 
 
1.4
 
 
50
29
 
 
2
 
 
60
38
 
 
2
 
 
68
44
 
 
1.5
 
 
76
49
 
 
0.7
 
 
82
55
 
 
0.6
 
 
83
55
 
 
0.7
 
 
76
47
 
 
1.3
 
 
65
39
 
 
1.4
 
 
51
30
 
 
1.9
 
 
40
26
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
İzmir
(Aegean Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
125
 
 
13
6
 
 
98
 
 
13
6
 
 
79
 
 
17
8
 
 
48
 
 
21
12
 
 
26
 
 
26
16
 
 
11
 
 
31
20
 
 
9.6
 
 
33
23
 
 
4.6
 
 
33
23
 
 
35
 
 
29
19
 
 
52
 
 
24
15
 
 
111
 
 
18
11
 
 
135
 
 
14
8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [6]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
4.9
 
 
55
43
 
 
3.8
 
 
56
43
 
 
3.1
 
 
62
46
 
 
1.9
 
 
70
53
 
 
1
 
 
79
60
 
 
0.4
 
 
88
68
 
 
0.4
 
 
92
73
 
 
0.2
 
 
91
73
 
 
1.4
 
 
84
66
 
 
2
 
 
75
59
 
 
4.4
 
 
65
51
 
 
5.3
 
 
57
46
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Antalya
(Mediterranean Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
227
 
 
15
6
 
 
139
 
 
15
6
 
 
100
 
 
18
8
 
 
61
 
 
22
11
 
 
32
 
 
26
15
 
 
9
 
 
31
19
 
 
6
 
 
35
22
 
 
5
 
 
34
22
 
 
16
 
 
31
19
 
 
86
 
 
27
15
 
 
172
 
 
21
10
 
 
269
 
 
16
7
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [7]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
8.9
 
 
59
43
 
 
5.5
 
 
59
43
 
 
3.9
 
 
64
46
 
 
2.4
 
 
72
52
 
 
1.3
 
 
79
59
 
 
0.4
 
 
88
66
 
 
0.2
 
 
95
72
 
 
0.2
 
 
93
72
 
 
0.6
 
 
88
66
 
 
3.4
 
 
81
59
 
 
6.8
 
 
70
50
 
 
11
 
 
61
45
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Zonguldak
(Black Sea Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
133
 
 
9
4
 
 
86
 
 
9
3
 
 
88
 
 
11
5
 
 
58
 
 
15
8
 
 
51
 
 
19
12
 
 
71
 
 
23
16
 
 
81
 
 
25
18
 
 
88
 
 
25
18
 
 
123
 
 
22
15
 
 
153
 
 
18
12
 
 
147
 
 
15
8
 
 
154
 
 
11
5
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [8]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
5.2
 
 
49
38
 
 
3.4
 
 
48
37
 
 
3.5
 
 
51
40
 
 
2.3
 
 
59
47
 
 
2
 
 
65
53
 
 
2.8
 
 
73
60
 
 
3.2
 
 
77
65
 
 
3.5
 
 
77
65
 
 
4.8
 
 
72
60
 
 
6
 
 
65
54
 
 
5.8
 
 
58
47
 
 
6.1
 
 
52
42
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Şanlıurfa
(Southeastern Anatolia Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
74
 
 
10
2
 
 
74
 
 
12
3
 
 
63
 
 
17
6
 
 
43
 
 
22
11
 
 
27
 
 
29
16
 
 
5
 
 
35
21
 
 
3
 
 
39
25
 
 
5
 
 
38
24
 
 
7
 
 
34
20
 
 
28
 
 
27
15
 
 
49
 
 
18
8
 
 
76
 
 
12
4
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [9]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.9
 
 
50
36
 
 
2.9
 
 
54
37
 
 
2.5
 
 
63
43
 
 
1.7
 
 
72
52
 
 
1.1
 
 
84
61
 
 
0.2
 
 
95
70
 
 
0.1
 
 
102
77
 
 
0.2
 
 
100
75
 
 
0.3
 
 
93
68
 
 
1.1
 
 
81
59
 
 
1.9
 
 
64
46
 
 
3
 
 
54
39
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Erzurum
(Eastern Anatolia Region)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
20
 
 
−4
−15
 
 
24
 
 
−3
−14
 
 
33
 
 
3
−7
 
 
58
 
 
12
0
 
 
70
 
 
17
4
 
 
43
 
 
22
7
 
 
27
 
 
27
10
 
 
16
 
 
28
10
 
 
21
 
 
23
5
 
 
49
 
 
15
1
 
 
33
 
 
7
−5
 
 
22
 
 
−1
−11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology [10]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.8
 
 
25
5
 
 
0.9
 
 
27
7
 
 
1.3
 
 
37
19
 
 
2.3
 
 
54
32
 
 
2.8
 
 
63
39
 
 
1.7
 
 
72
45
 
 
1.1
 
 
81
50
 
 
0.6
 
 
82
50
 
 
0.8
 
 
73
41
 
 
1.9
 
 
59
34
 
 
1.3
 
 
45
23
 
 
0.9
 
 
30
12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches



National data[edit]

Climate data for Turkey
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		37.1
(98.8) 		41.7
(107.1) 		43.2
(109.8) 		47.6
(117.7) 		49.1
(120.4) 		48.8
(119.8) 		48.8
(119.8) 		42.6
(108.7) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		49.1
(120.4)
Average high °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		19.1
(66.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		8.7
(47.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		13.3
(55.9)
Average low °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.6
(43.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		7.9
(46.2)
Record low °C (°F) −46.0
(−50.8) 		−45.0
(−49.0) 		−41.2
(−42.2) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−23.2
(−9.8) 		−40.0
(−40.0) 		−42.5
(−44.5) 		−46.0
(−50.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 80.6
(3.17) 		66.9
(2.63) 		63.7
(2.51) 		57.1
(2.25) 		48.5
(1.91) 		32.4
(1.28) 		16.9
(0.67) 		16.6
(0.65) 		25.6
(1.01) 		56.0
(2.20) 		68.9
(2.71) 		87.4
(3.44) 		620.6
(24.43)
Average relative humidity (%) 73.2 70.7 67.1 64.0 61.8 56.9 53.3 53.8 56.1 63.5 69.2 73.5 63.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.3 4.3 5.4 6.7 8.2 9.9 10.6 10.0 8.6 6.3 4.6 3.1 6.7
Source: [11]

Climate change[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Turkey.[edit]
road with large cracks being washed away by a roiling brown river
Flash floods are predicted to become more frequent as here in Sinop.

Climate change in Turkey includes changes in the climate of Turkey, their effects and how the country is adapting to those changes. Turkey's annual and maximum temperatures are rising,[12][13] and 2020 was the third hottest year on record.[14] Turkey will be greatly affected by climate change,[15]: 7  and is already experiencing more extreme weather,[16] with droughts[17][18] and heatwaves being the main hazards.[19]

Current greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey are about 1% of the global total,[20] and energy policy includes heavily subsidizing coal in Turkey.[21] The Environment Ministry co-ordinates adaptation to climate change, which has been planned for water resources by river basin, and for agriculture. Turkey ratified the Paris Agreement in 2021.

See also[edit]

References and notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Climate of Turkey" (PDF). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  2. ^ Turkish State Meteorological Service (2006). "Climate of Turkey". Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  3. ^ "Yıllık Toplam Yağış Verileri - Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  4. ^ "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  5. ^ "Historical Weather for Ankara, Turkey". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  6. ^ "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  7. ^ "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  8. ^ "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
  9. ^ "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  10. ^ "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  11. ^ mgm.gov.tr (snowy days and snowfall data, 1981-2010)"mgm.gov.tr". Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  12. ^ Şen, Prof. Dr. Ömer Lütfi. "Climate Change in Turkey". Mercator-IPC Fellowship Program. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  13. ^ "Monthly and Seasonal Trend Analysis of Maximum Temperatures over Turkey" (PDF). International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing. 7 (11). November 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  14. ^ "Climate change responsible for spring and winter within weeks". Climate change responsible for spring and winter within weeks. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  15. ^ Turkey's fourth biennial report. Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Report). December 2019.
  16. ^ "Extreme weather threatens Turkey amid climate change fears". Daily Sabah. 17 May 2018.
  17. ^ "Turkey drought: Istanbul could run out of water in 45 days". The Guardian. 2021-01-13.
  18. ^ "'Food insecurity Turkey's top climate change risk'". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  19. ^ "Climate". climatechangeinturkey.com. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  20. ^ "Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  21. ^ "Fossil Fuel Support - TUR", OECD, accessed September 2018.
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