Eugeroic
| Eugeroic | |
|---|---|
| Drug class | |
 The chemical structure of modafinil, the prototypical drug of this class. | |
| Class identifiers | |
| Synonyms | wakefulness-promoting agent wakefulness-promoting drug |
| Use | Promote wakefulness and alertness |
| ATC code | N06B |
| In Wikidata | |
Eugeroics (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),[1] also known as wakefulness-promoting agents and wakefulness-promoting drugs, are a class of drugs that promote wakefulness and alertness.[2][3] They are medically indicated for the treatment of certain sleep disorders including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).[2][3] Eugeroics are also often prescribed off-label for the treatment of EDS in idiopathic hypersomnia.[4] In contrast to classical psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, which are also used in the treatment of these disorders, eugeroics typically do not produce euphoria, and, consequently, have a lower addictive potential.[2][3]
Modafinil and armodafinil are each thought to act as selective, weak, atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI),[2][3] whereas adrafinil acts as a prodrug for modafinil. Other eugeroics include solriamfetol, which acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI),[5][6] and pitolisant, which acts as a histamine 3 (H3) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist.[7][8][9]
Examples[edit]
Marketed[edit]
- Armodafinil (Nuvigil)
- Modafinil (Provigil)
- Pitolisant (Wakix)[10]
- Solriamfetol (Sunosi)[11]
Discontinued[edit]
Never marketed[edit]
- Flmodafinil (CRL-40,940)
- Fluorafinil (CRL-40,941)
- Fluorenol
- Methylbisfluoromodafinil
- 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
In development[edit]
- Selective orexin receptor agonists (two are currently under development by Takeda, danavorexton and TAK-994)[12]
- CE-123 is under patent by Red Bull.[13]
References[edit]
- ^ Milgram, Norton W.; Callahan, Heather; Siwak, Christina (2006). "Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent". CNS Drug Reviews. 5 (3): 193–212. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x. ISSN 1080-563X.
- ^ a b c d "Provigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Nuvigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ "Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin" (PDF). American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). September 2007.
- ^ Stahl, Stephen M.; Pradko, James F.; Haight, Barbara R.; Modell, Jack G.; Rockett, Carol B.; Learned-Coughlin, Susan (2004-08-13). "A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor". The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 06 (4): 159–166. doi:10.4088/PCC.v06n0403. ISSN 1523-5998. PMC 514842. PMID 15361919.
- ^ Stahl, Stephen M. (2009-03-02). Stahl's Illustrated Antidepressants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-75852-9.
- ^ Schwartz, Jean-Charles (2011). "The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant: H3 Receptor: from discovery to clinical trials". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (4): 713–721. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x. PMC 3111674. PMID 21615387.
- ^ Kollb-Sielecka, Marta; Demolis, Pierre; Emmerich, Joseph; Markey, Greg; Salmonson, Tomas; Haas, Manuel (2017). "The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use". Sleep Medicine. 33: 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002. PMID 28449891.
- ^ Inocente, Clara; Arnulf, Isabelle; Bastuji, Hélène; Thibault-Stoll, Anne; Raoux, Aude; Reimão, Rubens; Lin, Jian-Sheng; Franco, Patricia (2012). "Pitolisant, an Inverse Agonist of the Histamine H3 Receptor: An Alternative Stimulant for Narcolepsy-Cataplexy in Teenagers With Refractory Sleepiness". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 35 (2): 55–60. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e318246879d. ISSN 0362-5664. PMID 22356925. S2CID 36336966.
- ^ "How WAKIX Works | WAKIX® (pitolisant) tablets". wakix.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
- ^ "What is SUNOSI® (solriamfetol) Treatment ? | SUNOSI® for Patients". www.sunosi.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
- ^ "New Data Presented at World Sleep Congress Demonstrate Early Signs of Efficacy for TAK-925, a Selective Orexin Type-2 Receptor (OX2R) Agonist, in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1". www.takeda.com. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
- ^ "Thiazole and diphenyl substituted sulfoxides for use in improving cognition functions and against addictions to substances. - Patent EP-3792252-A1 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-26.