Page semi-protected

NDTV

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the company. For the news channels owned by the company, see NDTV India and NDTV 24x7.

NDTV
TypePublic
BSE: 532529
NSE: NDTV
IndustryMass media
Founded1984; 38 years ago (1984)
FoundersPrannoy Roy
Radhika Roy
HeadquartersNew Delhi, India
Key people
Prannoy Roy
(Co-chairperson)
Radhika Roy
(Co-chairperson)
Suparna Singh
(President)
Ravish Kumar
(Editor-in-chief)
ProductsBroadcasting
Web portals
RevenueDecrease ₹357 crore (US$45 million) (2021)[1]
Increase ₹74 crore (US$9.3 million) (2021)[1]
Number of employees
464 (2021)[1]
Websitewww.ndtv.com

New Delhi Television Ltd is an Indian news media company focusing on broadcast and digital news publication. The company is considered to be a legacy brand that pioneered independent news broadcasting in India, and is credited for launching the first 24x7 news channel and the first lifestyle channel in the country. It owns and operates the broadcast news channels of NDTV India and NDTV 24x7. The two channels of the company have received 32 Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards. The company is under a hostile takeover attempt by Gautam Adani, a billionaire with close ties to the Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[2][3]

NDTV was founded in 1984, by economist Prannoy Roy and journalist Radhika Roy, a husband and wife duo from the city of Kolkata. It began as a production house for news segments, contracted by the public broadcaster Doordarshan and international satellite channels when television broadcasting was a state monopoly, and transitioned into the first independent news network in India. The company launched the first 24x7 news channel in partnership with Star India in 1998.

Between 1998 and 2003, NDTV was in an exclusive agreement with Star India to produce all of their news segments. In 2003, it became an independent broadcasting network with the simultaneous launch of the Hindi and English language news channels known as NDTV India and NDTV 24x7. It also launched a business news channel NDTV Profit which was later converted into an information and entertainment channel NDTV Prime. The company has had business interests in general entertainment and e-commerce, and is part of the management of a number of broadcast channels including the lifestyle channel NDTV Good Times, the infotainment channel Astro Awani and the news channel Independent Television through various joint ventures.

History

1984–1998: Doordarshan era

In 1984, the journalist Radhika Roy and her economist husband Prannoy Roy founded New Delhi Television.[4] The company began operation as a production house of news segments for the public broadcaster Doordarshan and international satellite news channels.[5] It was converted into a commercial news network in 1988,[4] and became the first independent television news network in India.[6] Doordarshan allotted a slot to the network to air a weekly broadcast called The World This Week, a news magazine programme that was commissioned by the director general of the public broadcaster, Bhaskar Ghose and covered international news.[6] The weekly news bulletin was described as an instant hit among its Indian viewers.[7]

The network was then contracted by Doordarshan to produce its coverage of the Indian general elections and budget session specials which too became widely popular.[4] The first election result telecast produced by NDTV was that of the 1989 Indian general election, which was also the first televised live coverage of an election result in India,[6][7] it employed hot-lines across the country and featured visual graphics, discussions and debates. The format developed by NDTV was contrasted with the simple official announcements publicised by Doordarshan in previous elections and was adopted as a template by news broadcasters over the following decades.[4][6] The terms of agreement between Doordarshan and NDTV were modified in the same year and the company began paying a fee for its weekly slot instead of being a contractor under the public broadcaster.[6] During the initial years, there was a delay of 10 minutes between telecast and production of live news due to government regulations, which later shifted to five minutes.[8]

The World This Week continued to be aired till 1995.[6] It was aired on Fridays at 10:00 pm,[9] and was described as "the only India-based programme which looked out at the rest of the world".[10] In 1993, CNN began collaborating with NDTV to produce select coverage for the weekly news bulletin.[11] The weekly was the first privately produced news bulletin in India,[7] and became one of the top rated programmes on Doordarshan.[11] According to Prannoy Roy, it was not difficult to appear good in comparison to Doordarshan which he described as more radio than television and that they were aided by the time period being most "newsiest" in television history.[12] The news bulletin covered a number of major events such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Breakup of Yugoslavia,[9][13] some of which were covered live from the respective countries by NDTV.[9]

In 1995, NDTV presented a proposal to Doordarshan to move its production to a daily half hourly news bulletin on the second Doordarshan channel DD Metro.[8] The proposal was accepted and the news bulletin called News Tonight was launched.[6][8] The Roys approached five major Indian business houses for investments and secured agreements with all five of them,[8] including the multinational Tata Group.[13] The bulletin was the first daily domestic news broadcast in the country.[14] The company also began producing shows such as The News Hour and Good Morning India for Doordarshan.[15] Prannoy Roy was the anchor of the NDTV news bulletins,[16] who in the process acquired a reputation for reliable, authentic and sophisticated news reporting. The news bulletins had gained both in credibility and were competing with entertainment channels in terms of viewership, which made the network sought after for partnerships by international news networks such as BBC and Rupert Murdoch's Star Network at a time when restrictions on private participation in television broadcasting were being lifted and Doordarshan's monopoly broken by satellite television.[7]

In 1997, the director general of Doordarshan, Rathikant Basu left the public broadcaster and joined its multinational rival, the Star Network. The resignation brought about a call for scrutinising his activities during his tenure as the director general,[7] a parliamentary committee was assigned to examine the finances of Doordarshan, which alleged "irregularities" in its dealings with NDTV.[6] On 20 January 1998, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed a number of cases against the former director general, five other officials of the public broadcaster and against Prannoy Roy who was the managing director of NDTV.[17] The cases went on for several years in the form of a protracted dispute,[7] until CBI filed a closure report in 2013 and the charges were quashed by the Delhi High Court,[6] with the verdict that there was no evidence of wrongdoing.[7]

1998–2003: Rupert Murdoch and Star News

In 1998, NDTV entered into five-year contract with Rupert Murdoch's Star Network. Under the terms of the agreement, NDTV would produce all news content for the network,[7] while News Television India (subsidiary of Murdoch's News Corporation) would finance the endeavor.[18] The CEO of Star India had stated that NDTV was an obvious choice for a partnership due its recognition and infrastructure.[13] Star News was launched in February 1998 and was the first independent 24x7 news channel in India.[18] It was a bilingual channel and aired both Hindi and English language programs.[19] NDTV productions were also slotted on two 9:00 pm news bulletins in the channels of Star Plus and Star World.[20] In 1999, NDTV launched its own news website called ndtv.com which streamed live webcasts of its productions and generated 55,000 daily views within a month of its launch. Over the following years, it also made its first foray into regional markets and began a Tamil language news bulletin on Vijay TV, a channel owned by the Star Network.[5]

Star News was an immediate success, its revenue made the channel break-even at the onset.[21] Star India was also able to capitalise on the experience gained in NDTV's earlier collaboration with CNN,[11] one of its multinational competitors.[22] The financial support provided by the multinational gave the channel an advantage over its emerging competitors such as Aaj Tak, the Hindi language channel founded by Living Media.[6] Prannoy Roy remained as the face of the network while Radhika Roy,[7] who was known for being low profile,[23] operated the editorial process and reportedly demanded high standards for credibility, impartiality and independence.[7] The channel developed sophisticated production values and a reputation for journalistic integrity.[24] In a study conducted with Indian journalists, Star News was found to be perceived as the most professionally produced among Indian networks and was regularly viewed by a majority of journalists alongside Doordarshan and BBC World.[22]

In the partnership, NDTV was given editorial independence,[24] and produced the entire editorial content including in its packaging and presentation.[25] It was noted that the channel occasional used its own branded equipment such as microphones with NDTV imprints, without any dispute. Under the agreement, the profits belonged to Star News and NDTV was paid a fee which began with US$10 million under an escalation clause and reserved intellectual property rights over its productions. This arrangement reportedly became an issue of contention between the sales team of Star India which were under pressure to generate revenues and NDTV which intended to maintain in its editorial independence.[21] In 2000, the NDTV news bulletin on Star Plus was removed, which was speculated to have been a signifier of the closeted conflict.[20]

In an anecdotal testimony, Peter Mukerjea who was CEO of Star India between 1999 and 2007, states that an advertiser with the network who was the chairman of a major textile company had complained to him about a news report about environmental issues in a town which operated one of their plants and held Star India responsible for the reporters not taking into account the views of the company.[21] Star News covered the 2002 Gujarat riots with investigative reports, in-depth analyses and live reporting of events.[8] The channel's coverage resulted in it being blacked out for a day by the Gujarat Government under Narendra Modi. The censorship came a day after the Minister of Law, Arun Jaitley had accused "some networks" of conspiracy against the government on a live telecast of Zee News,[8] a network that had assured him that they weren't such a networks on the same telecast.[26]

In 2002, Star was willing to continue the contract but without complete editorial control being granted to NDTV which was unacceptable to the Roys.[13] In the end, the negotiations between NDTV and Star India fell apart and the contract was not renewed. NDTV kept producing news segments for Star News till 31 March 2003.[24] The company's unwillingness to succumb to government pressure or pro right wing editorial intervention from Rupert Murdoch, cemented his decision to exit the partnership as well.[27] Murdoch went on secure a partnership with the Anandabazar Patrika Group for Star News, which was converted into a Hindi language news channel,[24][28] and was noted to have become far less critical in its news coverage following the transition.[27]

2003–2007: Independent broadcasting network

Following the end of the partnership with Star India, NDTV began its venture as an independent broadcaster. The company had acquired equity capital from investment banks including Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs.[7] Standard Chartered invested US$12 million and acquired a share of 12% in the company. Media commentators at the time had speculated that Star News would remain the market leader and decimate NDTV.[29] Before the launch of the network's independent channels under its own brand, it had invested US$25 million into advertising.[24] For distribution, it entered into a tie up with the network of One Alliance, a joint venture between Sony and Discovery, Inc.[5][30]

NDTV launched two channels NDTV India and NDTV 24x7 in 2003. NDTV India was a Hindi language news channel and NDTV 24x7 was an English language news channel.[28] Soon after its launch NDTV 24x7 became the frontrunner in the English news segment,[7] while NDTV India had the second-highest viewership following Aaj Tak in the Hindi language segment, which pushed Star News to the place of fourth highest viewership in the process.[29] The channels introduced the concept of "break away" broadcasting in India with integrated receiver decoder (IRD) which could provide segmented region or city-specific news and with optional local language dubbings to viewers of the same channel.[5] In 2004, NDTV became a publicly traded company and the board members reportedly included N. R. Narayana Murthy, the founder of Infosys and Tarun Das, the chief mentor of the Confederation of Indian Industry as independent directors.[7] In December 2004, it stood as the media company with the highest market capitalisation, at a valuation of ₹1,433 crore (equivalent to ₹43 billion or US$540 million in 2020).[31]

The network was successful in pursuing a strategy of promoting anchors as TV stars in an attempt to both consolidate its brand name and as an incentive for drawing and retaining a talent pool of journalists. Some of their journalists eventually started branching out to begin their own ventures,[7] and a number of top executive employees left the network, including both the managing editor Rajdeep Sardesai and the chief financial officer Sameer Manchanda who left the network to join hands with the entrepreneur Raghav Bahl, who went on to launch CNN IBN. The resignations reportedly caused a number of problems for the network, the morale in the newsroom dipped and the network began finding it difficult to remain on top with an emergence of a crowded market with high competition as newer channels had more room for experimentation. Manchanda's resignation made the company's advertisers, the primary source of revenue to become vulnerable as the network which was solely in news broadcasting didn't have extensive connections unlike others in the industry.[6]

NDTV Profit's screen at Bombay Stock Exchange

Due to the founder of CNN IBN being from NDTV, among other examples,[7][6] the network is widely credited for having created a category of media professionals with high credibility in the Indian broadcasting industry.[7] In an effort to check further loss of employees, the company began offering extensive salary raises and stock options to its employees after the departure of Sardesai.[6] It was noted in 2012 that the company had a high distribution of its wealth, with stock options worth ₹10 million (equivalent to ₹16 million or US$200,000 in 2020) being available to over 200 employees (15% of the workforce).[7] In 2005, the network had also launched a business news channel called NDTV Profit.[32] The channel would become a competitor of the leading business news channel CNBC TV18 over the next 5 years.[13]

Despite the increase in competition NDTV had continued to grow and by the end of the 2005, the network had 19 offices and studios across the country.[5] In 2006, the company founded NDTV Convergence, the subsidiary overlooking its digital media operations.[33] In June, NDTV partnered with the Southeast Asian media company Astro to launch a Bahasa Melayu infotainment channel Astro Awani while taking a stake of 20% in the joint venture.[13] Under the terms of agreement, NDTV instituted the infrastructure for the channel and Astro undertook the production. The channel was the first one to be launched by Astro and the first one to be launched by NDTV outside India.[34] It had also made a number of agreements for overseas distribution of its Indian channels and had a growing audience among the Indian diaspora in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa and the Middle East.[13]

2007–2015: Expansion attempts, financial crisis and digital growth

In 2007, NDTV began diversifying into the general entertainment and lifestyle broadcasting industry.[32][35] The company founded the subsidiary of NDTV Lifestyle and launched the first lifestyle channel in India called NDTV Good Times on 7 September 2007.[36][37] Following the launch, Smeeta Chakraborty, who was appointed as the CEO of NDTV Lifestyle announced that the company would be looking into expanding in other language markets and intended to launch three to five new channels within the next 2 years.[38][39] NDTV Lifestyle also entered into an agreement with the United Breweries Group for a branding tie-up between the Kingfisher lager and NDTV Good Times.[40]

In January 2008, NDTV entered into a strategic partnership with the American mass media conglomerate NBCUniversal,[41][42] in an attempt to expand into the general entertainment industry in India.[43] NBCUniversal bought 26% of the stake with a net valuation of US$600 million for the company and NDTV was expected to receive television formats used by the NBC in the United States.[7] In an attempt to replicating the model of networks using general entertainment channels to subsidise newsgathering expenses,[6] the network launched its first general entertainment channel NDTV Imagine on 21 January 2008.[44] The channel's launch was also aided by Sameer Nair, the CEO of Applause Entertainment, who was in a partnership with NDTV.[45] The operating company NDTV Imagine Ltd held a production studio NDTV Imagine Picture and entered into two partnerships to launched the music and entertainment channel NDTV Imagine Showbiz and the multilingual world movies channel NDTV Lumiere.[46]

The company conceptualised a genre of channels which would focus on localised news and founded NDTV MetroNation, which was projected to launch a series of channels catering to metropolitan cities such as Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.[6] The first and only channel to be launched under this branding was NDTV MetroNation Delhi.[40] NDTV entered into a partnership with the national daily newspaper The Hindu,[47] under the joint venture MetroNation Chennai to launched the Chennai-centric English language news channel which was named NDTV Hindu.[48][49] Later in 2010, the company also entered in a partnership with the Dhaka based conglomerate BEXIMCO to launch the Independent Television, a 24x7 news channel in Bangladesh.[50][51]

The expansion attempts coincided with the 2008 financial crash and the funds raised for the expansion, through partnerships and bonds were exhausted within a short period of time. NDTV had an ongoing open offer for buyback of shares and the stock prices at the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) nosedived from around ₹400 to ₹100 which added a large shortfall. This caused the promoters of the company to go through a chain of borrowings from various multinationals.[6] NDTV also made a series of divestments of its assets through a number of sales in the following period.[48] In August 2009, the chain borrowings had eventually led the promoters debt being transferred to a shell company which was owned by a subsidiary of Reliance Industries,[6] and in October 2009, NBCUniversal decided to pull out of the partnership and sold off its share back to NDTV.[45] Following which, Time Warner bought out a 92% majority stake of the general entertainment subsidiary NDTV Imagine Ltd for US$124.5 million in December.[46][48] The company had also launched a Dubai based English and Hindi language news channel called NDTV Arabia, targeting Indian expatriates in 2007,[52] which was closed down in 2009.[53][54]

The editorial credibility of the network suffered damage as well when recordings made by the Income Tax Department of communication by the Reliance Industries lobbyist Niira Radia were leaked and a series of transcripts called the Radia tapes published by the Open and Outlook magazines. The tapes prominently featured journalist Barkha Dutt who appeared to be violating norms of journalistic integrity.[6] NDTV was one of the few news broadcasting companies which had a codified code of conduct for its journalistic output.[7] The tapes came under the backdrop of the loan granted to NDTV by Reliance and included suggestions from Radia to the journalist MK Venu on how Roy needs to be supported. The Sunday Guardian, a newspaper owned by politicians M. J. Akbar and Ram Jethmalani also published a 2010 article which alleged that NDTV had colluded with ICICI Bank and indulged in financial misdemeanours. NDTV sued for ₹25 crore (US$3.1 million) and in February 2011, the Delhi High Court restrained any further circulation of the article.[6]

The company's finances had taken a downturn since the financial crisis and its expansion ventures had failed,[6] it also marked the beginning of a consistent streak of net annual losses.[6][55] In March 2011, NDTV Lifestyle (subsidiary operating NDTV Good Times) was converted into a joint venture with the sale of 49% of the company's stake to Astro.[56] The stake sale of NDTV Lifestyle resulted in the net valuation of the subsidiary to be US$80 million.[48] And in October, the joint venture MetroNation Chennai which operated the channel NDTV Hindu was bought out by the Tamil-language daily newspaper, Dina Thanthi for a sum of ₹15 crore (equivalent to ₹26 crore or US$3.3 million in 2020).[48][49] The joint venture had incurred a net loss of ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹35 crore or US$4.4 million in 2020) in two years of its operation.[49] In 2015, the business news channel NDTV Profit became a hybrid channel featuring both business news programs during day and entertainment programs under the name NDTV Prime on weekends and after 6pm.[57]

NDTV team conducting an interview in Bangalore in 2011

In contrast, the digital media arm of the company, NDTV Convergence had entered a phase of exponential growth. Between March 2011 and March 2015, it grew four-folds in terms of revenue and ten-folds in terms of profits and as a result increased its share of the total consolidated income from 4.6% to 18%.[55] NDTV Convergence had synchronised the network's newsgathering with its internet and mobile presence.[32] The digital media arm was credited for reducing the losses of the company by 50% between the financial years 2013–14 and 2014–15.[55]

In addition, the subsidiary launched a number of online verticals namely the automobile portal CarAndBike.com, the electronics portal Gadgets360, the food and drinks portal SmartCooky and the wedding preparation website BandBaajaa.com which catered to consumer interest specific news.[33][58] NDTV also launched the e-commerce venture Indianroots through its subsidiary NDTV Ethnic Retail in 2013. The venture was a fashion store selling Indian ethnic clothes and jewelries,[59][60] which expanded its consumer base across India and the United States, recording a twelve-fold jump of its gross merchandise value in 2014–15, and featured over 700 brands and 100 designers with a valuation of US$85 million in May 2015.[59] Gadgets360 also entered the e-commerce industry and began selling electronic devices from 2015 onwards.[58] CarAndBike.com and BandBaajaa.com entered the industry as well and began selling products.[61][62]

On 25 July 2012, NDTV moved a lawsuit for over US$1,000 million against the TAM Media Research for manipulation of data at the New York Supreme Court.[63] TAM had instituted a television rating system called TRP,[64] used to determine viewership of channel and fix advertising rates between broadcasters and advertisers.[65] While the TAM data had been previously alleged by broadcasters to have been manipulated, NDTV's lawsuit was considered a landmark event which implicated over 30 companies and individuals of deliberately manipulating data and which eventually led to a number of broadcasters raising similar complaints.[63][64] According to NDTV, the manipulated data had caused damages of at least US$810 million due to fraud and damages worth at least US$580 million for the network over a period of eight years.[63][66] The lawsuit itself was dismissed while the ruling stated that even though TAM was registered in the United States, the damages were outside its jurisdiction,[67] and in 2015, Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) launched its own rating system. In the following year, TAM was merged into BARC, although it was noted that the shareholders of the new entity had remained the same and the rating system continued to be vulnerable to manipulation.[68]

2015–present: Government pressure and litigations

With the ascendancy of Narendra Modi to the premiership of India, advertisers with NDTV began to be pressurised to disassociate with the company and an array of litigations were initiated against the company.[69] The government pressure against the news broadcaster was seen as part of a wider pattern of attacks on media freedom in the country.[69][70][71]

In 2015, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) served a notice on alleged violation of the Foreign Exchange Management Act.[72] In 2016, the Hindi language news channel NDTV India was banned by the government on allegations that the channel had threatened national security. The company subsequently appealed against the ban at the Supreme Court of India. The ban was withdrawn the following day, after popular outcry, protests from journalists and widespread criticism including from the Editor's Guild of India.[71][73] In the same year, the Income Tax Department (ITD) served a tax reassessment notice which alleged that the company had committed tax evasion in the financial year 2009–10.[74] The Delhi bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal which functioned under the Ministry of Law upheld the findings of the department held the company liable for reassessment of taxation with penalty.[75] According to the findings, the company had allegedly colluded with NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of General Electric in a complex money laundering scheme for evading taxation of what was noted to be relatively small amount of funds relative to the size of the companies.[76][77]

In 2017, NDTV instituted a turnaround plan and announced that the company would undergo a restructuring process, intending to concentrate on core assets of news broadcasting and its digital teams operating its apps and websites, while cutting down on ancillary assets including its e-commerce business.[78] The restructuring also involved layoffs of a number of staff and a shift towards mobile and digital oriented journalism. It was noted that while the debt had decreased considerable between 2012 and 2016, the valuation of the company had deteriorated.[79]

The company sold NDTV Ethnic Retail which operated Indianroots and divested 2% of the stake in NDTV Lifestyle in favor of the luxury company Nameh Hotels & Resorts.[60] Fifth Gear Ventures operated the automobile portal CarAndBike.com and was held by NDTV Convergence, which diluted its stake from 79% to 43%, granting a controlling stake to the company Autobyte Private.[61] NDTV Profit was pulled off air on 5 June 2017, and converted into an infotainment channel solely under the designation of NDTV Prime.[57][80] The business news segment of NDTV Profit was moved to the English language news channel NDTV 24x7.[80] In 2018, NDTV Convergence also completed a sale with Wedding Junction Private Ltd and sold off Special Occasion Ltd,[81] which operated the wedding arrangements portal BandBaajaa.com.[82] In January 2020, Fifth Gear Ventures was acquired by a subsidiary of Mahindra & Mahindra.[83]

Student activist Shehla Rashid being interviewed by NDTV at Parliament Street in New Delhi

In the meantime in 2017, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) lodged a case against the company on allegations that it had defrauded ICICI Bank,[74] and the offices of the company and residence of the founders, the Roys were raided by the bureau.[84] The raid had come a day after an NDTV presenter had engaged in an argument with a spokesperson of the ruling party.[85] The case was lodged on the basis of a complaint by a stockbroker Sanjay Dutt supported by the retracted Sunday Guardian article. It was noted that ICICI Bank itself considered the company to have returned the loan within an year and had not received any details of the case.[86] The raids received condemnation and the CBI was accused of being under pressure from the government to act against the news broadcaster.[71][87][88]

In 2019, the CBI lodged a new case against NDTV on allegations that it had laundered money and violated FDI norms. According to NDTV, government agencies were lodging different cases and then deliberately stalling investigations as no evidence were found.[89] In same year, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) barred the Roys from accessing the securities market and from holding any managerial or board positions in the company for two years on allegations that the promoters had failed to disclose agreements to minority stakeholders of the company.[90] In 2020, the Supreme Court of India quashed the ITD notice against the company on the grounds that its allegation contradicted the statements presented by the Revenue Department.[91]

In 2020, an independent technology startup Prashnam conducted a survey which calculated that NDTV India was the news channel with the highest viewership in the Hindi speaking states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Rajasthan, and the second highest viewership in the state of Madhya Pradesh, ranging around 23–24% of the population in the respective states.[92] In 2022, NDTV pulled out of the ratings agency BARC as it was not satisfied with the changes introduced in the calculation of TV rating after the TRP scam expose.[93]

Takeover attempt by Gautam Adani

Gautam Adani, the Chairman and MD of the Adani Group.

In August 2022, the Adani Group launched a hostile bid to takeover NDTV.[2][94] The bid by the billionaire Gautam Adani, who has close ties to the Prime Minister Narendra Modi raised widespread negative reactions and concerns about further deterioration of the condition of press freedom in the country under the Modi government.[2][3][95][96] NDTV, unlike most other major news broadcasters, still carried critical independent coverage and was not toeing the official line of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.[2][95] The takeover attempt is also described to resemble the takeover of the largest news broadcaster Network18, that had occurred earlier under Mukesh Ambani, another billionaire with close ties to Narendra Modi.[97][98] The Delhi Union of Journalists released a statement raising concerns that two oligarchs were taking over independent news broadcasters and stifling critical journalism at the behest of the ruling establishment.[99] It ended with a concluding line stating that, "the illusion that India is still a democracy now lies shattered".[97][99]

The bid started on 23 August 2022, when Adani Media acquired Vishvapradhan Commercial (VPCL) for a value of ₹113.74 crore (US$14 million).[100] VPCL was the shell company that Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries (RIL) had used through a chain of complex transactions to obtain convertible warrants to RRPR, a holding company that had a stake of 29.18% in NDTV.[100][101] The Adani Group released an announcement on the same day that it was exercising the rights to the warrants that VCPL held and acquiring 99.95% of RRPR, giving the group nearly the entire 29.18% shareholding in NDTV,[102][103] which would leave the Roys with a 32.27% stake.[104] The announcement included an open offer for an additional 26% shareholding that would be triggered upon acquisition of RRPR's share.[95][97] The open offer price was however set at ₹294 which ended up being 20.5% less than NDTV's share price at the end of 23 August.[105] Over the course of the following days the market value of the shares would keep increasing which made it unlikely that public shareholders would take the open offer and it was accompanied by the Roy's attempt to thwart the takeover bid.[106][107]

The takeover bid had come as a surprise to the Roys and NDTV released a statement that Adani Group had neither notified or consulted them nor did the acquisition have their consent. The contract with VPCL contained a clause that any exercising of rights to the warrants for over 26% of the shareholding of NDTV would require the promoter's consent but due to the details of the contract not being in the public domain it is unclear whether the acquisition of RRPR would be included.[106] On the night of 24 August, NDTV released another announcement stating that the transfer of RRPR's share could not be completed due to a regulatory prohibition on the promoters that preventing them from accessing the market till November 2022 and that the transfer would need approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).[108] Adani Group rejected the latter announcement arguing that the transaction did not require SEBI approval.[109] On 29 August, LiveMint published a report on the internal consultations at SEBI based on insider sources, which stated that the regulator was likely to take a view in favor of the Adani Group.[110][111]

According to The Hindu, the takeover attempt was heading towards either a protracted legal battle or an aggressive bidding war between the Roys and the Adani Group.[106] Corporate law expert Siddharth Mody described Adani's bid as a calculated move to acquire one of the last media companies that was giving space to critical coverage of the Modi government.[108] The takeover bid had came right after a credit analysis from Fitch Ratings had shown that the Adani Group was severely overleveraged and under risk of a financial default.[94]

Channels and subsidiaries

NDTV operates three broadcast channels which includes two news channels and one infotainment channel.[57] The company has a stake three more channels which are managed through joint ventures.[56][112] In addition, it has auxiliary services subsidiaries such as NDTV Labs, a research and development company set up exclusively to augment production process within the group,[113] and NDTV Emerging Markets, a consultancy firm set up to assist in the launch of NDTV news channels outside India.[42]

Broadcast

The English language news channel NDTV 24x7 is considered to be the first 24x7 news channel in India,[114] being a successor to Star News which was founded by NDTV and Star India.[27] It is available internationally,[115] through various distribution partnerships including one with Time Warner Cable and DirecTV in the United States.[116] The channel operates under the designation of ATN NDTV 24x7 in Canada as it broadcasts its programming through the Asian Television Network.[116]

The Hindi language news channel NDTV India is a national news channel and has widespread viewership in India.[115][117] The channel is closely associated with its editor-in-chief Ravish Kumar, the recipient of a number of distinguished awards including the Ramon Magsaysay Award and considered to be one of the most influential journalists in India.[118][119]

The infotainment channel NDTV Prime was known as an innovation for being part of a two in one hybrid channel with NDTV Profit,[116] with the same channel providing business news in daytime during weekdays under the designation of Profit and information and entertainment at other times under the designation of Prime. The channel was later converted into a full time infotainment channel and the business news programs shifted to NDTV 24x7.[57]

The subsidiary NDTV Lifestyle which launched the first lifestyle channel in India called NDTV Good Times,[37] continues to operate the channel in a joint venture with the Southeast Asian media company Astro.[56][57] NDTV also has two joint ventures where it manages the broadcast infrastructure of the infotainment channel Astro Awani in Southeast Asia and manages the news channel Independent Television with BEXIMCO in Bangladesh.[112]

Digital

The subsidiary NDTV Convergence was set up as the digital branch of the company, and manages all its digital properties including its websites, apps and social media assets.[33] The company has an exclusive partnership for advertisements on and content recommendations for NDTV's digital assets with the Israeli advertising company Taboola.[120][121]

NDTV Convergence is considered as an international news channel of the company with its output available to audiences outside India.[116] The flagship website of the company ndtv.com, is among the most widely used news sites and has widespread audience reach in India.[122][123] The company operates a number of separate web portals including one that is managed through a subsidiary called SmartyCooky,[33] which operates the food portal under the designation of NDTV Food.[124] The site also features podcasts of which competes with international brands such as TED and Oprah among the Indian audience.[122] The .in domain for ndtv was noted to have been heavily contested and was acquired at extreme value by the company.[125]

In addition, NDTV provides news services through the NDTV mobile app which has subscription offers of ₹550 (equivalent to ₹580 or US$7.30 in 2020) per annum for an advertisement-free experience.[122] The app is one of the most used news apps in India competing with the mobile app of the national newspaper The Hindu, apps of Bennett, Coleman & Co publications and the apps of news aggregators such as Google News and Flipboard.[43]

It has a centralised social media control with assigned teams, the social media editors are composed of staff who have volunteered for handling digital media operations and work in collaboration with their website and television channels for their news output and are noted for prioritising monitoring of news agencies, international bodies and persons of interest on social media as part of their newsgathering operations.[126] In a social network analysis of news outlets on Twitter, it was found that NDTV was one of the most prominent nodes alongside The Indian Express and The Times of India.[123]

Corporate affairs

Ownership

The co-founders, journalist Radhika Roy and economist Prannoy Roy are the promoters of the company and have a controlling stake of 61.45%;[127] individually holding 16.32% and 15.95% of the shares respectively, and jointly holding an additional 29.18% through a holding company called RRPR.[128] The shareholding of RRPR is contested between the promoters and the conglomerate Adani Group that is attempting a hostile takeover of NDTV.[109]

Among other shareholders are the Mauritius based LTS Investment Fund and Vikasa India EIF I Fund which hold 9.75% and 4.42% respectively.[101] Both the companies have links to the Adani Group,[100] LTS Investment Fund in particular has investments worth ₹19,328 crore (US$2.4 billion) in 13 Indian companies of which 4 belong to the Adani Group and the investments in these 4 constitute around 98% of their total investments, worth ₹18,916.7 crore (US$2.4 billion).[100][101]

NDTV is noted for its stock options available to its employees and a consequent high distribution of wealth among its employees,[7] with around 24.4% of the shares are owned through individual shareholdings of 1% or less in 2019.[129] In 2022, the small shareholding comprised 23.85% were divided among 29,691 individuals and 947 entities.[101] Four of these entities were Drolia Agencies, GRD Securities, Adesh Broking and Confirm Rebuild, which had interlinked directors and collectively held 7.11%.[100]

Corporate governance and culture

The two founders are designated as the executive co-chairpersons of the company,[130] and a number of vice co-chairpersons have been appointed as the chief executive officer (CEO) from time to time. K. V. L. Narayan Rao was the CEO of the company between 2007 and 2013, followed by Vikram Chandra whose tenure ended in 2016 and Rao was re-appointed until his death in 2017.[131][132] Suparna Singh was appointed as an interim CEO and resigned in 2019.[133]

NDTV was one of the first companies in India to make an independent foray in the media industry.[134] The company was founded at a time when a few private operators were permitted on the official broadcast channels,[135] and initially recruited journalists with bureaucratic connections.[129] It eventually developed collegial newsrooms,[13] and began offering greater benefits in an attempt to recruit and retain a pool of talented journalists.[6][7] For a period, the newsrooms had acquired the moniker of "Roys boys" at a time when Prannoy Roy used to be the anchor and would refer to his colleagues as a "family" which is described by some of his former staff to have been broken when the editor-in-chief Rajdeep Sardesai resigned after the company went public.[6] The newsrooms themselves were stewarded by Radhika Roy since the inception, who is described to have been incessant on maintaining a high standard for its editorial output, in the process instituting a code of conduct for journalistic ethics.[7][136]

Since the inception of the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards, the journalists of the company's news channels have been the recipient one or more award every single year with the exception of 2013 and 2018, collectively winning 32 individual awards across various categories.[137] It also has a high employee retention rate, with 28% of the workforce having been employed in it for over 10 years, considered to be unprecedented in the electronic media industry, which has an average service period of less than four years.[7] Due to a number of notable broadcast journalists and media executives of various other companies emerging from employment under NDTV,[6][7] the company has acquired a reputation of being a "training ground" for television broadcasting in India.[7][138]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Audited Financial Results For The Quarter and Year Ended March 2021" (PDF). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Fears for independent media in India as tycoon eyes major news channel". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Media freedom fears in India after Modi ally Adani buys 29% stake in NDTV". the Guardian. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Rodrigues, Usha M.; Ranganathan, Maya (2014). Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant. SAGE Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-93-5150-464-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e Shrivastava, K M (2010). Broadcast Journalism in the 21st Century. Sterling Publishing. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-81-207-3597-2.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Kaushik, Krishn (15 December 2015). "The Tempest". The Caravan. p. 2. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Kaushik, Kshama; Dutta, Kaushik (2012). India Means Business: How the elephant earned its stripes. Oxford University Press. pp. 277–281. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-908851-5 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Sen, Biswarup; Roy, Abhijit (2014). Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India. Oxford University Press. pp. 160–165. ISBN 978-0-19-809205-6 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  9. ^ a b c Eby Mathew, George (2010). India's Innovation Blueprint: How the Largest Democracy is Becoming an innovation Super Power. Chandos Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-78063-224-7.
  10. ^ Malik, Amita (20 September 2003). "Window on the world". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  11. ^ a b c Batabyal, Somnath (2014). Making News in India: Star News and Star Ananda. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-317-80972-2.
  12. ^ Painter, James, ed. (2013). "India's Media Boom: The Good News and the Bad" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism: 1–19.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Karmali, Naazneen (8 September 2006). "News Delhi TV". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020.
  14. ^ The Magazine of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association (June 1997 ed.). Commonwealth Broadcasting Association. p. 20 – via University of Minnesota.
  15. ^ Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1.
  16. ^ Bajpai, Shailaja (24 July 2016). "The World Came Home: The history of television in India". The Indian Express. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  17. ^ "CBI case against Prannoy Roy". The Indian Express. 20 January 1998. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  18. ^ a b Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1.
  19. ^ Mehta, Nalin (1 September 2007). "The great Indian Willow Trick: Cricket, nationalism and India's TV news revolution, 1998–2005". The International Journal of the History of Sport. Taylor & Francis. 24 (9): 1187–1199. doi:10.1080/09523360701448331. ISSN 0952-3367. S2CID 144646131.
  20. ^ a b Joshi, Namrata; Kapadia, Payal; Guha Ray, Shantanu (17 July 2000). "The Master And The Prodigal". Outlook India. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  21. ^ a b c Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 77–81. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1.
  22. ^ a b de Burgh, Hugo (2005). Making Journalists: Diverse Models, Global Issues. Routledge. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-415-31501-2.
  23. ^ "Power Women". The Financial Express. 30 December 2007.
  24. ^ a b c d e Paterson, Chris A.; Sreberny, Annabelle (2004). International News in the 21st Century. University of Luton Press. pp. 114–117. ISBN 978-1-86020-596-5.
  25. ^ Bromley, Michael; Romano, Angela (2012). Journalism and Democracy in Asia. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-134-25414-9.
  26. ^ Chattarji, Subarno (October 2010). "The politics of television in the 2002 Gujarat riots". The Hoot. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  27. ^ a b c Banaji, Shakuntala (2011). South Asian Media Cultures: Audiences, Representations, Contexts. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-85728-409-9.
  28. ^ a b Sen, Biswarup; Roy, Abhijit (2014). Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-19-809205-6 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  29. ^ a b Ramesh, Rajdeep; Jha, Sandeep (22 September 2004). "NDTV makes Murdoch's Star wane in India". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  30. ^ "NDTV News Channels Ready To Roll With SET Alliance". The Financial Express. 14 February 2003.
  31. ^ Shirsat, B. G.; Krishnakumar, Aparna (13 August 2005). "Media industry valuations hit the roof". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  32. ^ a b c Sen Narayan, Sunetra (2014). Globalization and Television: A Study of the Indian Experience, 1990-2010. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-19-908271-1 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  33. ^ a b c d Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (5 October 2016). "Can NDTV tell a different story?". Business Standard. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  34. ^ Palit, Amitendu; Spittel, Gloria (2013). South Asia in the New Decade: Challenges and Prospects. World Scientific. p. 159. ISBN 978-981-4401-06-7.
  35. ^ Sen Narayan, Sunetra (2014). Globalization and Television: A Study of the Indian Experience, 1990-2010. Oxford University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-19-908271-1 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  36. ^ Guha Thakurta, Paranjoy; Chaturvedi, Subi (2012). "Corporatisation of the Media: Implications of the RIL-Network18-Eenadu Deal". Economic and Political Weekly. 47 (7): 10–13. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 41419787 – via JSTOR.
  37. ^ a b "NDTV launches India's first lifestyle channel NDTV Good Times". Business Standard. 31 August 2007.
  38. ^ Doval, Pankaj; Ghosh, Shauvik (10 September 2007). "NDTV Good Times walks into life & style". The Financial Express. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  39. ^ "NDTV Lifestyle plans more channels". Livemint. 27 September 2007.
  40. ^ a b "NDTV to launch more int'l, domestic channels". Business Standard. 25 September 2007.
  41. ^ "NDTV, NBC conclude strategic partnership". Business Standard. 26 May 2008.
  42. ^ a b "NBC Universal and NDTV Ltd. Execute Memorandum of Agreement to Form Long-Term Strategic Partnership in India". The Financial Express (India). 29 January 2008.
  43. ^ a b Arora, Chanpreet (August 2019). "The Evolving Indian Media Market: Succeeding Through Localisation" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford.
  44. ^ K.K, Sruthijith (5 February 2008). "Ramayan puts NDTV Imagine ahead of peers in TRP race". Livemint. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  45. ^ a b Dugal, Ira (21 March 2015). "Sameer Nair: The creative strategist". Livemint. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  46. ^ a b Szalai, Georg (17 December 2009). "Time Warner takes 92% stake in NDTV". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  47. ^ Sen, Biswarup; Roy, Abhijit (2014). Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–144. ISBN 978-0-19-809205-6 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  48. ^ a b c d e Das, Anil (7 October 2011). "NDTV, Hindu Group Sell Metronation Chennai TV To Dina Thanthi Group". VCCircle. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  49. ^ a b c Kumar, Sanjay C. (8 October 2011). "Dina Thanthi group buys NDTV Hindu". The Financial Express (India). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  50. ^ Lall, Pavan (5 September 2011). "Bangladesh's first family of business". Fortune. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  51. ^ "NDTV, Beximco Group to launch news channel in Bangladesh". Business Standard. Newswire18. 12 January 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  52. ^ Cheriyan, Vijaya (31 October 2007). "NDTV to push boundaries with Arab channel". Arabian Business. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  53. ^ Baxter, Elsa (17 June 2009). "NDTV Arabia forced to pull plug". Arabian Business. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  54. ^ Arya, Vigyan (17 June 2009). "Crisis-hit NDTV Arabia likely to switch off in a day or two". Emirates 24/7. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  55. ^ a b c Malik, Aman (9 March 2016). "Will diversification bail out NDTV?". The Hoot. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  56. ^ a b c "NDTV concludes stake sale in lifestyle arm to Astro Asia". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 3 March 2011.
  57. ^ a b c d e Malvania, Urvi (2 June 2017). "NDTV to bring down curtains on NDTV Profit". Business Standard. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  58. ^ a b Sharma, Disha (4 April 2017). "When Times Internet took a leaf out of NDTV's book to re-enter e-commerce biz". VCCircle. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  59. ^ a b Verma, Shrutika (14 May 2015). "NDTV venture Indianroots raises $5 million". Livemint. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  60. ^ a b Choudhary, Vidhi (19 May 2017). "NDTV to sell indianroots.com, divests stake in NDTV Goodtimes". Livemint. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  61. ^ a b Malvania, Urvi (22 September 2017). "NDTV sells stake in auto e-commerce subsidiary". Business Standard. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  62. ^ Choudhary, Vidhi (7 December 2015). "With Special Occasion, NDTV enters the online weddings market". Livemint. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  63. ^ a b c Jebaraj, Priscilla (1 August 2012). "NDTV says TV ratings manipulated". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  64. ^ a b Dharmakumar, Rohini (21 February 2014). "Fixing Indian TV's Audience Measurement Problems". Forbes. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  65. ^ "Explained: What are TRPs and How Are they Calculated?". The Quint. 8 October 2020.
  66. ^ Gardner, Eriq (30 July 2012). "Nielsen Sued for Billions Over Allegedly Manipulated TV Ratings". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  67. ^ Jha, Prashant (7 March 2013). "U.S. court asks NDTV to fight legal battle in India". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  68. ^ Shukla, Archna (7 October 2016). "BARC, TAM Media merger is nothing but old wine in a new bottle". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  69. ^ a b Goel, Vindu; Gettleman, Jeffrey; Khandelwal, Saumya (2 April 2020). "Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  70. ^ Prabhu, Maya (3 August 2017). "Is free speech under threat in Modi's India?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  71. ^ a b c Krishnan, Murali (7 November 2016). "'Ridiculous and arbitrary' – Indian journalists slam NDTV ban". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  72. ^ Pandey, Devesh K. (20 November 2015). "ED serves notice on NDTV for FEMA violations". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  73. ^ "Ban on NDTV India on hold". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 7 November 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  74. ^ a b "NDTV co-founder Prannoy Roy's home raided by CBI". Scroll.in. 6 June 2017.
  75. ^ "NDTV case: assessing officer was right in adding ₹642 crore, says ITAT". Business Line. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  76. ^ Verma, Sunny (19 July 2017). "Clear case of organisation form or legal form abuse, without reasonable business purpose". The Indian Express. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  77. ^ "NDTV: A legal mountain to climb". The Hoot. 31 July 2017.
  78. ^ "NDTV to cut workforce by up to 25%". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 19 December 2017.
  79. ^ Agarwal, Cherry (27 July 2017). "Is MoJo the real reason behind layoffs at NDTV?". Newslaundry. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  80. ^ a b Ahluwalia, Harveen (2 June 2017). "NDTV to shut NDTV Profit, to shift business programmes to 24x7". Livemint. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  81. ^ "NDTV completes sale of Special Occasion to Wedding Junction". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  82. ^ J, Anand (14 March 2018). "Self-arranged marriage startup Wedeterna gets angel funding". VCCircle. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  83. ^ Mohile, Shally Seth (10 December 2020). "Mahindra Mobility Services eyes four-fold increase in m-cap in 5 years". Business Standard. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  84. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kohli, Atul; Murali, Kanta (2019). Business and Politics in India. Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-19-091246-8 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  85. ^ "Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued". The Economist. 24 June 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  86. ^ "What We Know and What We Don't About the NDTV-ICICI Bank Case". The Wire. 6 June 2017.
  87. ^ Venu, M. K. (8 November 2016). "The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression". The Wire. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  88. ^ "Full text: CBI issues statement on NDTV raids, denies allegations of 'acting under pressure'". Scroll.in. 6 June 2017.
  89. ^ Pandey, Devesh K. (21 August 2019). "CBI books fresh case against NDTV, Roys for allegedly violating FDI rules". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  90. ^ "SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 14 June 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  91. ^ "Income Tax dept's notice against NDTV quashed by Supreme Court". ThePrint. Press Trust of India. 3 April 2020.
  92. ^ "23% People in Bihar, MP, Rajasthan, Jharkhand Watch NDTV: Survey". The Quint. 9 October 2020.
  93. ^ "NDTV pulls out of BARC ahead of news rating resumption - Exchange4media". Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  94. ^ a b "Gautam Adani launches hostile bid for Indian news channel NDTV". Financial Times. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  95. ^ a b c "Adani Bid Fought by NDTV Amid Concerns Over Indian Press Freedom". Bloomberg.com. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  96. ^ "Why is One of the World's Richest Men Doing a 'Hostile Takeover' of This News Network?". vice.com. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  97. ^ a b c Sharma, Niharika (25 August 2022). "Adani's attempt to take over an Indian news channel sparks a media-freedom debate". Yahoo News.
  98. ^ Philipose, Pamela (27 August 2022). "Backstory: What Does the Growing Adani Footprint on India's Media Landscape Mean for Us?". The Wire.
  99. ^ a b "Adani stake in NDTV | Two oligarchs taking over entire media, says Delhi Union of Journalists". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 24 August 2022. ISSN 0971-751X.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  100. ^ a b c d e Shroff, Kaushal (25 August 2022). "Gautam Adani Knocks on the Doors of NDTV. How Does the Hostile Takeover Play Out?". The Wire.
  101. ^ a b c d Kaushik, Krishn (23 August 2022). "How Adani is taking over NDTV without consulting the Roys". Newslaundry.
  102. ^ "Explained: Ambani, Adani, and how the Roys could lose NDTV". The Indian Express. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  103. ^ "Adani group makes bid to take over NDTV". The Hindu. 23 August 2022. ISSN 0971-751X.
  104. ^ Saikia, Arunabh. "NDTV: How Adani acquired a firm controlled by an Ambani aide to launch a hostile take-over bid". Scroll.in. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  105. ^ R, Sethuraman N.; Thomas, Chris (23 August 2022). "Indian billionaire Adani seeks to control NDTV; media group says move without consent". Reuters. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  106. ^ a b c J Prashanth, Perumal (27 August 2022). "Explained | What's next on Adani's proposal to acquire NDTV?". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X.
  107. ^ Kar, Ayushi (25 August 2022). "NDTV public shareholders may not tender to Adani's offer". Business Line.
  108. ^ a b Roy, Rohini (27 August 2022). "The Curious Case of Adani Group's NDTV Takeover: What Next for the Media House?". The Quint.
  109. ^ a b Singh, Sandeep (26 August 2022). "Explained: Can a SEBI order from 2020 stop Adani from acquiring 29% of NDTV?". The Indian Express.
  110. ^ Tiwari, Ayush (29 August 2022). "What exactly does NDTV's loan agreement with Reliance say?". Newslaundry.
  111. ^ Upadhyay, Jayshree P. (29 August 2022). "Sebi sees no bar in transfer of NDTV shares to Adani". LiveMint.
  112. ^ a b "NDTV tumbles after reporting net loss in Q1". Business Standard. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  113. ^ Saeed, Saima (2013). Screening the Public Sphere: Media and Democracy in India. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-415-81244-3.
  114. ^ Sen, Biswarup; Roy, Abhijit (2014). Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-809205-6 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  115. ^ a b Thussu, Daya Kishan (2007). News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment. SAGE Publications. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-1-84787-506-8.
  116. ^ a b c d Murray, Jeremy A.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2016). Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania. ABC-CLIO. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-1-4408-3991-7.
  117. ^ Rodrigues, Usha M.; Ranganathan, Maya (2014). Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant. SAGE Publications. p. 161. ISBN 978-93-5150-464-1.
  118. ^ "Indian journalist Ravish Kumar receives 2019 Ramon Magsaysay Award". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 9 September 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  119. ^ Bhat, Prajwal (23 September 2019). "'If you love democracy, you will have to fight the media': Journalist Ravish Kumar". The News Minute. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  120. ^ "NDTV Convergence inks pact with Taboola". Business Standard. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  121. ^ "NDTV freezes at 10% upper circuit on signing 5-year deal with Taboola". Business Standard. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  122. ^ a b c Aneez, Zeenab; Neyazi, Taberez Ahmed; Kalogeropoulos, Antonis; Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus (March 2019). "Indian Digital News Report" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford.
  123. ^ a b Majó-Vázquez, Silvia; Mukherjee, Subhayan; Neyazi, Taberez Ahmed; Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus (June 2019). "The Role of Legacy and Digital-Born Outlets in India and the Distribution of Their Online Audiences" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford.
  124. ^ Sahay, Priyanka (11 August 2015). "NDTV to spin off gadgets section into e-commerce website". Livemint. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  125. ^ Goyal, Ravi (1 February 2017). "A brief analysis of the .IN Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy". Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice. 12 (2): 99–104. doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw200. ISSN 1747-1532 – via Oxford Journals.
  126. ^ Aneez, Zeenab; Chattapadhyay, Sumandro; Parthasarath, Vibodh; Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus (December 2017). "Indian news media and the production of news in the age of social discovery" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford.
  127. ^ R, Sethuraman N.; Thomas, Chris (23 August 2022). "Indian billionaire Adani seeks to control NDTV; media group says move without consent". Reuters.
  128. ^ "The Roy Family". Media Ownership Monitor. Reporters Without Borders. 2019.
  129. ^ a b "NDTV". Media Ownership Monitor. Reporters Without Borders. 2019.
  130. ^ "NDTV Q4 net profit down 30 pc to Rs 9.20 cr". Outlook India. Press Trust of India. 22 June 2020.
  131. ^ "Vikram Chandra steps down as group CEO of NDTV". The News Minute. 28 October 2016.
  132. ^ Ahluwalia, Harveen (21 November 2017). "NDTV group CEO Narayan Rao dies at 63". Livemint. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  133. ^ "NDTV interim CEO Suparna Singh resigns". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 22 August 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  134. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kohli, Atul; Murali, Kanta (2019). Business and Politics in India. Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-19-091246-8 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  135. ^ Ahmad, Irfan; Kanungo, Pralay (2018). The Algebra of Warfare-Welfare: A Long View of India's 2014 Election. Oxford University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-19-909753-1 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
  136. ^ Joseph, Ammu (2013), Byerly, Carolyn M. (ed.), "India: What You See Is Not What You Get", The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 384–403, doi:10.1057/9781137273246_28, ISBN 978-1-137-27324-6
  137. ^ "Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards". RNG Foundation. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  138. ^ Mathew, George Eby (7 October 2010). India's Innovation Blueprint: How the Largest Democracy is Becoming an innovation Super Power. Elsevier. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-78063-224-7.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to NDTV.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NDTV&oldid=1110902479"